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DC
v
o
ltag
e
li
n
k
co
n
tr
o
lled
u
s
i
n
g
W
av
ele
t
m
o
d
u
latio
n
a
n
d
a
h
al
f
-
b
r
id
g
e
C
L
L
C
r
eso
n
a
n
t
co
n
v
er
ter
co
n
tr
o
lle
d
u
s
in
g
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
m
o
d
u
latio
n
.
T
h
e
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
ch
ap
ter
s
o
f
t
h
is
p
ap
er
w
o
u
ld
ela
b
o
r
ate
o
n
th
e
w
a
v
elet
m
o
d
u
la
tio
n
s
tr
ate
g
y
u
s
ed
,
d
esig
n
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
s
f
o
r
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
t
w
o
-
s
tag
e
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
co
n
v
er
ter
,
th
e
s
i
m
u
lated
r
esu
lt
s
o
b
tain
u
s
i
n
g
MA
T
L
A
B
Si
m
u
li
n
k
,
co
n
c
lu
s
i
o
n
an
d
th
e
p
o
ten
tia
l a
r
ea
s
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
i
s
co
n
v
er
ter
.
2.
WAVE
L
E
T
M
O
DULAT
I
O
N
CO
NT
RO
L
T
h
e
w
av
ele
t
m
o
d
u
lat
io
n
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
f
o
r
in
v
er
ter
s
h
a
s
b
ee
n
i
m
p
le
m
en
ted
u
s
i
n
g
s
a
m
p
l
in
g
t
h
e
o
r
em
a
n
d
n
o
n
d
y
ad
ic
-
t
y
p
e
m
u
ltire
s
o
l
u
tio
n
an
al
y
s
i
s
(
MR
A
)
[
1
1
]
-
[
1
5
]
.
T
h
e
s
i
g
n
al
s
r
eq
u
ir
ed
to
o
p
er
ate
a
p
o
w
er
elec
tr
o
n
ic
co
n
v
er
ter
is
m
o
d
eled
a
n
d
o
p
tim
ized
u
s
in
g
s
e
ts
o
f
n
e
w
l
y
d
ev
elo
p
ed
s
ca
le
-
b
ased
lin
ea
r
l
y
co
m
b
in
ed
s
ca
l
in
g
an
d
s
y
n
t
h
esi
s
w
av
ele
t
b
asis
f
u
n
c
tio
n
s
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
r
ea
lize
w
a
v
elet
m
o
d
u
latio
n
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
w
h
ic
h
r
eq
u
ir
es
t
h
e
n
o
n
d
y
ad
ic
M
R
A
to
s
a
m
p
le
a
n
d
r
ec
o
n
s
tr
u
ct
t
h
e
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
s
ig
n
al,
t
h
e
an
al
y
s
i
s
s
ta
g
e
an
d
s
y
n
th
e
s
is
s
ta
g
e
is
r
eq
u
ir
ed
as sh
o
w
n
b
elo
w
:
A
n
a
lysi
s
S
ta
g
e
:
T
h
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
d
s
ig
n
a
l
(
d
esire
d
o
u
tp
u
t
s
ig
n
al)
is
s
a
m
p
le
d
u
s
in
g
s
ca
le
-
b
ased
l
i
n
ea
r
l
y
co
m
b
i
n
ed
s
ca
li
n
g
b
asis
,
{
(
2
−
}
,
∈
ℤ
w
h
ic
h
d
ev
elo
p
s
g
r
o
u
p
s
o
f
n
o
n
u
n
i
f
o
r
m
r
ec
u
r
r
en
t
s
a
m
p
les t
h
at
i
s
v
i
tal
in
d
eter
m
i
n
in
g
t
h
e
w
id
th
a
n
d
lo
ca
tio
n
o
f
o
n
e
‘
ON
’
s
ta
te
p
u
ls
e
S
yn
th
esis
S
ta
g
e
:
T
h
e
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
s
ig
n
al
i
s
n
o
w
r
ec
o
n
s
tr
u
cted
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
g
r
o
u
p
s
o
f
s
a
m
p
les
o
b
tain
ed
i
n
th
e
an
a
l
y
s
is
s
ta
g
e.
T
h
ese
s
y
n
t
h
esized
f
u
n
c
tio
n
s
ar
e
u
s
ed
a
s
ON
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
s
ta
tes
f
o
r
t
h
e
p
o
w
er
elec
tr
o
n
ic
co
n
v
er
ter
.
T
h
e
th
r
ee
s
ets o
f
g
r
o
u
p
s
o
f
n
o
n
u
n
i
f
o
r
m
r
ec
u
r
r
e
n
t sa
m
p
les
f
r
o
m
r
e
f
er
en
ce
s
ig
n
al
ar
e
as
f
o
ll
o
w
s
[
1
2
]
:
(
1
)
(
2
)
(
3
)
w
h
er
e
j1
=
1
,
2
.
.
.
,
J
,
j1
∈
ℤ
,
j2
=
j1
+
J
−
3
,
j2
∈
ℤ
,
j3
=
j1
+
J
−
2
,
j3
∈
ℤ
an
d
J
is
th
e
m
ax
i
m
u
m
v
a
lu
e
o
f
j
.
T
h
e
r
ec
o
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
o
f
r
e
f
er
en
ce
s
ig
n
al
is
ac
co
m
p
lis
h
ed
w
it
h
t
h
r
ee
s
y
n
th
e
s
is
b
a
s
is
f
u
n
c
ti
o
n
s
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
g
en
er
ated
b
y
t
h
e
s
h
i
f
ted
v
er
s
io
n
s
o
f
E
q
u
a
tio
n
1
to
3
.
T
h
e
th
r
ee
s
y
n
t
h
esi
s
s
ca
li
n
g
f
u
n
ct
io
n
s
ar
e
d
e
f
i
n
ed
as
f
o
llo
w
[
1
2
]
:
(
4
)
(
5
)
(
6
)
w
h
er
e
(
)
is
t
h
e
Haa
r
s
ca
li
n
g
f
u
n
ctio
n
[
1
3
]
an
d
̃
(
)
is
th
e
s
ca
le
-
b
ased
li
n
ea
r
l
y
co
m
b
i
n
ed
f
u
n
ctio
n
.
T
h
e
n
o
n
d
y
ad
ic
t
y
p
e
MR
A
r
ep
r
esen
tat
io
n
o
f
t
h
r
ee
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ti
m
e
(
C
T
)
r
ef
er
en
ce
m
o
d
u
la
tin
g
s
ig
n
al
s
f
o
r
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t v
o
lta
g
e
o
f
ea
ch
p
h
ase
(
i
n
v
er
ter
)
w
it
h
r
esp
ec
t
to
th
e
DC
v
o
ltag
e
i
s
s
h
o
w
n
b
elo
w
[
1
3
]
:
(
7
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
I
n
t J
P
o
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i
S
y
s
t
,
Vo
l.
9
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
2
0
1
8
:
1
0
0
6
–
1
0
1
5
1008
(
8
)
(
9
)
w
h
er
e
T
m
is
t
h
e
p
er
io
d
o
f
th
e
s
in
u
s
o
id
al
f
u
n
ctio
n
,
v(
t
)
i
s
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
p
er
p
h
ase
a
n
d
V
DC
is
t
h
e
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e.
Fo
r
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
at
DC
li
n
k
(
R
ec
ti
f
ier
)
,
it c
an
b
e
d
er
iv
ed
as sh
o
w
n
b
elo
w
[
1
2
]
:
(
1
0
)
T
h
e
in
n
er
b
ip
r
o
d
u
ct
o
p
er
atio
n
is
d
er
iv
ed
as b
elo
w
f
o
r
E
q
u
atio
n
1
0
f
o
r
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
p
h
ase
s
:
(
1
1
)
(
1
2
)
w
h
er
e
T
m
is
th
e
p
er
io
d
o
f
th
e
AC
in
p
u
t
an
d
S
dc
(
t
)
is
th
e
r
e
f
e
r
en
ce
DC
v
o
lta
g
e
w
it
h
r
esp
ec
t
to
tim
e.
L
astl
y
,
th
e
s
a
m
p
les
i
n
ea
ch
g
r
o
u
p
(
ea
ch
p
h
ases
)
d
a
,
d
b
an
d
dc
ar
e
lo
c
ated
at
th
e
b
o
u
n
d
ar
ies
o
f
[
t
da1
,
t
da2
]
,
[
t
db1
,
t
db2
]
an
d
[
t
dc1
,
t
dc2
]
.
T
h
e
ti
m
e
lo
ca
tio
n
s
a
r
e
o
b
tain
ed
to
d
eter
m
i
n
e
s
w
i
tc
h
in
g
i
n
ter
v
als
f
o
r
ea
ch
o
f
th
e
p
h
ase
le
g
.
T
h
e
ti
m
e
lo
ca
tio
n
s
ar
e
d
eter
m
in
ed
as
f
o
l
lo
w
[
1
4
]
:
(
1
3
)
(
1
4
)
(
1
5
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
P
o
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i
S
y
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
694
Mo
d
ellin
g
o
f a
Tw
o
-
S
t
a
g
e
B
id
ir
ec
tio
n
a
l A
C
-
DC
C
o
n
ve
r
te
r
u
s
in
g
W
a
ve
let
Mo
d
u
la
tio
n
(
H.
K
.
C
h
iu
)
1009
T
h
e
k
e
y
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
b
et
w
ee
n
m
o
d
u
lati
n
g
f
o
r
r
ec
tif
ier
o
p
er
atio
n
an
d
in
v
er
ter
o
p
er
atio
n
ar
e
th
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
s
i
g
n
al
r
eq
u
ir
ed
a
n
d
h
o
w
th
e
s
et
o
f
g
r
o
u
p
s
o
f
s
a
m
p
les
ar
e
co
m
p
u
ted
b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
r
ef
er
en
ce
s
i
g
n
al
s
.
An
o
th
er
n
o
tab
le
d
if
f
er
en
ce
is
th
e
s
ca
le
s
j1
,
j2
an
d
j3
.
D
u
r
in
g
r
ec
tif
ier
m
o
d
e,
th
e
ch
a
n
g
es
ar
e
b
ased
o
n
th
e
in
p
u
t
AC
v
o
lt
ag
es
w
h
ile
d
u
r
i
n
g
i
n
v
er
ter
m
o
d
e,
it is
ch
an
g
ed
b
ased
o
n
th
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
s
i
g
n
al.
3.
DE
S
I
G
N
CO
NSI
DE
R
AT
I
O
NS F
O
R
T
H
E
P
RO
P
O
S
E
D
CO
NVER
T
E
R
I
n
t
h
is
p
ap
er
,
a
t
w
o
-
s
tag
e
b
i
d
ir
ec
tio
n
al
AC
-
D
C
co
n
v
er
ter
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
,
u
s
i
n
g
s
ix
s
w
i
tc
h
AC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
a
n
d
h
al
f
-
b
r
id
g
e
C
L
L
C
r
eso
n
a
n
t
co
n
v
er
ter
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
co
n
v
er
ter
h
as
t
w
o
co
n
v
er
ter
s
as
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
1
,
w
h
er
e
t
h
e
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
AC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
a
th
r
ee
-
p
h
a
s
e
g
r
id
an
d
is
co
n
tr
o
lled
u
s
i
n
g
W
av
elet
m
o
d
u
la
tio
n
a
n
d
a
h
al
f
-
b
r
id
g
e
C
L
L
C
r
eso
n
an
t c
o
n
v
er
ter
co
n
tr
o
lled
u
s
in
g
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
m
o
d
u
la
tio
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
P
r
o
p
o
s
ed
tw
o
-
s
ta
g
e
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
AC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
te
r
T
h
e
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
h
al
f
-
b
r
id
g
e
C
L
L
C
co
n
v
er
ter
h
a
s
t
w
o
p
o
wer
f
lo
w
m
o
d
es:
ch
ar
g
in
g
(
p
o
w
er
f
lo
w
i
n
g
f
r
o
m
D
C
li
n
k
v
o
lta
g
e
to
th
e
b
atter
y
)
an
d
d
is
c
h
ar
g
i
n
g
(
p
o
w
e
r
f
lo
w
in
g
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
b
atter
y
to
t
h
e
DC
lin
k
v
o
ltag
e)
.
T
h
e
eq
u
iv
ale
n
t
cir
cu
it
o
f
th
e
h
al
f
-
b
r
id
g
e
C
L
L
C
r
e
s
o
n
a
n
t
co
n
v
er
ter
i
s
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
2
f
o
r
b
o
th
m
o
d
es.
R
e
,
L’
2
,
C’
21
an
d
C’
2
2
ar
e
th
e
eq
u
i
v
alen
t to
R
o
,
L
2
,
C
21
an
d
C
22
o
f
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
r
esp
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T
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li
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k
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a
s
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h
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g
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r
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r
u
n
n
i
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g
in
an
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p
co
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ee
d
b
ac
k
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n
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o
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to
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w
a
v
elet
m
o
d
u
lat
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ateg
y
th
u
s
lead
t
h
e
r
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lt
a
s
s
h
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w
n
i
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Fi
g
u
r
e
4
.
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o
im
p
r
o
v
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e
ac
c
u
r
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n
d
co
n
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o
llab
ilit
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th
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o
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tp
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t
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v
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e,
o
p
ti
m
izatio
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to
th
e
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elet
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o
d
u
latio
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i
s
r
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ir
ed
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u
ch
as
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cl
u
d
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f
ee
d
b
ac
k
l
o
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p
s
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e
m
ai
n
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n
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r
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s
u
l
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o
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tain
ed
ar
e
o
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tain
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p
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in
th
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s
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m
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ar
m
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ic
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ed
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n
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ter
.
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
I
n
th
is
p
ap
er
,
a
W
av
elet
m
o
d
u
lated
t
w
o
-
s
ta
g
e
b
id
ir
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tio
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al
AC
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DC
co
n
v
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ter
h
as
b
ee
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
f
o
r
E
V
ch
ar
g
in
g
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
i
m
p
le
m
en
tat
io
n
o
f
t
h
e
wav
elet
m
o
d
u
latio
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tec
h
n
iq
u
e
f
o
r
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t
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r
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-
p
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ase
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id
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al
AC
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n
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er
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er
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ased
o
n
co
n
s
tr
u
ctin
g
a
n
o
n
d
y
ad
ic
t
y
p
e
MR
A
ca
p
ab
le
o
f
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
n
o
n
u
n
if
o
r
m
r
ec
u
r
r
en
t
s
a
m
p
l
in
g
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d
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ec
o
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
o
f
t
h
e
r
e
f
er
en
ce
DC
s
ig
n
al
a
n
d
A
C
s
i
g
n
al.
T
h
e
n
o
n
d
y
ad
ic
MR
A
w
as
s
u
cc
e
s
s
f
u
ll
y
co
n
s
tr
u
cted
u
s
i
n
g
a
s
ca
le
a
n
d
s
h
i
f
t
b
ased
co
m
b
in
ed
a
n
al
y
s
i
s
a
n
d
s
y
n
t
h
es
is
w
av
e
let
b
asis
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
.
T
h
e
s
i
m
u
lati
o
n
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
r
es
u
lts
h
a
v
e
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
t
h
at
W
a
v
elet
m
o
d
u
latio
n
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
ca
n
b
e
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
ted
f
o
r
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
AC
-
D
C
co
n
v
er
ter
s
.
M
o
s
t
o
f
th
e
o
b
tai
n
ed
r
esu
lt
s
i
n
t
h
e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
w
er
e
w
ell
w
it
h
i
n
e
x
p
ec
tatio
n
s
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
t
h
er
e
ar
e
s
till
r
o
o
m
f
o
r
i
m
p
r
o
v
in
g
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
d
u
latio
n
s
tr
ateg
y
.
T
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
W
av
elet
m
o
d
u
la
tio
n
ca
n
b
e
f
u
r
t
h
er
i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
w
it
h
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
co
n
tr
o
l f
o
r
b
o
th
in
v
e
r
ter
an
d
r
ec
tif
ie
r
m
o
d
es.
ACK
NO
WL
E
D
G
E
M
E
NT
S
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
o
f
t
h
i
s
p
ap
er
w
o
u
ld
li
k
e
to
t
h
a
n
k
I
n
s
tit
u
te
o
f
P
o
w
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n
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
,
U
n
i
v
er
s
iti
T
en
ag
a
Nasio
n
al
(
U
NI
T
E
N)
f
o
r
th
e
f
i
n
an
cia
l
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
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n
d
er
t
h
e
B
O
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D
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
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r
an
t
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p
r
o
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ec
t
1
0
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9
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/
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0
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9
an
d
Min
i
s
tr
y
o
f
H
ig
h
er
E
d
u
c
atio
n
f
o
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th
e
f
i
n
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cia
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s
u
p
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er
Fu
n
d
a
m
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R
e
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e
ar
ch
Gr
an
t
Sc
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e
(
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g
r
a
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t,
p
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t c
o
d
e
2
0
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5
0
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FR
GS.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
Z.
Yin
h
a
i
,
e
t
a
l.
,
"
A
No
v
e
l
S
VP
W
M
M
o
d
u
lati
o
n
S
c
h
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m
e
,
"
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Ap
p
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Po
we
r
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e
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tro
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ics
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n
fer
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c
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a
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d
Exp
o
siti
o
n
,
2
0
0
9
.
A
PE
C
2
0
0
9
.
T
we
n
ty
-
Fo
u
rt
h
A
n
n
u
a
l
IEE
E
,
2
0
0
9
,
p
p
.
1
2
8
-
1
3
1
.
[2
]
Yilm
a
z
M
,
Kre
in
P
T
.
Rev
iew
o
f
b
a
tt
e
ry
c
h
a
rg
e
r
to
p
o
l
o
g
ies
,
c
h
a
r
g
in
g
p
o
we
r
lev
e
ls,
a
n
d
i
n
fra
str
u
c
tu
re
fo
r
p
lu
g
-
i
n
e
lec
tric a
n
d
h
y
b
rid
v
e
h
icle
s
.
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s o
n
P
o
w
e
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
.
2
0
1
3
;2
8
(5
)
:2
1
5
1
-
6
9
.
[3
]
P
a
rk
J
-
E,
Kim
J
-
W
,
L
e
e
B
-
H,
M
o
o
n
G
-
W
,
e
d
it
o
rs.
De
sig
n
o
n
to
p
o
lo
g
ies
fo
r
h
ig
h
e
ff
icie
n
c
y
tw
o
-
sta
g
e
AC
-
DC
c
o
n
v
e
rte
r.
P
o
w
e
r
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e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
M
o
ti
o
n
C
o
n
t
ro
l
C
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
(IP
E
M
C),
2
0
1
2
7
th
I
n
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l;
2
0
1
2
:
IEE
E
.
[4
]
He
P
,
Kh
a
li
g
h
A
.
Co
mp
re
h
e
n
siv
e
An
a
lys
e
s
a
n
d
Co
m
p
a
ris
o
n
o
f
1
k
W
Iso
la
ted
DC
–
DC
C
o
n
v
e
rte
rs
fo
r
Bi
d
ire
c
ti
o
n
a
l
EV
Ch
a
rg
i
n
g
S
y
ste
ms
.
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s o
n
T
ra
n
sp
o
rtati
o
n
El
e
c
tri
f
ica
ti
o
n
.
2
0
1
7
;3
(
1
):1
4
7
-
5
6
.
[5
]
Ju
n
g
JH
,
Kim
HS,
Ry
u
M
H,
Ba
e
k
JW
.
De
sig
n
M
e
th
o
d
o
lo
g
y
o
f
Bi
d
ire
c
ti
o
n
a
l
CL
L
C
Res
o
n
a
n
t
C
o
n
v
e
rte
r
fo
r
Hig
h
-
Fr
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
Iso
l
a
ti
o
n
o
f
DC Distri
b
u
ti
o
n
S
y
ste
ms
.
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s o
n
P
o
w
e
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
.
2
0
1
3
;
2
8
(
4
):1
7
4
1
-
5
5
.
[6
]
Zah
id
ZU,
Da
lala
ZM
,
C
h
e
n
R,
C
h
e
n
B,
L
a
i
J
-
S.
De
sig
n
o
f
b
id
ire
c
t
io
n
a
l
DC
–
DC
re
so
n
a
n
t
c
o
n
v
e
rte
r
fo
r
v
e
h
icle
-
to
-
g
rid
(
V2
G)
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
.
IEE
E
T
r
a
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s o
n
T
ra
n
sp
o
rtati
o
n
El
e
c
tri
f
ica
ti
o
n
.
2
0
1
5
;1
(
3
):
2
3
2
-
4
4
.
[7
]
T
a
n
g
Y,
L
u
J,
W
u
B,
Zo
u
S
,
Din
g
W
,
Kh
a
li
g
h
A
.
An
In
teg
ra
ted
Du
a
l
-
O
u
tp
u
t
Iso
l
a
ted
C
o
n
v
e
rte
r
fo
r
Pl
u
g
-
i
n
El
e
c
tric V
e
h
icle
s
.
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
V
e
h
ic
u
lar T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
.
2
0
1
8
;
6
7
(
2
):9
6
6
-
7
6
.
[8
]
W
a
n
g
H,
Du
s
m
e
z
S
,
Kh
a
li
g
h
A.
M
a
x
imu
m
e
ff
icie
n
c
y
p
o
in
t
tra
c
k
in
g
tec
h
n
i
q
u
e
fo
r
CL
L
C
-
b
a
se
d
PE
V
c
h
a
rg
e
rs
th
ro
u
g
h
v
a
ria
b
le DC l
i
n
k
c
o
n
tro
l
.
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
I
n
d
u
strial
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
.
2
0
1
4
;
6
1
(
1
1
):
6
0
4
1
-
9.
[9
]
Zo
u
S
,
L
u
J,
M
a
ll
ik
A
,
Kh
a
li
g
h
A
.
Bi
-
Dire
c
ti
o
n
a
l
CL
L
C
C
o
n
v
e
rte
r
W
it
h
S
y
n
c
h
r
o
n
o
u
s
Rec
ti
f
ica
t
io
n
fo
r
P
lu
g
-
In
El
e
c
tric V
e
h
icle
s
.
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
I
n
d
u
stry
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s.
2
0
1
8
;5
4
(2
):
9
9
8
-
1
0
0
5
.
[1
0
]
He
P
,
Kh
a
li
g
h
A
,
e
d
it
o
rs.
De
sig
n
o
f
1
k
W
b
id
ire
c
ti
o
n
a
l
h
a
l
f
-
b
ri
d
g
e
CL
L
C
c
o
n
v
e
rte
r
fo
r
e
lec
tric
v
e
h
icle
c
h
a
rg
in
g
sy
ste
ms
.
P
o
w
e
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ic
s,
Driv
e
s
a
n
d
E
n
e
rg
y
S
y
ste
m
s
(P
EDES
)
,
2
0
1
6
IEE
E
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
;
2
0
1
6
:
IEE
E.
[1
1
]
S
teig
e
r
w
a
ld
RL
.
A
c
o
mp
a
riso
n
o
f
h
a
l
f
-
b
ri
d
g
e
re
so
n
a
n
t
c
o
n
v
e
rte
r
to
p
o
l
o
g
ies
.
IEE
E
tr
a
n
sa
c
t
i
o
n
s
o
n
Po
we
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
.
1
9
8
8
;
3
(2
):
1
7
4
-
8
2
.
[1
2
]
S
a
leh
S
,
M
o
l
o
n
e
y
C,
Ra
h
m
a
n
M
,
e
d
it
o
rs.
De
v
e
lo
p
in
g
a
N
o
n
-
d
y
a
d
i
c
M
RA
S
fo
r
S
w
it
c
h
i
n
g
DC
-
AC
I
n
v
e
rte
rs
.
Dig
it
a
l
ig
n
a
l
P
ro
c
e
ss
in
g
W
o
rk
sh
o
p
,
1
2
th
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S
ig
n
a
l
P
ro
c
e
ss
in
g
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
W
o
r
k
sh
o
p
,
4
th
;
2
0
0
6
:
IE
EE
.
[1
3
]
S
a
leh
S
.
T
h
e
Imp
lem
e
n
ta
ti
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n
a
n
d
Per
fo
rm
a
n
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e
Eva
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f
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p
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i
$
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W
a
v
e
let
M
o
d
u
l
a
ted
AC
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DC
Co
n
v
e
rte
rs
.
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s o
n
P
o
w
e
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
.
2
0
1
3
;2
8
(3
):
1
0
9
6
-
1
0
6
.
[1
4
]
S
a
leh
S
,
Ra
h
m
a
n
M
A
.
An
in
tro
d
u
c
ti
o
n
t
o
w
a
v
e
let
mo
d
u
la
te
d
i
n
v
e
rte
rs
:
Jo
h
n
W
il
e
y
&
S
o
n
s; 2
0
1
1
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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P
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&
Dr
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5
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S
a
leh
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A
,
Ra
h
m
a
n
A
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o
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e
y
C
R.
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o
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2
0
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6
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S
a
leh
S
,
T
h
e
wa
v
e
let
mo
d
u
la
ti
o
n
tec
h
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e
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lev
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l
DC
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p
o
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o
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rs
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d
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ti
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o
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a
l
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2
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IEE
E;
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0
1
7
:
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EE
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I
O
G
RAP
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I
E
S
O
F
AUTH
O
RS
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K.
C
h
iu
w
a
s
b
o
rn
in
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e
ra
k
,
M
a
la
y
sia
o
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De
c
1
9
8
9
.
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c
o
m
p
let
e
d
h
is
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a
c
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e
lo
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d
e
g
re
e
in
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e
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tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
tro
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ic
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
w
it
h
Un
iv
e
rsit
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o
f
No
rt
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u
m
b
ria
in
2
0
1
2
.
He
p
u
rsu
e
d
a
n
d
o
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tai
n
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d
h
is
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E
n
g
in
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o
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e
r
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y
ste
m
s
f
ro
m
Un
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e
rsit
y
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la
y
a
in
2
0
1
5
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C
u
rre
n
tl
y
h
e
is
p
u
rsu
in
g
h
is
P
h
D
w
it
h
Co
ll
e
g
e
o
f
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
t
Un
iv
e
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Ten
a
g
a
Na
sio
n
a
l.
His
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
a
re
p
o
w
e
r
e
lec
tro
n
ics
,
e
lec
tri
c
v
e
h
icle
,
re
n
e
w
a
b
le
e
n
e
rg
y
a
n
d
c
o
n
tr
o
l
sy
st
e
m
s.
H
e
is
a
ls
o
a
M
e
m
b
e
r
o
f
th
e
In
stit
u
ti
o
n
o
f
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
T
e
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h
n
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lo
g
y
(I
ET
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a
n
d
th
e
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stit
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t
e
o
f
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tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
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e
c
tro
n
ics
E
n
g
in
e
e
rs
(IE
EE
),
a
n
d
a
G
ra
d
u
a
te M
e
m
b
e
r
o
f
th
e
In
stit
u
t
i
o
n
o
f
En
g
in
e
e
rs M
a
lay
si
a
(IE
M
).
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il
e
s
w
a
ri
K.
Ra
m
a
sa
m
y
w
a
s
b
o
r
n
i
n
T
a
ip
in
g
,
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e
ra
k
a
n
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re
c
e
iv
e
d
h
e
r
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S
c
(En
g
in
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g
)
d
e
g
re
e
f
ro
m
P
u
rd
u
e
Un
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y
,
US
A
in
1
9
9
5
u
n
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e
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th
e
sp
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n
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rs
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ip
o
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Ya
y
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s
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T
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g
a
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sio
n
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S
h
e
o
b
tain
e
d
h
e
r
M
S
c
.
(C
o
n
tro
l
S
y
ste
m
)
f
ro
m
I
m
p
e
rial
Co
ll
e
g
e
,
L
o
n
d
o
n
i
n
2
0
0
1
a
n
d
P
h
D
in
E
lec
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
f
ro
m
Un
iv
e
rsiti
Ten
a
g
a
Na
sio
n
a
l
(UN
IT
EN),
u
n
d
e
r
t
h
e
s
p
o
n
s
o
rsh
i
p
o
f
UN
IT
EN.
S
h
e
is
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
a
n
A
ss
o
c
iat
e
P
r
o
f
e
ss
o
r
in
th
e
De
p
a
rtm
e
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
t
UN
IT
EN
a
n
d
se
rv
in
g
a
s
a
De
p
u
t
y
D
e
a
n
o
f
R
e
se
a
rc
h
a
n
d
P
o
stg
ra
d
u
a
te
f
o
r
C
o
ll
e
g
e
o
f
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
UN
IT
EN.
S
h
e
is
a
lso
a
Ch
a
rt
e
re
d
M
e
m
b
e
r
o
f
th
e
In
stit
u
ti
o
n
o
f
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
(IE
T
).
S
h
e
is
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
a
c
ti
v
e
in
re
se
a
r
c
h
a
n
d
c
o
n
su
lt
a
n
c
y
in
c
o
n
tro
l
sy
st
e
m
,
p
o
w
e
r
s
y
ste
m
,
p
o
we
r
q
u
a
li
ty
,
e
n
e
rg
y
e
ff
icie
n
c
y
a
n
d
re
n
e
w
a
b
le
e
n
e
rg
y
.
S
h
e
h
a
s
h
e
a
d
e
d
se
v
e
r
a
l
re
se
a
rc
h
p
ro
jec
ts t
o
d
a
te an
d
h
a
s su
c
c
e
ss
f
u
ll
y
p
u
b
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sh
e
d
se
v
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ra
l
in
d
e
x
e
d
jo
u
rn
a
ls.
Na
d
ia
M
.
L
.
T
a
n
re
c
e
iv
e
d
th
e
B.
En
g
.
(Ho
n
s.)
d
e
g
re
e
f
ro
m
th
e
U
n
iv
e
rsity
o
f
S
h
e
ff
ield
,
S
h
e
f
f
i
e
ld
,
U.K.,
i
n
2
0
0
2
,
th
e
M
.
En
g
.
d
e
g
re
e
f
ro
m
Un
iv
e
rsiti
T
e
n
a
g
a
Na
sio
n
a
l,
Ka
jan
g
,
M
a
la
y
sia
,
in
2
0
0
7
,
a
n
d
th
e
P
h
.
D
.
d
e
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re
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m
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k
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In
stit
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te
o
f
Tec
h
n
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g
y
,
T
o
k
y
o
,
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p
a
n
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in
2
0
1
0
,
a
ll
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tri
c
a
l
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in
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g
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in
c
e
A
p
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2
0
1
7
,
sh
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s
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n
A
ss
o
c
iate
P
r
o
f
e
ss
o
r
in
th
e
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
P
o
w
e
r
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
Un
iv
e
rsiti
Ten
a
g
a
N
a
sio
n
a
l.
He
r
c
u
rre
n
t
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
in
c
lu
d
e
p
o
w
e
r
c
o
n
v
e
rsio
n
sy
st
e
m
s
f
o
r
e
n
e
rg
y
sto
ra
g
e
,
b
id
irec
ti
o
n
a
l
iso
late
d
d
c
–
d
c
c
o
n
v
e
rters
,
m
u
lt
il
e
v
e
l
c
a
sc
a
d
e
d
in
v
e
rters
f
o
r
re
n
e
wa
b
le
e
n
e
rg
y
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
.
S
h
e
is
a
C
h
a
rtere
d
E
n
g
in
e
e
r
re
g
istere
d
w
it
h
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
C
o
u
n
c
il
,
Un
it
e
d
Kin
g
d
o
m
,
a
M
e
m
b
e
r
o
f
th
e
In
stit
u
ti
o
n
o
f
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
(IE
T
)
a
n
d
t
h
e
In
sti
tu
te
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
tr
o
n
ics
E
n
g
in
e
e
rs
(I
EE
E),
a
n
d
a
G
ra
d
u
a
te
M
e
m
b
e
r
o
f
th
e
In
stit
u
ti
o
n
o
f
En
g
i
n
e
e
rs M
a
la
y
sia
(IE
M
).
M
a
tt
h
e
w
Y.
W
.
T
e
o
w
re
c
e
i
v
e
d
th
e
BS
c
(El
e
c
tro
n
ic
a
n
d
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l)
d
e
g
re
e
f
ro
m
th
e
Ro
b
e
rt
G
o
rd
o
n
Un
iv
e
rsity
,
S
c
o
tl
a
n
d
,
UK
,
in
1
9
9
3
,
t
h
e
M
E
n
g
(El
e
c
tri
c
a
l)
d
e
g
re
e
f
ro
m
Un
iv
e
rsiti
T
e
k
n
o
lo
g
i
M
a
la
y
sia
,
Jo
h
o
r
,
M
a
lay
sia
,
in
1
9
9
9
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
P
h
D
(E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
)
d
e
g
re
e
f
o
r
m
th
e
M
u
lt
im
e
d
ia
U
n
iv
e
rsit
y
,
C
y
b
e
rja
y
a
,
M
a
la
y
si
a
,
in
2
0
1
1
.
He
is
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
th
e
He
a
d
o
f
Re
s
e
a
rc
h
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
Ce
n
tre
o
f
th
e
F
irst
Cit
y
Un
iv
e
rs
it
y
Co
ll
e
g
e
,
S
e
lan
g
o
r,
M
a
la
y
sia
.
His
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
in
c
lu
d
e
sig
n
a
l
p
r
o
c
e
ss
in
g
,
in
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
th
e
o
ry
,
a
n
d
m
a
c
h
in
e
lea
rn
in
g
.
He
is
a
P
ro
f
e
ss
io
n
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
r
w
it
h
P
ra
c
ti
si
n
g
Ce
rti
f
ic
a
te
(P
En
g
P
C
)
re
g
istere
d
w
it
h
th
e
Bo
a
rd
o
f
En
g
i
n
e
e
rs
M
a
la
y
sia
(BEM
),
M
a
la
y
si
a
,
a
Ch
a
rtere
d
En
g
in
e
e
r
(CEn
g
)
re
g
istere
d
w
it
h
th
e
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
Co
u
n
c
il
(En
g
C),
UK
,
a
Co
rp
o
ra
te M
e
m
b
e
r
o
f
th
e
In
stit
u
t
io
n
o
f
En
g
i
n
e
e
rs
M
a
la
y
s
ia
(IE
M
),
M
a
lay
sia
,
a
m
e
m
b
e
r
o
f
th
e
In
sti
tu
ti
o
n
o
f
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
(I
ET
),
UK
,
a
n
d
a
se
n
io
r
m
e
m
b
e
r
o
f
th
e
In
stit
u
te
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
En
g
i
n
e
e
rs (IE
EE
),
US.
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