Inter
national
J
our
nal
of
P
o
wer
Electr
onics
and
Dri
v
e
Systems
(IJPEDS)
V
ol.
8,
No.
1,
March
2017,
pp.
384
–
391
ISSN:
2088-8694
384
Experimental
V
erification
of
the
Main
MPPT
T
echniques
f
or
Photo
v
oltaic
System
Mohamed
Amine
Abdourraziq
and
Mohamed
Maar
oufi
Department
of
Electrical
Engineering
Ecole
Mohammadia
d’Ingnieurs,
Mohammed
V
Uni
v
ersity
,
Rabat,
Morocco
Article
Inf
o
Article
history:
Recei
v
ed
Jun
16,
2016
Re
vised
Feb
17,
2017
Accepted
Feb
28,
2017
K
eyw
ord:
Maximum
po
wer
point
V
ariable
step
size
Perturb
and
Observ
e
Fuzzy
logic
control
photo
v
oltaic
system
MPPT
ABSTRA
CT
Photo
v
oltaic
(PV)
technology
is
one
of
the
important
rene
w
able
ener
gy
resources
as
it
is
pollution
free
and
clean.
PV
systems
ha
v
e
a
high
cost
of
ener
gy
and
lo
w
ef
ficienc
y
,
consequently
,
the
y
not
made
it
fully
attracti
v
e
as
an
alternati
v
e
option
for
electricity
users.
It
is
essential
that
PV
systems
are
operated
to
e
xtract
the
maximum
possible
po
wer
at
all
times.
Maximum
Po
wer
Point
(MPP)
changes
with
at
mospheric
con-
ditions
(radiation
and
temperature),
it
is
dif
ficult
to
sustain
MPP
at
all
atmospheric
le
v
els.
Man
y
Maximum
Po
wer
Point
T
racking
(M
PPT)
ha
v
e
been
de
v
eloped
and
im-
plemented.
These
methods
v
aried
according
to
se
v
eral
aspects
such
as
a
number
of
sensors
used,
comple
xity
,
accurac
y
,
speed,
ease
of
hardw
are
implementation,
cost
and
tracking
ef
ficienc
y
.
The
MPPT
techniques
presented
in
the
literat
ure
indicate
that
V
ari-
able
step
size
of
Perturb
&
Observ
e(VP&O),
V
ariable
step
size
of
Incremental
Con-
ductance
(VINC
)
and
Perturb
&
Observ
e
(P&O)
using
Fuzz
y
Logic
Controller
(FLC)
can
achie
v
e
reliable
global
MPPT
with
lo
w
cost
and
comple
xity
and
be
easily
adapted
to
dif
ferent
PV
systems.
In
this
paper
,
we
established
theoretical
and
e
xperimental
v
erification
of
the
main
MPPT
controllers
(VP&O,
VINC,
and
P&O
using
FLC
MPPT
algorithms)
that
most
cited
in
the
literature.
The
three
MPPT
controller
has
been
tested
by
MA
TLAB/Simulink
to
analyze
each
technique
under
dif
ferent
atmospheric
condi-
tions.
The
e
xperimental
results
sho
w
that
the
performance
of
VINC
and
P&O
using
FLC
is
better
than
VP&O
in
term
of
response
time.
Copyright
©
2017
Institute
of
Advanced
Engineering
and
Science
.
All
rights
r
eserved.
Corresponding
A
uthor:
Mohamed
Amine
Abdourraziq
Department
of
Electrical
Engineering
Ecole
Mohammadia
d’Ingnieurs,Mohammed
V
Uni
v
ersity
,
Rabat,
Morocco
Email:
med.amine.abdourrazeq@gmail.com
1.
INTR
ODUCTION
The
uses
of
PV
systems
are
becoming
more
and
more
important
due
to
their
e
n
vir
on
m
ent-friendly
and
economically
sustainable
ener
gy
source[1].
The
ef
ficienc
y
of
the
PV
system
depends
on
atmospheric
conditions
lik
e
the
solar
radiation
and
ambient
temperature
[2].
Therefore,
to
mak
e
the
PV
generation
systems
more
ef
ficient,
MPPT
controller
is
required
to
track
the
MPP
at
all
atmospheric
conditions.
In
literature,
se
v
eral
notions
ha
v
e
been
proposed
such
us:
fix
ed
step
size
and
v
ariable
step
size.
The
techniques
based
fix
ed
steps
such
as
P&O
algorithm
[3],
hill
climbing
(HC)
[4]
and
incremental
conductance
method
(INC)
[5].
The
disadv
antage
of
techniques
based
fix
ed
step
size
is
a
dilemma
of
res
pon
s
e
time
and
accurac
y
.
The
techniques
based
v
ariable
step
size
such
us
VP&O
[6-8],
VINC
[9-12]
and
P&O
algorithms
using
FLC
[13-15].
The
techniques
based
v
ariable
step
size
o
v
ercomes
the
dra
wbacks
of
fix
ed
step
size.
other
techniques,
such
us
P&O
based
h
ybrid
MPPT
,
V
ariable
step
size
modified
P&O
MPPT
algorithm
using
GA
based
h
ybrid
A
tw
o
steps
P&O
algorithm
and
other
techniques[15-20].
J
ournal
Homepage:
http://iaesjournal.com/online/inde
x.php/IJPEDS
,
DOI:
10.11591/ijpeds.v8i1.pp384-391
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJPEDS
ISSN:
2088-8694
385
These
methods
are
distinguished
according
to
se
v
eral
aspects
such
as
a
number
of
sensors
used,
os-
cillations
around
the
MPP
,
algorithm
comple
xity
,
speed,
ease
of
hardw
are
implementation,
cost
and
tracking
ef
ficienc
y
[42].
In
this
paper
,
we
compare
and
analysis
the
main
MPPT
controllers
(VP&O
,
VINC
,and
P&O
al-
gorithms
using
FLC)
that
most
cited
in
the
lit
erature,
and
the
y
present
some
adv
antages
compared
to
others
techniques
in
terms
con
v
er
gence
speed,
oscillations
around
the
MPP
,
algorit
hm
comple
xity
,
cost
and
electronic
equipment
requirements.
2.
PHO
T
O
V
OL
T
AIC
SYSTEM
MODELING
2.1.
PV
cell
characteristics
The
PV
cell
is
consists
of
a
PN
junction
f
abricated
by
semiconductor
that
con
v
erts
solar
ener
gy
direc
tly
into
electricity
.
A
PV
cell
equi
v
alent
electrical
circuit
can
be
represented
by
a
single
diode
model
as
sho
wn
in
Fig.1.
V
Rs
Rp
I
p
I
d
I
ph
I
Fig.
1.
Equi
v
alent
circuit
of
PV
cell.
The
relationship
between
current
and
v
oltage
relationship
of
single
PV
cell
is
described
by
the
foll
o
w-
ing
equation:
I
=
I
ph
I
0
exp
q
(
V
+
R
s
I
)
nK
T
1
V
+
R
s
I
R
p
(1)
where
V
is
the
PV
output
v
oltage,
I
is
the
PV
output
current,
I
ph
is
the
photo-current,
I
0
is
the
satu-
ration
current,
R
s
is
the
series
resistance,
R
p
is
the
shunt
resistance,
q
is
the
el
ectronic
char
ge,
n
is
the
diode
f
actor
,
K
is
the
Boltzmann
constant
and
T
is
the
junction
temperature.
Fig.2.a
sho
ws
the
output
po
wer
char
-
acteristics
of
PV
cell,
which
are
simulated
under
dif
ferent
irradiation
le
v
els
and
the
temperature
is
constant
(irradiation
(S)
=
1000,
700
and
500W/m
2
,
temperature
(T)
=
25°C).
Fig.2.b
sho
ws
the
output
characteristics
of
PV
cell
simulated
under
dif
ferent
temperature
le
v
els
and
the
irradiation
is
constant
(temperature
(T)
=
25,
50
and
75°C,
irradiation
(S)
=
1000W/m
2
).
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Voltage (V)
Power (W)
1000W/m2
700W/m2
500W/m2
(a)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0
50
100
150
200
250
Voltage (V)
Power (W)
25°C
50°C
75°C
(b)
Fig.
2.
a)
P
V
curv
e
for
v
arious
irradiation
(S
=
500,
700
and
1000W/m
2
,
T
=
25°C),
b)
P
V
curv
e
for
v
arious
temperature
(T
=
25,
50
and
75°C,
S
=
1000W/m
2
)
.
2.2.
DC
DC
Boost
Con
v
erter
A
DC
DC
boost
con
v
erter
connected
to
a
PV
module
with
a
resistance
load.
The
po
wer
switch
is
responsible
for
re
gulating
the
ener
gy
transfer
from
the
PV
panel
to
the
resistance
load
by
v
arying
the
duty
c
ycle
Experimental
V
erification
of
the
Main
MPPT
T
ec
hniques
for
...
(Mohamed
Amine
Abdourr
aziq)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
386
ISSN:
2088-8694
T
able
1.
Electrical
characteristics
of
PV
panel
(1000W/m
2
,
25°C)
Maximum
po
wer
(Pmpp)
200W
V
oltage
at
MPP
(Vmpp)
50V
Current
at
MPP
(Impp)
4A
Open
circuit
v
oltage
(V
oc)
58.5V
Short
circuit
current
(Isc)
4.42A
D
[15].
3.
MPPT
CONTR
OL
ALGORITHMS
MPPT
algorithms
w
ork
in
such
a
w
ay
as
to
modify
the
duty
ratio
of
the
DCDC
con
v
erter
at
the
output
of
the
solar
array
such
that
the
load
impedance
visualized
by
the
solar
PV
array
will
mak
e
it
operate
at
the
MPP
for
a
gi
v
en
temperature
and
insolation.The
follo
wing
sections
describe
some
of
the
MPPT
algorithms.
3.1.
V
ariable
step
size
P&O
MPPT
The
flo
wchart
of
the
v
ariable
step
size
P&O
MPPT
algorithm
is
sho
wn
in
Fig.3,
where
the
step
size
is
automati
cally
tuned
according
to
the
PV
array
operating
point.
When
a
step
change
in
the
solar
irradiance
occurs,
the
step
size
is
automatically
tuned
according
to
the
operating
point.
If
the
operating
point
is
f
ar
from
the
MPP
,
it
increases
the
step
size
which
enables
a
f
ast
tracking
ability
.
The
v
ariable
step
size
adopted
to
reduce
the
problem
mentioned
abo
v
e
is
sho
wn
as
follo
ws:
D
(
k
)
=
D
(
k
1)
N
j
P
j
(2)
Where:
P(k),
V(k):
output
po
wer
and
v
oltage
of
the
PV
array
at
the
(k)
the
sample
of
time.
No
Y
e
s
No
Y
e
s
P(
k
)
-
P
(
k
-
1
)
=
0
S
tart
N
o
U
p
d
a
t
e
P
(
k
)
,
D
(
k
-
1)
R
e
t
u
r
n
S
e
n
se
D
(
k
)
&
I(
k
)
Δ
D
=
N
×
|
ΔP
|
P
(
k
)
-
P
(
k
-
1
)
<
0
D
(
k
)
=
D
(
k
-
1)
-
Δ
D
D
(
k
)
=
D
(
k
-
1
)
+
Δ
D
D
(
k
)
-
D
(
k
-
1
)
<
0
D
(
k
)
=
D
(
k
-
1)
-
Δ
D
D
(
k
)
=
D
(
k
-
1
)
+
Δ
D
D
(
k
)
-
D
(
k
-
1
)
<
0
Y
e
s
No
Y
e
s
No
Fig.
3.
V
ariable
step
size
Perturb
and
Observ
e
(P&O)
Method.
3.2.
V
ariable
step
size
INC
MPPT
The
v
ariable
step
siz
e
algorithm
for
the
incremental
conductance
MPPT
method
is
adopted
to
find
a
simple
w
ay
to
impro
v
e
tracking
accurac
y
and
response
speed.
The
step
size
is
automat
ically
adjusted
according
to
the
operating
point.
If
the
operating
point
is
f
ar
from
MPP
,
the
algorithm
increases
t
he
step
size.
If
the
operation
point
is
near
to
the
MPP
,
the
step
size
becomes
automatically
small
that
the
oscillations
are
well
reduced.
The
flo
wchart
of
the
VINC
MPPT
algorithm
is
sho
wn
in
Fig.4.
The
v
ariable
step
size
adopted
for
this
algorithm
is
gi
v
en
by
the
follo
wing
equation:
D
(
k
)
=
D
(
k
1)
N
P
(
k
)
P
(
k
1)
V
(
k
)
V
(
k
1)
(3)
IJPEDS
V
ol.
8,
No.
1,
March
2017:
384
–
391
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJPEDS
ISSN:
2088-8694
387
Where:
P(k),
V(k):
output
po
wer
and
v
oltage
of
the
PV
at
the
(k)
the
sample
of
time.
t
r
a
t
S
Sens
e
V(
k
)
,
I
(
k
)
Δ
V=V(
k
)
-
V(
k
-
1
)
,
Δ
I
=
I
(
k
)
-
I
(
k
-
1)
Δ
P
=
P
(
k
)
-
P
(k
-
1
)
Ste
p=
N
×
|
Δ
P/
Δ
V|
Δ
V
=0
D(
k
)=
D(
k
-
1)
-
ste
p
D(
k
)=
D(
k
-
1)
-
ste
p
D(
k
)=
D(
k
-
1
)+
ste
p
D(
k
)=
D(
k
-
1
)+
ste
p
Upda
t
e
V(
k
-
1
)
=
V(
k
)
,
I
(
k
-
1
)
=
I
(
k
)
Ret
urn
ΔI
=0
Δ
I/
Δ
V=
-
I
/V
Δ
I/
Δ
V>
-
I
/V
Δ
I>
0
Fig.
4.
V
ariable
step
size
Incremental
conductance
(INC)
Method.
4
)
1
(
)
(
)
1
(
)
(
)
(
-
-
-
-
=
K
V
K
V
K
P
K
P
k
S
a
F
i
g
.
4
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
D
S
P
b
a
s
e
d
s
t
a
n
d
a
l
o
n
e
s
o
l
a
r
e
n
e
r
g
y
s
y
s
t
e
m
F
i
g
.
5
.
P
&
O
m
e
t
h
o
d
f
l
o
w
c
h
a
r
t
S
m
a
l
l
o
l
d
a
C
S
,
M
e
d
i
u
m
L
a
r
g
e
F
i
g
.
6
.
M
F
o
f
t
h
e
t
w
o
i
n
p
u
t
s
S
a
a
n
d
C
o
l
d
N
B
C
D
N
S
Z
O
P
S
P
B
F
i
g
.
7
.
M
F
o
f
t
h
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
∆
C
T
a
b
l
e
I
:
F
L
C
r
u
l
e
s
C
o
l
d
S
a
=
|
d
P
/
d
V
|
S
m
a
l
l
M
e
d
i
u
m
L
a
r
g
e
S
m
a
l
l
Z
O
N
S
N
B
M
e
d
i
u
m
P
S
Z
O
N
S
L
a
r
g
e
P
B
P
S
Z
O
A
f
t
e
r
t
h
e
f
u
z
z
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
c
r
i
s
p
i
n
p
u
t
s
,
t
h
e
r
e
s
u
l
t
i
n
g
f
u
z
z
y
s
e
t
s
h
a
v
e
t
o
b
e
c
o
m
p
a
r
e
d
t
o
t
h
e
r
u
l
e
-
b
a
s
e
.
T
h
e
r
u
l
e
b
a
s
e
i
s
a
s
e
t
o
f
"
I
f
p
r
e
m
i
s
e
T
h
e
n
c
o
n
s
e
q
u
e
n
t
"
r
u
l
e
s
c
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
e
d
a
c
c
o
r
d
i
n
g
t
o
t
h
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d
e
s
i
g
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r
s
y
s
t
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m
k
n
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d
e
x
p
e
r
i
e
n
c
e
.
D
e
p
e
n
d
i
n
g
o
n
t
h
e
v
a
l
u
e
o
f
t
h
e
a
b
s
o
l
u
t
e
p
o
w
e
r
s
l
o
p
e
,
t
h
e
P
V
p
a
n
e
l
c
u
r
v
e
(
F
i
g
.
2
)
c
a
n
b
e
d
i
v
i
d
e
d
i
n
t
o
t
h
r
e
e
r
e
g
i
o
n
s
.
G
i
v
e
n
t
h
e
o
l
d
r
e
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
a
n
d
p
e
r
t
u
r
b
a
t
i
o
n
s
t
e
p
C
o
ld
,
t
h
e
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
w
i
l
l
d
e
t
e
r
m
i
n
e
t
h
e
c
h
a
n
g
e
t
o
t
h
e
n
e
w
s
t
e
p
i
n
o
r
d
e
r
t
o
r
e
a
c
h
t
h
e
M
P
P
.
R
e
f
e
r
r
i
n
g
t
o
F
i
g
.
2
,
i
f
t
h
e
a
b
s
o
l
u
t
e
v
a
l
u
e
o
f
t
h
e
s
l
o
p
e
S
a
i
s
L
a
r
g
e
,
t
h
i
s
m
e
a
n
s
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
n
g
p
o
i
n
t
i
s
f
a
r
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
M
P
P
.
T
h
e
o
l
d
s
t
e
p
C
o
ld
c
a
n
h
a
v
e
i
n
t
h
i
s
c
a
s
e
t
h
r
e
e
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
v
a
l
u
e
s
.
I
f
C
o
ld
i
s
S
m
a
l
l
,
t
h
e
n
t
h
e
c
h
a
n
g
e
i
n
s
t
e
p
s
i
z
e
∆
C
h
a
s
t
o
b
e
P
o
s
i
t
i
v
e
B
i
g
(
P
B
)
i
n
o
r
d
e
r
t
o
r
a
p
i
d
l
y
r
e
a
c
h
t
h
e
M
P
P
.
W
h
e
r
e
a
s
i
f
C
o
ld
i
s
M
e
d
i
u
m
,
t
h
e
c
h
a
n
g
e
i
n
s
t
e
p
s
i
z
e
∆
C
h
a
s
t
o
b
e
P
o
s
i
t
i
v
e
S
m
a
l
l
(
P
S
)
i
n
o
r
d
e
r
t
o
r
e
a
c
h
t
h
e
M
P
P
w
i
t
h
o
u
t
o
s
c
i
l
l
a
t
i
n
g
a
r
o
u
n
d
i
t
.
F
i
n
a
l
l
y
i
f
C
o
l
d
i
s
L
a
r
g
e
,
t
h
e
c
h
a
n
g
e
i
n
s
t
e
p
s
i
z
e
∆
C
h
a
s
t
o
b
e
Z
e
r
o
(
Z
O
)
i
n
o
r
d
e
r
t
o
a
v
o
i
d
e
x
c
e
e
d
i
n
g
t
h
e
M
P
P
i
n
t
h
e
o
p
p
o
s
i
t
e
d
i
r
e
c
t
i
o
n
l
e
a
d
i
n
g
t
o
o
s
c
i
l
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
.
T
h
e
s
a
m
e
s
c
e
n
a
r
i
o
s
c
a
n
b
e
a
p
p
l
i
e
d
t
o
t
h
e
o
t
h
e
r
c
a
s
e
s
r
e
s
u
l
t
i
n
g
i
n
t
h
e
r
u
l
e
b
a
s
e
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
T
a
b
l
e
I
.
T
h
e
p
r
e
m
i
s
e
,
w
h
i
c
h
i
s
t
h
e
f
i
r
s
t
p
a
r
t
o
f
t
h
e
r
u
l
e
,
i
s
c
a
l
c
u
l
a
t
e
d
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
i
n
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
o
p
e
r
a
t
o
r
.
T
h
e
o
p
e
r
a
t
o
r
c
o
m
p
a
r
e
s
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
t
h
e
r
u
l
e
s
t
h
a
t
a
r
e
O
N
i
n
e
a
c
h
i
n
p
u
t
M
F
a
n
d
t
a
k
e
s
t
h
e
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
r
u
l
e
.
Fig.
5.
V
ariable
step-size
based
Fuzzy
Logic
control.
3.3.
P&O
based
Fuzzy
logic
contr
ol
The
v
ariable
step
size
P&O
MPPT
using
FLC
is
sho
wn
in
Fig.5.
The
input
v
ariables
of
the
FLC
are
(
P)
and
(
V),
whereas
the
output
of
the
FLC
is
the
v
ariable
step-size
(
D)
of
the
P&O
algorithm.
The
member
function
is
coding
by
Positi
v
e
Big
(PB),
Positi
v
e
Small
(PS),
Zero
(Z),
Ne
g
ati
v
e
Small
(NS),
and
Ne
g
ati
v
e
Big
(NB).
The
output
of
the
FLC
defuzzified
using
the
center
of
gra
vity
method
to
calculate
the
output
D.
The
fuzzy
based
rules
of
the
FLC
consist
of
25
rules
as
illustrated
,
which
determine
D
the
output
of
the
controller
.
These
rules
are
framed
based
on
the
logic
that
if
the
operating
point
is
f
ar
a
w
ay
from
MPP
,
then
step
size
of
perturbation
should
be
v
ery
lar
ge
and
it
should
be
gradually
decreased
to
zero
as
the
operating
point
approaches
to
zero.
At
MPP
,
the
slope
of
P
V
curv
e
will
be
zero;
hence
the
perturbation
should
also
become
zero
so
that
stability
in
the
po
wer
can
be
achie
v
ed.
From
which
the
output
of
the
FLC
defuzzified
using
a
centre
of
gra
vity
(COG)
method
to
calculate
D.
4.
SIMULA
TION
RESUL
TS
In
order
to
compare
the
performance
of
studied
MPPT
methods,
the
simulation
models
of
the
PV
system
are
applied
in
the
platform
of
MA
TLAB/Simulink.
A
PV
system
which
composed
of
PV
panel,
MPPT
controller
,
PWM
generator
and
boost
con
v
erter
.
PV
specifications
are
listed
in
T
able
1.
The
parametric
details
of
the
boost
con
v
erter
ha
v
e
been
pro
vided
in
T
able
2.
4.1.
Stable
conditions
The
VP&O,
VINC
and
P&O
using
FLC
are
tested
under
irradiance
(1000
W/m
2
)
and
temperature
(T=25°C).
The
output
po
wer
is
sho
wn
in
Fig.6.
Experimental
V
erification
of
the
Main
MPPT
T
ec
hniques
for
...
(Mohamed
Amine
Abdourr
aziq)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
388
ISSN:
2088-8694
T
able
2.
Specifications
for
the
boost
con
v
erter
.
P
arameters
Label
v
alue
Input
capacitor
C
1
0.1
µF
Input
capacitor
C
2
470
µF
Boost
inductor
L
22
mH
Load
R
220
Switching
frequenc
y
f
10
kHz
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
−100
−50
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Time (s)
Power (W)
0.6
0.62
0.64
0.66
0.68
0.7
190
195
200
205
210
Time (s)
Power (W)
VP&O method
VINC method
P&O based FLC
VP&O method
VINC method
P&O based FLC
(a)
(b)
0.51s
0.12s
0.1s
Fig.
6.
a)
The
ouput
po
wer
,
b)
The
ripple
po
wer
of
the
VP&O,
VINC
and
P&O
using
FLC
methods.
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
−100
−50
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Time (s)
Power (W)
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
500
550
600
650
700
750
800
850
900
950
1000
Time (s)
Irradiance (W/m2)
VP&O method
VINC method
P&O based FLC
(a)
(b)
Fig.
7.
a)
The
profile
of
irridiance
and
the
temperature
is
constant
(25°C)
,
b)
The
output
po
wer
of
the
VP&O
,
VINC
and
P&O
using
FLC
methods.
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
−100
−50
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Time (s)
Power (W)
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
500
550
600
650
700
750
800
850
900
950
1000
Time (s)
Irradiance (W/m2)
VP&O method
VINC method
P&O based FLC
(a)
(b)
Fig.
8.
a)
The
profile
of
temperature
and
the
irradiance
is
constant
(25°C)
,
b)
The
output
po
wer
of
the
VP&O,
VINC,
and
P&O
using
FLC
methods.
IJPEDS
V
ol.
8,
No.
1,
March
2017:
384
–
391
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJPEDS
ISSN:
2088-8694
389
T
able
3.
Electrical
characteristics
of
PV
panel
(1000W/m
2
,
25°C)
Maximum
po
wer
(Pmpp)
2W
V
oltage
at
MPP
(Vmpp)
5V
Current
at
MPP
(Impp)
0.4A
Open
circuit
v
oltage
(V
oc)
5.85V
Short
circuit
current
(Isc)
0.442A
The
output
po
wer
of
VP&O,
VINC
,
and
P&
O
using
FLC
could
con
v
er
ge
finally
to
MPP
at
0.51s,
0.12s,
and
0.1s
respecti
v
ely
.
Moreo
v
er
,
the
VP&O
presents
lar
ge
oscillation
around
MPP
compared
t
o
VINC
and
P&O
using
FLC.
In
the
standard
conditions
test,
we
can
be
deduced
that
the
VP&O
method
track
the
MPP
slo
wly
with
lar
ge
oscillation
around
MPP
compared
to
VINC
and
P&O
using
FLC.
Ho
we
v
er
the
VINC
and
P&O
using
FLC
present
almost
similar
performance
in
terms
of
response
time
and
precision.
4.2.
V
arying
conditions
T
o
analyze
and
compare
the
performance
of
MPPT
studied
methods,
the
PV
system
is
tested
under
dif
ferent
conditions
of
irradiation
and
temperature.
The
main
objecti
v
e
of
the
first
test
i
s
to
v
arying
the
irradiation
and
the
temperature
is
constant.
In
t
his
case,
we
adopted
tw
o
types
of
profile,
the
first
profile
is
triangle
function
from
(500,
1000
and
500)
W/m
2
at
(0.25
0.75)
s
and
the
other
profile
profile
is
ramp
function
from
(500,
1000)
W/m
2
at
(0.75
1)
s.
The
Fig.7.a
sho
ws
the
profile
of
irradiance,
the
temperature
is
constant
(25°C).
The
Fig.7.b,
pre
sents
the
output
po
wer
of
the
PV
panel.
As
can
seen
in
Fig.7,
VINC
and
P&O
using
FLC
follo
w
MPP
at
0.2s
and
0.09s
respecti
v
ely
and
with
good
precision.
Ho
we
v
er
,
the
VP&O
method
con
v
er
ges
slo
wly
to
MPP
and
it
loses
direction
to
tracking
MPP
from
(0.2
0.4)s.
The
second
test
consists
t
o
v
arying
the
temperature
and
irradiation
is
constant.
The
first
profile
is
t
rian-
gle
function
from
(12.5,
24.5
and
12.5)
°C
at
(0.25
0.75)
s
and
the
second
profile
is
ramp
function
from
(12.5,
24.5)
°C
at
(0.75
1)
s.
The
Fig.8.a
sho
ws
the
profile
of
temperature,
the
irradiance
is
constant
(1000w/m
2
).
The
Fig.8.b
presents
the
output
po
wer
of
the
PV
panel.
As
can
seen
in
Fig.8,
VINC
and
P&O
using
FLC
follo
w
MPP
with
at
0.1s.
Ho
we
v
er
,
the
VP&O
method
con
v
er
ges
slo
wly
to
MPP
and
sometimes
it
loses
direction
to
tracking
MPP
.
In
the
v
arying
conditions
test,
we
can
be
deduced
that
the
VP&O
method
track
the
MPP
slo
wly
with
lar
ge
oscillation
around
MPP
and
sometimes
it
loses
the
direction
of
the
MPP
.
Ho
we
v
er
the
VINC
and
P&O
using
FLC
present
almost
similar
performance
in
terms
of
response
time
and
precision.
5.
EXPERIMENT
AL
RESUL
TS
T
o
compare
the
perform
ance
of
the
studied
MPPT
methods
in
real
en
vironment,
an
e
xperim
ental
platform
of
PV
system
is
b
uilt.
The
e
xperimental
de
vice
is
sho
wn
in
Fig.9.
S
I
PV
I
PV
V
PV
I
DC
C1
D
L
C2
L
oad
In
d
oor
P
V
P
an
e
l
M
PP
T
Dr
iver
Fig.
9.
DC
DC
boost
con
v
erter
.
The
PV
emulating
system
is
composed
of
a
DC
po
wer
supply
and
PV
panel.
it
includes
indoor
solar
panel,
DC
DC
con
v
erter
,
MPPT
controller
,
and
resisti
v
e
load.
The
PV
panel
pro
vides
2W
at
standard
condi-
tions
whose
parameters
are
reported
in
T
able
3.
The
DCDC
con
v
erter
is
the
boost
con
v
erter
,
the
components
of
the
boost
con
v
erter
is
sho
wn
T
able
2.
Experimental
V
erification
of
the
Main
MPPT
T
ec
hniques
for
...
(Mohamed
Amine
Abdourr
aziq)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
390
ISSN:
2088-8694
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Time (s)
Voltage
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
−0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Time (s)
Current
P&O method
Proposed method
P&O method
Proposed method
4s
17s
(a)
(b)
Fig.
10.
a)
The
ouput
v
oltage
and
b)
The
output
current
of
the
studied
method.
This
w
ork
uses
the
fuzzy
inference
of
Mamdani.
The
center
of
gra
vity
defuzzification
method
is
adopted
in
our
FLC
proposed
method,
to
calculate
the
output
of
this
FLC
which
is
the
duty
ratio.
The
studied
methods
are
implemented
by
micro-controller
.
The
output
v
oltage
and
current
is
sho
wn
in
Fig.10.
The
P&O
using
FLC
and
VINC
can
con
v
er
ge
rapidly
to
MPP
.
At
the
same
conditions,
the
output
v
oltage
of
VP&O,
VINC,
and
P&O
using
FLC
could
con
v
er
ge
finally
to
MPP
at
8s,
10s
and
25s
respecti
v
ely
.
Moreo
v
er
,
the
ripple
po
wer
around
MPP
at
steady
state
for
VP&O,
VINC,
and
P&O
using
FLC
is
small.
6.
CONCLUSION
This
paper
is
presented
a
theoretical
and
e
xperimental
v
erification
of
the
main
MPPT
methods
that
most
cited
in
literature.
This
comparison
is
based
on
studying
the
performance
of
these
MPPT
such
us:
response
time,
ef
ficienc
y
and
ripple
around
the
MPP
.
In
this
conte
xt,
the
VP&O,
VINC
and
P&O
using
FLC
methods
present
the
most
importance
techniques
to
e
xtract
the
maximum
po
wer
point
a
v
ailable
in
PV
panel.
Among
the
methods
e
v
aluated,
the
VINC
and
P&O
using
FLC
were
an
e
xcellent
solution
re
g
arding
the
best
response
time,
smaller
ripple
po
wer
in
the
steady
state,
and
the
good
transient
performance
under
changing
irradiation
and
temperature
condition.
Ho
we
v
er
,
the
VINC
and
P&O
using
FLC
are
complicated
to
implemented
in
microcontroller
.
The
VP&O
method
tracks
the
MPP
slo
wly
with
lar
ge
oscillation
around
MPP
and
in
v
arying
atmospheric
conditions
it
loses
the
direction
of
the
MPP
.
Ho
we
v
er
the
VP&O
method
is
relati
v
ely
easy
to
implemented
compared
to
VINC
and
P&O
using
FLC
methods.
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