In
te
r
n
ation
a
l Jou
rn
al
o
f Po
we
r
Elec
tron
ic
s an
d
D
r
ive S
y
stem
(IJ
PED
S
)
Vo
l
.
1
0
, No
.
2
, Ju
n
e
20
1
9
, p
p
.
1
1
0
2
~
1
109
ISSN: 2088-
8694,
DOI
:
10.11591
/ijpeds.
v10.
i
2.pp1102-1109
1102
Jou
rn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
:
ht
tp:
//i
a
e
score
.
com
/
j
o
u
r
na
l
s
/
i
n
d
e
x
.
p
hp/IJ
PED
S
Mo
rphology and magneti
c
p
ro
perties of lanthanum (La
3+
)
s
u
b
s
t
i
tu
ted
ma
nga
n
es
e,
c
hro
m
ium nano ferrites
H
a
y
d
er
A
bdula
m
eer Abb
a
s,
Ad
n
a
n
H
u
s
s
e
in Al
i
,
Ba
n
Mo
ha
mma
d
Ha
s
a
n
Techni
cal Ins
t
r
uctors
T
raining
Institute,
M
i
ddle T
echnical
Univ
ersit
y
,
Iraq
Art
i
cl
e In
fo
ABSTRACT
A
r
tic
le hist
o
r
y
:
R
e
c
e
i
v
e
d
No
v
2
7
,
2
018
Re
vise
d Jan
1,
201
9
Ac
ce
p
t
ed
M
ar 3
, 2
0
19
S
e
veral
s
t
u
d
i
e
s
hav
e
b
een
carrie
d
o
ut
t
o
i
n
v
e
sti
g
at
e
the
ef
f
ect
o
f
L
a
nt
han
u
m
(La
3+
)
i
on
s
ubsti
tuti
on
o
n
the
s
t
ru
ctural
a
n
d
m
agn
e
ti
c
p
r
op
ert
i
es
o
f
m
a
ng
anese-ch
ro
m
i
um
(
M
n
-Cr)
f
errite
o
f
ch
emi
cal
f
o
r
m
u
l
a
M
n
La
x
Cr
Fe
2
O
4
(x=
0
.
0
,
0.
25
a
nd
0
.
5
).
S
u
c
h
s
t
u
d
i
e
s
have
m
ade
ef
fort
s
to
i
mprov
e
th
e
m
a
gn
etic
a
nd
s
truct
u
ral
pro
p
erties
of
m
an
gan
e
s
e
-chro
m
ium
(M
n
-
Cr
)
f
e
rri
t
e
by
u
s
i
n
g
l
an
th
an
u
m
s
ub
s
t
it
u
t
e
d
n
an
o
f
e
rrit
e
s
an
d
t
h
en
s
yn
th
esiz
e
d
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
so
l-g
e
l
m
e
tho
d
a
nd
a
nneal
ed
a
t
a
t
e
m
p
eratu
r
e
of
700
o
C
.
T
he
c
ha
n
g
e
s
th
a
t
o
c
c
u
r
r
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
o
f
t
h
e
n
a
n
o
f
e
r
r
i
t
e
s
a
s
a
r
e
s
u
l
t
o
f
l
ant
h
anu
m
su
bs
titutio
n
were
i
den
tified
us
ing
X-ray
di
ff
raction
(XRD
).
B
as
ed
o
n
Deb
y
e-
S
c
herrer
eq
u
a
t
i
on,
t
he
X
RD
d
at
a
w
e
re
u
s
e
d
in
m
easu
r
in
g
t
h
e
part
ic
l
e
s
iz
e
s
o
f
diff
erent
di
ff
ract
ion
and
averag
e
crystal
lite
s
ize
by
m
eans
of
F
ouri
e
r
Tran
sf
orm
inf
r
ared
s
pect
rosco
p
y
(F
TIR).
In
a
nal
y
zi
ng
th
e
m
o
rp
ho
logy
o
f
the
nan
o
f
errit
e
s,
s
canni
ng
e
lectro
n
m
i
cro
s
co
py
(S
E
M
)
w
a
s
us
e
d
,
el
e
me
nta
l
com
p
assi
on
was
studi
e
d
u
s
ing
energy
d
i
s
persi
v
e
X-ray
spect
ros
c
o
py
(ED
A
X),
an
d
th
e
av
erage
parti
c
le
d
i
a
meter
was
det
e
rm
ined
u
si
ng
Tran
smissi
on
e
lect
ro
n
m
i
croscopy
(
TEM
)
s
tu
d
i
es.
FTIR
s
pect
ra
l
a
nal
y
sis
of
th
e
p
r
epared
s
am
ples
und
er
i
nvest
ig
a
tio
n
s
r
e
v
ealed
t
he
f
orm
a
tio
n
of
a
s
in
g
l
e
ph
ase
sp
heri
cal
p
art
i
cles.
Tw
o
imp
o
rt
an
t
ab
so
rpti
on
b
and
s
w
ere
ob
se
rv
e
d
;
on
e
(
ν
1
)
arou
nd
5
5
6
c
m
-1
,
w
h
i
c
h
is
a
t
t
rib
u
t
e
d
to
t
he
i
n
t
rinsi
c
v
ib
rati
ons
o
f
tet
r
ahedral
com
p
lex
e
s,
w
hile
t
h
e
o
th
er
l
o
w
f
requ
ency
b
an
d
(
ν
2
)
w
a
s
aro
und
43
0
cm
-1
,
and
attribu
t
ed
to
oct
a
hed
r
al
c
o
m
plex
es.
K
eyw
ord
s
:
La
3+
s
u
b
s
t
it
ut
i
o
n,
Nano f
errites
,
S
t
ru
ctural and
magn
e
ti
c pro
p
erti
e
s
Co
pyri
gh
t © 2
019 In
stit
u
t
e
of Advanced
En
gi
neeri
n
g
an
d
S
c
ien
ce.
All
rights
res
e
rv
ed.
Corres
pon
d
i
n
g
Au
th
or:
H
a
yde
r A
b
d
u
la
m
e
e
r
A
bbas,
Tec
h
ni
c
a
l
Instr
uc
tor
s
T
rain
i
n
g
Insti
t
ute
Mi
ddl
e
Te
ch
n
i
ca
l
Un
iv
e
r
s
ity
, B
a
g
hd
ad
, I
r
aq
.
Em
ail:
haede
r
_
a
bi
d
@
ya
h
oo.c
o
m
1.
I
N
TR
OD
U
C
TI
O
N
F
e
rr
it
e
s
a
re
f
er
rima
gne
ti
c
se
m
i
c
o
n
d
u
ct
ors,
w
hic
h
h
a
v
e
le
d
to
t
h
e
e
m
e
r
g
e
n
c
e
o
f
a
n
ew
r
e
s
ea
rch
a
r
ea
in
t
he
p
hysic
s
of
m
a
t
e
r
ia
l
s
c
ienc
e.
T
he
y
a
r
e
also
r
e
g
ard
e
d
as
h
i
g
h
r
e
s
i
sti
v
ity
f
err
i
tes
t
h
at
c
an
b
e
u
s
ed
i
n
pro
duc
i
ng
diff
ere
n
t
fe
rrites
[1].
F
e
r
r
i
te
m
at
er
i
a
ls
a
r
e
c
ons
ide
red
as
v
it
a
l
m
ater
i
a
l
s
i
n
t
h
e
pro
duc
t
i
o
n
o
f
seve
ra
l
elec
tr
oma
gne
t
i
c
de
v
i
c
e
s
su
c
h
a
s
Iso
l
at
ors,
c
on
ver
t
er
s,
i
n
d
u
ct
or
s,
p
hase
s
hifters,
c
ircula
t
o
r
s
a
nd
elec
tr
oma
gne
t
i
c
w
a
ve
a
bsorb
e
rs
[
2].
Extens
ive
s
t
u
d
i
e
s
h
a
v
e
bee
n
c
on
du
c
t
ed
o
n
sp
in
el
f
erri
t
e
s
b
e
c
a
u
s
e
t
h
ey
are
easy
t
o
s
y
n
t
h
es
ize
a
nd
c
a
n
b
e
use
d
f
or
a
w
ide
ran
g
e
of
t
ec
h
no
l
ogi
cal
a
nd
i
ndu
s
t
ria
l
a
ppl
i
c
atio
n
s
.
It
i
s
impor
ta
nt
t
o
s
y
n
t
he
siz
e
N
an
o
ferrite
s
suc
h
a
s
m
e
tall
ic
s
pi
ne
l
f
er
rit
e
s
tha
t
a
re
c
hara
ct
eriz
ed
b
y
a
l
o
w
si
z
e
di
stri
b
u
t
i
on
;
th
is
i
s
impor
ta
n
t
b
eca
use
the
y
pos
sess
n
o
t
ab
l
e
m
a
gnet
i
c
a
nd
elec
t
r
i
c
a
l
p
r
ope
r
t
i
e
s
[3].
M
ore
s
o
,
the
y
a
re
w
id
el
y
use
d
i
n
pr
act
ica
l
a
pp
l
i
cat
i
o
ns
i
n
a
dva
nce
d
i
nfo
rm
ati
o
n
te
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
es like
,
m
edic
al
d
ia
g
nos
t
i
c
s
,
ma
gnet
o
c
al
ori
c
r
efrigera
ti
o
n
,
etc.
T
he
re
a
re
a
n
um
ber
of
f
acto
rs
t
ha
t
ca
n
affec
t
t
he
m
a
gne
tic
p
ro
pe
rti
e
s
o
f
N
a
no
F
e
r
r
it
e
’
s
[4],
a
nd
s
o
m
e
o
f
t
h
em
i
ncl
u
de;
c
h
e
m
i
c
a
l
c
om
p
o
s
i
t
i
on,
t
y
p
e
o
f
s
ubs
t
itue
n
t,
g
rain
s
ize
,
prepa
r
at
io
n
m
e
th
o
d
,
dis
t
ri
bu
ti
on
of
c
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
t
he
t
e
t
ra
he
dra
l
(
A
)
a
nd
octa
he
dra
l
[
B]
s
i
t
e
s
,
dop
i
ng,
v
oi
d
s
a
nd
surfa
ce la
yer
s
.
Differe
n
t m
e
t
h
ods
li
k
e
c
o
-p
reci
pit
a
t
i
on
, s
o
l
-g
e
l
m
e
t
h
od
h
a
v
e
bee
n
u
sed
in sy
n
t
he
siz
i
ng
El
e
c
t
ro
&
Ma
gn
e
tic
N
a
n
o
fe
rrites
w
ith
g
e
n
e
r
al
s
truc
tu
r
e
M
Fe
2
O
4
.
Se
vera
l
a
tte
mp
ts
h
a
v
e
been
m
ade
b
y
r
esea
rche
rs
t
o
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int.
J
. P
o
w.
E
lec.
& D
ri. S
y
st.
IS
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
Mor
p
h
o
l
o
g
y
a
nd m
agne
tic
pr
ope
rt
i
e
s o
f
la
n
t
ha
n
u
m
(L
a3+)
sub
s
t
i
tu
t
e
d … (
H
ayder
Ab
dul
a
m
e
e
r Abba
s)
1
103
impro
v
e
the
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
of
f
er
rite
s
thro
u
gh
th
e
add
iti
on
of
t
h
e
s
am
e
appr
opr
ia
t
e
n
o
n
m
a
gne
t
i
c
/
d
i
am
ag
net
i
c
con
t
am
i
n
a
tio
ns
w
ith
v
ary
i
n
g
v
ale
n
c
e
s
tate
o
f
t
h
e
A
and
B
si
tes
i
n
cl
u
d
es
L
an
tha
n
um
(
La
3+
)
[
5
]
.
L
a
n
t
h
a
n
u
m
,
w
h
ic
h
i
s
r
ega
r
ded
as
t
he
2
nd
m
ost
ro
b
u
st
a
n
d
l
i
g
h
t
e
s
t
scar
ce
ea
rth
e
l
e
m
e
n
t
am
on
g
t
h
e
l
a
nt
ha
ni
de
c
a
t
e
gor
y,
pos
se
sse
s
a
u
n
i
que
qua
l
i
t
y
in com
p
aris
on
t
o
othe
r
sc
arc
e
e
a
r
t
h
el
emen
t
l
i
k
e
si
mpl
e
e
l
ect
ro
ni
c
sp
ect
ra
w
h
i
ch
i
s
mor
e
u
sef
u
l
i
n
e
xpe
r
i
me
nt
a
l
a
nal
y
s
i
s
[6]
.
T
he
refor
e
,
the
d
e
m
a
nd
f
o
r
L
a
3+
i
s
h
i
gh
as
i
t
can
b
e
use
d
i
n
c
r
ucia
l
app
l
ica
t
i
o
ns su
c
h
as N
iMH
ba
tt
e
r
ies,
w
hich a
re
p
rese
nt
l
y
us
e
d i
n
al
l
hyb
ri
d-el
e
c
t
ri
c v
e
hi
c
l
e
s
[
7
,
8
].
Manga
nese
f
errites,
w
hich
p
ossess
a
cub
i
c
sp
in
el
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
re
,
are
p
opul
arl
y
k
no
wn
a
s
mag
n
e
ti
c
fe
rri
t
e
s
tha
t
a
r
e
u
se
d
in
v
ar
i
o
us
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
og
ic
al
a
pp
lica
t
i
ons.
T
h
es
e
ferr
it
e
s
h
ave
pro
p
er
tie
s
t
h
a
t
a
r
e
d
e
p
en
de
nt
o
n
mo
rp
ho
l
o
g
y
,
s
i
z
e
an
d
c
o
mpo
s
i
t
io
n
,
w
hi
ch
h
av
e
a
st
ro
ng
c
orre
l
a
t
i
on
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
pre
p
ara
tio
n
c
o
n
d
it
i
o
ns
[
9,
10].
Pre
s
e
n
t
l
y
,
t
h
e
u
se
o
f
v
a
riou
s
me
th
od
s
of
s
ynt
h
e
s
i
s
i
s
b
e
i
ng
e
mp
lo
yed
i
n
s
yn
the
s
iz
i
n
g
the
d
i
ffe
r
en
t
com
p
o
s
it
io
ns
o
f
m
a
nga
ne
se
f
e
r
rites
[11,
1
2].
H
o
w
e
ver
,
t
he
s
ol-
g
e
l
m
et
ho
d
of
s
yn
t
h
es
is
i
s
m
o
re
r
obus
t
d
u
e
t
o
the
h
i
gh
le
ve
l
of
c
om
p
o
sit
i
ona
l
u
n
i
form
ity
i
t
o
f
fer
s
w
it
h
i
n
a
s
h
o
rt
p
e
r
i
o
d
of
p
roc
e
ss
i
ng
a
nd
a
t
a
v
er
y
low
tem
p
era
t
ur
e fo
r the
syn
t
he
sis
of na
n
o
fer
r
ites
[13]
.
Acc
o
rd
ing
to
G
.
Ku
ma
r
,
r
a
r
e
e
a
r
t
h
o
xid
e
s
se
rv
e
as
g
o
od
e
l
ec
t
r
i
c
a
l
i
n
s
ul
at
o
r
s
wit
h
h
i
g
h
e
l
ect
ri
cal
resist
ivi
t
y
.
Th
u
s
,
t
h
e
ma
gne
t
i
c
a
nd
e
l
ec
t
r
i
c
al
p
r
ope
r
t
i
e
s
o
f
s
p
i
n
el
f
err
ite
s
can
b
e
m
o
di
fied
i
f
t
h
e
a
p
p
r
opr
iate
rar
e
e
a
r
th
c
a
t
i
o
n
is
s
e
l
ec
te
d
[14,
15]
.
When
t
he
p
ar
e
n
t
fer
r
ite
i
s
subs
t
itu
te
d
w
i
t
h
s
e
l
ec
te
d
ra
re
e
arth
i
o
n
s
,
the
mor
p
h
o
lo
gy
be
com
e
s tr
ansform
e
d
i
n
d
iffer
e
nt w
a
y
s [16,
1
7].
F
o
r
the
gre
a
t
e
st
o
f
o
u
r
in
for
m
a
t
i
o
n,
t
he
re
a
re
n't
vari
ous
r
esea
rch
anal
ys
is
f
ocus
ed
o
n
t
h
e
com
p
rehe
nsive
struc
t
u
r
al
a
nd
m
orpho
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
i
n
v
e
s
ti
gat
i
on
o
f
t
h
e
l
a
n
t
h
a
n
u
m
L
a
3+
i
o
n
s
u
b
s
t
i
t
u
t
i
o
n
i
n
t
o
t
h
e
M
n
-C
r-
F
e
2
O
4
.
There
f
ore,
t
his
c
u
rre
nt
w
ork
i
s
f
oc
us
i
n
g
o
n
i
nve
st
i
g
at
i
ng
th
e
e
ffec
t
of
r
a
r
e
ea
rth
la
nt
ha
nu
m
io
n
sub
s
t
i
t
u
tio
n
on
t
he
s
truc
tur
a
l,
m
agnet
i
c
a
n
d
m
o
rph
o
l
o
gi
c
a
l
p
ro
p
erties
of
o
f
Mn-Lax-
C
r-Fe
2
O
4
u
t
i
l
i
z
i
n
g
a
s
o
l
-
gel
m
e
t
h
o
d
.
The
s
t
r
u
c
t
ural
,
m
a
gnet
i
c
a
n
d
morp
h
o
l
o
gi
cal
p
ro
pert
i
es
o
f
s
y
nt
hes
i
ze
d
nan
o
p
ar
tic
l
e
s
w
e
r
e
exa
m
ine
d
a
n
d
a
na
lyse
d.
T
he
r
e
fore,
th
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
f
oc
uses
on
s
t
u
d
y
in
g
t
h
e
effe
ct
o
f
La
3+
s
ubs
ti
tut
i
on
i
n
M
n-Cr-
Fe
2
O
4
.
The
na
no
part
ic
les
of
M
n-La
x-
Cr-
F
e
2
O
4
a
r
e
s
y
n
t
h
e
s
i
z
e
d
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
s
o
l
-
g
e
l
m
e
t
h
o
d
.
A
d
i
s
c
u
s
s
i
o
n
o
n
t
h
e
st
r
u
c
t
ura
l
a
nd
m
a
gne
tic
p
ro
p
e
r
t
ies
o
f
the
sa
m
ples t
hat ha
v
e
be
e
n
sy
nt
hes
i
ze
d is g
ive
n
su
b
se
que
n
t
l
y
.
2.
EXPE
RIMENTAL
E
QUIPMENTS
2.1.
Mat
eria
l
an
d
meth
o
d
Al
l
ch
emi
cal
s
a
n
d
so
l
v
e
n
t
s
u
se
d
in
t
h
e
e
xp
eri
m
en
t
s
w
e
r
e
AR
g
ra
d
e,
a
n
d
purc
h
ased
f
r
o
m
Me
rc
k
C
o
.
P
v
t
L
t
d
a
n
d
S
d
.
T
h
e
c
h
e
m
i
c
a
l
s
u
s
e
d
w
e
r
e
f
i
n
e
a
n
d
n
e
e
d
e
d
n
o
f
urt
h
e
r
purifica
tio
n.
T
he
s
toic
h
i
o
m
etric
am
oun
t
s
o
f
m
e
ta
l
n
i
trates
v
iz,
[La(
NO
3
)
3
ꞏ6
H
2
O]
,
Fer
r
i
c
N
i
t
r
at
e
[
F
e(NO
3
)
2
9H
2
O]
,
Chromium
N
it
r
a
te
[
C
r(NO
3
)
2
9H
2
O
]
,
C
itric
a
c
i
d
(C
6
H
8
O
7
.H
2
O) use
d
as starti
n
g m
a
ter
i
als for
the s
y
nthesis.
2.2.
S
y
n
t
h
e
sis
of nan
op
art
i
c
l
e
s
The
re
qu
i
r
ed
qua
nti
t
y
o
f
m
e
t
a
l
n
it
r
a
te
s
w
e
re
d
iss
o
l
v
e
d
i
n
a
li
t
t
l
e
a
m
ou
nt
o
f
d
i
sti
l
l
e
d
wa
t
e
r
a
n
d
aft
e
rw
ar
ds
m
i
x
e
d
t
o
g
et
her.
A
n
ad
d
iti
on
of
a
n
aq
ue
o
u
s
sol
u
ti
on
o
f
ci
t
r
i
c
a
cid
w
a
s
m
a
de
t
o
the
m
i
xe
d
m
e
ta
l
ni
t
r
ate
s
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
(
w
it
h
a
n
d
w
i
t
hou
t
La
nt
ha
nu
m
ni
tra
t
e
)
.
A
f
t
e
rw
a
r
ds,
an
a
ddi
t
i
on
of
a
mm
on
ia
s
o
l
u
t
ion
w
a
s
a
l
s
o
mad
e
t
o
th
e
m
i
xt
u
r
e
a
nd
it
w
a
s
c
on
st
a
n
t
l
y
st
i
r
re
d
wit
h
a
n
eu
t
r
a
l
pH
o
f
(
7
.0)
m
a
inta
i
n
e
d
.
The
s
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
s
w
e
r
e
hea
t
e
d
a
t
a tem
p
era
t
ure
of
9
0
º
C
w
i
t
h
c
o
n
tin
u
ous
s
t
i
rrin
g
s
o as
to el
i
mi
na
te the e
xtra so
l
ve
nt
.
I
n
o
rde
r
t
o ign
i
te
the
gel,
t
he
t
e
m
pera
ture
w
as
i
ncre
ased
t
o
2
0
0
℃
.
A
p
o
w
d
e
r-like
s
u
b
s
t
a
n
ce
w
a
s
o
b
t
a
i
ne
d
from
t
h
e
dri
e
d
ge
l,
w
h
ic
h
w
a
s
com
p
l
e
te
l
y
b
urn
t
i
n
a
self-
p
ropa
gat
i
ng
c
o
mbu
s
ti
on
m
a
n
n
e
r
.
A
n
A
g
a
t
e
M
o
r
t
a
r
a
n
d
P
e
s
t
l
e
w
a
s
u
s
e
d
in gri
nd
i
ng t
h
e
burn
t
p
ow
der
so as
t
o
ob
t
ai
n a fi
ne ferr
i
te
p
ow
der
.
Lastly,
a
tem
p
er
ature of 70
0
℃
wa
s
a
p
p
l
ied
to
t
he
b
urn
t
p
o
w
der
in
o
rder
t
o
calc
i
na
te
i
n
the
air
f
o
r
2
h
o
u
r
s.
A
fter
w
a
rds
t
h
e
pow
der
w
a
s
all
o
w
e
d
t
o
c
oo
l
ow
n i
n
r
oom
t
e
m
pe
rature
.
2.3.
E
q
ui
pm
e
n
t
s
c
h
a
ra
c
t
er
i
z
a
t
io
n
2.3.
1.X
-
r
a
y d
i
f
f
rac
t
ion
Th
e
use
of
S
CINTAG
X
’
TRA
AA8
55
16
(
T
h
e
rmo
ARL)
X
-
r
ay
d
if
fr
act
o
me
ter
alo
n
g
s
i
de
P
el
tie
r
coo
l
e
d
S
i
so
lid
d
e
t
e
c
t
o
r
w
a
s
em
plo
y
e
d
i
n
per
f
orm
i
ng
t
he
X
RD
a
na
l
y
sis
of
t
he
p
re
pare
d
sa
m
p
l
e
s.
Mo
noc
hrom
atiz
ed
C
u
K
a
(
λ=1.
54
0
5
Å
)
w
a
s
use
d
a
s
t
h
e
radia
t
io
n.
D
iffra
c
ti
o
n
p
at
terns
w
e
r
e
colle
cte
d
a
t
4
5
kV
–
4
0
m
A
,
at
0.
02°
C ste
p
a
nd c
o
un
t
t
i
me
o
f 0.
400 sec
o
v
e
r
a ra
nge of 1
0
.
00–
80.
0
(
2
θ),
a
t
a
step sc
a
n
rate of
3.00
m
i
n
-1
a
n
d
t
h
e
c
r
y
s
t
a
l
l
i
t
e
s
i
z
e
(
D
)
is
c
a
l
c
u
la
te
d
from
X
-ra
y
line
br
oa
de
ni
n
g
o
f
t
h
e
(3
1
1
)
di
ffr
ac
ti
o
n
p
e
a
k
us
i
n
g
the
w
e
l
l
-
know
n
D
e
b
y
e
-
S
c
here
r's for
m
ula
:
.
(1)
wher
e
r
e
p
resents
t
h
e
ful
l
-w
i
d
t
h
a
t
hal
f
-m
axim
a
o
f
t
he
s
tr
on
ges
t
i
nte
n
s
i
t
y
d
i
f
f
r
a
c
t
i
o
n
p
e
a
k
(
3
1
1
)
,
d
e
n
o
t
e
s
the w
a
ve
len
g
t
h
of
t
he r
adia
t
i
o
n
,
a
nd θ the
an
gle
o
f
t
he
s
t
r
o
nge
st
c
h
a
ra
ct
erist
i
c
p
e
a
k
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
Int.
J
. P
o
w.
E
lec.
&
D
ri. S
y
st. V
ol
.
10,
N
o.
2,
June 2
01
9
:
11
02
–
11
09
1
104
The
fo
l
l
ow
in
g equa
tio
n w
a
s used
i
n
ca
l
c
u
l
a
ting
the
X
-
ray
dens
i
t
y
(
x
):
(
2
)
w
h
er
e
the
m
o
le
cular
w
e
igh
t
i
s den
o
t
ed b
y
M
, N
A
voga
dro’s
num
b
e
r re
presente
d
b
y
(
g
m
)
(pe
r
mol) a
nd
a
t
h
e
lat
tic
e pa
ram
e
t
e
r in a
ngstrom
.
Base
d
o
n
t
he
h
ig
h
in
ten
s
e
p
e
a
k
o
f
(3
11)
o
f
t
h
e
X
R
D
pat
t
ern,
t
he
v
alu
e
o
f
l
a
tti
ce
p
a
r
amet
er
a
was
deter
m
i
n
ed
u
si
ng
eq
ua
ti
o
n
(3)
b
elow
.
The
va
lue
s
a
re
c
onta
i
ned
i
n
Tab
l
e
1.
(
3
)
wher
e
a
i
s
l
a
tt
ice
co
n
s
t
a
nt
d
hkl
i
s in
t
e
r-pla
na
r di
sta
n
ce
for
hk
l
p
l
a
n
e
.
2.3.
2.FTIR
sp
e
ctr
o
scop
ic
an
a
l
y
s
i
s
F
ourier
Tra
n
s
f
o
r
m
Infr
are
d
S
pe
ctrosc
op
y
(
F
TIR)
w
as
u
se
d
i
n
e
xam
ini
n
g
th
e
a
d
so
rben
ts.
The
prepa
r
at
io
n
of
t
he sam
pl
e
s
w
a
s
c
arrie
d
o
u
t
b
y
mix
i
n
g
1
m
g
of p
o
w
d
ere
d
c
arbo
n
w
i
t
h
5
00
m
g
of
K
Br
(
M
e
r
c
k-
s
p
e
c
t
r
o
s
c
o
p
y
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
)
i
n
a
n
a
g
a
t
e
m
o
r
t
a
r
.
T
h
e
m
i
x
t
u
r
e
w
h
i
c
h
w
a
s
o
b
t
a
i
n
e
d
w
a
s
t
h
e
n
p
r
e
s
s
e
d
u
n
d
e
r
a
p
r
e
s
s
u
r
e
of 5
t
o
n
es/
c
m
2
f
o
r
a
b
o
u
t
5
m
i
n
u
t
e
s
,
a
n
d
a
t
1
0
t
o
n
e
s
/
c
m
2
f
or
5
m
i
n
ut
e
s
u
nd
er
v
ac
uu
m.
T
h
e
m
ea
su
remen
t
s
fo
r
the s
p
e
c
tra
w
e
re pe
r
form
ed
w
ithi
n
t
he
ra
n
ge of 4
0
00 t
o
4
00
cm
-1
o
n
a
JA
SCO
-
F
T
IR-
530
0 m
odel.
2.3.
3.S
E
M-
ED
X an
al
ys
is
A
t
w
o-side
d
a
dhe
si
ve
car
b
o
n
t
a
p
e
w
a
s
us
ed
t
o
s
t
u
b
t
he
s
urfa
ce
s
o
f
t
he
pow
de
red
c
a
r
b
o
n
a
ceo
us
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
s
.
C
o
a
t
i
n
g
o
f
t
h
e
s
a
m
p
l
e
s
w
a
s
d
o
n
e
w
i
t
h
i
n
a
p
e
r
i
o
d
o
f
1
20se
c
w
i
t
h
20m
A
using
a
pla
tin
u
m
c
oa
t
e
r
(
J
O
E
L
A
u
t
o
f
i
n
e
c
o
a
t
e
r
m
o
d
e
l
,
J
F
C
–
1
6
0
0
)
;
a
t
h
i
n
l
a
y
e
r
o
f
p
l
a
t
i
n
u
m
w
a
s
d
e
p
o
s
i
t
e
d
o
n
t
h
e
s
a
m
p
l
e
s
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
of
S
EM
J
E
O
L
mode
l
,
J
S
M
-56
00
a
l
ongs
i
d
e
an
E
D
X
ana
l
yzer
w
a
s
e
mplo
y
e
d
i
n
r
ec
ording
th
e
mic
r
op
ho
togr
a
phs of t
h
e sa
mple
s w
i
t
h
a
n ac
cele
r
at
in
g
v
o
lta
ge of
5
kV
,
a
t high vac
u
u
m
mode
. The equ
i
pme
n
t
has
a
m
a
ximu
m
ma
gnifica
t
i
o
n
c
a
p
a
c
ity
o
f
3
00,0
0
0
time
s
w
it
h
a
re
so
lu
t
i
on
o
f
3
nm.
D
i
ffer
en
t
ma
g
n
if
ic
ati
ons
wer
e
used f
o
r
the samples
under
s
tudy.
2.3.
4.T
E
M
an
al
ys
is
F
i
rst
of
a
ll,
t
h
e
f
err
i
te
s
a
m
pl
e
w
a
s
so
n
i
c
a
te
d
(
V
i
b
r
onic
s
V
S
80
)
f
o
r
5
m
i
nu
tes
a
n
d
de
po
site
d
o
n
ca
rbo
n
c
oa
t
e
d
cop
p
e
r
g
rid
s
,
after
w
h
ic
h,
t
he
s
o
l
ven
t
w
as
e
xp
ose
d
t
o
i
n
f
ra
l
igh
t
f
or
3
0
m
i
nu
t
e
s
so
a
s
e
n
ab
l
e
eva
por
at
i
o
n.
T
he
u
se
o
f
P
h
i
l
i
p
s
m
ode
l
CM
20
i
n
s
t
rume
n
t
,
w
h
ic
h
w
as
o
p
e
ra
ted
a
t
a
n
ac
cele
r
at
in
g
vo
lt
age
of
20
0 kV
w
as emplo
ye
d
in TE
M
m
ea
sur
e
m
e
nt
s.
Th
e
ma
gn
et
i
c
p
rop
e
rt
i
e
s
of
t
h
e
s
ampl
e
s
w
e
r
e
ex
a
m
i
n
e
d
u
sin
g
Hyst
ere
s
is
T
rac
e
r
in
t
he
f
ie
ld
o
f
1
0
kOe
at r
oo
m
t
e
mpe
r
ature
.
3.
RESULT
S
A
N
D
DISCU
SSIO
N
3.1.
X
RD
stud
i
e
s
Th
e
cl
ass
i
c
p
a
t
t
e
rn
s
of
X
-ra
y
di
ff
ra
c
t
i
o
n
of
M
n
La
x
Cr
F
e
2
O
4
(
w
h
er
e
X
=
0.
0,
0
.
2
5,
0
.50)
N
an
o
fe
rrites
an
d
th
o
s
e
an
nea
l
ed
a
t
7
0
0
°
C
ar
e
s
h
ow
n
in
F
i
g
ure
1.
T
he
c
r
y
s
t
all
i
n
e
p
h
a
se
a
nd
th
e
id
enti
fi
cati
o
n
of
pea
k
s
wa
s
car
ried
o
u
t
b
y
c
o
mpa
r
i
n
g
the
‘
d
’
spac
i
n
g
w
i
t
h
t
hat
of
J
CP
D
S
d
a
t
a
of
M
nF
e
2
O
4
a
nd
CrF
e
2
O
4
.
The
form
ati
o
n
o
f
a
s
i
n
g
l
e
p
h
ase
a
fa
ce
ce
n
t
r
e
d
cu
bic
(fc
c
)
sp
in
e
l
s
truct
u
re
w
a
s
c
on
firm
ed
t
hr
oug
h
t
h
e
ma
in
l
att
i
c
e
pla
n
es
(
2
20),
(31
1
),
(
22
2)
(
400)
,
(42
2
)
,
(
51
1),
(440),
(5
33
),
(
622)
a
n
d
(
4
4
4
)
.
T
h
i
s
i
ndi
c
a
t
es
t
hat
t
h
e
t
h
e
La
3+
io
ns
h
a
v
e
bee
n
c
om
plet
el
y d
i
s
s
o
l
ve
d
i
n
to
t
he
sp
i
ne
l la
tt
ice
o
f
M
n
-C
r
f
e
rr
i
t
e.
Base
d
o
n
t
he
l
i
n
e
broa
de
ni
n
g
of
the
m
o
s
t
in
t
e
n
se
p
e
a
k
(
3
1
1
)
o
f
th
e
pl
an
e
of
t
h
e
s
pin
e
l
st
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
s
,
t
h
e
ave
r
age
cr
ysta
lli
te
s
ize
o
f
t
he
p
repa
re
s
am
p
l
e
s
w
e
r
e
calc
u
la
t
e
d
u
s
i
ng
t
he
S
c
h
erre
r
equat
i
o
n
8
.
It
i
s
obse
r
ved
t
h
at
a
d
e
c
re
ase
i
n
t
h
e
p
arti
cl
e
si
z
e
cau
sed
an
i
n
c
re
as
e
th
e
con
c
e
nt
ra
tio
n
of
La
3+
ca
t
io
n
;
T
EM
a
na
l
y
sis
w
a
s
a
l
s
o
use
d
to
co
nfir
m
this
r
e
s
ul
t.
Th
ere
i
s
a
p
o
s
s
i
b
ili
ty
o
f
th
e
Fe
3+
c
ati
o
n
s
b
ein
g
r
e
p
l
a
ced
by
the
la
nt
ha
n
u
m
io
ns
i
n
t
h
e
octa
he
dra
l
site
s,
w
hic
h
c
an
b
e
c
o
ncl
ude
d
fr
om
t
h
e
u
n
i
f
o
rm
i
t
y
of
t
he
l
a
ttic
e
cons
ta
n
t
v
a
l
ues
f
o
r
t
h
e
d
i
ffe
r
en
t
conc
e
n
trat
io
ns
o
f
La
3+
i
on
s.
A
s
t
h
e
c
ont
en
t
o
f
L
a
3+
i
o
n
incre
a
ses,
t
he
p
ea
ks
b
ec
om
e
br
oader
.
T
h
i
s
is
a
n
in
dic
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
a
cons
t
a
nt
r
e
d
uct
i
on
in
p
ar
ti
c
l
e
size
,
w
h
i
c
h
is
m
a
r
ked
from
the
va
lue
s
o
f
crys
tal
l
i
t
e
sizes
con
t
a
i
ne
d
in
T
able
1
.
These
resu
lts
a
re
sim
i
l
ar
w
ith tha
t pr
e
v
i
ous
studies
studies.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
.
J
.
P
o
w
.
E
le
c.
&
D
r
i
.
S
y
st.
I
S
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
M
o
rph
o
l
o
g
y a
nd
m
a
gne
t
i
c prope
rt
ies o
f
lan
t
ha
n
u
m
(
L
a3+)
sub
s
t
i
t
u
t
e
d
…
(
H
ay
der
Ab
d
u
l
a
m
e
e
r
Abba
s)
1
105
F
i
gur
e
1.
X
-r
a
y
d
i
f
f
r
a
c
tio
n
pa
tt
e
r
ns
o
f
M
n
L
a
x
Cr Fe
2
O
4
(
w
h
er
e
X
=
0.
0,
0.
25,
0
.
50)
N
ano
f
e
r
r
ite
s
T
a
b
l
e 1.
Crysta
l
& m
agne
tic
p
ar
am
eters
of Mn-
C
r
f
e
rrites fo
r va
r
i
ous
c
o
n
ce
ntr
a
ti
o
n
s
of
L
a
3+
i
on
C
once
n
tr
a
tion
of
L
a
3+
i
on
Cr
y
s
ta
lli
t
e
siz
e
(nm
)
L
a
tt
i
ce
c
onst
a
nt
(
Å
)
X
-ra
y
d
e
nsi
t
y
(g c
m
−3
)
Ma
gne
ti
z
a
tion
(em
u
/g)
C
o
er
ci
v
i
t
y
(Oe
)
Re
t
e
nti
v
ity
(em
u
)
0
19.
254
7
8.
231
6
.
254
21.
8471
1402
5.
21
1
7
.
264
0.
25
18.
069
8
8.
264
6
.
984
20.
6487
1724
5.
34
1
6
.
257
0.
5
18.
157
8
8.
198
7
.
021
18.
9842
1682
4.
57
1
6
.
128
3.
2.
FT
I
R
s
tu
di
es
I
n
o
r
d
e
r
t
o
s
t
udy
t
h
e
b
o
n
d
in
g
of
t
he
m
eta
l
-
o
xy
ge
n
i
n
t
he
p
r
e
par
ed
N
ano
ferr
it
e
sam
p
l
e
s,
t
he
u
se
o
f
F
our
ier
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
infr
ar
ed
(
F
T
I
R
)
w
a
s
e
m
pl
o
y
e
d
.
A
s
s
een
i
n
F
i
gu
re
2
,
t
h
e
FT
IR
s
p
ect
ra
o
f
th
e
p
r
ep
a
r
e
d
f
e
r
r
ite na
n
o
pa
r
tic
les
w
e
r
e
m
e
a
sur
e
d
w
i
t
h
i
n
t
he
f
r
e
que
nc
y
r
a
nge
o
f 7
00cm
-1
t
o
400
c
m
-1
.
The for
m
at
io
n
of t
he
sp
ine
l
s
tr
uct
u
r
e
o
f
M
n
-
L
a-
Cr
f
er
r
i
t
e
s
yst
e
m
w
a
s
conf
i
r
me
d
by
F
T
-
I
R
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
.
T
h
e
r
e
a
r
e
t
w
o
n
o
t
a
b
l
e
a
b
sor
p
ti
on
b
an
ds
(
ν
1
an
d
ν
2
)
in
t
he
w
a
v
e
n
u
m
be
r
r
a
ng
in
g
f
r
o
m
7
0
0
t
o
4
00
cm
−1
.
I
t
w
a
s
o
bser
ve
d
t
h
a
t
t
hes
e
a
b
sor
p
ti
on
ba
nds
c
or
r
e
spo
nd
to
t
he
s
tr
et
chi
n
g
v
i
br
a
t
i
o
n
of
t
h
e
t
e
tr
a
h
edr
a
l
and
oc
ta
he
dr
a
l
s
ite
s,
w
hich
oc
cur
r
ed
a
r
o
un
d
5
50
to
5
5
5
c
m
-1
,
r
e
sp
e
c
ti
ve
ly
a
s
see
n
i
n
Table
2.
T
he
a
b
s
or
p
t
i
o
n
ba
nd
s
in
dica
t
e
th
e
un
iqu
e
c
h
ar
a
c
ter
i
s
t
ics
of
s
p
i
nel
f
e
r
r
it
es
i
n
s
i
ng
le
p
h
a
se
.
The
var
i
a
n
c
e
betwee
n
ν
1
and
ν
2
i
s
a
t
t
r
ib
ut
ed
t
o
t
h
e
c
h
a
n
g
e
s
tha
t
o
cc
ur
r
e
d
i
n
t
he
b
on
d
len
g
t
h
o
f
F
e
-
O
a
t
the
O
c
ta
he
dr
al
a
n
d
Te
tr
a
h
e
d
r
a
l
s
i
tes.
I
t
ca
n
be
o
b
s
e
r
ved
fr
om
t
he
tab
l
e
tha
t
t
he
r
ange
o
f
t
h
e
hi
g
h
f
r
e
que
ncy
ba
nd (
ν
1
)
is
f
r
o
m
55
1
to
5
55cm
-1
.
Mor
e
so,
i
t
w
a
s
als
o
o
bser
ve
d t
h
a
t
the
su
bs
tit
ut
i
o
n
o
f
L
a
3+
r
es
ulte
d
in
s
i
g
ni
fic
a
n
t
c
h
a
nge
i
n
t
h
e
ν
2
b
a
n
d
co
r
r
e
s
po
ndi
ng
t
o
oct
a
h
e
d
r
al
s
it
e
.
B
ased
o
n
ob
s
e
rv
ati
on,
t
h
e
ν
2
b
a
n
d
(
o
c
t
a
h
e
d
r
a
l
s
i
t
e
)
r
a
nges
fr
om
4
6
0
t
o
4
6
6
c
m
-1
w
it
h
a
s
ubsi
d
iar
y
b
a
n
d
ν
3
i
n
t
h
e
r
a
nge
o
f
4
3
2
a
nd
42
8
cm
-1
,
for
two
sam
p
le
s
e
x
cep
t
for
p
u
r
e
M
n-
Cr
f
er
rite.
Th
is
r
esu
l
t
ca
n
be
a
ttr
i
b
u
t
ed
t
o
Joh
n
-
T
e
l
le
r
d
i
stor
ti
o
n
c
a
u
se
d
by
La
3+
d
op
i
n
g
as
r
epor
te
d
b
y
M
a
m
i
l
l
a
La
kshm
i
et
a
l
.
F
ig
ur
e
2
show
s
t
h
at
a
n
incr
ease
i
n
t
he
c
o
n
te
n
t
o
f
La
3+
c
a
u
se
d
t
h
e
va
lue
s
t
o
m
o
v
e
t
o
a
l
o
w
e
r
-
f
r
e
que
nc
y
si
de.
F
u
r
t
he
r
m
o
r
e
,
it
was
obs
er
ved
t
h
a
t
a
n
inc
r
ea
se
i
n
t
h
e
c
o
nce
n
tr
a
t
i
on
La
3+
c
a
u
sed
t
h
e
ab
so
rp
ti
o
n
b
a
n
d
to
b
e
sl
ig
htl
y
b
ro
ad
e
n
ed
.
T
h
e
su
bsti
t
u
ti
o
n
of
F
e
3+
i
on
s
by
L
a
3+
i
o
n
s
co
u
l
d
be
r
espo
ns
ib
l
e
f
or
t
h
i
s
occ
u
r
r
e
nc
e.
Table
2
.
F
T
I
R p
a
ramet
e
rs o
f Mn
La
x
Cr
Fe
2
O
4
(
w
h
er
e
X
=
0
.
0,
0
.
25,
0
.
50)
n
an
o
f
e
r
r
ites
Fe
r
r
ite
Co
m
posit
ion
ν
1
(c
m
-1
)
ν
2
(c
m
-1
)
ν
3
(c
m
-1
)
Mn
La
0
Cr
Fe
2
O
4
551.
64
432.
77
not
i
de
nti
f
i
e
d
Mn
La
0
.
25
Cr
Fe
2
O
4
553.
57
466.
44
428.
1
9
Mn
La
0
.
50
Cr
Fe
2
O
4
555.
49
460.
98
432.
0
5
F
i
gur
e
2.
F
TI
R
spec
t
r
a
of
M
n
La
x
Cr Fe
2
O
4
(
w
h
er
e
X
=
0.
0
,
0.
25,
0
.
50)
n
a
n
o
f
e
r
r
ites
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N: 2
0
8
8
-
86
94
In
t
.
J
.
P
o
w
.
E
l
e
c
.
&
D
r
i
.
Sy
s
t
.
V
o
l
.
1
0
,
N
o
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
1
9
:
1
1
02
–
1
1
09
1
106
3.
3.
S
E
M–E
D
X
an
alys
is
I
n
o
r
d
e
r
t
o
st
u
dy
the
sur
f
ac
e
m
o
r
p
h
o
lo
gy
of
t
he
p
r
e
par
e
d
n
a
no
f
e
r
r
i
t
e
s
,
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
s
c
a
n
n
i
n
g
e
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
m
i
cr
osc
ope
(
S
E
M)
w
a
s
e
m
p
loye
d.
T
he
r
e
s
u
l
t
o
f
t
he
a
na
lys
i
s
is
c
o
nt
aine
d
i
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
3(
a
-
c)
.
Th
e
el
e
c
t
r
on
m
i
cr
ogr
ap
hs
s
how
e
d
t
hat
t
h
e
m
a
ter
i
al
i
s
ba
sica
l
l
y
ma
de
up
o
f
s
o
me
i
rr
egu
l
ar
c
u
b
ic
o
r
r
od-l
i
ke
p
a
r
t
i
c
l
es
i
n
pur
e
Mn-
C
r
fe
r
r
ite
(
F
i
g
u
r
e
3
(
a
)
)
,
and
a
s
t
he
c
onc
e
n
tr
at
io
n
of
t
he
L
a
3+
i
nc
re
a
s
es,
an
i
n
c
re
ase
als
o
o
c
c
u
rs
i
n
t
h
e
a
g
g
l
om
er
ation
of
t
he
se
pa
r
ti
c
l
es.
I
t c
a
n be
a
ssum
e
d
t
h
a
t
t
he
n
a
tu
re
of
th
e
ex
t
e
ri
o
r
o
f
t
h
e
s
e a
g
glo
m
era
t
e
s
is
due
to
t
he
c
hem
i
ca
l
r
eac
tio
n
i
n
t
h
e
p
r
o
cess
o
f
s
inter
i
n
g
.
The
bon
d
i
ng
o
f
t
h
ese
a
g
gl
o
m
e
r
at
e
s
c
an
b
e
att
r
i
but
e
d
t
o
r
e
lat
i
ve
l
y
w
e
a
k
V
an
de
r
Waa
l
s
b
o
n
d
s
or
e
v
e
n
ma
gne
t
i
c
f
o
r
c
e
s
.
F
o
r
l
an
tha
num
c
ompo
si
t
i
ons,
w
e
ll
-
c
r
y
s
t
all
i
z
e
d
so
li
d
gr
ai
ns
o
f
i
r
r
e
gu
lar
sh
a
p
e
s
a
l
o
n
g
s
i
de
s
ma
l
l
m
icr
o
por
e
s
w
e
r
e
obse
r
ve
d.
T
he
i
ncessa
nt
r
e
duc
t
i
on
i
n
g
r
a
i
n
size
,
w
h
ic
h
oc
cur
s
w
it
h
t
h
e
L
a
3+
s
u
b
s
t
itu
t
i
on,
m
ay
b
e
d
u
e
t
o
the
f
act
t
h
a
t
la
n
t
ha
n
u
m
i
ons
p
osse
ss
l
arge
i
onic
r
a
di
i
tha
n
t
h
a
t
of
I
r
on
(
0
.
6
4
Å
)
,
and
t
h
e
r
ef
or
e,
d
em
ons
t
r
ate
l
i
m
ited
so
lu
bi
lit
y
in
s
pi
ne
l
lat
t
i
c
e
,
which
in
t
ur
n
pr
eve
n
ts
t
he
g
r
o
w
t
h
of
g
r
a
i
n
a
s
w
e
ll
a
s
the
de
c
r
ea
se
i
n
t
h
e
si
z
e
o
f
g
r
a
i
n
.
EDS was u
sed
in d
eterminin
g
th
e
sa
mple
c
o
m
posit
i
on,
a
n
d
t
h
e
pa
t
t
e
r
n
t
h
a
t
w
a
s
o
b
ta
in
e
d
i
s
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
e
d
in
F
ig
ur
e
3(
a-
c
)
(
r
i
gh
t
s
i
de
)
.
T
he
p
r
e
senc
e
o
f
M
n,
F
e,
C
r
,
O
a
n
d
La
w
a
s
obs
er
ved
in
t
h
e
s
pec
i
me
n
(
e
x
c
e
p
t
i
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
3
(
a
)
;
n
o
other
imp
u
r
i
ti
es
w
e
r
e
fou
nd
i
n
t
he
s
am
p
l
e.
F
i
gur
e
3(
a
)
.
S
E
M
-
ED
X
spe
c
tr
a
of
M
n
La
0
Cr
Fe
2
O
4
F
i
gur
e
3(
b)
.
S
E
M-
ED
X
spe
c
tr
a
of
M
n
La
0.
25
Cr
Fe
2
O
4
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
.
J
.
P
o
w
.
E
le
c.
&
D
r
i
.
S
y
st.
I
S
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
M
o
rph
o
l
o
g
y a
nd
m
a
gne
t
i
c prope
rt
ies o
f
lan
t
ha
n
u
m
(
L
a3+)
sub
s
t
i
t
u
t
e
d
…
(
H
ay
der
Ab
d
u
l
a
m
e
e
r
Abba
s)
1
107
F
i
gur
e
3(
c)
S
EM-
E
D
X
s
pec
t
r
a
o
f
Mn
La
0.
5
0
Cr
Fe
2
O
4
3.
4.
T
E
M
an
al
ysis
B
a
se
d
on
t
h
e
T
E
M
a
n
a
l
ys
is
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
on
th
r
e
e
nan
o
f
er
r
i
te
sa
m
pl
e,
t
he
T
EM m
icr
o
gr
a
p
hs s
how
t
ha
t
hi
g
h
l
eve
l
o
f
a
g
g
l
om
er
ation
o
c
curre
d
i
n
t
he
p
art
i
cles
a
s
a
r
e
su
l
t
of
t
h
e
i
nt
erf
a
c
i
al
s
u
r
f
ace
t
en
sion
a
s
re
p
o
r
t
e
d
in
t
he
r
e
v
i
e
w
of
l
i
t
e
r
at
ur
e
.
I
t
c
a
n
b
e
o
bser
ve
d
t
h
a
t
m
a
j
or
ity
o
f
t
h
e
na
nopa
r
tic
l
e
s
ap
pe
ar
e
d
s
li
g
h
tl
y
a
g
g
l
om
er
ated
w
it
h
a
shap
e
tha
t
i
s
a
l
mos
t
s
phe
rica
l;
t
h
is
i
s
sho
w
n
i
n
(F
igur
e
4(
a
-
c)
).
M
or
e
so,
as
t
h
e
c
once
n
tr
a
tio
n
of
l
a
n
t
h
a
num
i
o
n
i
nc
r
e
a
s
e
d
,
a
dec
r
ea
se
o
cc
u
r
r
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
a
v
era
g
e
part
icle
s
iz
e
ob
ta
ine
d
f
rom
TEM
s
uc
h
as
;
1
9
.
18
nm
(
La=
0
.
0
)
,
18.
7
2
n
m
(
L
a=0.
2
5
)
and
1
8
.
5
45
(
La
=
5
.
0
).
S
imil
ar
p
at
tern
w
as
a
l
s
o
ob
ta
ine
d
f
rom
XRD
st
u
d
ie
s.
F
i
gur
e
4(
a)
.
TEM
i
m
age
s
(
le
f
t
)
of
M
n
La
0
Cr
Fe
2
O
4
an
d
pa
r
t
i
c
l
e
si
z
e
di
s
t
ri
bu
tio
n
(ri
gh
t
)
F
i
gur
e
4(
b)
.
TEM
i
m
age
s
(
le
f
t
)
of
M
n
La
0.
25
Cr
Fe
2
O
4
a
nd
par
tic
l
e
s
ize
di
str
i
bu
t
i
o
n
(
r
i
gh
t)
F
i
gur
e
4(
c)
.
TEM
ima
g
es
(
l
e
ft)
of
M
n
L
a
0.5
Cr
Fe
2
O
4
a
nd
p
a
rtic
le
s
iz
e d
i
st
rib
u
ti
on
(rig
h
t
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N: 2
0
8
8
-
86
94
In
t
.
J
.
P
o
w
.
E
l
e
c
.
&
D
r
i
.
Sy
s
t
.
V
o
l
.
1
0
,
N
o
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
1
9
:
1
1
02
–
1
1
09
1
108
3.
5.
M
agne
t
ic p
rop
ert
i
e
s
I
n
o
r
d
e
r
t
o
c
a
l
c
u
l
a
t
e
t
h
e
m
a
g
n
e
t
i
c
p
a
rameters
o
f
th
e
p
r
ep
ared
n
an
o
f
e
rri
t
e
s
ampl
es
,
t
h
e
u
s
e
of
vi
br
a
t
i
ng
sam
p
le
m
agne
t
o
m
e
t
e
r
(
V
S
M
)
w
a
s
em
plo
y
e
d
;
t
h
e
V
S
M
w
a
s
u
s
e
d
w
i
t
h
i
n
t
h
e
r
a
n
g
e
o
f
5
0
0
0
O
e
,
whe
r
e
t
h
e
m
a
g
n
et
ic
b
e
h
a
v
io
u
r
o
f
t
h
e
sa
mp
le
s
was
de
mo
ns
t
r
ated.
A
s
c
o
n
t
a
i
ne
d
in
f
i
g
ur
e
5,
t
he
m
e
a
sur
e
m
e
nts
fro
m
th
e
VSM
we
re
u
sed
i
n
p
lo
tti
n
g
t
h
e
h
y
s
t
e
re
si
s
loo
p
s
,
fro
m
w
h
i
ch
t
he
c
a
l
cu
la
ti
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
va
lue
s
o
f
sa
tur
a
tio
n
m
a
g
n
et
isa
t
i
o
n for
t
h
e
va
r
i
o
u
s
c
o
mpos
i
tio
ns
M
n
La
x
Cr
Fe
2
O
4
(
x=
0.
0,
0
.
2
5
an
d 0.
50)
w
as per
f
o
r
m
ed
a
n
d
r
e
pr
e
s
en
te
d
gr
a
p
hi
c
a
l
ly
i
n
F
i
gur
e
5
an
d
ta
b
u
la
te
d
i
n
T
able
1
.
F
i
g
u
r
es
5
a
nd
6
s
ho
w
t
h
e
d
i
f
f
e
r
en
ce
i
n
t
h
e
sa
tur
a
tio
n ma
gnet
i
sa
t
i
o
n
o
f th
e
c
o
mpos
i
t
i
o
n.
The hy
s
t
e
r
e
s
i
s
lo
o
ps
r
evea
le
d
tha
t
f
or
the
v
a
l
ue
s
of
(
x
=
0
.
0
,
0.
25
0.
50)
t
he
r
e
w
as
no
c
o
m
p
le
te
s
a
t
ur
a
tio
n
o
f
s
am
ples.
T
h
e
r
e
sul
t
c
lear
ly
i
n
d
i
c
a
t
es
t
ha
t
t
h
e
s
u
b
s
ti
tu
tio
n
o
f
l
a
nth
a
nu
m
c
a
used
a
d
e
c
re
ase
i
n
t
h
e
s
at
u
r
at
ion
ma
gn
e
t
i
zati
o
n
.
T
h
e
s
ite
o
cc
upa
nc
y
of
t
he
c
a
tio
ns
a
s
w
e
l
l
a
s
t
h
e
al
t
e
rat
i
on
i
n
t
h
e
ex
ch
ang
e
e
f
f
ect
s
c
a
u
s
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
sub
s
ti
t
u
ti
on
o
f
l
a
n
t
han
u
m
ca
n
be
u
se
d
in
e
x
p
l
a
i
n
i
ng
th
is dec
rea
s
e.
The
ma
j
o
r
co
n
t
ri
bu
t
o
r
s
o
f
the
m
a
gnet
i
c
pr
o
p
ert
i
es
a
re
t
he
‘Fe
3+
i
o
n
s,
w
hi
ch
o
cc
up
y
the
‘
B
’
sites
i
n
the
i
n
ve
rse
sp
i
n
al
l
at
t
i
ce.
T
he
p
ragm
atic
n
a
t
ure
of
L
a
3+
i
s
a
t
t
r
i
b
u
t
ed
t
o
th
e
absenc
e
o
f
u
npa
ir
ed
e
lec
t
r
o
ns.
I
t
w
a
s
ob
ser
v
e
d
t
he
s
ubst
i
t
ut
io
n
of
L
a
3+
r
e
s
u
l
t
e
d
i
n
a
s
i
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
d
e
c
r
e
a
s
e
i
n
c
o
e
r
c
i
v
i
t
y
.
T
h
i
s
t
h
e
o
r
y
p
o
s
its
t
ha
t
the
c
o
er
c
i
vi
t
y
i
s
in
fl
ue
nc
ed
b
y
fac
t
or
s
suc
h
a
s
m
a
gne
t
o
c
r
y
s
t
al
line
a
n
i
s
o
t
rop
y
,
m
i
cr
o
stra
i
n
,
si
z
e
d
is
t
r
ibu
t
io
n,
m
a
gne
tic
p
ar
ti
cle
m
o
r
p
h
o
lo
g
y
a
nd
m
a
gne
tic
dom
ain
s
i
ze
11
.
F
i
gur
e
5.
H
yste
r
e
sis
lo
o
p
s
of
m
angane
se
c
hr
omium
f
e
r
r
ite
f
or
v
a
riou
s La
3+
c
onc
en
tr
at
i
o
n
s
F
i
gur
e
6.
P
l
o
t
of
M
a
g
ne
tiz
a
t
ion
V
s
C
o
n
ce
nt
r
a
tion
4.
CONCLUSION
The resu
l
t
s
of
t
he
e
x
p
e
r
im
en
ta
l i
n
ves
t
i
g
a
tio
ns
reve
a
le
d h
o
w
Lan
t
h
anu
m
d
op
ing
aff
ect
s
the
p
r
op
e
r
ti
e
s
of
s
pi
n
e
l
Lan
t
han
u
m
sub
s
t
i
t
u
te
d
Mn-
C
r
fe
r
r
ites.
T
he
u
se
o
f
so
l-
ge
l
m
e
tho
d
w
as
e
mpl
oye
d
in
p
r
e
p
a
r
i
n
g
t
he
sa
mples
use
d
i
n
th
is
s
t
u
dy.
A
l
s
o,
t
he
m
ag
net
i
c
a
n
d
st
r
u
c
t
ur
a
l
m
e
a
s
u
r
e
me
n
t
s
we
re
p
er
f
o
rme
d
t
h
r
oug
h
t
h
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int.
J
. P
o
w.
E
lec.
& D
ri. S
y
st.
IS
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
Mor
p
h
o
l
o
g
y
a
nd m
agne
tic
pr
ope
rt
i
e
s o
f
la
n
t
ha
n
u
m
(L
a3+)
sub
s
t
i
tu
t
e
d … (
H
ayder
Ab
dul
a
m
e
e
r Abba
s)
1
109
p
r
o
c
ess
of
s
int
e
ri
ng
a
t
a
t
e
mp
e
r
atu
r
e
o
f
700
o
C.
T
he
p
rese
nce
of
a
ll
c
h
ara
c
teris
t
i
c
r
e
f
le
cti
o
ns
w
as
c
on
firm
ed
by
t
h
e
X
-ray
d
i
ffr
act
io
n
resu
l
t
s
(22
0
),
(
311),
(
222
)
,
(
400),
(4
2
2
),
(
511)
,
(440),
(
222),
(53
3
),
(
622),
a
nd
(
4
4
4
)
,
w
h
ic
h
c
o
nfirme
d
t
h
e
f
o
rma
tion
of
s
i
ngle
p
h
ase,
c
ub
ic
s
p
i
ne
l
s
t
r
uc
t
u
r
e
.
The
s
ubs
t
i
t
u
t
i
on
of
L
a
3+
l
ed
t
o
a
dec
r
ea
se
i
n
th
e
c
r
ysta
lli
te
s
iz
e
and
l
a
ttice
.
T
he
f
orm
a
ti
o
n
of
the
s
p
i
n
e
l
s
truc
ture
w
i
t
h
stro
ng
M
e
t
a
l
o
x
y
g
e
n
adhe
si
o
n
w
as
c
on
firm
ed
u
si
ng
t
he
F
TIR
spe
c
t
rum
of
t
he
N
ano
crys
t
a
l
t
h
at
w
a
s
s
y
n
t
h
esi
zed
.
Th
e
n
a
tu
re
o
f
t
h
e
fuse
d
grai
n
po
ssessi
ng
inte
rg
ranu
lar
d
i
ffu
s
i
o
n
i
n
M
n
La
x
C
r
F
e
2
O
4
(
w
h
ere
X
=
0
.
0,
0
.2
5
,
0
.50)
N
an
o
f
e
rrite
s
w
e
r
e
obse
r
ved
t
h
r
o
ugh
t
h
e
S
E
M
im
ages.
It
w
as
obse
r
ved
tha
t
t
he
t
h
re
e
sa
mp
l
e
s
u
s
ed
i
n
t
h
i
s
s
t
udy
d
e
mo
nst
r
a
t
ed
‘
S’
l
i
k
e
sh
ap
e
hy
st
e
r
esi
s
c
u
r
v
e
.
As
t
h
e
L
a
3+
s
ubs
t
i
t
u
t
i
o
n
i
ncr
ease
d
,
t
h
e
decr
ease
oc
c
u
rr
ed
i
n
the
ma
gnet
i
c
pa
ra
m
e
ter
s
.
The
c
o
n
t
i
n
u
o
u
s
i
ncr
ease
i
n
t
he
L
a
3+
c
o
n
cen
tra
t
io
n
br
oug
h
t
a
bo
u
t
a
d
ec
rea
s
e
in
t
he
crysta
ll
i
t
e
size
as
w
e
ll a
s
i
n th
e sa
t
u
r
a
t
i
on
ma
gne
t
i
za
ti
o
n
.
REFE
RENCES
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V.
G
.
H
a
rris,
A
.
Geiler,
Y
.
J
.
C
hen
,
S
,
et
a
l.,
“
R
ecent
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
s
in
P
roces
s
i
ng
and
A
ppl
ications
o
f
Micro
w
av
e
Ferrit
e
s”,
J
.
Mag
n. Ma
te
r
,
3
21:
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;
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9
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S.
S
ud
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K
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ri
v
a
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,
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sna
m
urty
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J.
Pu
re
A
ppl. P
h
ys
. 4
2 (2
00
4)
3
66
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[3]
Hu
m
p
h
r
i
e
s
M.
“R
a
r
e
E
ar
t
h
E
l
e
ment
s:
T
h
e
Gl
o
b
a
l
S
u
ppl
y
C
h
ai
n”, D
I
ANE
P
u
b
li
shin
g
Co
m
p
any
;
2010.
[4]
S
.
Y
áň
ez-Vil
a
r,
M
.
S
á
nchez-A
n
d
ú
jar,
C
.
G
ó
m
e
z
-
Ag
ui
rre
,
J.
M
ira,
M
.
A
.
Seň
a
ís
-Rodrí
g
u
ez,
a
nd
S
.
C
ast
r
o-G
a
rcía,
“
A
s
im
ple
s
o
lvot
herm
al
s
ynth
e
si
s
of
M
F
e
2
O
4(M = M
n
,
Co
a
nd
N
i
)
n
an
op
art
i
c
l
es,”
Jo
ur
na
l o
f
S
o
li
d S
t
ate
Chemistry
,
vo
l.
18
2
,
n
o.
1
0
,
p
p. 2
68
5–
269
0;
2
0
0
9
[5]
D.
Z
h
a
ng,
X
.
Zhan
g,
X
.
Ni,
J.
S
o
ng,
a
nd
H
.
Z
h
en
g,
“
L
o
w
-
te
m
p
erat
ure
f
a
bricati
o
n
o
f
M
nF
e
2
O
4
o
ct
ahedro
ns
:
m
a
gn
eti
c
and
e
lect
ro
chem
i
cal p
ro
pert
ies
,
”
Chemic
al P
h
ysics
L
e
tters
,
vol.
4
26,
n
o
.
1
–3
,
p
p.
120
–1
23
,
2
006
.
[6]
Q.
Z
han
g
,
M
.
Z
hu
,
Q.
Z
hang
,
Y.
L
i,
a
n
d
H
.
W
a
ng
,
“
F
abricatio
n
an
d
m
a
gn
etic
p
ropert
y
an
alys
is
o
f
m
o
n
odisp
erse
m
a
ng
anes
e-zi
nc
f
errit
e
n
ano
s
p
h
e
r
es,
”
J
o
ur
na
l of
M
a
gnetism a
nd M
agn
eti
c
M
a
terial
s
,
v
o
l
.
3
2
1
,
n
o
.
19
,
pp
.
32
03
–
32
06
,
2
009
[7]
Gag
a
n
Kum
a
r,
J
y
o
t
i
S
hah,
R
.
K.
K
o
t
nal
a
,
P
o
o
j
a
D
h
iman
,
Ritu
R
an
i
,
V
i
re
nd
e
r
P
r
a
ta
p
Sing
h
,
G
od
a
w
a
r
i
Ga
rg
,
Sa
g
a
r
E.
S
h
i
rs
ath,
K
h
a
li
d
M.
B
at
oo
,
M.
S
in
gh.
“
S
e
lf
-i
g
n
ited
sy
n
t
hes
i
s
o
f
M
g
-G
d-M
n
n
ano
f
erri
tes
and
im
pact
o
f
cat
io
n
di
st
rib
u
tion
o
n
t
he
d
iel
e
c
t
ric
prop
erti
es”.
C
e
ra
m.
I
n
te
r
.
201
4
,
40,
1
450
9-1
4
5
16
[8]
Ad
nan
H
.
A
li
,
A
li
A
.
A
.,"Effi
c
i
en
cy
P
e
r
f
o
rm
anc
e
s
of
T
w
o
M
PPT
A
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
s
f
o
r
P
V
S
y
s
t
e
m
W
i
t
h
D
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
S
o
l
a
r
Panel
s
Irradiances
s",
In
tern
a
t
io
n
a
l Jo
urn
a
l
o
f
Po
wer Elect
ronics
an
d Dr
i
ve Sys
t
ems
(
I
JPE
D
S)
,
Vo
l
9,
N
o
4
,
pp.
17
55
-17
6
4
, Decem
ber
201
8.
[9]
A
h
m
a
d
,
A
.
,
B
a
e
,
H
.
,
&
R
h
e
e
,
I
.
.
“
H
i
g
h
l
y
s
t
a
b
l
e
s
i
l
i
c
a
-
c
o
a
t
e
d
m
a
ng
a
n
ese
f
e
rrit
e
n
an
opart
icl
e
s
as
h
igh
-
efficacy
T
2
con
t
ras
t
ag
e
nts fo
r m
a
gnetic
r
es
o
n
ance i
m
agin
g”.
AIP Adv
a
nces
, 8
(5
), 05
5
0
1
9
,
20
1
8
.
[10]
Kri
s
hn
a,
K
.R.
,
R
av
i
n
der,
D
.,
Ku
mar,
K
.V.
and
Linco
n,
C
.A.
“Sy
n
t
hesi
s,
X
RD
&
S
E
M
S
t
u
d
i
es
o
f
Zinc
Subs
tit
u
tion
in
Nickel
F
e
rrit
e
s b
y
Citrat
e Ge
l
Tech
niq
u
e”.
Wo
rld
J
o
urna
l o
f
C
o
nd
e
n
se
d Ma
tte
r Phy
s
ic
s
.
2,
1
53
-15
9
;
20
12.
[11]
M
.
R
agh
a
sud
h
a,
D
.
Ravin
d
er,
a
n
d
P
.
V
eeraso
m
aiah,
“Eff
ec
t
o
f
C
r
S
u
bsti
tuti
on
o
n
M
a
gnet
i
c
Prop
erti
es
o
f
M
g
Nan
o
f
e
rrites
S
y
n
t
hes
i
zed
b
y
Cit
r
ate-Gel
Au
to
C
o
m
b
u
stio
n
M
e
t
hod,
”
Jo
ur
na
l o
f
Ch
emi
s
t
r
y
.
20
13
.
[12]
S
o
p
a
n
M
.
R
a
t
ho
d
,
S
arang
S
.
B
h
o
sale,
P
r
atik
kumar
K
.
Zag
a
de,
,
D
at
t
a
B
.
P
a
war,A
s
h
ok
B.
S
hin
d
e,
“
S
y
n
t
hesis
and
Charact
erizati
o
n
o
f
L
a
3+ D
op
e
d
N
i N
a
noF
erriteb
y
S
ol-Gel M
eth
o
d
”
,
Bi
on
an
o F
r
ont
ier
,
Vo
l. 8 (3
)
Decem
ber 2
0
1
5
[13]
La
kshm
i,
M
.,
Ku
ma
r,
K
.
a
n
d
Thy
a
ga
ra
ja
n
,
K
.
“Struc
tu
ra
l
a
n
d
Ma
gn
et
ic
P
roperti
e
s
of
C
r-Co
N
a
nof
e
rri
te
P
art
i
cles
”.
Ad
van
ces i
n
Na
n
o
par
ti
cles
,
5,
103-1
1
3
;
2
016.
[14]
B
.
P
.
J
a
c
o
b
,
S
.
T
h
a
n
k
a
c
h
a
n
,
S
.
X
a
v
i
e
r
,
a
n
d
E
.
M
.
M
o
h
a
m
m
e
d
,
“
E
f
f
ect
o
f
G
d3+
d
op
in
g
on
t
h
e
s
t
r
uct
u
ral
an
d
m
a
gn
eti
c
p
ro
perti
e
s
of
n
an
ocry
st
a
l
li
ne
N
i–
Cd
m
i
x
ed
f
errit
e
,
”
Phy
s
ic
a
Sc
ripta
, vo
l
.
8
4
, no
.
4
,
20
11
.
[15]
R.
S
up
riy
a
nti,
A
.
Ch
ris
a
nt
y
,
Y
.
Ramad
h
an
i,
W
.
S
i
swand
ari,
"
Com
p
uter
A
ided
D
i
a
gno
sis
f
o
r
S
c
reen
ing
th
e
Sh
ap
e
a
n
d
Siz
e
o
f
L
e
u
k
o
c
y
te
C
e
l
l
Nu
c
l
e
u
s
ba
se
d
on
M
o
r
ph
olog
ic
a
l
I
ma
g
e
",
Int
e
rna
t
i
o
n
a
l
Jo
ur
nal
o
f
El
ectrical
a
n
d
Com
p
u
t
er En
g
i
neeri
n
g
(
I
JECE)
,Vo
l
8
,
No 1
:
Febr
uary
20
1
8
.
[16]
Adn
a
n
H.
A
l
i
,A
li
N
.
Ab
ba
s
,
M
.
H.
H
a
s
sa
n,"
P
e
rform
a
nc
e
Ev
a
l
u
a
tio
n
o
f
I
EEE802
.
1
1
g
W
LANsU
si
ng
O
P
N
E
T
M
o
d
e
ler",
(
AJER)
V
ol
u
m
e-02
,
Is
su
e-12,
p
p
-
09
-1
5.
[17]
V.
Be˙cyt ˇ e, K
. M
a
˙ zei
ka, T
. R
akick
a
s, and
V.
Pak
ˇ s
t
as,
ˇ
M
a
ter.
Chem
.
Ph
ys
.
1
7
2
, 6,
20
16
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.