Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of
P
ower E
le
ctr
on
i
cs a
n
d
Drive
S
ystem
(I
J
PE
D
S
)
Vo
l.
11
,
No.
3
,
Septem
be
r
2020
, pp.
1117
~
1122
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8694
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ij
peds
.
v
1
1
.i
3
.
pp
1117
-
1122
1117
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
pe
ds
.i
aescore.c
om
Activ
e pow
er filt
er with
hyster
esis curr
ent cont
rol l
oop usin
g
rectifi
er
boost t
echn
i
que
Rahimi
Bahar
om
1
,
I
hs
an
M
oh
d
Yassin
2
,
Muham
ad
N
abi
l Hi
da
ya
t
3
Facul
ty
of Electr
ic
a
l
Eng
ineeri
ng
,
Univer
si
ti T
ekn
ologi
MA
RA,
M
al
aysi
a
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Dec
17, 20
19
Re
vised
Feb
27
, 2
020
Accepte
d
M
ar
1
3,
2020
Thi
s
pape
r
pr
es
ent
s
the
Hys
te
r
e
sis
Curre
nt
Con
trol
(HCC)
to
i
mprove
th
e
power
qua
li
ty
of
power
elec
tron
i
c
conv
erters.
Th
e
dev
el
op
me
nt
o
f
HCC
was
im
plemented
using
Act
ive
Pow
er
Fil
te
r
(AP
F)
func
ti
on
base
d
on
re
ct
if
ie
r
boost
te
chni
qu
e
to
cont
rol
the
r
a
nge
of
upper
an
d
lower
bands.
Through
thi
s
te
chn
ique
,
the
supply
cur
ren
t
w
ave
form
fol
lowe
d
th
e
shap
e
of
th
e
sinusoid
al
ref
ere
n
ce
sign
al,
thus,
th
e
dis
tort
ed
inpu
t
cu
rre
nt
wave
for
m
be
comes
sinusoidal
and
in
the
sa
me
ph
ase
with
the
input
v
olt
ag
e.
As
a
resu
lt
,
the
THD
le
ve
l
and
sw
it
ch
ing
losses
ca
n
b
e
red
u
ce
d
,
thus
im
proving
the
p
ower
factor
of
the
power
s
up
ply
sys
te
m
.
I
n
orde
r
to
ver
i
fy
the
proposed
oper
at
ion
,
val
id
at
ion
of
th
e
proposed
HC
C
was
done
th
rough
MA
TL
AB.
Select
ed
simul
ation
r
esults
are pre
sent
ed
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Acti
ve powe
r
f
il
te
r
Hy
ste
resis c
urr
ent contr
ol
Power fact
or c
orrecti
on
Total
h
a
rm
onic
s d
ist
o
rtio
n
This
is an
open
acc
ess arti
cl
e
un
der
the
CC
BY
-
SA
l
ic
ense
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Ra
himi Ba
ha
rom,
Faculty
of Elec
tric
al
Engineer
ing
,
Un
i
ver
sit
i Te
knol
og
i
MARA
,
40450 S
hah A
l
am, S
el
a
ngor,
M
al
aysia.
Emai
l:
r
ahimi
6579
@gmai
l.co
m
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
In
the
era
of
grow
i
ng
te
c
hnology,
man
y
i
ndus
trie
s
util
ize
po
wer
el
ect
r
on
ic
ap
plica
ti
ons,
s
uch
as
un
i
nterru
ptible
po
wer
sup
ply
(
UP
S
),
s
witc
h
m
od
e
power
su
ppl
y
(SMPS
)
a
nd
ma
ny
m
or
e
[
1
-
3].
The
us
e
of
powe
r
el
ect
ron
ic
conver
te
r
s
c
ou
l
d
le
ad
to
non
-
sin
usoidal
i
nput
cu
rr
e
nt
w
hich
c
on
ta
in
s
harmo
nics
that
are
harmf
ul
to
el
e
ct
rical
dev
ic
es.
This,
i
n
tu
rn,
increases
pow
er
qual
it
y
iss
ue
s,
su
c
h
as
co
ntinuo
us
distort
ion
of
normal
vol
ta
ge
[4]
i
n
the
po
w
er supply
s
ys
te
m.
Diff
e
re
nt
met
hods
ha
ve
bee
n
s
uggested
t
o
so
lve
this
harmo
nics
pro
ble
m
[5
-
7].
Amo
ng
the
know
n
methods
is
usi
ng
pas
sive
filt
ers
that
a
re
fe
d
to
the
non
-
li
near
loa
ds
(NLL).
This
res
ul
t
in
imp
rove
ments
i
n
powe
r
facto
r
a
nd
ha
rm
on
ic
s
uppressi
on.
It
al
so
ex
hib
it
s
l
ow
e
r
im
ped
a
nc
e
at
a
tun
e
d
harmo
nics
f
re
quenc
y.
This
meth
od
is
popula
r
due
it
s
simpli
ci
ty,
reli
abili
ty,
eff
i
ci
ency
a
nd
l
ow
cost
[
8
-
9].
Howe
ver,
this
method
la
ck
in c
urre
nt
com
pensat
ion,
tun
in
g
a
nd
paral
le
l reso
na
nt
p
roblems
with
r
andom
freq
ue
nc
y variat
io
ns
.
Ther
e
f
or
e,
A
P
F
is
intr
oduce
d
to
recti
f
y
this
i
ssu
e. A
P
F
co
m
pensat
es
the n
on
-
si
nu
s
oi
dal
in
pu
t
c
urre
nt
wav
e
f
or
m
of
t
he
NLL.
T
his
method
so
l
ves
the
ha
rm
onic
pro
blem
but
intr
oduces
sig
nific
ant
s
witc
hing
l
os
ses
and
re
du
ced
e
ff
ic
ie
nc
y
[10].
As
a
res
ult,
curre
nt
co
ntr
ol
te
ch
niques
su
c
h
as
Pu
lse
Widt
h
M
od
ul
at
ion
te
chn
iq
ue,
De
lt
a
M
od
ulati
on
a
nd
Hyste
r
esi
s
Cu
rr
e
nt
Con
tr
ol
(H
CC
)
a
re
i
ntrod
uc
ed
t
o
overc
ome
the
switc
hing l
os
se
s [11
-
13
].
I
n
th
is pa
per
,
H
CC
is pro
po
s
ed
as
the fo
undatio
n t
o
be
imple
me
nted
i
n
the
AP
F.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dr
i
S
ys
t
,
V
ol
.
1
1
, N
o.
3
,
Se
ptembe
r
2020
:
11
17
–
11
22
1118
2.
PROP
OSE
D HYSTE
RESI
S CU
RR
E
NT
CONTR
OL
The
HCC
met
hod
has
bee
n
r
ecognize
d
as
t
he
best
ap
proa
ch
f
or
AP
F
f
unct
ion,
el
ect
ric
al
dr
i
ves
a
nd
powe
r
semic
onduct
or
c
onve
rters
[
14
-
19].
HCCs
ha
ve
a
var
ia
ble
switc
hing
f
re
qu
e
nc
y
un
der
dif
fere
nt
loa
d
conditi
ons
a
nd
/or
co
mma
nd
current.
T
he
f
eat
ur
es
of
s
uc
h
te
c
hn
i
que
a
r
e
their
ca
pa
bili
ty
to
sta
bili
ze
d
non
-
li
near
l
oad
c
onditi
on
with
a
go
od
tra
ns
ie
nt
respo
ns
e
a
nd
high
accu
r
acy.
Ot
her
th
an
t
hat,
thr
ou
gh
this
te
chn
iq
ue,
the
peak
to
pea
k
va
lue
of
cu
rr
e
nt
rip
ple
ca
n
be
c
on
t
ro
ll
ed
acc
ordin
g
t
o
t
he
des
ired
hyste
resis
uppe
r
and lo
wer ba
nd li
mit
s [20
-
24].
In
this
pa
per
,
HCC
wa
s
im
plemented
in
the
cl
os
e
d
c
urren
t
co
ntr
ol
lo
op,
as
sho
wn
in
Fi
gure
1.
D
ue
to
no
n
-
c
har
act
erist
ic
harmo
ni
cs
in
the
A
PF,
HCC
can
co
ntr
ol
the
pea
k
-
to
-
peak
val
ue
of
t
he
ri
pple
cu
rr
e
nt
in
desire
d
hyste
r
e
sis band limi
t.
To
c
on
tr
ol the swit
c
hing los
se
s in
the s
uppl
y cur
ren
t,
HCC
was
injec
te
d
i
nt
o
the
current
l
oop
of
the
AP
F
by
rep
la
ci
ng
the
r
epeati
ng
seq
ue
nces
a
nd
t
he
r
el
at
ion
al
opera
tors
with
hy
st
eresis
band
li
mit
s.
T
he
hyste
resis
ba
nd
li
mit
s
c
ontrol
the
s
upply
current
’s
up
per
ba
nd
an
d
lo
w
er
ba
nd
s
.
The
su
ppl
y
current
init
ia
ll
y
passe
s
t
hro
ugh
th
e
s
ubtrac
tor
w
hich
se
rves
as
a
co
nver
te
r
wh
ic
h
us
es
di
ff
e
ren
t
ov
e
r
flo
w
modes
to
dis
pl
ay
t
he
outp
ut
data
form
[
25]
.
Nex
t,
t
he
si
gnal
goes
t
hro
ugh
the
PI
co
nt
ro
ll
er
to
re
m
ove
t
he
occurri
ng
er
ror
sig
nal
[
2
6]
.
The
mai
n
ob
j
ect
ive
of
HC
C
is
to
ma
ke
su
re
t
he
s
uppl
y
c
urren
t
fo
ll
ows
the
ref
e
ren
ce
cu
rr
e
nt
sig
nal.
To
ve
rify
the
cu
rr
e
nt
ri
pp
le
to
fo
ll
ow
the
sig
nal,
ste
p
r
esp
onse
c
on
t
ro
ll
er
is
inst
al
le
d
in the p
rop
os
e
d desig
n.
P
I
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
A
C
-
+
S
u
b
t
r
a
c
t
o
r
I
r
e
f
H
Y
S
T
E
R
E
S
I
S
B
A
N
D
L
I
M
I
T
D
1
D
2
D
3
D
4
D
5
I
G
B
T
C
R
C
U
R
R
E
N
T
S
E
N
S
O
R
L
1
A
b
s
o
l
u
t
e
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
A
b
s
o
l
u
t
e
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
L
o
o
p
Figure
1
.
Th
e
pro
po
se
d HCC
in APF
3.
COMP
UTER
SIMULATI
O
N MO
DEL
The
ci
rc
uit
sim
ulati
on
of
the
pro
posed
m
od
el
be
gan
with
th
e
basic
recti
fier
ci
rc
uit
with
out
an
y
filt
er.
The
recti
fier
i
s
co
nn
ect
e
d
w
it
h
powe
r
s
upply
a
nd
RC
load
.
T
he
s
pec
ific
at
ion
of
t
he
HCC
desi
gn
s
is
as
ta
bu
la
te
d i
n
Ta
ble 1.
Fig
ur
e
2 show
s the
H
C
C mo
del in
the
curre
nt lo
op ci
rcu
it
.
To
ve
rif
y
the
s
upply
c
urre
nt
wav
e
f
or
m
t
o
f
ollow
t
he
ref
e
r
ence
sig
nal,
th
e
s
upply
c
urre
nt
is
va
ried
t
o
be
inc
rease o
r
t
o
be
re
duce.
T
he
propose
d
c
onfi
gurati
on
te
chn
i
qu
e
m
o
del
i
s
ver
i
fied
by
usi
ng
ste
p
respo
ns
e
as
sh
ow
n
in
Fi
gur
e
3.
T
he
us
e
of
ste
p
res
pons
e in
this
te
ch
nique
is
to v
erif
y
t
hat
the
in
pu
t
c
urren
t wil
l
fo
ll
ow
t
he
sh
a
pe
a
nd
am
plit
ud
e
of
desi
red
re
fer
e
nce
s
ign
al
.
The
m
odel
ing
of
ste
p
respo
ns
e
c
ontr
oller
is
il
lust
r
a
te
d
in
Figure
4 b
y
a
ddin
g refe
ren
ce
current a
nd
varyin
g
c
urren
t a
s
the inp
ut to
th
e H
CC
.
Table
1.
Ci
rc
ui
t specific
at
io
ns
Variable
Valu
es
Su
p
p
ly
vo
lta
g
e,
V
s
4
0
Vrm
s
Bo
o
st in
d
u
ct
o
r,
L
s
1
m
H
DC cap
acito
r
filte
r
,
C
o
1
0
0
0
µF
Load
r
esis
to
r,
R
L
300Ω
Frequ
en
cy
,
f
s
5
0
k
Hz
Prop
o
rtion
al Gain,
K
p
80
Integ
ral
g
ain
,
K
i
1000
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8
694
Act
iv
e p
ower
fi
lt
er wi
th h
yst
er
esi
s cu
rre
nt
c
ontrol l
oop usin
g
rect
if
ie
r bo
ost
techn
iq
ue
(
R
ahimi B
aharo
m
)
1119
Figure
2. A
PF wit
h HCC
m
odel
Figure
3. Step
respo
ns
e
mode
l
Figure
4. Step
respo
ns
e s
ub
-
s
ys
te
m
4.
RESU
LT
S
AND DI
SCUS
S
ION
Figure
5
s
how
s
the
re
su
lt
of
input
c
urren
t
wav
e
f
or
m
of
t
he
c
onve
rter
without
APF
f
un
ct
io
n.
T
his
sta
te
sho
ws
dis
tortio
n
i
n
the
s
upply
c
urre
nt
a
nd
c
onsist
s
of
harmo
nics
w
he
re
t
he
TH
D
le
ve
l
are
e
xceed
i
ng
t
he
IEEE
519
sta
ndar
d.
With
t
he
pro
posed
HC
C
in
the
APF
functi
on,
t
he
s
upply
cu
rr
e
nt
wav
e
f
or
m
is
in
-
phase
with
the
sup
ply
vo
lt
age
wa
ve
form
s
how
n
in
Fig
ur
e
6.
F
igure
7
sho
ws
the
s
upply
c
urren
t
fo
ll
ow
i
ng
the
sinu
s
oid
al
ref
e
ren
ce
sig
nal.
T
he
s
witc
hing
l
os
ses
i
n
the
s
uppl
y
c
urren
t
a
r
e
co
ntr
olled
by
the
band
li
mit
.
The
li
mit
of
the
ba
nd
a
ff
ect
s
t
he
ou
t
pu
t
of
t
he
wav
e
f
or
m
a
nd
the
hyste
resis
band
a
re
ke
pt
within
5%
f
r
om
the
ref
e
ren
ce
curre
nt.
Table
2
sho
ws
the
T
HD
le
vel
of
the
in
put
c
urren
t
wa
veform
bet
ween
t
he
recti
fier
without
filt
er
a
nd
after
a
pplyin
g
the
propose
d
AP
F
with
HCC.
T
he
resu
lt
s
sh
ow
that
by
a
pp
l
ying
HCC,
the
T
HD
le
vel
can
be
reduce
a
nd
c
omply
with
the
IEEE
519
sta
ndar
d.
Fi
gures
8
an
d
9
sho
w
the
ste
p
respo
nse
sign
al
re
pre
sentin
g
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dr
i
S
ys
t
,
V
ol
.
1
1
, N
o.
3
,
Se
ptembe
r
2020
:
11
17
–
11
22
1120
ste
p
inc
rease
a
nd
de
crease
of
the
ref
e
re
nce
sign
al
t
o
ver
i
f
y
t
hat
the
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pl
y
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urren
t
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ve
form
kee
p
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he
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a
pe of
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he re
fer
e
nce si
gn
al
with a
pro
poer
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ne
d of
c
urre
nt contr
ol lo
op.
Figure
5. N
on
-
sinu
s
oid
al
i
nput
cu
r
ren
t
Figure
6. Sin
usoidal i
np
ut c
urren
t i
n ph
ase
wi
th the volta
ge wave
f
or
m
s
Figure
7.
I
nput
curre
nt k
ee
p
t
r
ack th
e
r
e
fer
e
nc
e sig
nal by a
pplyin
g AP
F
with H
CC
Table
2.
T
he
c
omparis
on of
THD le
vel
Para
m
eters
THD
l
ev
el (
%
)
No
f
ilters
1
5
2
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3
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
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694
Act
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e p
ower
fi
lt
er wi
th h
yst
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s cu
rre
nt
c
ontrol l
oop usin
g
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if
ie
r bo
ost
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ue
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R
ahimi B
aharo
m
)
1121
Figure
8. The
s
te
p
res
ponse
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gn
al
with
Ir
e
f =
3
.
2A at
0.04s an
d Ir
e
f
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at
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9. The
s
te
p
res
ponse
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gn
al
with
Ir
e
f =
3
.
2A at
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d Ir
e
f
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8s
5.
CONCL
US
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O
N
This
pa
per
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bee
n
prese
nte
d
t
he
simulat
io
n
res
ults
f
or
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he
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opos
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m
et
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T
he
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e
d
of
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c
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re
duce
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hing
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se
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sin
usoidal
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ppl
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rr
e
nt
sign
al
a
nd
re
duce
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TH
D
l
evel
to
com
ply
with
I
EEE
519
sta
nd
ard,
th
us
,
s
olve
the
powe
r
qual
it
y
prob
le
m
s.
F
or
f
uture
r
ecomme
ndat
io
ns
,
it
is
highly
rec
ommen
ded
t
o
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pply
the
Hy
ste
resis
C
urren
t
Con
tr
ol
te
c
hniqu
e
s
i
n
dome
sti
c
ap
plica
ti
on
s
an
d
industrial
sect
or
s
s
uch
as
t
hree
-
ph
a
se
in
du
ct
ion
mo
t
or
s
.
The
us
e
of
s
uc
h
meth
od
in
three
-
phase
i
nductio
n
mo
to
rs
can
s
ol
ve
the
distor
t
ed
s
uppl
y
c
ur
ren
t
wa
vefo
rm
due
to
the
non
-
li
near
to
r
que,
fl
ux
an
d
c
urren
t
regulat
ion.
ACKN
OWLE
DGE
MENTS
Au
t
hors
gr
at
ef
ully
ack
nowle
dg
e
t
he
fi
nan
ci
al
su
pp
or
t
f
rom
M
i
nistries
of
Highe
r
E
du
ca
ti
on
M
al
aysi
a
and
Re
sea
rc
h
M
ana
gem
ent
Ce
ntre
(R
MC
)
U
niv
er
sit
i
Teknolo
gi
M
AR
A
G
ra
nt
No
:
60
0
-
R
MC
/DANA
5/3(TD
)
BE
ST
ARI (00
1/20
19).
REFERE
NCE
S
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R.
Baha
ro
m,
M
.
K.
M.
Salleh,
a
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Ra
hma
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“Ac
t
ive
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fil
t
er
wit
h
dire
c
t
outpu
t
volt
ag
e
cont
ro
l
of
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-
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to
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ert
er
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ECON
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IE
EE
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ah
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t
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e
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pha
se
shunt
a
ct
iv
e
power
filter
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g
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ct
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SC
ORe
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iga
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ade
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al
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rap
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Conf.
Pow
er,
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ntrol
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y
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IS
S
N
:
2088
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8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dr
i
S
ys
t
,
V
ol
.
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1
, N
o.
3
,
Se
ptembe
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2020
:
11
17
–
11
22
1122
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ria
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n
ce
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m
it
ig
at
ion
strategy
of
distri
b
ute
d
AC
-
sta
cke
d
PV
inve
rter
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e
ct
ure
under
grid
ba
ckgr
oun
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har
mon
ic
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”
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17
IEEE
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rg
y
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X.
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iu,
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“Par
allel
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hyb
rid
ac
t
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ve
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o
r
ca
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I
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kui,
“Ch
a
rac
t
eri
sti
cs
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n
ew
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le
r
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t
ifi
er
ci
r
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art
i
al
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ng
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ula
ti
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e
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ng
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e
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esis
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ren
t
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trol
te
chn
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e
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ti
on
er
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it
s
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mpa
r
ison
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entio
nal
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sis
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urre
nt
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t
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2017
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mzah,
“Hyst
ere
sis
cur
ren
t
co
ntrol
for
AC
-
DC
conv
ert
er
using
single
-
phase
m
atrix
conv
erter
f
ed
per
m
ane
n
t
ma
g
net
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or
,
”
ISC
AIE
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2014
IEEE
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al
l
eh,
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on
per
for
ma
nc
e
of
Proportiona
l
In
t
egr
al
and
Hys
teresis
Control
in
Curre
nt
Cont
ro
l
Loop
for
AC
-
DC
conve
rter
u
sing
SP
MC
fed
PM
DC m
otor,
”
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Proceedi
n
g
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2014
IEEE
In
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X.
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Z.
C
hen
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“A
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esis
cur
r
ent
cont
ro
ll
er
fo
r
singl
e
-
phase
t
hre
e
-
l
eve
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lt
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ge
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EE Tr
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K.
Al
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d,
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A
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six
-
b
an
d
hystere
sis
control
for
the
pac
k
e
d
U
cells
sev
en
-
le
ve
l
conv
erter:
Expe
ri
me
nt
al valida
t
ion,”
I
EE
E
Tr
ans.
Ind.
E
le
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S.
Gauta
m
and
R.
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“U
nifi
ed
ti
m
e
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dom
ai
n
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la
t
ion
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sw
it
chi
ng
f
req
uenc
y
for
h
ystere
sis
cur
r
en
t
cont
rolled
AC/
D
C
and
DC/AC g
r
id
conn
ec
t
ed con
ver
te
rs,
”
I
ET
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Z.
Yao
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L
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X
ia
o,
“T
wo
-
sw
it
c
h
dual
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buck
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-
conne
c
te
d
inve
r
te
r
with
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s
is
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ren
t
cont
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l,
”
IEEE
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Powe
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M.
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nc
e
d
igi
t
al
h
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ce
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rt
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ren
t
ze
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cro
ss
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i
on
with
unipola
r
hystere
sis
cur
r
e
nt
control
in
grid
-
conn
ec
t
ed
inve
r
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r,”
I
E
EE
Tr
ans.
Ind
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E
le
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H.
Maa
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Derbe
l,
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ptive
hyst
ere
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ler
for
the
Sw
it
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Rel
u
ctanc
e
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chi
nes,
”
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Int. Conf. Electr.
Sci.
Te
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H.
Komurc
ugi
l
and
O.
Kukre
r,
“A
doubl
e
-
ban
d
hystere
sis
con
trol
app
roa
ch
fo
r
three
-
phase
fo
ur
-
sw
it
ch
a
ct
iv
e
fil
ters
with
sw
itc
hing
fre
q
u
enc
y
mi
ti
g
a
ti
on
,
”
IEC
ON P
roc.
Indust
rial
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R.
Blund
el
l
,
L.
Kupka,
and
S.
Spite
ri
,
“AC
-
DC
conve
rt
er
wi
th
u
nit
y
power
fa
ct
o
r
and
mi
ni
mum
har
monic
co
nte
n
t
of
li
n
e curre
nt
: D
esign
conside
r
at
ions,
”
I
EE
Proc.
Elec
tr.
Pow
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Y.
Choi
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N.
Cho
,
W
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on,
and
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L
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qu
enc
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l
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mi
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r
2
.
1,
”
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Aut
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D.
C.
Bhonsl
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a
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R.
B
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ar,
“De
sign a
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ula
ti
on
of
singl
e phase
shunt
ac
t
i
ve
power
f
il
t
e
r
u
sing MATL
AB,
”
in
2011
In
te
rna
ti
onal
Conf
ere
n
ce
on
R
ec
en
t
A
dvanc
eme
n
ts
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El
e
ct
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lect
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arsl
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“Hyster
isis
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ct
or
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r
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ch
of
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li
ng
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E
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R.
B
ah
aro
m,
N
.
R.
Ha
mz
ah
,
and
M.
K.
Hamz
ah
,
“Con
t
roll
ed
AC
-
DC
c
onver
te
r
f
ed
per
ma
nen
t
ma
gn
et
DC
mot
or
using
sing
le
-
phase
m
at
rix
conve
rt
er,”
IS
BEIA
2012
-
IE
EE
Symp.
Busin
ess, Eng.
Ind
.
Appl.
,
pp.
7
-
12
,
2012
.
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