Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of
P
ower E
le
ctr
on
i
cs a
n
d
Drive
S
ystem
s
(
IJ
PEDS
)
Vo
l.
12
,
No.
3
,
Septem
be
r 2021
, pp.
173
8
~
175
0
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8694
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ij
peds
.
v12.i
3
.
pp
173
8
-
175
0
1738
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
pe
ds
.i
aescore.c
om
The
new a
pproac
h mi
nimizes ha
rm
on
i
cs
i
n a sin
gle
-
phase thre
e
-
level NP
C 400 H
z conve
rter f
or airpla
nes
Do Ng
oc
Q
uy
1
,
D
o
B
a
P
hu
2
,
Nguye
n Kien
Tr
ung
3
1,2
Instit
ute for
Control
Engi
ne
ering a
nd
Auto
mati
on
,
Hanoi
Unive
rsity
of
Sc
ie
n
ce
and
T
ec
hnolo
gy,
Ha
Noi
,
Vie
tnam
3
Depa
rtment of I
nducstri
a
l
Auto
ma
ti
on
,
H
anoi
U
nive
rsity
of
Sci
e
nce
and Technol
ogy
,
Ha
Noi
,
Vi
et
na
m
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
J
u;
24
, 2
0
20
Re
vised
A
pr
27
, 2
0
21
Accepte
d
J
ul
14
, 2
0
21
Thi
s
pap
er
prov
ide
s
a
new
app
roa
ch
to
r
educi
ng
high
-
orde
r
h
arm
oni
cs
in
400
Hz
inve
r
te
r us
ing
a
thr
ee
-
le
v
el
neu
tral
-
point
cl
a
mpe
d
(NP
C)
conve
rt
er.
A
volt
ag
e
con
trol
l
oop
using
th
e
h
arm
oni
c
com
pen
sati
on
com
bin
ed
with
NP
C
cl
a
mpi
ng
dio
d
e
con
trol
t
ec
hnol
ogy.
The
ca
pa
citor
vo
lt
ag
e
im
b
al
an
ce
a
lso
ca
uses
har
mon
i
cs
in
the
outpu
t
vol
ta
g
e.
For
4
00
Hz
inv
erter,
m
ai
nt
ai
n
a
bal
an
ce
d
vol
ta
g
e
b
et
we
en
the
t
wo
input
(
d
irect
cur
ren
t
)
(
DC
)
ca
pa
ci
tors
is
diffi
cu
lt
be
ca
use
the
pulse
wid
th
modul
ation
(
P
WM
)
modul
a
ti
o
n
fre
quenc
y
rat
io
is
low
co
mpa
red
to
th
e
fr
eque
ncy
of
th
e
output
vo
lt
ag
e.
A
me
thod
of
det
er
mi
ning
the
cur
ren
t
f
lowing
int
o
th
e
c
apa
c
it
o
r
to
cont
ro
l
th
e
volt
ag
e
on
the
two
ba
la
n
ced
ca
pa
citors
to
e
nsure
fast
respo
nse
rev
ersa
l
is
a
lso
give
n
in
thi
s
pap
er.
Th
e
com
bin
at
ion
of
a
high
-
h
arm
on
ic
resona
to
r
cont
r
oll
er
and
a
neut
ra
l
-
point
vol
ta
ge
con
troller
w
orking
toge
th
er
on
th
e
400
H
z
N
PC
inve
r
te
r
struct
ure
is g
iven i
n
thi
s p
ape
r
.
Ke
yw
or
ds:
400 Hz i
nv
e
rte
r
Ba
la
nce n
e
utra
l po
i
nt
M
inimi
ze
ha
r
monics
NP
C
This
is an
open
acc
ess arti
cl
e
un
der
the
CC
BY
-
SA
l
ic
ense
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Ngu
yen K
ie
n Trun
g
Dep
a
rtme
nt of
Ind
us
tria
l A
utomat
ion
Hanoi
Un
i
ver
si
ty of
Scie
nce a
nd Tec
hnolog
y
No.
1 Dai C
o
Viet
Roa
d,
Hai
Ba Tr
ung,
Ha Noi,
V
ie
tna
m
Emai
l:
trung.n
guye
nk
ie
n1@
hust.e
du.vn
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Currentl
y,
40
0
Hz
gro
und
power
unit
sy
ste
ms
(
GPUs)
are
bein
g
widel
y
us
e
d
to
powe
r
ai
rcr
aft.
The
ai
rcr
aft's
el
ect
rical
eq
uipme
nt
requires
tot
al
ha
rm
on
ic
di
stortion
(THD)
to
be
s
ma
ll
.
The
re
duct
ion
of
harmo
nics
ca
use
d
by
the
in
ve
rter
a
nd
no
nlinear
loa
d
is
a
pro
blem
bein
g
s
tu
died.
O
ne
widely
use
d
va
riable
structu
re
is
the
un
i
po
la
r
in
vert
er
[1]
-
[
7]
.
Thi
s
struct
ur
e
wor
ks
very
sim
ply.
But
the
in
du
ct
or
-
ca
pacit
or
filt
er
(
LC
filt
er)
us
e
d
i
n
very
la
rg
e
siz
es
[1]
t
o
e
nsure
the
small
harmo
nics
a
re
the
dow
ns
ide
of
this
st
ru
ct
ure.
T
he
con
t
ro
ll
er
can
us
e
t
wo
lo
ops
of
volt
age
an
d
cu
rr
e
nt
[2]
on
the
c
onti
nuou
s
domai
n
but
cannot
do
s
o
on
t
he
disco
ntin
uous
domain
[
3].
A
PI
cu
rr
e
nt
c
ontrolle
r
ha
s
bee
n
imple
mente
d
on
hard
war
e
in
the
lo
op
[6]
but
ha
s
no
t
s
ucceed
ed
in
con
t
ro
ll
in
g
the
ou
t
put
volt
age.
A
c
urre
nt
dea
db
eat
c
ontr
oller
[
4]
is
us
e
d
to
co
ntr
ol
the
current
but gi
ve
s h
i
gh h
a
rm
onic
s.
Anothe
r
str
uctur
e
that
create
s
th
ree
le
vels
of
N
PC
volt
age
is
al
so
bein
g
wi
dely
us
ed
for
the
50/
60
H
z
inv
e
rter
[
8]
-
[
16]
.
This
str
uctu
re
has
t
he
ad
va
ntage
of
us
i
ng
an
LC
filt
er
wi
th
a
small
er
va
lue
than
t
he
un
ipo
la
r
inv
e
rter
struct
ure
[8].
A
maj
or
pro
blem
in
thi
s
str
uctu
re
is
th
e
volt
age
bala
nc
e
bet
ween
the
tw
o
DC
ca
pac
it
or
s
because
the
ca
pacit
or
volt
age
imbala
nce
i
nc
reases
the
outp
ut
ha
rm
on
ic
s
of
the
c
onve
rter
.
T
he
re
are
wa
ys
to
perform
volt
ag
e
balanci
ng
[
9],
[
10]
.
T
hese
methods
ha
ve
balance
d
the
volt
age
acr
os
s
the
ca
pacit
or
w
it
h
a
small
error
bu
t
the
res
pons
e
t
ime
is
too
la
r
ge
[10],
[
15]
for
the
400
Hz
f
reque
ncy
a
nd
the
cal
culat
io
n
is
too
com
plica
te
d
[
9],
[
14]
t
o
ca
us
e
a
400
Hz
inv
e
rter
s
ys
te
m
dela
y.
O
ne
meth
od
to
he
lp
kee
p
t
he
t
wo
DC
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Th
e
new
appro
ach m
i
nimizes
ha
r
m
on
ic
s
in
a si
ngle
-
ph
as
e
…
(
D
o
N
goc Quy
)
1739
capaci
tors
b
al
a
nced
is
to u
se
a
sing
le
D
C/
DC
pulse
in
ver
te
r
to
ens
ure
that
t
he
tw
o
ca
pacit
or
s
are
al
ways equ
al
in [1
3]
.
Ho
wever,
t
his met
hod i
s to
o
c
ompli
cat
ed.
In
rece
nt
yea
rs
,
the
st
udy
of
var
ia
ble
str
uct
ur
e
f
or
400
Hz
in
ver
te
rs
has
paid
m
or
e
at
te
ntion.
As
in
[17]
a
3
ph
as
e
NP
C
40
0
Hz
i
nv
e
rter
was
use
d,
the
LC
filt
er
ci
rcu
it
str
uc
ture
a
nd
t
he
s
witc
hing
pr
oce
ss
wer
e
of
i
nterest.
As
M
at
he
w
et
al.
[18]
the
struct
ur
e
of
s
i
ng
l
e
li
mb
of
the
d
i
ode
cl
ampe
d
i
nverter
is
sim
ulat
ed
on
hard
war
e
i
n
th
e
loop,
FP
G
A.
Howe
ver,
the
higher
ha
rm
onic
com
pone
nts
of
the
outp
ut
volt
age
ha
ve
not
bee
n
consi
der
e
d.
A
no
t
her
m
ulti
lev
el
in
ver
te
r
th
at
is
al
so
us
e
d
to
ge
ner
at
e
400
Hz
is
the
ANPC
str
uctu
r
e,
with
wh
ic
h
t
he
vo
lt
age
on
the
tw
o
DC
ca
pacit
ors
will
be
bala
nced
as
shw
on
i
n
[19]
a
nd
[20].
Howe
ver,
this
structu
re
us
es
too
ma
ny
s
witc
hing
dev
ic
es
.
T
his
pap
e
r
pre
sents
a
ne
w
a
ppr
oac
h
with
th
ree
-
le
vel
N
PC
sing
le
ph
a
se
in
ver
te
r
s
for
400
Hz
in
ver
te
r
s.
A
pro
po
s
ed
volt
age
balancin
g
c
ontrolle
r
on
the
c
apacit
or
s
has
a
very
fast
re
spo
ns
e
sp
ee
d.
A
n
outpu
t
volt
age
co
ntr
ol
lo
op
us
i
ng
re
sona
nt
c
on
t
ro
ll
er
co
m
bin
e
d
with
ha
rm
on
ic
com
pensat
ion
of ord
e
r 3
rd
, 5
th
, 7
th
mak
es
a s
mall
TH
D
on the
ou
t
pu
t
volt
age
wav
e
f
or
m
.
The
n
e
xt
sect
i
on
of
this
pa
pe
r
descr
i
bes
how
to
m
odulat
e
three
le
vels
of
outp
ut
volt
age.
Ne
xt,
t
he
desig
n
of
ne
utr
al
point
volt
ag
e
co
ntr
oller
is
pr
ese
nted
.
Sect
ion
4
s
hows
th
e
outp
ut
volt
ag
e
co
ntr
oller
de
sign
.
Finall
y,
the
si
mu
la
ti
on
resu
l
ts
on
MATL
A
B
an
d
t
he
e
xp
eriment
res
ults
with
5kW
in
ver
te
r
is
sho
w
n
on
sect
ion
5
.
A
1.
46%
on THD
with a
small
ou
tpu
t
filt
er is ob
ta
ined
in
the
experime
nt result
.
2.
STRUCT
URE
A
N
D M
ODULATIO
N M
ET
HOD
OF
NPC I
NV
E
R
TE
R
The
str
uctu
re
of
th
e
NP
C
in
ve
rter
is
s
how
n
in
the
F
ig
ur
e
1,
this
struct
ur
e
i
s
al
so
s
how
n
in
[
13
]
-
[
15].
The
N
PC
sin
gle
-
phase
in
ver
t
er
us
es
fo
ur
pa
irs
of
se
mico
nduct
or
s
witc
he
s
and
t
wo
pair
s
of
cl
am
ping
diodes
al
ong
with
tw
o
capaci
to
rs
C
1
and
C
2
t
o
ge
ne
rate
th
ree
le
vel
s
out
pu
t
volt
ag
e
[
11].
T
he
sw
it
ching
sta
te
s
of
t
he
se
mico
nducto
r
switc
hes
a
re
s
how
n
in
Table
1
.
T
he
c
onve
rter
use
s
a
400
Hz
high
f
reque
ncy
tran
sf
orme
r
with
integrate
d fil
te
r
in
duct
or co
m
bin
e
d wit
h
th
e
ou
t
pu
t
AC
filt
er ca
pacit
or.
The
N
PC
in
ve
rter
are
m
odul
at
ed
by
the
s
pa
ce
vecto
r
me
th
od.
A
vecto
r
of
mag
nitu
de
V
and
a
ngular
velocit
y
ω
is
treat
ed
as
the
modu
la
ti
on
in
pu
t
in
Fi
gure
2
.
T
o
ge
ne
rate
out
pu
t
volt
ag
e
of
the
in
ve
rter
wit
h
vo
lt
age
le
vels
{
-
E,
-
E/2
,0,
+E
/2,
E}
the
s
pac
e
vecto
r
mod
ulati
on
diag
ram
i
s
di
vid
e
d
int
o
4
reg
i
on
s
[
16]
.
Fro
m
the
s
witc
hing
sta
te
s,
as
s
ho
wn
in
Ta
ble
1
an
d
t
he
s
p
at
i
al
vecto
r
mod
ulati
on
gra
ph
Figure
2
,
eac
h
small
vo
lt
age
vecto
r
and
zer
o
volt
age
vecto
r
a
re
ge
ner
at
e
d
from
2
t
o
3
s
witc
hing
sta
te
s,
res
pec
ti
vely.
T
he
swi
tc
h
ing
sta
te
s
in
eac
h
vo
lt
age
re
gion
will
be
sel
ect
ed
to
en
sure
volt
age
b
al
ance
acr
os
s
t
he
D
C
-
li
nk
ca
pacit
or
an
d
reduce
the
nu
mb
e
r
of
s
witc
h
in
g
sta
te
s
.
T
he
switc
hing
order
in
eac
h
m
odul
at
ion
reg
i
on
is
sho
w
i
n
Table
2
.
Sp
eci
fical
ly,
if
yo
u
wa
nt
to
m
odulate
t
he
outpu
t
volt
age
{E,
E/2}
,
t
he
s
emi
cond
ucto
r
valv
es
s
witc
h
by
re
gio
n
1.
Si
mil
arly
,
r
egio
n
2
will
ge
ner
at
e
vo
lt
a
ge
{0,
E/2}
,
re
gi
on
3
will
generate
volt
age
{
-
E/2,
0},
re
gion
4
will
gen
e
rate
vo
lt
ag
e {
-
E,
-
E/
2}.
E
u
dc
1
u
dc
2
S
a
1
S
a
2
S
a
3
S
a
4
S
b
1
S
b
2
S
b
3
S
b
4
C
f
L
o
a
d
a
b
T
ran
s
fo
rme
r
Figure
1.
M
ai
n ci
rcu
it
fo
r dio
de
-
cl
am
pe
d
si
ngle
-
ph
ase
th
ree
-
le
vel
inve
rter
α
β
MN
MO
ON
MM
OO
NN
NO
OM
NM
v
1
2
3
4
Figure
2.
S
pac
e volt
age
vecto
r diagra
m
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
3
,
Se
ptembe
r
2021
:
173
8
–
175
0
1740
Table
1.
Sw
it
c
hing stat
es
Switch
in
g
state
Sx
1
Sx
2
Sx
3
Sx
4
M
ON
ON
OFF
OFF
O
OFF
ON
ON
OFF
N
OFF
OFF
ON
ON
Table
2.
Sw
it
c
hing
order
Reg
io
n
Order
o
f
switch
in
g
1
MO
MN
O
N
MN
MO
2
MO
OO
O
N
OO
MO
3
OM
OO
N
O
OO
OM
4
OM
NM
N
O
N
M
OM
3
.
NEUT
RA
L
-
P
OIN
T
POTE
NTIAL
CON
TROL
3.1.
Ef
fects o
f
neutral
-
po
in
t
volt
ag
e
contr
oller
The
ne
utral
-
po
int
vo
lt
age
c
on
trol
ai
ms
to
c
ontr
ol
the
volt
age
acr
os
s
the
t
wo
DC
capaci
t
or
s
e
qual
ly
and
e
qu
al
to
half
t
he
i
nput
DC
volt
age
[
15].
I
n
fact,
the
im
pe
dan
ce
of
t
he
t
wo
c
apacit
or
s
is
not
e
qu
al
,
chargin
g
an
d
di
schargin
g
ti
m
e
of
ca
pacit
ors
w
he
n
t
he
s
ys
t
em
is
operati
ng
is
not
e
qual
.
As
a
resu
lt
,
on
e
of
t
he
two
ca
pacit
or
s
will
be
ov
e
r
-
vo
lt
age
,
w
hich
will
end
a
ng
e
r
the
syst
em
wh
e
n
op
e
rati
ng
at
high
cap
aci
ty
.
Be
cause
the
e
xa
ct
E
/2
volt
age
cannot
be
cre
at
ed,
hi
gh
-
orde
r
ha
rm
on
ic
s
wi
ll
app
ear
t
hat
a
dv
e
rsely
a
ffec
t
the
ou
t
pu
t
volt
age
qu
al
it
y, w
hic
h wil
l be s
how
n
i
n
the
sim
ulati
on
resu
lt
s.
3.2.
M
od
el
in
g con
tr
ol objec
ts
The vo
lt
ag
e on
the tw
o
ca
pacit
or
s
de
pends
la
rg
el
y
on t
he
cu
rr
e
nt at the
neut
ral p
oi
nt.
I
n
t
hi
s case, th
e
main
c
on
t
ro
l
obje
ct
model
is
to
fi
nd
t
he
relat
ion
s
hip
betw
een
the
t
wo
ca
pacit
or
s
volt
ag
e
an
d
cu
rr
e
nt
at
the
neu
t
ral
point.
Figure
3
s
how
s
the
volt
age
a
cro
ss
the
tw
o
c
apacit
or
s
an
d
di
rect
current
t
o
the
capaci
t
or
.
Wh
e
re
R
1
and
R
2
c
orrespo
nd
t
o
the
internal
resist
ance
of
t
he
ca
pacit
or
;
V
C1
,
V
C2
an
d
I
C1
,
I
C2
cor
re
spo
nd
to
th
e
vo
lt
age
and
cu
rr
e
nt on
eac
h c
apacit
or
; i
0
is t
he
loa
d
c
urre
nt
. Ap
plica
ti
on
of K
i
rchh
off's
la
w
[
21]:
V
C
1
V
C
2
I
R
1
I
R
2
I
C
1
I
C
2
i
0
E
O
Figure
3.
Ca
pa
ci
tor
loa
ding
m
od
el
0
(
)
+
1
1
(
)
+
2
(
)
1
−
2
2
(
)
−
2
(
)
2
=
0
(1)
⇒
(
)
−
1
(
)
=
−
1
0
(
)
(2)
wh
e
re
C
1
=C
2
=
C an
d V
C1
(t)
-
V
C2
(t)=V
diff
(t)
.
Assumin
g
t
hat
the
vo
lt
a
ge
is
in
reg
i
on
1
as
show
n
i
n
Fig
ur
e
2,
the
M
O
com
bin
at
i
on
will
perform
durin
g
t
on1
a
nd
gen
e
rate
c
urren
t
i
0
(t)=
-
i
L
(t
).
T
he
a
ve
rag
e
cu
rr
e
nt
pa
ssin
g
th
r
ough
the
neu
t
ral
point
i
n
the
PWM c
ycle is
as
sho
wn in (
3)
:
⟨
0
(
)
⟩
=
1
−
2
⟨
(
)
⟩
(3)
Like
oth
er
r
e
gi
on
s
, t
he
a
ver
a
ge
v
al
ue
of i
0
(t
) i
n
a P
W
M
c
ycl
e is as
as
how
n i
n
(
4)
:
⟨
0
(
)
⟩
=
(
)
.
(
)
.
⟨
(
)
⟩
(
4)
The
functi
on
n(t
)
de
note
s
the
amo
un
t
of
ti
m
e
i
0
cur
re
nt
is
i
n
the
opposit
e
and
opposit
e
di
recti
on
to
i
L
current
on the
i
nducto
r
i
n
the
T
1
pe
rio
d.
(
)
=
1
−
2
1
(
5)
wh
e
re
t
on1
is t
he
ti
me that i
0
(t)
=i
L
(t),
t
on2
is t
he
ti
me that i
0
(t)
=
-
i
L
(t).
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Th
e
new
appro
ach m
i
nimizes
ha
r
m
on
ic
s
in
a si
ngle
-
ph
as
e
…
(
D
o
N
goc Quy
)
1741
The
f
un
ct
io
n
m
(v
ab
)
is
a
f
unct
ion
t
hat
s
hows
t
he
valve
’s
ope
ning
a
nd
cl
os
in
g
ti
me
i
n
eac
h
re
gion
,
sp
eci
fical
ly:
(
)
=
{
2
−
2
/
;
/
2
<
≤
.
2
/
;
0
<
≤
−
.
2
/
;
−
/
2
<
≤
0
2
+
2
.
/
;
−
<
≤
−
(
6)
Fr
om
(
2
)
an
d
(
4
)
s
hows
the
relat
ion
s
hip
be
tween
the
t
w
o
capaci
to
rs
vol
ta
ge
a
nd
the
c
urren
t
at
the
neu
t
ral point a
s sho
wn in (7
) a
nd (8)
:
(
)
+
1
(
)
=
−
1
(
)
⟨
(
)
⟩
(
)
=
(
,
)
(
7)
(
)
=
(
)
(
,
)
=
1
+
1
(
8)
in
(
8
)
s
hows
t
he
modeli
ng
of the
ob
je
ct
.
3.3.
Desi
gn o
f
t
he
ba
l
an
ces
neut
r
al
-
p
oin
t vo
l
tage c
ontro
ll
er
G(
s
)
is
a
sta
bl
e
trans
fer
f
un
ct
ion
with
out
con
t
ro
l.
H
ow
e
ver,
to
ac
hiev
e
a
fast
res
pons
e
rate
a
nd
el
imi
nate sta
ti
c
de
viati
on
s
, a
n i
ntegr
al
has o
ne
point
no
t
ad
de
d
to
imp
r
ov
e
qu
al
it
y.
=
+
(
9)
To
fu
lfil
l
these
two
re
qu
i
reme
nts,
a
c
ontr
ol
s
ys
te
m
ca
n
be
de
sign
e
d
as
a
ze
ro
-
pole
netw
ork
in
w
hich
a
nu
ll
po
le
will
meet
the
firs
t
it
em
and
a
z
ero
is
placed
pr
eci
sel
y
on
th
e
ne
gative
pa
rt
of
t
he
r
eal
a
xi
s.
It
s
modu
le
s
houl
d
be
la
r
ger
tha
n
the
pla
nt
pole
on
e
.
Fi
gure
4
(
a)
an
d
Fig
ur
e
4
(
b)
s
hows
t
he
root
loc
us
di
agr
a
m
and res
ponse
of the
syst
em aft
er th
e
addit
ion
of a
neu
tral
poi
nt volt
age
co
nt
ro
ll
er.
Fo
r
the
sy
ste
m
pa
rameters
in
this
pap
e
r,
t
he
co
ntr
oller
pa
rameters
are:
K=70
0.2
a
nd
c=
271.
T
he
essence
of
t
he
con
t
ro
l
of
t
he
neu
t
ral
po
i
nt
volt
age
is
to
c
ontr
ol
the
ti
min
g
of
c
harge
an
d
disch
ar
ge
c
urre
nt
for
two
ca
pacit
ors,
which is
to
c
ontr
ol the varia
bl
e n
(t)
.
(
)
=
(
,
)
−
(
)
(
)
(
10)
Fr
om
(1
0
)
,
to
avo
i
d
the
case
of
div
isi
on
by
zero,
a
li
mit
[
-
1000,
+
1000]
is
us
e
d.
Mor
eo
ver,
the
re
i
s
al
so
a
li
mit
[
-
1,
+
1]
f
or
t
he
ou
t
pu
t
value
of
n(t
).
Fig
ur
e
5
s
hows
t
he
c
on
t
ro
l
str
uctu
r
e
of
the
neu
t
ra
l
-
point
vo
lt
age
. In
the
case, the
v
a
l
ue se
t corres
pond
s to
t
he
sta
te
of the
vo
lt
ag
e
on the tw
o DC ca
pacit
or
s
are
equal.
(a)
(b)
Figure
4. Ro
ot
locus
d
ia
gr
a
m
and s
ys
te
m
res
pons
e
, (
a
)
root
locus
d
ia
gr
a
m; (
b)
s
ys
te
m
r
es
pons
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
3
,
Se
ptembe
r
2021
:
173
8
–
175
0
1742
Figure
5.
Ne
utr
al
-
point
vo
lt
ag
e co
ntr
ol str
uctur
e
4.
RESO
NAN
C
E
VOLT
AGE
C
O
NTR
OLL
ER
Figure
6
(a
)
s
hows
the
ov
e
ral
l
structu
re
of
t
he
s
ys
te
m.
T
he
con
t
ro
l
of
t
he
neu
t
ral
point
volt
age
s
hall
be
f
r
om
the
in
pu
t
DC
vo
lt
ag
e,
the
vo
lt
a
ge
on
a
DC
ca
pac
it
or
an
d
t
he
cu
rr
e
nt
on
the
wi
nd
i
ng
to
cal
c
ulate
the
switc
hing ti
me
o
f
eac
h
re
gion
in
S
VPW
M
m
odulati
on. T
he next
pa
rt is de
s
ign
in
g
t
he vo
lt
age c
on
t
ro
ll
er
.
4.1.
M
od
el
of
GPU
Figure
6
(
b
)
s
hows
t
he
str
uc
ture
of
t
he
400H
z
NP
C
in
ve
rter
with
s
witc
hing
f
re
qu
e
nc
y
is
16
kHz
us
in
g
the
tra
nsfo
rme
r
e
quival
ent
diag
ram,
w
hich
is
c
onve
rt
ed
on
t
he
seco
nd
a
r
y
si
de.
Co
ns
ide
r
L
m
a
nd
X
m
to
be
e
xtremel
y
l
arg
e
an
d
can
be
i
gnor
e
d
.
T
he
sy
ste
m
was
then
eq
uiv
al
e
nt
to
us
in
g
a
n
LC
lo
w
-
pass
f
il
te
r
as
Figure
6
(c
),
wh
e
re
L
is
a
n
in
du
ct
a
nce
w
it
h
an
inter
nal
resist
ance
of
r,
C
f
is
a
n
AC
filt
er
ca
pacit
or,
t
he
par
a
mete
rs
of
t
he
filt
er
are
s
how
n
i
n
detai
l
in
Ta
ble
2.
Wit
h
t
his
s
ys
te
m,
the
s
wit
chin
g
f
reque
ncy
is
16
kHz,
this is a m
ulti
pl
e o
f
40
0
Hz.
T
he dynamic
eq
uations
of
t
his
ci
rcu
it
can
b
e
e
xpresse
d
as
[4]:
[
/
/
]
=
[
−
/
−
1
/
1
/
0
]
[
]
+
[
1
/
0
0
−
1
/
]
[
]
(11)
(
)
=
(
)
2
+
+
1
−
(
+
)
(
)
2
+
+
1
(12)
(
)
=
(
)
(
)
−
(
)
(
)
(13)
N
PC
S
V
P
W
M
N
e
ut
r
a
l
C
on
t
r
ol
l
e
r
C
1
C
2
E
O
b
s
er
v
er
G
PR
(
s
)
G
P
R
n
(
s
)
C
f
L
o
a
d
u
*
i
L
(
a
)
E
N
P
C
In
v
e
rt
e
r
+
-
Z
V
i
R
m
jX
m
R
n
jX
n
C
f
i
L
i
o
i
C
E
N
P
C
In
v
e
rt
e
r
Z
r
L
C
f
V
i
i
L
i
o
i
C
V
o
+
-
+
-
(
b
)
(
c
)
Figure
6.
The
ov
e
rall
str
uctu
r
e of the
syst
em
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Th
e
new
appro
ach m
i
nimizes
ha
r
m
on
ic
s
in
a si
ngle
-
ph
as
e
…
(
D
o
N
goc Quy
)
1743
The
c
orres
pondin
g
c
on
ti
nu
ous
-
ti
me
-
domain
model i
s s
how
n
in
Fig
ure
7
.
-
+
-
+
Figure
7.
Co
ntinuo
us
-
ti
me
model f
or the a
nal
ys
is
of
t
he
GPU
Table
2
.
GPU Pa
ramete
rs
Filter
Ind
u
cto
r
L
= 20
0
μH
Filter
Cap
acito
r
C
f
= 25
μF
Filter
Res
istan
ce
r
= 0.2
Ω
Po
wer
P =
5
k
VA
4.2.
Sin
gle
-
lo
op
c
ontr
ol w
it
h PR c
on
tr
oller
Be
cause
t
he
P
W
M
pulse
generator
fr
e
qu
e
nc
y
is
quit
e
cl
os
e
to
the
40
0
Hz
op
e
rati
ng
fr
e
quenc
y
of
the
inv
e
rter,
us
i
ng
two
ci
r
cuits
to
co
nt
ro
l
t
he
c
urren
t
a
nd
volt
ag
e
is
not
reas
on
able
in
t
his
G
P
U
str
uctu
re.
Figure 8
sh
ows
a
c
on
t
r
ol
struct
ur
e
us
i
ng
a
volt
age
c
on
t
ro
l
lo
op.
T
his
struct
ur
e
use
s
a
first
-
orde
r
res
on
a
nt
co
nt
ro
ll
er,
a
long
with
3
rd
,
5
th
,
7
th
ha
rm
onic
c
on
tr
ollers
co
nnect
ed
i
n
par
al
le
l.
T
his
con
t
ro
l
struct
ure
has
t
he
e
ff
e
ct
of
el
imi
nating
sta
ti
c
dev
ia
ti
ons
c
ompare
d
to
w
he
n
us
in
g
the
P
I
D
c
ontrolle
r
[18],
wh
il
e
mini
mizi
ng
the
ha
r
monic
ste
ps
that
e
nsu
re
small
T
HD.
The
PR
res
ona
nce
c
on
t
ro
ll
er
i
s
more
c
onve
ni
ent
than
the
PI
co
ntro
ll
er
in
t
he
αβ
coor
din
at
e
sy
st
em
[22
].
Be
ca
us
e
w
hile
w
orkin
g
on
the
αβ
coord
i
nate
sy
s
te
m
need
t
o
co
nv
e
rt
the
co
or
din
at
e
sy
ste
m
to
t
he
fr
e
qu
e
nc
y
an
gl
e
ωt,
an
d
the
PR
co
ntro
ll
er
do
e
s
not
nee
d
[23].
T
he
tra
ns
fe
r
f
unct
ion
of
t
he
con
t
ro
ll
er is
as
sh
ow
n
in
(1
4)
.
(
)
=
∑
(
)
=
2
+
1
=
1
∑
2
+
1
=
1
.
(
)
−
(
)
2
+
2
(14)
G
f
(
s
)
1
Ls
+
r
1
sC
f
i
o
-
i
L
i
C
v
o
-
v
*
v
o
P
l
a
nt
G
d
(
s
)
F
u
n
d
a
m
e
n
t
a
l
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
3
rd
H
a
r
m
o
n
i
c
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
5
th
H
a
r
m
o
n
i
c
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
n
t
h
H
a
r
m
o
n
i
c
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
-
v
r
e
f
Figure
8.
Sin
gl
e
-
lo
op contr
ol
of a
400
Hz G
PU
Wh
e
re
is t
he r
eso
nan
t
fr
e
que
ncy at t
he 1
st
,
3
rd
, 5
th
,
7
th
…;
is ph
a
se a
ng
le
of
the r
es
onant at
the
fr
e
qu
e
nc
y wh
i
ch
ca
n be
us
e
d t
o
co
mp
e
ns
at
e
for
the
phase
del
ay
of t
he
c
ontrolle
d
s
ys
te
m
.
G
d
(s
)
f
unct
io
n i
s a
la
te
f
unct
ion, it
r
e
pr
ese
nts the
PWM sta
ge
in
the s
y
ste
m. I
n
t
his s
ys
te
m,
the
PWM st
age ca
us
es
1
t
o 2 c
yc
le
s
of T
S
pulse
del
ay.
(
)
=
1
1
,
5
.
.
+
1
(15)
4.3.
Desi
gn o
f
t
he
f
eed
-
f
or
w
ard
c
ontr
oller
On
l
y
one
vo
lt
a
ge
c
ontrol
lo
op
for
t
he
400
Hz
i
nv
e
rter
ha
s
the
disa
dvant
age
of
a
slo
w
respo
ns
e
a
nd
cannot
co
ntr
ol
the
load
c
urr
ent
.
A
c
urre
nt
feed
-
f
orwa
rd
con
t
ro
ll
er
G
f
(s
)
on
the
i
nduc
tor
is
nece
ssar
y
.
T
he
feed
-
f
orwa
rd c
on
t
ro
ll
er
base
d o
n
the
Fig
ure
8
s
houl
d
lo
ok l
ike:
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
3
,
Se
ptembe
r
2021
:
173
8
–
175
0
1744
(
)
=
+
1
(16)
Wh
e
re
K
SPWM
is a li
near gai
n
Howe
ver,
wh
e
n
th
e
high
-
h
ar
monic
of
the
c
urren
t
will
be
f
ed
t
o
the
ou
t
put
of
the
volt
ag
e
co
ntr
olle
r
,
this
increases
the
high
-
ha
rm
on
ic
at
outp
ut
vo
lt
age
.
T
herefo
re,
to
i
ncr
e
ase
resist
ance
to
interfe
re
nc
e,
a
n
equ
i
valent
filt
er
+
is use
d
i
ns
te
ad of
the
der
i
ve
d
tra
nsfer
f
unct
i
on
, t
hen
:
=
−
+
(17)
wh
e
re,
e is the
error
bet
ween t
he
e
qu
i
valent
f
il
te
r
and
the
de
rive
d
tra
ns
fe
r f
un
ct
io
n.
With
t
he
meth
od
of
s
qu
a
rin
g
the
s
mall
est
er
ror,
the
op
ti
ma
l
valu
es
a
a
nd
b
a
re
dete
rmine
d
a
s
s
how
n
in (1
8)
a
nd
(19
)
:
=
2
(18)
′
=
2
′
=
2
(
+
−
1
+
)
(
(
+
)
2
−
(
+
)
2
)
=
0
⇒
{
=
0
(
.
)
+
=
1
(
+
)
2
=
(19)
With the
fre
quency o
f
t
he
in
ve
rter is
400Hz
so
s
=
2π.
400.
Ther
e
f
or
e:
.
800
+
=
1
→
{
=
1
16
0
0
=
0
.
5
(20)
As
a
res
ult, the
equati
on of t
he
opti
mu
m
no
i
se
-
r
obus
t s
m
ooth d
e
rivati
ve
wi
ll
b
e eq
ual to
:
=
1
1
6
0
0
+
0
.
5
=
1600
+
800
(21)
The
tra
nsfer
fu
nction o
f
t
he fe
ed
-
for
ward c
ontrolle
r wil
l be a
s
(
22)
:
(
)
=
(
1
6
0
0
+
800
)
+
(22)
5.
RESU
LT
S
5.1.
Res
ults
w
ith
MA
TL
AB
/
Simul
ink
T
he
c
on
ti
nu
ous
model
is
modele
d
on
MAT
LAB
/
Simuli
nk
with
an
in
put
DC
volt
age
of
400
V,
puls
e
fr
e
qu
e
nc
y
of
16
kH
z
,
LC
filt
er
pa
ramete
rs
are
s
how
n
in
Table
4
.
T
o
ve
rify
the
res
ponse
ti
me
of
the
neu
t
ral
po
i
nt
volt
age
c
on
t
ro
ll
er,
t
he
i
niti
al
volt
age
on
c
apacit
or
C
1
is
40
0
V
a
nd
t
he
i
niti
al
volt
age
on
capaci
to
r
C
2
i
s
0V.
Fig
ur
e
9
(
V
diff
)
sho
ws
t
he
volt
age
on
the
tw
o
DC
capaci
tors,
init
ia
ll
y
the
volt
age
on
t
he
t
wo
D
C
capaci
tors
is
400
V
a
par
t
(
without
the
c
on
t
rol
le
r)
.
At
0.06
s
for
the
neu
t
ral
po
i
nt
volt
age
c
on
t
ro
l
le
r
to
op
erate,
on
l
y
a
fter
10 m
s the
ne
utral
point v
oltage is
only
0.3 V a
pa
rt.
Fo
r
a
per
io
d
of
up
t
o
0.0
6
s
econds
,
the
vo
lt
age
patte
r
n
a
fter
the
NP
C
i
nv
e
rter
i
n
Fig
ur
e
9
(V
int
)
cannot
ge
ner
at
e
three
le
vels
of
volt
age;
volt
age
afte
r
LC
filt
er
can
not
st
ic
k
to
set
valu
e,
ora
ng
e
li
ne
is
set
value,
blu
e
li
ne
is
meet
Fig
ure
9
(
V
out
).
Fig
ure
10
T
HD
of
t
he
ou
t
pu
t
volt
age
(a)
with
out
and
(
b)
with
ne
utral
-
po
i
nt
volt
age
c
on
t
ro
ll
er
Fig
ure
9
show
s
that
the
neu
t
ral
po
int
volt
age
has
a
great
im
pact
on
the
T
HD
of
th
e
sy
ste
m.
Wh
e
n
the
unbalanc
e
of
ne
utral
poin
t
volt
age
Fig
ure
1
0
(
a
)
T
H
D
=
10.
38%
is
m
uch
la
r
ger
tha
n
that
o
f
the n
e
utral
point v
oltage
Fig
ure
1
0
(
b
)
TH
D =
0
.
88%.
Figure
11.
T
H
D
of
t
he
ou
t
put
vo
lt
age
w
he
n
first
-
orde
r
PR
co
ntr
oller
an
d
high
-
orde
r
ha
rm
on
ic
PR
con
t
ro
ll
er.
Fi
gure
11
s
how
th
e
hi
gh
harmo
ni
c
el
imi
natio
n
c
apab
il
it
y
of
t
he
res
onant
co
ntr
oller
w
hen
wor
king
with
nonlinea
r
loads
,
the
ha
r
monic
res
ults
us
in
g
on
l
y
the
first
har
m
onic
res
on
a
nce
c
on
trolle
r,
TH
D=
2.09%,
3
rd
an
d
5
th
ord
er
ha
rm
on
ic
s
hav
e
great
va
l
ues,
respec
ti
ve
ly
1.1%
a
nd
0.9
5%
(
blu
e
li
ne
).
Wh
e
n
us
in
g
the
com
bin
at
io
n
of
the
3
an
d
5
ha
rm
on
ic
res
on
a
nce
c
on
t
ro
ll
ers
,
the
harmo
nic
value
of
these
two
orde
rs
has
bee
n
sign
ific
a
ntly
re
du
ce
d, w
hich
is 0
.
05%
(3
rd
or
der) a
nd 0.55%
(5
th
orde
r)
;
T
HD =
1.53
%
(r
ed
li
ne
).
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Th
e
new
appro
ach m
i
nimizes
ha
r
m
on
ic
s
in
a si
ngle
-
ph
as
e
…
(
D
o
N
goc Quy
)
1745
Figure
9.
Sim
ul
at
ion
r
es
ult
of
the n
e
utral
point v
oltage
co
nt
ro
ll
er
(a)
(b)
Figure
10.
T
H
D
of
t
he o
utput v
oltage
(a)
wit
hout a
nd (b) wi
th n
e
utral
-
poin
t vo
lt
age
c
on
tr
oller
Figure
11. T
H
D of
t
he o
utput v
oltage
wh
e
n
first
-
order PR
con
t
ro
ll
er
an
d hig
h
-
orde
r har
monic PR c
ontrolle
r
F
u
n
d
a
m
e
n
t
a
l
(
4
0
0
Hz
)
=
1
6
2
.
7
,
T
H
D
=
10
.
23
%
0
2
4
6
8
10
H
a
r
m
o
n
i
c
o
r
d
e
r
0
2
4
6
8
10
M
a
g
(
%
o
f
F
u
n
d
a
m
e
n
t
a
l
)
(
a
)
F
u
n
d
a
m
e
n
t
a
l
(
400
Hz
)
=
162
.
6
,
T
H
D
=
0
.
80
%
0
2
4
6
8
10
H
a
r
m
o
n
i
c
o
r
d
e
r
0
0
.
05
0
.
1
0
.
15
0
.
2
0
.
25
0
.
3
M
a
g
(
%
o
f
F
u
n
d
a
m
e
n
t
a
l
)
(
b
)
F
u
n
d
a
m
e
n
t
a
l
(
4
0
0
Hz
)
=
1
6
2
.
7
,
T
H
D
=
10
.
23
%
0
2
4
6
8
10
H
a
r
m
o
n
i
c
o
r
d
e
r
0
2
4
6
8
10
M
a
g
(
%
o
f
F
u
n
d
a
m
e
n
t
a
l
)
(
a
)
F
u
n
d
a
m
e
n
t
a
l
(
400
Hz
)
=
162
.
6
,
T
H
D
=
0
.
80
%
0
2
4
6
8
10
H
a
r
m
o
n
i
c
o
r
d
e
r
0
0
.
05
0
.
1
0
.
15
0
.
2
0
.
25
0
.
3
M
a
g
(
%
o
f
F
u
n
d
a
m
e
n
t
a
l
)
(
b
)
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
M
a
g
(%
of
Fu
n
d
a
m
e
n
tal)
Ha
r
m
on
i
c
or
d
e
r
Fi
r
st
-
or
d
e
r
PR
co
n
trol
l
e
r
(THD
=
2
.
09
%)
Hi
g
h
-
or
d
e
r
PR
co
n
tr
o
l
l
e
r
(THD
=
1
.
53
%)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
3
,
Se
ptembe
r
2021
:
173
8
–
175
0
1746
5.2.
Ex
peri
ment
res
ults
5
kVA
in
ve
rter
protot
yp
e
in
c
lud
es:
c
apacit
ors
li
nk
DC
2200
μ
F/4
00
V;
IG
BT
is
us
e
d
as
s
witc
hing
dev
ic
es
;
c
ontr
ol
ci
rc
uit
us
e
DS
P
F
28379
D;
40
0
Hz
tra
ns
f
ormer
i
nte
grat
ed
filt
er
in
duct
or
L=
200μ
H;
AC
c
apacit
or f
il
te
r 400
Hz 5
0 μ
F;
l
oad
resist
ance
R =
3
Ω
,
as s
how
in
Fig
ur
e
12
(a)
a
nd Fi
gur
e 12
(b)
.
(a)
(b)
Figure
12.
400
Hz practi
cal
in
ver
te
r
s
ys
te
m
,
(a)
sy
ste
m
ove
rall
; (b) c
on
t
ro
l
circuit
In
fact,
ex
pe
rimentin
g
with
t
he
case
w
he
re
the
im
balance
volt
age
ac
r
oss
the
t
wo
DC
capaci
tors
is
la
rg
e
as
i
n
t
he
sim
ulati
on
w
ou
l
d
be
ve
r
y
dange
rous.
T
he
refor
e
,
i
n
t
his
te
st
w
e
will
us
e
t
he
init
ia
l
vo
lt
age
avail
able on
t
he
tw
o
DC
capa
ci
tors.
Fig
ure 1
3
sho
ws
t
he
vo
lt
age
di
ff
e
ren
c
e
on
the
tw
o
or
iginal DC
ca
pa
ci
tors
is
60
V,
when
us
i
ng
t
he
ne
ut
ral
point
volt
age
c
ontr
oller,
after
13
m
s
t
he
volt
age
at
t
he
ne
utral
point
has
returne
d
t
o
t
he
eq
uili
br
i
um
posit
ion.
T
he
ne
utral
point
volt
age
bala
nce
al
gorithm
has
ha
d
m
an
y
stu
die
s
a
nd
man
y
dif
fer
e
nt
resu
lt
s.
M
al
akon
dar
e
ddy
et
al.
[24
]
propose
d
a
n
a
da
ptive
pro
port
ion
al
i
ntegr
al
(
AP
I
)
con
t
ro
ll
er
with
a
res
pons
e
ti
me
of
24
ms.
In
[
25],
[26]
pro
posed
a
no
ve
l
virt
ual
s
pac
e
vect
or
m
odul
at
ion
(RCM
V_VSV
PWM)
,
a
set
of
no
vel
virtu
al
vo
lt
age
vect
or
s
are
ge
ner
at
ed
to
bala
nce
th
e
neu
t
ral
point
volt
age
with
a
respo
nse
ti
me
of
30ms
.
Si
nce
t
he
n,
th
e
ne
utral
point
volt
age
balanc
e
meth
od
in
th
is
pa
per
has
a
faster
respo
ns
e ti
me
and is s
uitable
for 400
Hz
i
nverters.
Figure
14
an
d
Fig
ure
15
s
how
the
ou
t
pu
t
volt
age
of
th
e
N
PC
i
nv
e
rte
r
a
nd
t
he
volt
age
f
or
m
,
t
he
ou
t
pu
t
of
the
LC
filt
er
with
a
resist
ive
loa
d.
NP
C
in
ver
t
er
struct
ur
e
w
orks
well
with
fr
e
qu
e
nc
y
40
0
Hz
.
To
te
st
the
res
po
nsi
ven
es
s
of
the
res
on
a
nt
c
ontr
oller,
us
e
a
c
onta
ct
or
to
cl
ose
th
e
3
Ω
loa
d.
I
niti
al
ly,
the
s
ys
te
m
op
e
rates
i
n
no
load
co
ndit
ion
,
then
the
loa
d
is
cha
ng
e
d
fro
m
no
loa
d
to
f
ull
loa
d
c
onditi
on
.
T
he
resu
lt
s
ar
e
sh
ow
n
in
Fig
ure
16
,
the
s
ys
te
m
has
sta
bili
zed
a
nd
reac
he
d
t
he
re
fer
e
nc
e
val
ue
in
le
ss
tha
n
one
c
yc
le
of
400
Hz.
To
c
onfi
rm
t
he
total
harmo
ni
c
disto
rtion
of
the
outp
ut
volt
age,
t
he
data
of
the
outp
ut
volt
age
from
the
os
ci
ll
os
c
op
e
will
be
tra
nsfer
red
t
o
the
c
ompu
te
r
an
d
proces
sed
by
MATL
AB
softw
are
to
get
the
THD
value.
Fi
gure
17
(a
)
a
nd
Fig
ur
e
17
(
b)
s
how
t
he
T
H
D
va
lue
in
tw
o
cas
es,
the
fi
rst
is
work
i
ng
with
t
he
first
-
order
PR
(
TH
D
=
2.9
7%),
t
he
sec
ond
is work
i
ng w
it
h
t
he
high
-
le
vel
PR
(
THD
=
1.46%)
.
T
he
res
ults
s
how
that
the h
i
gh
-
harmo
nic r
es
onat
or c
on
t
ro
ll
er c
an
eli
minate
the
3
rd
and 5
th
ha
rm
onic
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Th
e
new
appro
ach m
i
nimizes
ha
r
m
on
ic
s
in
a si
ngle
-
ph
as
e
…
(
D
o
N
goc Quy
)
1747
Figure
13
.
T
he
point
vo
lt
a
ge c
on
t
ro
ll
er
Figure
14
. In
ve
rter
ou
t
pu
t
volt
age
Figure
15.
O
utp
ut
volt
age a
fter LC
filt
er and
c
urren
t
of in
du
ct
or
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.