Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of
P
ower E
le
ctr
on
i
cs a
n
d
Drive
S
ystem
s
(
IJ
PEDS
)
Vo
l.
1
2
,
No.
1
,
M
a
r
202
1
, p
p.
151
~
159
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8694
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ij
peds
.
v
1
2
.i
1
.
pp
151
-
159
151
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
pe
ds
.i
aescore.c
om
Propos
ed sy
nchr
on
i
zation
circ
uits co
nnec
ting wi
nd dri
ven
DFIG t
o the
publi
c grid
M.
Hussein
Agamy
,
F
athe
M.
Ally
th
i
,
A
del S.
N
ada
Facul
ty
of Engin
ee
ring
,
Dep
art
m
ent
of
E
le
c
tri
c
al
Engi
ne
eri
ng,
Al
-
Azha
r
Univ
ersity,
Ca
iro, E
gypt
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Sep
2
, 2
0
20
Re
vised
Jan
21
, 2021
Accepte
d
Fe
b 1, 2
021
Thi
s
pap
er
pre
se
nts
a
te
st
ed
prop
osal
sch
em
e
to
c
onnec
t
a
DF
IG
drive
n
by
a
wind
turb
ine
to
the
public
grid
.
Thi
s
sch
em
e
wa
s
im
p
le
m
ent
ed
t
o
driv
e
an
aut
om
at
i
c
tra
nsf
er
sw
it
ch
(ATS
)
.
Control
of
t
he
phase
seque
nce
,
ph
ase
diffe
ren
ce,
and
t
he
fre
qu
enc
y
of
the
inj
e
cted
pow
er
ar
e
ac
h
ie
ved
using
the
se
propo
sed
con
tro
l
c
irc
u
it
s
.
Th
ese
ci
rcu
it
s
are
p
rac
t
ic
a
ll
y
im
p
lemented
and
la
bora
tory
te
st
e
d.
The
sys
te
m
al
lows
monit
oring
the
r
ated
fre
quenc
y
,
synchroniz
a
ti
on
,
and
fund
am
en
t
al
ma
gn
it
ude
.
Simul
a
ti
on
softw
are
such
as
Multi
Sim
and
P
rote
us
are
used
f
or
sys
te
m
v
al
i
d
a
ti
on
and
co
mpa
t
i
bil
it
y
.
Th
e
im
plemented
c
ir
cui
ts
ar
e
used
fo
r
re
-
sca
l
ing
the
g
rid
vo
lt
ag
e
to
th
e
log
ic
l
eve
l
for
real
t
ime
co
mpa
rison
and
c
a
lc
ul
at
ions.
In
ad
dit
ion
to
th
e
f
eature
of
data
moni
tori
ng
,
the
sys
te
m
c
an
al
s
o
log
the
se
d
ata
for
th
e
sys
tem
debug
g
ing
purposes.
Th
e
s
ystem
ca
n
be
c
onsidere
d
as
a
r
ea
l
time
cont
ro
l
where
the
me
asure
me
nts
a
nd
th
e
cor
r
ec
t
io
n
ar
e
m
ade
in
f
e
w
milli
se
conds
(
fra
ctions
of
the
funda
m
ent
a
l
cy
cl
e)
.
The
lo
wer
cost
con
tro
l
c
irc
u
it
s
are
i
mpl
ement
ed
using
an
Ardui
no
kit
in
addi
t
ion
to
a
d
iscrete
d
igi
t
al
co
mp
onent
.
Th
e
simul
ation
and
expe
ri
me
nt
al
res
ult
s
ar
e
in
sati
s
fac
tory
agr
eeme
nt
show
ing
the
most
sal
ie
n
t fea
tur
es
of this s
ystem
.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Ardu
i
no
Dou
bly
f
e
d
i
nd
uction
g
e
ne
rator
Turbine
s
yn
c
hron
iz
at
io
n
Win
d
e
nerg
y
This
is an
open
acc
ess arti
cl
e
un
der
the
CC
BY
-
SA
l
ic
ense
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
M
oha
med
Hus
sei
n Ag
a
my
Dep
a
r
tme
nt of
Ele
ct
rical
En
gi
neer
i
ng
Al A
z
ha
r Un
i
ve
rsity
Nasser
Ci
ty,
C
ai
ro
,
Egy
pt
Emai
l:
En
g_m
o.hu
s
sei
n@ya
hoo.co
m
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Win
d
ene
r
gy
i
s
on
e
of
the
ra
pid
promisin
g
grow
t
h
re
ne
wa
ble
ene
rgy
in
t
he
w
or
l
d.
T
his
energ
y
is
inex
haust
ible a
nd clea
n, an
d
it
does
no
t
c
reat
e g
re
en
hous
e
gase
s [1]
. T
he w
ind
t
urbines
commo
nly u
se doubly
fed
in
duct
ion
gen
e
rato
rs
(
D
FI
G
)
beca
us
e
of
thei
r
a
dvant
ages
su
c
h
as
t
hey
ca
n
maint
ai
n
t
he
a
mp
li
t
ud
e
a
nd
fr
e
qu
e
nc
y
of
t
heir
ou
t
put
volt
ages
at
a
c
onsta
nt
val
ue,
no
matt
er
the
s
pee
d
of
t
he
wi
nd
or
the
sp
ee
d
of
tur
bin
e
ro
t
or
[
2
]
-
[
4
]
.
The
DFIG
has
two
outp
uts
:
on
e
f
rom
s
ta
to
r
a
nd
the
oth
e
r
from
r
otor.
T
he
mai
n
a
dvan
ta
ge
of
DF
I
G
is
t
hat
the
r
otor
si
de
outp
ut
re
pr
es
ent
s
only
(20
-
25
%)
of
t
he
total
sy
ste
m
powe
r
[5
]
-
[
7],
so
the
powe
r
el
ect
ro
nics
c
omp
on
e
nts
ha
nd
le
only
with
a
f
racti
on
of
the
ge
ner
at
or
power.
T
his
re
du
ce
s
the
ac
quisi
ti
on
costs
and
t
he
l
os
ses
in
powe
r
el
ect
r
on
ic
s
dev
ic
es
.
T
he
qual
it
y
of
the
ge
ner
at
e
d
powe
r
is
al
so
i
mpro
ve
d
i
n
te
r
ms
of
harmo
nic
an
d
vo
lt
age
fluct
ua
ti
on
s
[
8
].
Ge
ne
rall
y,
the
sta
to
r
outp
ut
is
connecte
d
directl
y
to
the
net
wor
k
,
bu
t
the
r
oto
r
outp
ut
is
connecte
d
via
a
bac
k
-
to
-
back
c
onve
rter
[
9
]
-
[
12
]
.
T
he
back
-
to
-
bac
k
c
onve
rter
co
ns
i
sts
of
two
c
onve
rters
,
r
otor
-
si
de
c
onve
rter
(RSC)
and
G
rid
-
side
conve
rter
(GS
C).
Be
twee
n
t
he
two
c
on
ver
te
rs
a
dc
li
nk
ca
pacit
or
i
s
place
d,
a
s
e
ne
rgy
st
or
a
ge,
in
order
to
re
duce
volt
age
va
riat
ion
s
(or
rip
pl
e)
in
the
dc
-
li
nk.
The
RSC
is
us
e
d
to
co
ntr
ol
the
to
r
qu
e
or
th
e
s
pe
ed
of
t
he
D
FIG
a
nd
al
so
the
po
wer
facto
r
at
the
sta
tor
te
r
minals
,
wh
il
e
the
G
S
C
is
us
ed
f
or
kee
ping
the
dc
-
li
nk
volt
age
c
on
sta
nt
[
13
].
M
a
ny
of
pa
per
s
disc
uss
the
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dr
i
S
ys
t
,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
1
,
Ma
rch
202
1
:
151
–
159
152
sy
nc
hro
nizat
io
n
of
D
FIG
an
d
prov
i
de
ma
ny
so
luti
ons
to
c
onnect
it
with
th
e
Gr
id [
14
]
-
[
18
]
.
I
ndeed
,
in
s
pi
te
of
these
suffici
en
t
so
luti
ons
,
th
ey
are
no
t
ef
fi
ci
ent,
not
easy
to
im
pleme
nt
and
no
t
the
l
ow
e
r
co
st
on
e
s.
T
hi
s
pap
e
r
pro
poses
co
ntr
ol
li
ng
a
nd
m
onit
or
i
ng
a
s
well
as
st
or
i
ng
ci
rc
uits
f
or
connec
ti
ng
th
e
DFIG
with
th
e
gr
i
d
sides
a
uto
mati
cal
ly
.
The
ATS
po
w
er
ci
rc
uit
has
t
hr
ee
3
Φ
-
s
witc
hes
as
sho
wn
in
Fig
ur
e
1
;
s
witc
h
S
w
1
is
us
e
d
f
or
the
Rotor
gri
d
c
on
necti
on
,
S
w
2
will
be
use
d
f
or
co
nnect
in
g
the
r
otor
with
a
bac
k
t
o
bac
k
conve
rter
a
nd
Sw
it
ch
Sw3 fo
r
the
St
at
or
gr
i
d direct
ly con
necti
on.
Figure
1.
Co
nnect
ion
of DFI
G
to
the
g
rid
u
si
ng ATS
2.
ATS
CONTR
OL CI
R
CU
IT
S
The
basic prin
ci
ple
of
DFIG
dr
i
ven
by a w
ind
tu
rb
i
ne
is
t
ha
t
the
ro
ta
ti
ng sp
ee
d
m
us
t be
o
ve
r
t
han
the
gen
e
rato
r
c
ut
off
sp
ee
d
an
d
duri
ng
the
sync
hro
nizat
ion
pr
ocess
.
T
he
bla
de
pitch
a
ngle
con
t
ro
ll
er
adj
ust
s
the
sp
ee
d
cl
os
el
y
t
o
the
s
yn
c
hro
nous
sp
ee
d
in o
r
der
to
a
djust
the
sta
tor
f
reque
ncy
t
o
be
the s
ame
with
the
t
he
gri
d
fr
e
qu
e
nc
y
.
T
he
res
ults
of
som
e
relat
ed
pa
pers
f
ound
that
th
e
in
duced
sta
to
r
volt
age
m
us
t
be
eq
ual
t
o
the
gri
d
vo
lt
age
be
f
or
e
the
s
yn
c
hro
ni
zat
ion
a
nd
this
can
be
ac
hiev
ed
by
adj
us
ti
ng
the
r
otor
fl
ux
[
19
-
23].
T
he
ATS
monit
or
s
t
he
outp
ut
of
DFIG
an
d
c
on
tr
ols
the
switc
hes
(
ON
–
OFF
)
.
S
ync
hro
nizat
ion
s
yst
em
c
onfig
ur
e
d
of
a
con
t
ro
ll
er
i
n
a
dd
it
io
n
to
four
diff
e
re
nt
sta
ge
s
;
1
)
P
hase
s
equ
e
nce
detect
or
,
2
)
Di
gital
fr
e
qu
e
nc
y
met
er
,
3
)
Vo
lt
age
ma
gnit
ud
e
co
mp
a
rat
or
,
4
)
P
hase
diff
e
re
nce
det
ect
or
.
T
he
c
ontr
oller
c
onfig
ur
e
d
of
a
lo
w
er
c
os
t
Ardu
i
no
kit acc
ompanie
d wit
h discrete
lo
gic
circuits.
2.1.
Ph
as
e Se
q
uence
Det
c
tio
n
The
first
sta
ge
in
the
c
on
tr
ol
ci
rcu
it
is
a
phase
se
quence
detect
io
n
by
us
in
g
t
he
ph
as
e
seq
ue
nce
protect
ion
rela
y
as
s
how
n
i
n
Figure.
2
,
t
his
is
f
or
gu
a
ra
nteei
ng
the
syst
em
co
rr
ect
seq
ue
nce
befo
re
sta
r
ti
ng
t
o
be
co
nnect
ed.
It
is
suffici
e
nt
enou
gh
t
hat
th
e
R
-
S
-
T
se
que
nce
of
t
he
D
FIG
outp
ut
wind
ing
s
will
be
th
e
same
with the
Grid
s
equ
e
nce
f
or
t
he
f
irst t
ime
of
wind s
pee
d
c
ut
-
in.
Figure
2. P
has
e seq
ue
nce
pro
te
ct
ion
r
el
a
y
2.2.
V
olt
ag
e
Magni
tu
de
Co
mpa
r
to
r
The
vo
lt
age
m
agn
it
ude
for
D
FI
G
an
d
the
G
rid
m
us
t
be
the
same.
T
he
AT
S
co
ntr
ol
ci
rcui
t
comp
a
res
the
DFIG
volt
age
ma
gn
it
ud
e
with
the
Gr
i
d
vo
lt
age
us
i
ng
diff
e
re
nce
am
pl
ifie
r.
O
ne
of
t
he
co
mp
a
rato
r
inputs
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8
694
Propose
d sync
hr
oniz
ation ci
r
cuits co
nnect
in
g
wi
nd
dr
iv
en
DFIG t
o
the
pu
blic gri
d
(
M.
H
us
sei
n A
gamy)
153
is
dr
ive
n
by
t
he
ou
t
pu
t
of
gr
i
d
lo
wer
scal
e
AC
to
DC
c
o
nverter
.
T
his
in
pu
t
is
the
ref
e
r
ence
volt
age
of
the
com
par
at
or
.
T
he
sec
ond
c
ompa
rator
in
put
is
s
upplied
by
the
DFI
G
AC
to
DC
c
onve
r
te
r.
T
he
outp
ut
sta
tus
le
ads
t
he
Ard
ui
no
ci
rc
uit
to
a
dju
st
t
he
R
otor
bac
k
-
to
-
bac
k
conve
rter
t
o
e
ns
ure
sat
isfact
ory
flu
x
le
vel
of
the
DF
I
G
a
s s
how
n
in
Fig
ure
3.
Figure
3. Sc
he
mati
c d
ia
gram
for vo
lt
age
ma
gn
it
ude c
ompa
rator
2.3.
Freque
nc
y Meterin
g
The
thir
d
sta
ge
in
ATS
c
ontro
l
ci
rcu
it
is
to
measur
e
t
he
f
requen
c
y
of
the
D
FI
G
t
o
ins
ur
e
t
hat
i
t
is
the
same
with
the
Gr
i
d
fr
e
quenc
y.
I
n
E
gypt
t
he
netw
ork
f
reque
ncy
is
50
Hz,
s
o
t
he
meas
ur
e
d
f
reque
ncy
fro
m
the
gen
e
rato
r
will
be
c
ompare
d
with
50
Hz
and
the
ou
t
put
erro
r
will
be
use
d
to
s
upport
t
he
Ard
ui
no
f
or
con
t
ro
ll
in
g
the
mecha
nical
dri
ver
or
the
b
la
de
pitch
a
ngle
to
ens
ur
e
pro
pe
r
sp
ee
d
of
the
dr
ive
r
as
s
hown
i
n
Figure
4.
Figure
4. Sc
he
mati
c d
ia
gram
for fre
qu
e
nc
y
c
ircuit
2.4.
PH
AS
E
D
IFFERE
NC
E
DETE
CTO
R
The
four
t
h
sta
ge
in
t
he
ATS
co
ntro
l
ci
rcu
it
is
to
chec
k
t
he
phase
a
ng
le
betwee
n
the
D
FI
G
volt
age
ou
t
pu
ts
a
nd
th
e
netw
ork
a
nd
to
ch
oose
the
a
ppr
opriat
e
moment
f
or
the
c
onnecti
on
betwe
en
the
m.
T
he
s
ys
te
m
is
desi
gn
e
d
t
o
r
un
this
sta
ge
af
te
r
ma
king
s
ur
e
that
t
he
p
re
vi
ou
s
th
ree steps
ha
ve
bee
n
c
omplet
ed. A
m
ul
ti
plier
IC (
A
D
633j)
is
use
d
f
or
t
he
phase
dif
fere
nce
dete
rmin
at
io
n.
T
his mu
lt
ipli
er output wil
l
be
obta
ine
d
as
a
res
ult
of
bo
t
h
m
ulti
ply
in
g
the
Gr
id
ph
a
se
an
gle
(
and
t
he
DFI
G
phase
an
gle
(
w
hile
the
outp
ut
of
(AD63
3j) mult
ipli
er
can b
e
dr
iven
acc
ordi
ng to
(1)
[24
,
25]
:
(
1)
Accor
ding to
the im
pleme
nted
c
onfig
ur
at
i
on,
Z,
X
2
,
a
nd
Y
2
are zer
os, the
n t
he
(
1) can
b
e
re
wr
it
te
n
as
(
2)
:
(2)
w
he
re
V
o
is
the
outp
ut
volt
age
co
rr
es
pondin
g
t
o
the
phase
di
ff
e
ren
c
e
.
Re
ferrin
g
t
o
(
2)
,
t
he
outpu
t
o
f
mu
lt
ipli
er
has
t
wo p
a
rts:
V
O
(f
irst
pa
rt)
:
(
3)
This
par
t i
s c
osi
ne
wa
ve
a
nd t
he fre
qu
e
nc
y f
or this
wav
e
is
double
the
f
undame
ntal f
requ
ency, s
o
t
o
el
imi
nate this
wav
e
w
e
use a
low pass
f
il
te
r for
reject
ing
double
fun
dame
ntal fr
e
quen
cy
.
One ca
n
cal
c
ul
at
e
the v
al
ue of
th
e filt
er r
esi
sta
nc
e an
d
ca
p
aci
tor
u
si
ng the
(
4)
:
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dr
i
S
ys
t
,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
1
,
Ma
rch
202
1
:
151
–
159
154
(
4)
w
he
re:
f
= double
fr
e
quenc
y
i
n our ca
se =
2 * 50 =
100Hz
So
,
the
outp
ut
V
O
(secon
d par
t)
(
V)
=
(
5)
sh
ows
t
hat
the
ou
t
pu
t
is
a
cosi
ne
f
un
ct
i
on
ca
n
be
c
onside
re
d
a
li
near
in
t
he
range
of
wh
e
re
it
is
ti
m
e
in
dep
e
ndent
and
the
n
is
th
e
dy
namic
ra
nge
of
t
he
phas
e
detect
or.
H
owe
ver,
the
DC
va
lue
va
ries
f
rom
-
0.0
5
to
0.0
5,
the
co
ntr
oller
ta
kes
the
act
io
n
at
and
t
he
mu
lt
ipli
er
outpu
t
will
be
z
ero.
As
a
n
ov
erall
,
the
A
T
S
c
on
tr
oller
sta
rts
to
detect
the
phase
se
qu
e
nce,
mag
nitud
e
of
the
volt
age
t
he
fr
e
qu
e
nc
y
a
nd
DF
I
G
phase
an
gle.
T
he
co
ntr
ol
le
r
obser
ves
the
ze
ro
ou
t
pu
t
of
th
e
mu
lt
ipli
er to c
onnect
betwee
n bo
t
h
the
DFI
G
a
nd the
gri
d si
de
s.
3.
EXPERI
MEN
TAL WO
RK
The
ex
pe
rimen
ta
l
w
ork
in
this
re
searc
h
f
ocus
es
on
t
he
AT
S
con
t
ro
l
ci
rc
uits
that
are
us
e
d
f
or
m
onit
or
and
sync
hron
iz
e
the
D
FIG
ou
tpu
t
wit
h
the
Gr
i
d.
We
ha
ve
three
mai
n
ci
r
cuits
;
on
e
f
or
matc
hing
the
volt
age
s
mag
nitud
e
s,
th
e
sec
ond
f
or
s
ynch
r
on
iz
in
g
th
e
f
reque
ncy
a
nd
t
he
t
hir
d
for
ph
a
se
a
ngle
de
te
ct
ion
.
As
s
hown
in
Figure
5,
th
e
D
FI
G
is
dri
ve
n
by
DC
mo
t
or
w
hich
is
powe
re
d
by
var
ia
ble
DC
s
uppl
y
t
o
s
imulat
e
wi
nd
t
urbine
.
The
outp
ut
of
DF
I
G
is
inter
f
aced
with
th
e
ATS
c
on
ta
ct
or
s
f
or
switc
hi
ng
to
the
Gr
i
d
tra
ns
f
ormer
.
The
con
t
ro
l
ci
rcu
it
s ar
e
po
wer
e
d b
y DC powe
r
s
uppl
y
.
Figure
5. Ima
ge
dur
i
ng one
of laborat
ory
test
s
3.1.
V
olt
ag
e
m
agnitud
e cir
cu
it
Re
sist
or
s
(R
1
–
R
4
),
(R
2
–
R
11
–
R
3
)
a
nd
(R
2
–
R
11
–
R
3
),
are
re
-
scal
e
sta
ges
for
i
nterf
aci
ng
t
he
powe
r
an
d
log
ic
sides.
M
ore
ov
e
r,
a
vo
lt
age
read
a
bl
e
to
l
ogic
IC
s
ca
n
be
impl
emented
us
in
g
ei
ther
a
ste
p
do
wn
trans
forms
or
resist
ors
div
id
er
to
re
duce
t
he
volt
age
to
a
ppr
ox
imat
el
y
5VDC.
T
he
s
yst
em
ha
s
tw
o
vo
lt
age
su
ppli
es
;
one
f
rom
the
G
rid
a
nd
we
us
e
it
as
a
ref
ere
nce
volt
age
and
t
he
ot
her
f
r
om
the
DF
I
G.
Diode
bri
dge
s
are
us
e
d
f
or
c
onve
rtin
g
the
A
C
volt
age
t
o
D
C
volt
age
,
an
d
two
IC
c
ompa
r
at
or
s
(L
M741
)
are
us
e
d
to
co
mp
a
re
betwee
n
ref
e
re
nce
volt
age
fro
m
the
Gr
i
d
(V
2
)
a
nd
mea
sure
d
volt
age
from
D
FIG
(
V
1
)
as
sho
wn
in
Fi
gure
6.
This
ci
rcu
it
al
l
ow
s
vo
lt
ag
e
diff
e
ren
ce
that
is
only
2VAC
uppe
r
t
ha
n
t
he
Gr
i
d
vo
lt
a
ge
m
agn
it
ude.
T
his
means
that
the
ou
t
put
from
the
A
N
D
gate
(
74LS
08N
)
is
only
a
va
il
able
in
the
r
ang
e
of
220
≤
V
1
≤
222V.
T
he
outp
ut
of
the
A
ND
ga
te
is
co
nn
e
ct
ed
to
Ard
uino
ci
r
cuit
as
in
dicat
ion
that
t
he
vo
l
ta
ge
ma
gnit
ude
f
or
D
FIG
a
nd
th
e
Gr
i
d
are
equals
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N:
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88
-
8
694
Propose
d sync
hr
oniz
ation ci
r
cuits co
nnect
in
g
wi
nd
dr
iv
en
DFIG t
o
the
pu
blic gri
d
(
M.
H
us
sei
n A
gamy)
155
Figure
6. Ci
rcui
t t
o
com
pa
re
volt
age ma
gnit
ude
3.2.
Freque
nc
y
meter cir
cui
t
The
fr
e
quenc
y
mete
r
ci
rc
uit
is
made
by
A
rdu
ino
(
M
ega
Kit)
.
T
he
ci
rc
uit
show
n
i
n
Fi
gure
7
ca
n
rea
d
fr
e
qu
e
ncies
ap
pro
ximate
ly
from
35
Hz
t
o
100
KH
z
.
In
thi
s
case,
it
al
lo
ws
fr
e
quencies
f
rom
49Hz
to
51
Hz
.
The
Ard
uino
r
ead
the
D
FIG
f
reque
ncy
an
d
disp
la
y
it
on
t
he
LCD
scree
n.
The
Ard
uino
works
as
A
ND
gate
to
make
sure
that
the
ph
ase
se
quence
is
O
K
a
nd
volt
age
ma
gn
it
ude
a
re
t
he
same
a
nd
w
he
n
ra
nge
of
the
DF
I
G
read
i
ng
fr
e
qu
e
ncy
is
f
rom
49
Hz
t
o
51
Hz
,
th
e
A
r
du
i
no
wait
s
f
or
t
he
final
ci
rcu
it
(phase
ang
le
ci
rc
uit)
t
o
t
a
ke
the act
io
n
to
conn
ect
t
o
th
e
Gri
d
.
Figure
7.
Fr
e
quenc
y met
er ci
rcu
it
us
in
g
a
rduin
o
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S
N
:
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8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dr
i
S
ys
t
,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
1
,
Ma
rch
202
1
:
151
–
159
156
3.3.
Ph
as
e
ang
le
circ
uit
As
e
xpla
ine
d
be
fore
i
n
sect
io
n
2.4
an
d
as
show
n
in
Fig
ure
8
t
he
phase
an
gle
ci
rc
uit
mai
nly
de
pe
nds
on
m
ulti
playe
r
IC
(
A
D63
3j).
We
us
e
volt
ag
e
di
vid
e
nds
t
o
reduce
the
volt
age
a
nd
c
onne
ct
them
di
rectl
y
t
o
t
he
mu
lt
ipli
er,
so
we
hav
e
tw
o
sinu
s
oid
al
wa
ves
with
dif
fe
ren
t
phase
a
ngle
s.
T
he
out
pu
t
of
this
ci
r
cuit
is
connecte
d
to
Ardu
i
no
ci
rc
ui
t
an
d
the
Ardui
no
sen
d
s
the
sign
al
t
o
powe
r
s
witc
hes
to
c
onnect
t
he
ou
t
pu
t
of
DF
I
G
t
o
t
he Gr
id
.
Figure
8. Mult
iplaye
r
ci
rc
uit
3.4.
Ex
peri
me
nt
al
resul
ts
The
re
su
lt
s
ca
n
be
prese
nted
i
n
th
ree
sta
ges; v
oltage
co
mp
a
rator,
f
reque
nc
y
mete
r
a
nd p
ha
se
detect
or
as foll
ows:
3.4.1.
V
olt
ag
e
comp
ar
ator
As
sho
wn
in
Figure
9,
t
he
measu
red
AC
vo
lt
age
s
(XM
M
3,
X
MM4)
for
DFIG
a
nd
the
gri
d
a
re
diff
e
re
nt,
s
o
th
e
meas
ur
e
d
D
C
volt
age
is
di
ff
e
ren
t
(
X
M
M1,
X
MM
2)
an
d
t
her
e
is
no
outp
ut
from
the
A
N
D
gate;
LED3 is
OF
F
.
Figure
9. V
oltage c
omparat
or
ci
rcu
it
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N:
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88
-
8
694
Propose
d sync
hr
oniz
ation ci
r
cuits co
nnect
in
g
wi
nd
dr
iv
en
DFIG t
o
the
pu
blic gri
d
(
M.
H
us
sei
n A
gamy)
157
Wh
e
n
t
he
mea
su
re
d
AC
volt
ages
(
X
MM3,
XMM4)
an
d
DC
volt
ages
(
XMM1,
X
MM
2)
a
re
e
qu
al
,
the AN
D gate
ou
t
pu
t i
s
en
e
rgi
zed; LED
3
is
ON as s
how
n
i
n
Fi
gure
10.
Figure
10. V
oltage c
omparat
or circ
uit
3.4.2.
Freque
n
cy
meter
The res
ult of th
e impleme
nted
fr
e
quenc
y met
er is s
how
n
i
n Fi
gure
11
.
Figure
11.
Fr
e
qu
e
nc
y
mete
r
c
ircuit
u
si
ng a
r
duin
o
ph
a
se
3.4.3.
Ph
as
e
di
ff
erence
de
tec
to
r
As
s
how
n
in
F
igure
12
we
ha
ve
tw
o
sin
usoidal
sig
nals
;
one
from
the
gri
d
and
t
he
ot
her
from
DFI
G
with
dif
fere
nt
ph
a
se
an
gles.
The
ci
rc
uit
ou
t
pu
t
var
ie
s
f
r
om
–
3.9
a
nd
+3.9
VD
C.
The
Ard
uino
as
we
e
xp
la
ined
befor
e
take
s
th
e act
ion
of
c
onnecti
ng the
D
F
IG
t
o
t
he Grid
wh
e
n
t
he
ci
rc
ui
t ou
tp
ut si
ng
le
equal
s
zer
o.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dr
i
S
ys
t
,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
1
,
Ma
rch
202
1
:
151
–
159
158
Figure
12. In
put an
d o
utput s
ign
al
s
for mult
ipli
er (AD6
33
j
)
4.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
Con
tr
ol
ci
rc
ui
ts
for
i
nterf
ac
ing
a
D
FIG
with
the
Gr
id
ha
ve
bee
n
de
sign
e
d,
imple
mented
a
nd
la
boratory
e
xa
mined.
The
detai
le
d
de
scri
ption
of
the
el
ect
r
on
ic
ci
rc
uits
th
at
ha
ve
bee
n
u
sed
are
prese
nt
ed
a
nd
discusse
d.
T
he
se
ci
rc
uits
pro
vid
e
phase
seq
uen
ce
detect
ion
,
volt
age
le
ve
l
com
par
is
on,
fr
e
qu
e
nc
y
mete
rin
g
and
sync
hron
i
zat
ion
.
T
hese
i
mp
le
me
nted
ci
rcu
it
s
offe
r
the
featur
e
of
real
ti
me
monit
or
i
ng
t
he
D
FIG
outp
ut
fr
e
qu
e
nc
y.
T
he
se
ci
rc
ui
ts
ha
ve
bee
n
im
ple
mented
with
t
he
Ard
uino
kit
in
ad
diti
on
to
some
l
ogic
ci
rcu
it
s.
-
0.05
t
o
0.0
5
V
is
the
dynamic
range
of
the
s
ys
te
m
phase
c
omparis
on.
A
s
al
ie
nt
featur
e
of
these
ci
rc
uits
is
the
po
s
sibil
it
y
of
s
yn
c
hro
nizin
g
a
ny
ty
pe
of
tw
o
dif
fer
e
nt
gen
e
rat
ors.
T
he
y
ha
ve
been
desig
ned
f
or
at
te
nu
at
ion
factor
of
-
16.
5dB
to
re
du
c
e
the
volt
age
to
be
inter
faced
with
the
lo
gic
ci
rcu
it
s.
T
he
frequ
e
nc
y
mete
r
ci
rcu
i
t
has
bee
n
desig
ned,
im
pleme
nt
ed
a
nd
s
ucces
sfu
ll
y
e
xp
e
rim
ental
te
ste
d.
It
can
be
e
ven
us
e
d
f
or
a
ny
s
ign
al
fr
e
qu
e
nc
y
mea
su
re
ments
.
Th
e
res
ults
sho
w
man
y
sy
ste
m
f
eat
ur
es
s
uch
as
reli
abili
ty,
si
mp
li
ci
ty
a
nd
pract
ic
al
su
it
abili
ty.
ACKN
OWLE
DGE
MENTS
We
tha
nk
A
ss
ist
ant
Profess
or
El
-
sa
ye
d
S
oliman
A.
Sai
d
for
his
great
effor
t
for
de
sign
i
ng
a
nd
op
e
rati
ng elec
tric
al
circuits i
n
side a
nd outsi
de
the lab
orat
or
y
.
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
M
.
F.
Zohra,
B.
Mokhtar,
and
M
.
Benyoune
s,
“Sli
ding
mod
e
p
erf
orma
n
ce
controlappl
i
ed
to
a
DF
IG
sy
stem
for
a
wind
en
erg
yprod
uct
ion
,
”
Int
ernat
ional
Journal
of
El
e
ct
r
ic
a
l
and
C
omputer
Eng
ineering
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JE
C
E)
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Hla
ing,
“B
asic
Con
ce
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ts
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Fed
Ind
uct
ion
Gene
r
at
o
r
Drive
n
by
W
i
nd
En
erg
y
Con
ver
sion
Sys
te
m
,
”
Inte
rnational
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urnal
of
S
ci
en
ti
f
i
c
Eng
ine
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Technol
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cke
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.
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Doncke
r,
“Doub
ly
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ct
ion
Gene
r
at
or
for
Wi
nd
Turbi
n
e
a
via
bl
e
Al
te
rn
at
iv
e
to
Adjust
Spe
ed Over
a
Wi
d
e
R
a
nge
a
t
Mini
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EEE
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mkum
a
r,
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forma
n
ce
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tion
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r
at
or
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ase
d
Wi
nd
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e
rgy
Conversion
Sys
te
ms
,
”
Depa
rtment
of
Elec
tri
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rec
t
Pow
er
Con
trol
of
A
Doub
ly
Fed
Indu
ct
io
n
Gene
rat
or
Based
Wi
nd
Energy
C
onver
sion
Sys
tems
Inc
lud
ing
A
Storage
Uni
t
,
”
J
ournal
of
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e
ct
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t
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ect
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al
Torque
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l
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Induc
ti
on
Ge
ner
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or
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onnec
t
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,
”
IE
E
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ansacti
ons on Indus
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d
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t
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Fed
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t
ion
Gene
rat
or
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d
Wi
nd
Tu
rbin
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und
er
LVRT
,
”
Department
of
E
le
c
tri
c, Ele
c
troni
c
and
In
formatio
n
Engi
n
ee
ring
,
Unive
rs
it
y
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Bo
logna
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I
ta
ly
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201
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8
694
Propose
d sync
hr
oniz
ation ci
r
cuits co
nnect
in
g
wi
nd
dr
iv
en
DFIG t
o
the
pu
blic gri
d
(
M.
H
us
sei
n A
gamy)
159
[8]
B.
Rab
el
o
and
W.
Hofma
nn
,
“
Pow
er
Flow
Opt
im
isation
and
G
rid
Int
egr
a
ti
on
o
f
Wi
nd
Turb
ine
s
with
the
Doubl
y
-
Fed
Induc
t
ion
G
ene
ra
tor
,
”
I
EE
E
36th
Pow
er
Elec
tronic
s Spe
ci
al
ists Conf
er
en
ce
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005,
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2930
–
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936
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[9]
H
.
Benbouhe
nni
,
“Com
p
ari
son
study
bet
wee
n
seve
n
-
le
v
el
SV
PWM
and
two
-
le
ve
l
SV
PWM
strat
egy
in
dir
e
ct
vec
tor
con
trol
of
a
DF
IG
-
base
d
wind
ene
rgy
convers
ion
sys
te
ms
,
”
In
te
rnati
onal
Journal
of
Applied
Powe
r
Engi
ne
ering
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J
AP
E)
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2020
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an
d
R
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K
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Tri
p
at
hi
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d
-
sensorl
ess
Volta
ge
&
Freque
ncy
Cont
rol
in
Autonom
ous
DF
IG
base
d
Wi
nd
Ene
rgy
Sys
te
ms
,
”
Aust
ralasian
Univ
ersiti
es
Powe
r
E
ngine
ering
Con
fe
renc
e,
AUP
E
C
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n
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rs
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tra
l
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R
.
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a,
“
Modell
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of
Doubly
Fed
In
duct
io
n
Gene
r
ator
Based
W
ind
Turbi
n
e,”
Na
tional
Insti
tut
e
o
f
Technol
ogy
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urke
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Si
ngh,
J
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eact
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Ca
pab
il
it
y
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Un
i
fied
DF
I
G
f
or
Wi
nd
P
ower
Gen
e
rati
on,”
I
EEE PE
S Ge
ne
ra
l Mee
ti
ng
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Pr
ovi
den
ce
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10, pp.
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-
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[13]
Pete
rss
on
A.,
“
Analysis,
Model
ing
and
Contro
l
of
Doubly
-
Fed
Induc
ti
on
G
en
era
tors
for
wind
Turbi
nes
,
”
Phd
The
sis,
Ch
al
m
er
s Unive
rsity
of
T
ec
hnology
,
Göt
e
borg
,
Sw
ede
n
,
2
005.
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A
.
Ghasem
i,
M.
H
.
Ref
an,
and
P
.
Amir
i,
“
Enha
n
c
ing
th
e
per
for
mance
of
grid
sync
hroniz
a
ti
on
in
D
FIG
-
base
d
wind
turbi
ne
under
un
bal
an
ce
d
grid co
ndit
ions
,
”
Sprin
ger
-
Verl
ag
Gmb
H Germ
any
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p
art of
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Nat
ure
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Ş
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Demirbaş
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S
.
B
ayha
n
,
“Gri
d
Synchronizat
i
on
of
Doubly
Fe
d
Induc
t
ion
G
en
era
tor
in
W
ind
P
ower
Sys
te
ms
,
”
Inte
rnational
C
onfe
renc
e
on
P
ower
Engi
ne
eri
ng,
En
ergy
and
El
e
ct
ri
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J.
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t
al.
,
“A
Discus
sion
about
a
Sta
rt
-
up
Proce
dur
e
of
a
Doubly
-
Fe
d
Induc
ti
on
Gen
era
tor
Sys
tem
,
”
NORPIE
/2008
,
Nordic
Worksho
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on
Pow
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le
c
tronic
s
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S
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Z
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Chen
et
a
l.
,
“Gri
d
Synchr
oniz
a
ti
on
of
Do
ubly
-
fed
Induc
tion
Gene
rat
or
U
sing
Inte
g
ra
l
Va
ria
bl
e
Struct
ur
e
Control
,
”
I
EE
E
Tr
ans
act
ions o
n
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rgy
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ve
rs
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A
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Khan
e
t
al
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,
“Doubly
Fed
I
nduct
ion
G
ene
r
at
or
Open
Stat
o
r
Synchronized
Control
during
Unbala
nc
ed
Gri
d
Volta
ge
Condit
i
on
,
”
MD
PI, R
ou
rke
la
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En
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p
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A
.
G.
Abo
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Kha
li
l
et
a
l.
,
“Gri
d
Connec
t
ion
of
Doubly
-
Fed
In
duct
ion
Ge
ner
a
t
ors
in
Wi
nd
En
erg
y
Conversio
n
Sys
te
m,
”
IE
EE
5
th
Int
ernati
onal
Powe
r E
le
c
troni
cs
and
Mot
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C
ontrol
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ere
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G.
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J.
Ch
ai
,
and
Y.
Li
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“
Vec
tor
Control
and
S
ynchr
on
i
za
t
ion
of
Doubl
y
Fed
Induc
ti
on
Wi
nd
Gene
r
at
o
r
Sys
te
m,
”
IE
EE
4
th
Int
ernati
onal
Powe
r E
le
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A.
G.
Abo
-
Khal
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,
“
Synchron
iza
ti
on
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f
DF
IG
O
utput
Vol
ta
g
e
to
U
ti
l
it
y
Gridin
wind
power
sys
te
m
,
”
Re
n
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ble
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Zh
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D.
X
u,
Y.
L
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and
H.
Ma,
“
Study
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n
Stage
wise
Co
ntrol
of
Conne
cting
DF
IG
to
the
Grid,
”
IE
EE
5t
h
Inte
rnational
Po
wer
Elec
troni
cs
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on
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a
nd
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Amene
do
,
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Grid
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niz
a
ti
on
of
dou
bly
fed
ind
uctio
n
gene
r
at
ors
usi
ng
dire
c
t
torqu
e
cont
rol
,
”
IEEE
2
8th
Annua
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ere
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ustrial
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.
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E
vans,
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he
c
alculus
o
f
tr
igonom
e
tri
c
f
unct
i
ons
–
A
gu
id
e
for
te
a
che
rs
,
”
i
n
J
.
Pitkethly,
Edu
ca
t
ion
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ce
s
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t
ral
i
a,
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Devi
ce
s
Data
she
et, “L
o
w Cost
Analog
Multi
plier
AD
63
3
.”
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.