Intern
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o
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l
Jo
u
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l
of
P
o
we
r El
ec
tr
on
i
c
s
an
d D
r
i
v
e
S
y
stem
(I
JPE
D
S)
V
o
l.
11
, N
o
. 2, Jun
e
20
20
, pp
. 90
7
~
91
3
I
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208
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urn
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: h
t
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p
:/
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d
s.
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s
c
o
re.
c
o
m
Transmission line fault identifi
cation and cla
s
si
fication with
integrated F
A
CTS device using
multiresolution analysis and
naï
v
e bayes classifier
Elh
a
di
Emh
e
med Aker,
M
o
ha
mma
d
Lut
f
i Othma
n
,
Is
hak
A
ris,
Noor
Izzri Abdul Wah
a
b,
Ha
sh
im H
i
z
a
m,
O
s
aj
E
mma
n
u
e
l
Adv
a
nc
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d
Li
ghtni
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a
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r En
e
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gy
System
(AL
P
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De
p
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l
ec
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l
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ic
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En
gi
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er
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g,
Fa
cu
lt
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o
f
En
gi
ne
e
r
in
g,
Un
iv
ers
i
t
i
P
u
tr
a M
a
l
a
ys
ia
(
U
PM
)
,
M
a
lays
ia
A
r
ticle In
fo
A
B
S
T
RAC
T
A
r
tic
le
h
i
st
o
r
y:
Rec
e
i
v
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O
c
t
1
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2
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Rev
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D
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c
15
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Jan
15
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20
Th
is
pap
e
r
is
pr
esen
t a
nov
el
ap
pro
a
c
h
for
solv
i
n
g
th
e pen
d
i
n
g
u
n
d
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r-reach
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lem enco
un
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d
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s
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anc
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relay
pro
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
s
c
heme
in th
e
3
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d zones
p
r
ot
e
c
ti
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c
o
ve
ra
g
e
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poi
nt
STATC
O
M c
o
m
p
e
n
sa
te
d tra
n
sm
issi
on
l
i
n
e
s.
Th
e
p
r
o
pose
tra
n
sm
issi
on li
ne m
o
del
i
s
de
ve
l
op
i
n
Ma
tla
b
for a
n
a
l
y
z
e
d
featu
r
e
ex
trac
tio
n
us
ing
Discrete
Wave
le
t
mult
ir
es
olution
a
n
alysi
s
app
r
oach
.
Ex
tra
c
ted
fe
atu
r
e from
stand
a
rd
dev
i
ation
and
entro
p
y
energ
y
con
t
en
ts o
f
S
L
G
trans
i
en
t f
a
ults
c
u
rrent at
loca
tion
b
e
yo
nd
the
integ
r
ated
S
T
ATCO
M
us
ed for
mach
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e learn
i
n
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alg
o
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th
m
mo
del b
u
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l
d
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using
WEK
A
so
ftw
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re.
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h
e
Na
ï
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e
B
a
ye
s c
l
a
s
si
f
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ode
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pe
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f
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n
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te
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t
i
on of fa
ul
ts with
qui
ck c
o
nve
rg
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c
e
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v
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n
with
le
ss trai
ni
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g
da
ta
.
Th
e
ou
tperfo
rm
a
n
ce
of
th
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pro
p
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s
e
d c
l
assifier
h
a
s be
en
100
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f
o
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e
rel
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alg
o
rith
m
mod
i
f
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ca
tio
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fo
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un
de
r-reach
pro
b
lem
elimin
atio
n
in 3
r
d zones
p
ro
tec
t
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n co
ver
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ge.
Ke
yw
ords:
Di
scre
te
wa
vel
e
t
t
r
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
Nai
v
e ba
ye
s
Di
sta
n
ce re
la
y
STA
T
C
O
M
Tr
ansmiss
i
on systems
Th
is
is a
n
o
p
en
acces
s a
r
ticle
un
d
e
r the
C
C
B
Y
-SA
licens
e
.
Corres
p
o
n
din
g
A
u
t
h
or:
M
o
h
a
mm
a
d
Lu
tf
i
O
t
h
m
an
,
Ad
va
nc
ed
Li
g
h
t
n
in
g
a
n
d P
o
wer
Ene
r
gy
S
y
st
em (
A
LPER
),
Depa
rt
me
nt o
f
Ele
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
and
El
e
c
t
r
oni
cs
E
n
gi
nee
r
i
n
g
,
F
a
c
u
lty
of
En
g
i
n
e
e
r
ing
,
Un
iv
er
sit
i
P
u
tr
a M
a
la
y
s
ia
(U
PM
),
M
a
l
a
y
s
i
a
.
Emai
l:
Lutfi@
up
m.e
d
u
.
m
y
1.
IN
TR
O
DUCTION
D
i
st
anc
e
re
l
a
y
s
prot
ec
ti
o
n
o
n
hi
gh
v
o
l
t
a
ge
trans
m
issi
o
n
l
i
ne
ha
ve
bec
o
me
a
gre
a
t
chal
l
e
nge
for
po
we
r syst
em
prot
ec
ti
on
e
n
g
i
nee
r
s
due
t
o
some
l
i
mi
t
a
t
i
on
e
n
c
o
unt
ere
d
i
n
the
o
p
era
t
i
onal
c
o
m
p
rom
i
se
as
current
l
y
enc
o
unt
e
r
ed
i
n
a
c
o
mpe
n
sat
e
d t
r
a
n
smi
s
si
o
n
l
i
ne
prot
ec
t
i
on
sc
heme
[1-
5
]. T
h
e
di
sta
n
ce
rel
a
y
ope
ra
t
i
o
n
al
ch
aract
erist
i
c
i
s
ba
se
d o
n
e
i
t
h
e
r
i
m
pe
da
nce
,
a
d
mit
t
ance
,
re
a
c
t
a
nce
,
resi
st
a
n
ce
o
r
q
u
a
d
ri
l
a
te
ral
o
p
e
r
a
ti
on
a
l
char
a
c
te
r
i
sti
c
s
.
Th
e
ad
mitt
an
c
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
i
sti
c
(r
ef
er
red
t
o
as
t
h
e mho
)
is comm
on
ly ap
p
lied
in
di
st
anc
e
re
l
a
y
prot
ect
i
on z
o
n
e
s ado
p
t
e
d f
o
r
transmissi
on li
ne p
r
ote
c
t
i
o
n
a
s
se
en i
n
the
M
h
o
nu
meri
c
a
l
rel
a
ys
ope
ra
t
i
o
n
[6].
The
dist
anc
e
re
l
a
y mea
s
u
r
ed
t
h
e t
r
a
n
s
m
i
s
si
on
l
i
n
e a
p
pa
re
nt
i
m
pe
da
nce
base
d
on
e
s
ti
mat
e
d
f
a
u
l
ts v
o
lta
g
e
s
a
n
d c
u
rr
en
ts bet
w
e
e
n
t
h
e
r
e
la
y
lo
c
a
t
i
on
s to
t
h
e
f
a
u
l
t
po
in
t
t
o
d
e
te
r
m
ine
wh
e
t
h
e
r
th
e
ca
lcu
l
a
t
e
d
i
m
pe
da
nce
fal
l
s
w
i
t
h
i
n
the
pre
-
set
imp
e
da
nce
va
l
u
e
un
de
r n
o
rmal
ope
ra
ti
o
n
[7
]. T
h
e i
n
t
e
gra
t
i
on o
f
c
o
mp
e
n
sa
tio
n d
e
v
i
ce
s l
i
k
e
the
sh
un
t
sta
t
ic
co
mp
e
n
sa
tio
n
(STA
TC
OM
) on
t
r
an
smissi
on
li
n
e
sy
ste
m
i
s
t
o
h
e
lp
in
t
h
e eff
e
ct
ive
po
wer
tr
a
n
s
f
e
r
fr
om th
e sou
r
c
e
s e
n
d
to th
e
lo
ad
te
rm
ina
l
an
d
m
a
i
n
ta
i
n
ing
th
e
vo
lt
ag
e
a
t
th
e
midp
o
i
n
t
o
f
th
e
l
i
n
e
b
y
in
je
c
ting
r
e
a
c
t
i
v
e
p
o
w
e
r
d
u
r
i
ng
t
h
e
c
a
p
acit
i
v
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mo
d
e
in
t
o
t
h
e
u
t
ilit
y
gr
id o
r
a
b
so
rb
ing
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a
c
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po
w
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from
t
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id
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rin
g
t
h
e
indu
c
t
iv
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.
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is
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je
c
t
ed
c
u
r
r
en
t
aff
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ct
s
th
e
e
s
ti
mat
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d
imp
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ce se
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e pro
t
e
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v
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la
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pec
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f
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f
te
r t
h
e
mid
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p
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tio
n of
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I
SSN
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088
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94
Int
J
P
o
w
Ele
c
& D
r
i
S
y
st, V
o
l
.
1
1
,
N
o
.
2, Ju
ne
20
2
0
:
9
0
7
–
913
90
8
t
h
e
c
o
mpe
n
sa
t
i
on de
vic
e
le
a
d
i
n
g
t
o
m
u
c
h
hi
g
h
er est
i
mat
i
on o
f
the
fa
u
l
t
i
m
peda
nce
outsi
de
t
h
e
3
rd
zo
ne
prot
ec
ti
on
c
o
v
e
ra
ge
o
f
t
h
e re
la
y
f
o
r a
d
j
ace
nt fa
ult
e
d l
i
n
e
l
e
a
d
i
ng t
o
u
nde
r-re
a
c
h
e
ffec
t
.
S
u
c
h
fa
ul
t
s
a
r
e
un
det
e
c
t
e
d
by t
h
e
rel
a
y a
n
d
ma
y ca
use se
ri
ous
da
me
t
o
l
i
v
es, i
n
st
al
l
a
t
i
ons a
n
d sa
fet
y
c
o
m
p
romi
se
[8
-10
]
.
In
vi
ew
o
f
t
h
i
s
op
erat
i
onal
c
h
al
l
e
nge
in
dist
a
n
c
e
rel
a
y
t
o
p
r
ovi
de
re
li
abl
e
a
n
d
secu
re
p
o
w
e
r
syst
e
m
p
r
ot
ect
i
o
n
on
STA
T
C
O
M c
o
mpe
n
sa
t
e
d t
r
a
n
smi
ssio
n
li
ne, a
n
a
d
a
p
t
i
ve
re
la
yin
g
al
go
ri
thm
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
a
d
opt
i
on
o
f
sy
nc
hr
on
iz
ed
me
a
s
ure
m
en
t on
P
S
CA
D
EMTD
C simu
lat
i
on
mo
d
e
l
fo
r shu
n
t
co
mp
e
n
sa
t
e
d li
n
e
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e w
i
d
e
area
net
w
ork
mea
s
u
r
eme
n
t
a
n
d
mo
ni
tori
ng
app
r
oac
h
fo
r
rel
a
y
perfo
rma
n
ce
suit
a
b
il
i
t
y,
wi
t
h
t
h
e
a
dop
t
i
on
o
f
hi
gh s
p
e
e
d c
o
mmu
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
l
i
nk pro
pose
d
e
a
rl
i
e
r [11
]
. A
not
her i
n
n
o
v
a
t
i
on on
sy
nc
hr
onise
d me
a
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
usin
g t
w
o
e
n
d
s
inf
o
rma
t
io
n
f
o
r t
h
e
prot
e
c
t
i
on
c
o
mp
r
o
mi
s
e
p
r
obl
e
m
e
r
a
d
i
c
a
t
i
on
wi
t
h
t
h
e a
d
o
p
t
i
on
o
f
P
h
as
or
measu
r
e
m
e
n
t
unit
(PM
U
) al
on
gsi
d
e
wi
t
h
p
i
l
o
t
prot
ect
i
on
sche
me
t
h
ro
ug
h c
o
mm
u
n
ic
at
i
on l
i
n
k
pro
p
o
s
ed o
n
shu
n
t c
o
m
p
e
n
s
a
t
e
d li
ne t
o
el
i
m
ina
t
e
di
sta
n
c
e
re
la
y
p
r
ot
ec
t
i
on
pr
oble
m
s
[1
2,
1
3
].
A
t
h
re
e z
one
s pr
ote
c
t
i
o
n
m
o
del
for i
n
t
e
rna
l
and e
x
te
rnal
fa
ult
di
sc
ri
mi
n
a
t
i
on fo
r e
f
fec
t
ive
pow
e
r
f
l
ow
cap
a
b
ilit
y
imp
r
ov
em
e
n
t
o
n
th
e
w
e
st
e
r
n N
a
n
j
ing
po
w
e
r g
r
i
d
w
i
th
i
n
teg
r
a
t
ed
un
if
ie
d pow
e
r
f
l
ow
c
o
n
t
r
o
lle
r (U
PFC)
b
a
sed on
tr
an
s
m
iss
i
o
n
li
n
e
p
a
ra
me
te
r
s
mod
e
l co
nduct
e
d
[
14]
. Th
e ad
op
tion
of
a lay
e
r
pee
l
i
n
g
al
g
o
r
i
t
hm
for
po
wer
syst
em
acc
u
r
at
e net
w
o
r
k
map
p
i
n
g usi
n
g
pr
o
b
in
g
meas
uri
n
g i
m
p
u
l
s
es
fro
m
post
-
fa
ult
i
n
format
i
o
n
wa
s de
vel
ope
d
f
o
r faul
t
loc
a
t
i
o
n
det
e
rmi
n
at
i
o
n
o
n
ove
rhe
a
d
t
r
a
n
smi
s
si
o
n
l
i
ne
s
[
15].
Re
search
on
z
one
3 b
a
c
k
up
prot
ect
i
on c
o
mpromi
se e
l
i
m
i
n
at
ion
in
dist
an
c
e
rel
a
y d
u
r
in
g
loa
d
enc
r
oac
h
me
nt
wi
th t
h
e
a
d
o
p
ti
on
o
f
sy
nc
hr
o
pha
so
r
measu
r
e
m
ent
s
o
b
t
a
i
n
e
d
from
P
M
U
a
t
b
o
t
h
e
n
d
of t
h
e
tra
n
s
m
i
ssio
n
l
i
ne
net
w
ork[1
6
]
.
The c
o
mpl
e
xi
t
y
i
n
v
o
lve
d
i
n
t
h
e
han
d
l
i
n
g
of
the
t
w
o-e
nd
faul
t
s
da
ta
fo
r
ac
curat
e
a
n
al
y
s
is, t
h
e
hi
gh
c
o
st
of comm
u
n
ic
at
i
on de
vic
e
are
some
li
mit
a
ti
ons o
f
the
s
e prop
ose
d
met
h
o
d
s.
In vie
w
o
f
t
h
e
s
e
l
i
mi
ta
t
i
ons, the
cur
r
ent
st
u
d
y
pro
pose a
faul
t
dat
a
si
gnat
u
re
ext
r
a
c
t
i
o
n
fro
m
j
u
st
o
n
e
en
d
prot
ec
t
i
on l
o
c
a
t
ion
and
ma
c
h
i
n
e le
arni
ng usi
n
g
M
A
TL
AB
a
n
d
Wa
ika
t
o
E
nvir
o
n
m
e
n
t
for
K
n
owl
e
dge
A
n
al
y
s
is (WEK
A
)
so
ft
wa
re
fo
r
effect
i
v
e si
ngle
l
i
ne
t
o
g
r
ou
n
d
(S
LG
) fa
ul
t
det
ect
i
o
n
,
a
nd cl
assi
fi
ca
ti
on o
n
t
h
e
S
T
A
T
C
O
M
co
mpe
n
sat
e
d
tr
a
n
smi
ssi
o
n
li
n
e
in
o
r
d
e
r to
e
lim
in
a
t
e un
d
e
r
-re
a
c
h e
ffe
ct
en
c
oun
te
r
e
d
i
n
th
e
3
rd
z
o
ne
p
r
ote
c
t
i
o
n
c
o
v
e
ra
ge
of
d
i
s
t
a
n
ce
r
e
l
a
y
el
em
en
t.
Th
e
a
r
t
i
cl
e
is s
t
ru
ctu
r
e
d
in
t
o
f
i
v
e
sect
io
n
c
o
n
s
is
ting
of
in
trod
u
c
ti
o
n
,
r
e
sear
c
h
me
th
od
s,
re
sul
t
/
disc
uss
i
on, a
n
d
c
oncl
u
si
o
n
for in
-de
p
t
h
di
vul
ge
nce
o
f
rel
e
va
nt a
n
d
rel
a
t
e
d
i
n
fo
rmat
i
o
n
for
fut
u
re
wo
rk
emul
at
io
n. T
h
e
st
udy
p
r
op
ose
s
a
nove
l
a
dva
nce
d
si
g
n
al
proc
essin
g
a
p
p
r
o
ach a
n
d
ma
c
h
i
n
e
l
ear
nin
g
a
p
pr
oac
h
t
o
s
o
l
v
i
n
g t
h
e
pe
ndi
n
g
p
r
ot
ec
ti
on c
o
m
p
ro
mise
i
n
di
st
a
n
c
e
re
l
a
y t
o
c
u
rre
n
t
exi
s
t
i
ng
bo
d
y
of
kn
o
w
le
d
g
e
as
pre
s
e
n
te
d
.
2.
R
E
S
E
ARC
H METH
OD
The
pa
per
pre
s
e
n
t a
Li
b
y
a
com
p
en
sat
e
d
po
we
r gri
d
l
i
n
e
of 3
0
0
k
m
, rat
e
d
40
0
k
V
,a
nd
50
Hz
fre
que
nc
y a
s
d
e
pic
t
e
d
in F
i
g
u
re
1.T
h
e
st
u
d
y
syst
em i
s
a
4
-b
us
s
y
st
em w
i
th A, B, C an
d D
bu
ses for
t
h
e
3
prot
ec
ti
on z
o
n
e
s c
ove
ra
g
e
s for
re
l
a
y a
t
t
h
e
e
nd
b
u
s A
.
The
syst
em c
o
nt
a
i
ns
tw
o-so
urce
syst
e
m
wi
th
G
e
ne
rat
o
r
i
n
t
h
e se
ndi
ng
e
n
d
a
nd L
o
a
d
at
the
rec
e
i
v
i
ng e
n
d. On
t
h
i
s
stud
y m
ode
l
,
vari
ous
t
y
pes
of
fa
ul
t
be
y
o
n
d t
h
e
S
T
ATCOM
E
l
o
c
a
t
i
o
n
s a
r
e
si
m
u
la
te
d
in
M
a
tla
b
so
ftw
a
r
e
fo
r
f
a
u
l
t
vo
lta
ge
a
n
d
curr
en
t si
g
n
a
ls
sign
a
t
ure d
a
ta
e
x
tr
ac
ti
on
f
o
r
ea
ch
scen
a
r
i
o
.
F
i
gu
re 1.
S
T
A
T
CO
M c
o
m
p
e
n
sat
e
d
tran
smi
ssi
on
l
i
ne
The
flo
w
for
t
h
e a
p
pl
i
e
d
me
t
hod
for
t
h
i
s
st
u
d
y
i
s
displ
a
y i
n
F
i
g
u
re
2 fo
r t
h
e S
L
G
fa
ul
t
det
e
ct
ion
an
d
cl
assi
fi
ca
ti
on
o
n
t
h
e
ST
A
T
C
O
M
c
o
mpe
n
sa
te
d tran
smissi
o
n
li
ne
to
a
d
dre
ss t
h
e
un
de
r-
re
a
c
h c
h
a
l
l
e
nge
s
fac
e
d
b
y
th
e
d
i
st
an
c
e
re
la
y pro
t
ec
tiv
e e
l
e
m
en
t in th
e
3
rd
zo
n
e
pro
t
e
c
ti
o
n
reg
i
on
a
s
e
a
r
l
i
e
r exp
l
ai
n
e
d
.
In
itia
ll
y
(Pre
-
proce
s
si
ng
S
t
a
g
e), t
h
e t
h
re
e
-
pha
se
cu
rre
n
t
signa
l
obt
a
i
n
e
d
fro
m
t
h
e
S
L
G fa
ul
t
Mat
h
l
a
b si
mul
a
t
i
on
of t
h
e
tr
a
n
smi
ssi
o
n
lin
e pow
e
r
sy
s
t
e
m
wi
th
an
d
w
i
th
ou
t in
t
e
g
r
a
t
e
d
S
T
A
T
COM
w
e
re
a
n
a
l
ys
ed
u
s
i
n
g
w
a
v
e
le
t
a
n
al
y
s
is t
o
ob
t
a
in
th
e
f
e
a
t
ur
e
e
x
t
r
a
c
t
i
o
n
o
r
d
a
t
a
f
o
r
on
w
a
rd
i
n
t
e
l
lig
e
n
t
mac
h
in
e le
arn
i
ng
. In th
e sec
ond
st
a
g
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J Po
w El
ec
&
Dr
i
S
y
st
IS
SN:
208
8-8
6
9
4
Tra
n
s
m
i
ssi
on
lin
e
fau
l
t i
d
e
n
t
ifi
ca
ti
o
n
an
d c
l
assi
fic
a
t
io
n
…
(Moh
a
mmad
Lutfi
O
t
h
m
a
n
)
9
09
(
C
l
a
ssi
fi
ca
ti
o
n
),
t
h
e
se
ver
a
l a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
ms
in
WEK
A
ma
c
h
i
n
e le
ar
n
i
ng
so
f
t
wa
re
wer
e
d
e
p
l
oy
e
d
fo
r
th
e
in
tell
ig
e
n
t
t
r
ai
ni
n
g
of sev
e
ral
al
g
o
ri
t
h
m
fo
r e
f
fec
t
ive
c
l
a
s
si
fi
c
a
t
i
on a
n
d
fa
ult
det
e
c
t
i
o
n
mode
l
b
u
i
l
di
n
g
.
Thi
s
i
s
fina
l
l
y
fol
l
o
w
e
d b
y
t
h
e
de
pl
o
y
me
n
t
of t
r
a
i
ne
d mo
de
l f
o
r
effect
i
v
e t
r
i
p
dec
i
si
o
n
ma
kin
g
t
o
e
l
imi
n
at
e t
h
e p
e
ndi
ng
mi
sc
las
s
if
ic
ati
o
n cu
rre
n
t
l
y
en
coun
ter
e
d
i
n
c
onv
en
t
i
on
a
l
d
i
sta
n
ce r
e
la
y pr
o
t
e
c
t
i
on
s
c
h
e
me
.
Fig
u
re
2
by
a
simpl
e
bloc
k
d
i
agra
m
desc
rib
i
ng t
h
e
vari
ous
st
age
s
a
n
d
whi
c
h i
s
e
x
p
l
a
i
ne
d
an
d
descri
be
d
i
n
det
a
il
be
l
o
w
.
Si
mula
t
e
t
h
e
t
w
o m
o
del
s
sce
n
a
r
i
o
s t
o
obta
i
n
faul
t c
u
rre
nt
si
gnat
u
res
fro
m
m
o
d
e
l
s
of t
h
e s
y
st
em
as
se
en
in
Fi
gur
e 3
-5
.
I
n
se
c
o
nd st
age
e
n
ta
il th
e
f
eatu
r
e
e
x
tr
a
c
t
i
o
n
from
ea
c
h
e
x
t
r
a
c
t
e
d vo
l
t
ag
e
a
n
d c
u
rr
en
t
fau
l
t
sign
a
l
s
f
r
o
m
noi
se
b
y
de
c
o
mp
osi
n
g t
h
e
s
i
gn
a
l
u
s
i
n
g di
sc
ret
e
wa
vel
e
t
t
r
a
n
sfo
r
m (D
WT) ba
se
d m
u
lt
i
rev
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
ana
l
ysi
s
a
t
va
ri
ous
l
e
ve
ls.
Pre-p
r
oces
si
n
g
st
age
:
C
o
ll
at
i
on
of ext
r
ac
te
d
fea
t
ure
s
ac
ross
al
l
faul
t
s
i
n
st
a
n
ce
s
t
o
obt
ai
n si
gnal
sta
n
dard
devi
at
i
o
n (S
D) an
d
e
n
tr
op
y
e
n
e
r
g
y
va
lue
s
(EV)
ac
ross
a
l
l
sa
mpl
e
d sig
n
a
l
s usi
n
g
D
W
T
.
Tr
ai
n
i
ng sta
g
e
:
T
h
e
e
x
trac
te
d
fea
t
ures
(S
D
a
n
d
E
V
)
da
ta
at
va
ri
o
u
s
inst
ance
s
de
pl
o
y
e
d
for
t
r
ai
ni
n
g
A
I
a
l
g
o
r
ith
m
tra
i
ni
n
g
.
Cl
a
s
si
fi
ca
ti
on Mo
del
bui
l
d
i
n
g
:
Tra
i
n
mode
l
d
e
pl
oy
ment
f
o
r fa
ult
det
ect
i
o
n
,
c
l
assific
a
t
i
on an
d
a
c
c
u
rat
e
tr
ip
d
e
ci
sion
ma
k
i
ng
acr
o
s
s bo
th
mod
e
l ar
chi
t
e
c
tu
re
s.
F
i
gu
re 2.
F
l
o
w
Cha
r
t
(a
)
(b
)
F
i
g
u
re
3
.
P
h
as
e A S
L
G
fa
ul
t
at
200
km (a) w
i
thout
(
b
)
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
ed S
T
A
T
C
O
M
c
o
m
p
e
n
sat
i
o
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN
: 2
088
-8
6
94
Int
J
P
o
w
Ele
c
& D
r
i
S
y
st, V
o
l
.
1
1
,
N
o
.
2, Ju
ne
20
2
0
:
9
0
7
–
913
91
0
(a
)
(b
)
Fi
gu
re
4. P
h
as
e
B
S
L
G faul
t
at
20
0
k
m (a) w
i
t
hout
(b)
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
e
d
S
T
A
T
CO
M c
o
m
p
e
n
sat
i
on
(a
)
(b
)
Fi
gu
re
5. P
h
as
e
C
S
L
G faul
t
at
20
0
k
m (a) w
i
t
hout
(b)
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
e
d
S
T
A
T
CO
M c
o
m
p
e
n
sat
i
on
2.1.
Di
scre
te w
ave
l
e
t
tr
ans
f
or
m
Th
e
DW
T is
a
p
o
we
rf
u
l
too
l
f
o
r
tim
e
-
freq
u
e
n
c
y
s
i
gn
a
l
an
a
l
y
s
is of sa
m
p
le
d lo
cali
z
e
d
t
r
a
n
sien
ts’
c
u
rre
n
t
si
gn
al
to
p
r
o
d
u
c
e no
n-
redu
nd
an
t
r
e
stor
at
io
n of
si
g
n
a
l. Mo
re
ov
e
r
,
it
produ
c
e
s b
e
tte
r
sp
a
t
i
a
l a
n
d
spect
ra
l
l
o
cal
i
z
a
t
i
on
of
si
gna
l
.
In
re
ce
nt
de
c
a
de
s, s
u
c
h
a
d
v
a
nc
ed
p
o
w
e
rfu
l
t
ool
has
bee
n
use
d
for
desi
g
n
in
g
t
h
e p
r
ot
ec
ti
ve
rel
a
ys
[1
7,
1
8
-
24].
In D
W
T
,
t
h
e fa
ult
c
u
rrent
si
g
n
a
l
x (t
) is de
c
o
mp
os
e
d
i
n
t
o
lo
w
a
n
d
hi
gh
fre
que
nc
y c
o
mp
o
n
e
n
ts
suc
h
as
a
p
p
r
oxi
ma
t
i
on (A
) an
d
de
ta
il
ed
coe
ffi
ci
ent
s
(D)
w
h
i
c
h is ma
the
m
a
t
i
c
a
l
l
y
e
x
pr
ess
e
d
i
n
(1)
a
n
d (2
) fo
r
d
eco
mp
ose
d
si
gna
l
[
2
5
-
26
].
∑
,
∑
,
(1
)
(2
)
Th
e lo
w
f
r
eque
n
c
y
com
pon
en
t of
th
e s
i
gna
l a
l
so
r
e
fe
rred
t
o
a
s
th
e ap
pro
x
i
ma
ti
on
c
o
eff
i
c
i
en
t
s
un
de
rg
oe
s se
ri
es le
vel
s
of t
h
e
deco
mp
osit
i
o
n u
p
t
o
N l
e
vel
t
o
ext
r
ac
t t
h
e
ori
g
i
n
al
i
n
fo
rm
at
i
o
n f
r
o
m
t
h
e
noi
se
and
for re
ge
ne
rat
i
on of t
h
e de
com
p
o
s
e
d
si
g
n
a
l
a
s
ex
pre
ssed
i
n
(3
).
⋯
(3
)
w
h
ere
N =
5 is
t
h
e
d
e
com
p
o
s
i
t
io
n
l
e
v
e
l
fo
r ex
tr
ac
te
d
f
a
u
lt c
u
rr
en
t
s
i
gn
a
l
s a
s
se
en in
Fi
gu
re
6
.
2.2.
Featu
r
e
s
E
x
tr
ac
ti
o
n
an
d W
E
KA
Mach
in
e
le
arn
i
n
g
Th
e
S
D
fo
r bo
t
h
mod
e
l sc
e
n
a
r
i
o
s
b
e
fo
re
a
n
d dur
ing
S
T
ATCOM in
t
e
gr
a
t
io
n on
th
e
h
i
gh
v
o
l
tage
tr
a
n
smi
ssi
o
n
lin
e ex
tr
ac
ted an
d a
n
a
l
y
s
ed a
c
c
o
rd
ing
l
y.
Th
e
und
e
r-r
e
ach eff
e
ct
o
c
cu
rs
only
f
o
r e
x
tr
acte
d
f
a
u
l
t
si
g
n
a
l
s
at
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
l
o
c
a
t
i
on
s
b
e
yon
d th
e c
o
n
n
e
c
t
ed
S
T
ATC
O
M e
l
em
e
n
t
f
o
r t
h
e
3
rd
z
o
n
e
p
r
ot
ect
i
o
n c
o
vera
ge
o
f
th
e d
i
stan
ce r
e
l
a
y
.
O
t
he
r f
e
a
t
u
r
e
s
in
c
l
ud
e
t
h
e
en
trop
y e
n
e
r
gy of th
e
t
r
a
n
si
en
t
f
a
u
lt si
gn
al
w
i
th
hid
d
e
n
re
la
te
d i
n
fo
rm
at
ion
fo
r
fa
ult
de
te
ct
i
o
n
st
u
d
y
.
All
e
x
t
r
act
ed
fe
a
t
ure
s
fro
m t
r
a
n
si
ent
fa
u
l
t
s
si
gnal
a
r
e
d
e
pl
o
y
ed
fo
r t
h
e
on
wa
rd mode
l
bui
ld
i
ng i
n
t
h
e W
E
KA
ma
chi
n
e
l
earnin
g
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
hm f
o
r int
e
l
l
i
gent
d
e
t
ect
i
v
e and
c
l
a
ssif
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
mod
e
l
bu
ild
in
g in
two
mod
e
l sce
n
a
r
io
s.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J Po
w El
ec
&
Dr
i
S
y
st
IS
SN:
208
8-8
6
9
4
Tra
n
s
m
i
ssi
on
lin
e
fau
l
t i
d
e
n
t
ifi
ca
ti
o
n
an
d c
l
assi
fic
a
t
io
n
…
(Moh
a
mmad
Lutfi
O
t
h
m
a
n
)
9
11
F
i
g
u
re
6
.
D
e
c
o
mp
ose
d
t
r
a
n
sie
n
t
fa
ul
t
c
u
rre
n
t
to
5 l
e
ve
ls
3.
R
E
S
U
LTS
AND ANALY
S
IS
The
e
x
t
r
ac
t
e
d
ana
l
yz
e
d
re
sul
t
o
n
Ta
bl
e
1
di
spla
y the
st
a
nda
rd
devi
at
i
o
n
fo
r
S
L
G
fa
u
l
t
s
fo
r e
a
c
h
fa
ult
e
d
p
h
a
s
e
for
b
o
t
h
sce
n
a
r
i
o
s wit
h
an
d
wi
t
h
o
u
t i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
ion
o
f
c
o
mpe
n
sa
t
i
on de
vic
e
as
pro
pose
.
T
h
e
result
d
i
s
p
lay
e
d
n
o
va
r
i
a
tio
n und
e
r
n
o
r
m
a
l
op
e
r
a
t
i
o
n c
o
nd
i
tio
n in
t
h
e
m
e
a
s
ur
ed
c
u
rr
e
n
t
magn
itu
d
e
.
H
o
w
e
ve
r,
afte
r
t
h
e i
n
t
e
gra
t
i
o
n
of ST
A
T
C
O
M c
o
mpe
n
sa
te
d de
vi
ce
,
the
SD
ac
ross ea
c
h
fa
ul
te
d p
h
as
e
con
d
i
t
i
on i
s
muc
h
g
r
ea
te
r co
mp
ar
ed t
o
tho
s
e
of h
e
a
l
t
h
y
lin
e
s
as
a
n
ind
i
c
a
tio
n
of fau
l
t
pr
ese
n
c
e
.
S
i
mi
lar
l
y
,
t
h
e
r
e
is mu
c
h
di
ffe
re
nce
s
i
n
the
obt
ai
ne
d
va
l
u
es fo
r i
n
te
gra
t
ed sce
n
ari
o
s wi
t
h
hi
g
h
er
a
n
al
yzed
val
u
es
of
SD
for e
ach
fa
ul
t
e
d
pha
ses as
c
o
mpa
r
e
d
wit
h
n
o
n
-
int
e
grat
i
on sc
ena
r
i
o
s of co
m
p
en
sat
i
on de
vi
ce
s as
displ
a
y i
n
Ta
bl
e
1.
Ta
b
l
e
1
:
Ex
t
r
ac
ted
SD v
a
lu
e
s
f
r
o
m
an
a
l
y
z
ed tr
a
n
sien
t
cur
r
en
ts
W
i
th
o
u
t S
T
A
T
C
O
M
wi
t
h
ST
A
T
C
O
M
Conditio
n
T
ype of
fa
ult
L
o
c
a
t
i
on/km
ST
D
-
A
ST
D-
B
ST
D
-
C
S
T
D
-
A
ST
D
-
B
ST
D- C
Nor
m
al N
o
F
a
ult
100
177.
35
177
.
1
3
177.
06
875.
0
877.
0
8
66.
0
200
177.
35
177
.
1
3
177.
06
875.
0
877.
0
8
66.
0
LG
AG
100
3087.
0
166
.
0
204.
0
3394.
0
800.
0
7
97.
0
200
1460.
0
154
.
4
5
196.
0
2046.
0
825.
0
8
17.
0
BG
100
300
317
0.
0
267.
0
793.
0
3490.
0
8
35.
0
200
238.
11
136
7.
6
3
189.
37
821.
0
2110.
0
8
36.
0
CG
100
263.
0
299
.
0
2660.
0
854.
0
811.
0
3
305.
0
200
187.
16
236
.
7
4
1136.
0
6
852.
0
831.
0
1
888.
0
Fu
r
t
h
e
rmor
e, t
h
e
en
trop
y ener
gy r
e
su
lt
in
Ta
b
l
e
2 d
i
sp
lay
t
h
e
sim
ila
r
i
n
fo
rm
at
io
n
f
o
r th
e nor
ma
l
con
d
i
t
i
on
s wit
h
o
u
t
v
a
ri
at
ion
s
in t
h
e
S
D
va
l
u
e
s
un
der
b
o
t
h
si
mula
ti
on
sc
enari
o
s.
T
h
e
fa
ult
e
d
phase
e
n
t
r
op
y
e
n
ergy
v
a
lu
e i
s
h
i
gh
er
a
c
ro
ss
a
l
l f
a
u
lte
d
ph
ase
s
a
s
a
n
in
d
i
cati
o
n
of
f
a
u
l
t pr
e
s
en
ce.
Th
e
co
mp
ar
iso
n
st
ud
y
al
so
i
ndic
a
t
e
d a
mu
c
h
hi
g
h
er va
lu
e
i
n
e
n
t
r
o
p
y
e
n
ergy
un
de
r
i
n
t
e
gra
t
e
d
S
T
ATC
O
M
c
o
ndi
t
i
on a
s
c
o
m
p
a
r
ed
to
n
o
n
-
i
n
te
grat
i
o
n
a
s
hig
h
l
i
ghte
d
o
n
red
o
n
t
h
e
re
su
lt
displ
a
y
.
Ta
b
l
e
2
:
Ex
t
r
ac
te
d
En
tr
opy
en
ergy
v
a
l
u
es f
r
o
m
an
a
l
y
zed
tran
s
i
en
t cu
rren
t
s
Without
ST
AT
COM
w
ith S
T
AT
CO
M
Conditi
o
n
T
ype of
Fa
ult
L
o
c
a
t
i
on / km
E-
A
10
8
E-
B
1
0
8
E-
C
10
8
E-A
1
0
8
E-B
1
0
8
E-
C
1
0
8
No
rmal
No
F
a
u
lt
100
1.
25
0.
49
0
.
40
22.
7
6.
25
13.
1
200
1.
25
0.
49
0
.
40
22.
7
6.
25
13.
1
LG
AG
100
94.
6
0.
56
0
.
51
128
5.
36
11.
4
200
25.
9
0.
56
0
.
51
56.
5
5.
62
12.
1
BG
100
1.
64
57.
1
0
.
51
21.
3
70.
7
13.
2
200
1.
44
15.
3
0
.
41
25.
8
27.
5
12.
3
CG
100
1.
39
0.
76
72
.
9
21.
7
5.
74
97.
1
200
1.
33
0.
60
18
.
8
0
21.
2
6.
22
38.
6
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN
: 2
088
-86
94
I
n
t J
P
o
w
El
ec
&
D
r
i S
y
st
,
V
o
l
.
11,
N
o
.
2,
J
u
ne
20
2
0
:
9
0
7
– 91
3
91
2
The a
n
al
yse
s
p
e
rf
or
manc
es
o
f
t
h
e
S
L
G fa
ul
t
c
l
assif
i
c
a
t
i
on mode
l
s
de
vel
o
ped
in
WE
KA
t
o
a
d
d
r
ess
t
h
e
pe
ndi
ng
u
nde
r-
re
ac
h
c
h
a
l
l
e
nges
e
n
c
o
unt
e
r
e
d
by
di
st
anc
e
r
e
l
a
y
f
o
r
3
rd
zon
e
s
f
a
u
lt d
e
te
c
tion
on a
S
T
ATC
O
M
co
mpe
n
sa
te
d l
i
n
es
indi
ca
te
d e
f
fe
ct
ive
m
odel
per
f
o
rma
n
ce
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
de
pl
o
y
m
ent
o
f
t
h
e
pr
op
ose
N
a
iv
e
B
a
y
e
s alg
o
r
i
t
h
m a
s
c
o
mp
ar
ed
to
o
t
he
r
in
t
e
ll
ig
e
n
t alg
o
r
ith
m
w
ith
1
0
0
% a
c
c
u
r
a
c
y
for
a
ll S
L
G
f
a
u
l
t
de
te
ct
i
on a
n
d
disc
ri
mi
nat
i
on
as o
b
se
rve
in
Ta
ble
3.
T
h
i
s
mo
de
l e
ffe
ct
i
v
e
l
y ge
ne
ra
l
i
z
e
d
af
te
r
t
e
st
ed
wi
t
h
new
se
t o
f
SD
a
n
d
EV da
ta
t
h
at
w
a
s n
o
t
de
pl
o
y
e
d
fo
r
the
m
ode
l
tr
ai
nin
g
.
T
h
e
di
spla
y F
i
g
u
r
e
7
s
h
ow
s
t
h
e ac
cura
c
y
ra
te
o
f
th
e be
st
al
g
o
r
ith
m
Ta
ble
3:
Tr
ai
n
e
d ma
c
h
i
n
e
l
e
a
r
ni
ng
m
odel
s
p
e
rf
or
manc
e
an
al
yses
Sc
ena
r
i
o
s
P
e
r
f
orm
a
nce
N
a
ive
Ba
yes a
l
gorithm
(%)
ML
P
a
l
gori
t
hm
(%)
Ca
se 1 m
ode
l w
ith
SD
Cor
r
e
c
t
c
l
a
ssif
i
ca
ti
on
100
80
Misc
lass
ific
ation 0
20
Ca
se 2 m
ode
l w
ith
E
V
Cor
r
e
c
t
c
l
a
ssif
i
ca
ti
on
100
80
Misc
lass
ific
ation 0
20
Fi
gu
re
7.
Acc
u
rac
y
ra
te
a
n
d Mi
sc
l
a
s
s
if
ic
at
i
on ra
te
4.
CO
NCL
US
IO
N
Th
e im
p
lic
a
tion
of
t
h
e a
bove
r
e
s
u
lt
i
n
d
i
c
a
ted
t
h
e
ef
fec
tiv
e d
e
v
e
l
o
p
e
d
mod
e
l
t
h
a
t
h
a
r
n
es
ses
t
h
e
pe
n
d
in
g
un
de
r
-re
ac
h c
h
al
l
e
n
g
es e
n
c
o
u
n
te
r
e
d o
n
i
n
t
e
gr
at
ed S
T
ATCO
M c
o
mpe
n
sa
t
e
d t
r
a
n
smi
s
si
o
n
l
i
ne
s,
usi
n
g
u
n
iq
ue
e
x
t
r
ac
te
d
si
g
n
al
fe
at
u
r
es
f
r
o
m
a
dva
nce
d
si
gn
al
of
S
L
G t
r
an
si
ent
fa
ul
t
s
.
B
o
th
f
eat
u
r
e
s
f
r
om S
D
a
n
d
E
V
dat
a
have
pr
o
v
en
t
o
c
o
nt
ai
ned
u
s
eful
hi
dde
n
inf
o
r
m
at
ion
t
h
at
co
ul
d
be
d
e
pl
o
y
f
o
r
S
L
G
fa
ul
t
di
scr
i
mi
nat
i
o
n
a
n
d
det
ect
i
o
n
mode
l
s
u
nde
r ST
ATC
O
M
i
n
t
e
gra
t
i
o
n.
N
a
ï
v
e
B
a
y
es
c
l
a
ssi
fi
e
r
m
ode
l
al
g
o
ri
th
m
pr
ese
n
t
a
no
ve
l mo
dif
i
c
a
t
i
on
i
n
dist
a
n
c
e
rel
a
y al
g
o
ri
t
h
m pe
r
f
o
r
m
anc
e
t
o
e
l
i
m
i
n
a
t
e
un
de
r
-re
ac
h
f
a
ul
t det
e
c
t
i
o
n
in
th
e
3
rd
z
o
ne
pr
ot
ec
ti
on
c
o
v
e
ra
ge
f
o
r
a
di
sta
n
ce
re
la
y ba
c
k
u
p
o
p
e
r
at
i
o
n per
f
o
r
ma
nc
e.
AC
K
N
OWLEDGEMENTS
.
Spe
c
i
a
l
ap
pre
c
i
at
i
on to m
y
s
u
per
vi
so
r
Asso
c.
p
r
o
f
ess
o
r
M
oha
mma
d L
u
t
f
i
a
nd
Ad
va
nce
Li
g
h
t
e
n
i
n
g
po
we
r e
n
er
gy
r
e
se
arc
h
(
A
LP
E
R
) c
e
nt
e
r
f
o
r
t
h
e
su
p
p
o
r
t
an
d
f
undi
n
g
.
RE
FE
RE
NC
ES
[1]
G
.
E
l
-saady, R
.
M. Kamel
,
and
E. M. Al
i
,
“Er
r
o
r
s An
aly
s
is in Distanc
e
Relay R
ead
ing
s
w
i
th P
r
e
s
ence o
f
F
A
CTS
D
e
vices,”
Inno
v
a
tiv
e
S
y
st
ems
De
sign
an
d
Eng
i
n
e
ering
,
vo
l.
4,
no.
14
,
p
p
.
112
–1
31
, 2
013
.
[2
]
A
.
T
.
Ch
and
a
n
,
K
.
V
.
R
.
Mo
han
,
S
.
Ko
m
p
elli,
a
n
d
A. R
.
S
i
ng
h,
“Adv
anc
e
D
i
s
t
an
ce
P
r
otectio
n
of Trans
m
iss
i
o
n
Lin
e
in Pres
enc
e
o
f
S
h
un
t Comp
en
sator,”
Inter
n
a
t
ion
a
l Res
e
ar
ch
Jour
na
l
of Eng
i
neer
in
g a
n
d
T
e
c
h
nolog
y (IR
JET
)
,
pp
.
7
5
1
–
7
5
7
,
2015
.
[3
]
J
.
L
ee, Y
.
Y
o
o
n
,
S
.
Cha
,
J.
Lee,
and
J
.
Cho
e
,
“D
evelop
men
t
of d
i
s
t
an
ce
r
e
lay
mod
e
ls
for
r
e
a
l
time
d
i
g
ita
l
si
m
u
l
a
to
r,
”
IF
AC Proc
,
vo
l.
36
,
no
. 2
0
,
pp
. 9
79–
98
4,
200
3
.
[4
]
X
.
Y.
Zh
ou
, H
.
F. Wang
, R
.
K.
A
ggarw
al,
and
P
.
Be
aumo
nt
,
“Th
e
Imp
act
o
f
S
t
a
t
com
on
D
i
s
t
anc
e
Relay
v
D
C
co
s
,
”
no
. Au
gu
st
, p
p
. 2
2
–
2
6
,
2
005
.
[5
]
T
.
H
.
E
.
I
.
D
.
R
e
lay
,
“D
is
t
a
nce
rel
a
ys
,”
p
p
.
61–
76
.
0
50
10
0
R
A
TE
TYP
E
OF
FAULT
NAIVE
BAYE
S
A
C
CUR
A
CY
M
I
SCLA
SSIFICATI
ON
Case
1
Case2
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J Po
w El
ec
&
Dr
i
S
y
st
IS
SN:
208
8-8
6
9
4
Tra
n
s
m
i
ssi
on
lin
e
fau
l
t i
d
e
n
t
ifi
ca
ti
o
n
an
d c
l
assi
fic
a
t
io
n
…
(Moh
a
mmad
Lutfi
O
t
h
m
a
n
)
9
13
[6
]
S.
B. P.R
a
ja
a
nd S.
Mo
ort
h
i
,
“Mod
e
l
l
i
ng a
n
d
si
m
u
l
a
ti
on
of
t
h
e
im
p
a
ct o
f
SVC o
n
e
x
i
s
t
i
n
g
dista
n
ce
re
l
a
y
for
transmission line
prote
c
tion
,
”
I
n
t. C
o
n
f
. C
o
nd
.
A
s
se
s
s
.
Te
c
h
. Elec
t
r. S
y
st.
M
ode
l.
, pp.
15
1–
15
6, 2
015.
[7
]
D.
Hem
a
sun
d
a
r
, M.
T
h
a
k
re, a
nd V. S.
Kale
,
“
I
m
p
a
c
t of
ST
ATCOM on
dist
a
n
c
e
rel
a
y-Mo
de
ling
a
n
d
sim
u
l
a
tion
us
in
g P
S
C
A
D/
EM
TD
C
,
”
i
n
2
014
IEEE
S
t
u
d
e
n
ts’
Con
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
on
Ele
c
t
ric
a
l
,
Elec
t
r
o
n
i
c
s a
nd Comp
u
t
e
r
S
c
ie
n
c
e,
SCEECS 20
14
, 201
4.
[8]
P
.
A.
So
naw
a
n
e
an
d
P
.
S
.
M
.
S
h
emb
e
k
a
r,
“I
mpac
t
an
a
l
y
s
is
o
f
s
t
atco
m
o
n
d
i
s
t
an
ce
r
e
lay
p
e
rfo
rman
ce,”
In
te
rna
t
io
na
l
J
ourn
a
l
of Ad
v
ance
En
gin
e
e
r
i
n
g
a
n
d
R
e
se
arc
h
Dev
e
l
op
me
nt
(IJ
AERD)
, v
o
l
.
3,
no
.
6,
pp
.
21
0–
21
4
,
20
16
.
[9]
A.
K.
L.
Al-behadil
i, “Analysi
s
of D
i
s
t
ance R
e
lay P
e
rfor
m
an
c
e
on
Sh
un
t F
A
CTS
-
Comp
ensat
e
d Trans
m
iss
i
o
n
Li
nes
,
” i
n
In
El
ec
tro/
Inf
o
rmat
io
n Te
c
h
no
lo
g
y
(E
IT),
2
0
1
5
IE
EE
In
te
rn
at
io
na
l
Conf
e
r
e
n
ce
on
(p
p.
18
8-1
9
3
).
IEE
E
.
,
pp
. 1
8
8
–19
3
,
20
15.
[10
]
A. A
l
b
e
hadi
li,
“
A
n
a
lys
i
s
of
Dis
t
anc
e
Relay
P
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
on
S
h
un
t F
A
CTS-Co
mpen
sated
Tran
s
m
is
sion L
i
n
e
s,
”
2
0
1
5
IE
EE
In
t
.
C
o
n
f
.
El
ec
tro
/
Info
rma
t
i
o
n
Te
c
hnol
.
,
pp
.
18
8–
19
3,
201
5.
[11
]
A. R. S
i
n
g
h
,
N
.
R. P
a
tn
e,
an
d V
.
S
.
Kale, “S
yn
ch
ro
ni
zed
me
asu
r
e
m
ent b
a
s
e
d
an
a
d
aptiv
e
d
i
s
t
ance
relay
i
n
g
s
c
he
me
f
o
r
S
T
AT
C
O
M
comp
ens
a
ted
tr
a
n
s
m
is
si
on
li
ne
,”
M
e
as
ur
e
m
ent
, v
o
l.
1
16, n
o
.
20
1
8
,
pp.
9
6
–
1
05,
2
018
.
[12
]
B.
K
u
mar
,
A. Yad
a
v, and
A.
Y
.
A
bdelaz
i
z
,
“S
yn
chrop
h
as
ors ass
i
s
t
ed
pro
t
ect
io
n
s
c
hem
e
fo
r the
shu
n
t-comp
ensate
d
transmission line
,”
IE
T Ge
n
e
r. Tr
an
s
m
.
Di
st
ri
b.
, v
o
l.
1
1
,
no.
1
3
, p
p
.
34
06
–
3
4
16,
2
017
.
[13
]
O. H.
G
upta
an
d M
.
Tr
ip
ath
y
,
“An inno
va
tiv
e
pilo
t r
e
lay
i
ng
s
c
heme
for
s
h
u
n
t-
compen
sa
ted
lin
e
,”
IE
EE
T
r
an
s
.
P
o
wer Deliv.
, vol
. 3
0
,
no.
3,
pp. 143
9
–
1
4
4
8
,
20
1
5
.
[14] X.
Kong
et a
l
.
, “
A
T
h
re
e
-
Zo
ne Dista
n
c
e
Pro
t
e
c
tio
n
Sc
he
m
e
Ca
pa
bl
e t
o
Co
pe Wit
h
t
h
e
Im
p
a
ct of
UPFC
,”
IE
E
E
Trans. Power D
e
li
v.
, v
o
l
.
3
3
,
n
o
.
2,
pp.
94
9–
95
9,
2
0
1
8
.
[
1
5]
S.
R
o
b
s
o
n
,
A.
Ha
d
d
a
d
,
a
n
d H
.
Gr
if
f
i
th
s,
“
T
ra
ve
l
i
n
g
Wa
ve
Fa
u
l
t Loc
a
tion Using
L
a
yer
Peeling
,
”
En
er
gies
,
vol.
1
2
(1
26
),
pp. 1
–23
, 2
0
1
8
.
[1
6]
D.
Pa
l,
B.
Mall
i
k
a
r
j
u
n
a
,
S.
Me
mbe
r
,
a
n
d
R. J.
Red
d
y
,
“S
yn
ch
rop
h
a
so
r
A
ssisted Ad
ap
tiv
e
Relay
i
ng
M
e
th
od
ology
to
P
r
even
t Zon
e
-3
M
a
l-O
p
eration
,
”
IEEE
Sens.
J.
, vol
.
1
7
,
n
o
.
23,
p
p
. 7
7
1
3
–
7
7
2
2
,
2017
.
[17
]
A. S
a
b
e
r,
A
.
Emam
, and
R. A
m
er,
“Discre
t
e wav
e
le
t
tr
ans
f
o
r
m and
s
upp
ort ve
cto
r
m
a
c
h
in
e-based
p
a
r
a
llel
tran
smission
line
fa
u
lts class
i
fic
a
tio
n
,”
I
E
EJ
T
r
an
s.
E
l
e
c
tr.
El
ectr
o
n.
En
g
.
,
vo
l.
11
,
no
. 1
,
p
p
.
43–
48
,
2
016
.
[1
8]
A.
M
.
E
l
-Z
on
kol
y a
n
d H. De
so
uki
,
“W
a
v
e
l
et
Entro
p
y
Ba
se
d Algor
it
hm
fo
r Fa
u
l
t De
te
c
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
Cla
s
si
fi
ca
ti
on
in
FACTS Compensated Tr
ansmission Li
n
e
,”
En
erg
y
Po
w
e
r E
n
g
.
,
v
o
l.
03
, n
o
.
01
,
pp
. 3
4
–
4
2
,
20
11
.
[19
]
Y. M.
S
r
ee
,
“
W
av
e
l
et App
r
oa
ch for
Tran
sien
t Curre
nt based Mult
i T
e
r
m
inal Tran
s
m
is
sion System
Protec
tio
n
S
c
heme
in
the
p
r
esen
c
e
of S
V
C,
”
pp
.
4
134
–4
14
0,
2
0
1
6
.
[2
0]
B.
Ma
soo
d
,
U.
Sa
l
e
em
, a
nd M.
N.
An
ju
m,
“
F
a
u
lt
s De
te
cti
on a
nd Dia
g
n
o
sis o
f
Tra
n
sm
issi
on
L
i
n
e
s u
s
in
g
W
a
ve
le
t
T
r
a
n
sfo
r
m
e
d
base
d
Te
c
h
ni
que
,”
i
n
20
17
I
E
E
E
Jo
rd
an
Con
f
er
ence
o
n
App
lied
Electrica
l
Eng
i
n
e
ering
an
d
Com
putin
g
Tech
no
lo
gies
(
A
EEC
T
) Fau
l
ts
,
201
7.
[2
1]
M.
Mishra
, P.
K.
Ro
ut,
a
n
d
P.
Ro
u
t
ra
y
,
“
H
ig
h
Im
pe
da
n
ce Fa
u
l
t D
e
tec
t
io
n
in
Ra
di
a
l
Distri
bu
ti
o
n
Syste
m
Using
Wav
e
let
Tr
ans
f
or
m,”
2
01
5
A
n
n
ual
IEE
E
In
di
a Co
nf
e
r
e
n
ce
(INDICON
)
,
pp
.
4
–
9
,
20
15
.
[22
]
R. Kumar
,
“F
aul
t
Clas
sifi
ca
tion
o
f
P
h
a
s
e
to
P
h
as
e
F
a
u
l
t in
Six P
h
as
e
Tr
ansmiss
i
o
n
Lin
e
u
s
ing
H
aar Wa
v
e
le
t an
d
,
”
20
14
.
[
2
3]
M.
Fa
is
, A.
G
h
ani
,
A.
F. Ab
idi
n
,
a
n
d N.
S
.
Ha
n
n
o
o
n
, “Comp
a
ris
o
n of Real Ti
me
Vo
ltage S
a
g
De
tectio
n Based
o
n
Discrete
and
Co
ntin
uo
us
Wav
e
le
t
Tr
ans
f
orm
in L
a
bV
IEW,
” no
. D
ece
mb
er
, pp
. 1
6
–
18,
20
16
.
[2
4]
C.
J.
T
r
á
v
ez
, F.
L
.
Q
u
ilu
m
b
a,
an
d A.
W. Tra
n
sfo
r
m, “Wav
el
et Trans
f
orm a
n
d S
u
p
port
V
ecto
r
M
achine-
Bas
e
d
Current
-Onl
y
Direct
i
o
nal O
v
er
current Relay
for
T
r
ansmiss
i
on
L
i
ne Prot
ection,
”
2018 IE
EE P
E
S
Transm
. Distrib.
Co
nf
.
E
x
h
i
b. - L
a
t.
Am.
,
no
.
2,
p
p
.
1
–
5
,
20
18
.
[25]
Y. Srinivasa
Ra
o, G.
R
a
vi Kumar,
an
d G. Kes
a
va Rao
,
“A
new
ap
proa
ch
fo
r
cl
ass
i
fica
tio
n
of
fa
ult in
tr
ans
m
iss
i
o
n
line w
ith co
mb
in
ation
of
wav
e
let mu
lti res
o
lut
i
on
analys
is
and
n
e
ural
network
s
,
”
In
ter
n
a
t
iona
l Jo
ur
nal
of Po
we
r
Ele
c
tr
onics and
Dr
ive
S
y
st
em
(I
J
P
EDS
)
.
, vo
l.
8
,
n
o
.
1
,
pp.
5
0
5
–
512,
20
1
7
.
[2
6]
A.
K.
S
a
ho
o,
S.
K.
Sa
ho
o,
an
d N. Mo
h
a
nt
y
,
“
M
o
d
e
lin
g a
nd sim
u
la
ti
on
o
f
th
re
e
pha
se
D-SVC for l
o
a
d
comp
ensa
tio
n
,”
In
ter
n
a
t
ion
a
l
Jo
ur
na
l
o
f
Power
Ele
c
tr
onics
and
Dr
ive
S
y
stem
(I
JPEDS
)
.
, vo
l. 8, n
o
. 1
,
pp
. 26
2–
27
1, 20
17
.
[27
]
S
.
Dzak
m
i
c
,
T. N
a
mas, and
I. D
zafic, “F
au
lt Cla
ssifi
cati
on Usi
ng Mult
i-resoluti
o
n
An
al
ysis and Di
scre
te
Wavelet
Tr
an
sf
or
ms
,”
i
n
Intern
atio
nal
Co
n
f
er
enc
e
on
Info
r
m
a
tio
n,
Comm
un
ica
t
ion
and
Au
to
ma
tio
n
Te
ch
no
log
i
es
(IC
AT
)
,
pp
. 1
–
6
,
20
17
.
[2
8]
D.
Gu
i
l
l
e
n
,
M
.
Rob
e
rt
o, A. Pat
e
rni
n
a
,
A. Za
m
o
ra
, J.
M. Ram
i
rez,
a
n
d
G. I
d
a
r
ra
ga
, “
D
etec
t
i
on
a
nd
cla
s
si
fi
ca
ti
on
o
f
faults
in
tran
smi
ssion
lines
u
s
in
g
th
e
m
a
ximu
m wav
e
let sing
ular
v
a
lu
e
and
Eu
clid
e
a
n
no
rm,
”
vo
l.
9,
pp
. 22
94
–2
30
2,
20
15
.
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