In
te
r
n
ation
a
l Jou
rn
al
o
f Po
we
r
Elec
tron
ic
s an
d
D
r
ive S
y
stem
(IJ
PED
S
)
V
o
l.
11, N
o.
1, Mar
ch 20
20,
p
p.
169~
1
7
7
IS
S
N
: 2088-
86
94,
D
O
I
:
10.11
59
1
/ij
ped
s
.
v11
.
i
1.pp
1
69-
17
7
1
69
Jou
rn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
:
ht
tp:
//i
j
p
eds.i
a
esco
re
.com
Implement
a
tion of the c
o
nventi
onal seven-level single-phase
symmetrical cascaded H-Br
idge MLI based on
PSIM
Hass
a
n
S
alman
Hamad
T
e
c
h
ni
cal Elect
rical
D
epartm
ent
, Tech
ni
c
a
l
Instructo
r
s T
r
aining
In
s
t
i
tute,
M
i
ddle
T
echnical
U
ni
versit
y
, Iraq
Art
i
cl
e In
fo
ABSTRACT
A
r
tic
le hist
o
r
y
:
R
e
ce
i
v
e
d
Jun 18,
2019
R
e
v
i
s
e
d
Jul
8
,
2
019
A
c
c
e
pte
d
A
ug 8,
201
9
Research
ers
ha
v
e
f
ou
n
d
i
n
t
e
r
e
s
t
in
t
he
m
u
l
t
ile
ve
l
in
ve
r
t
e
r
s
(M
L
I)
owin
g
to
the
l
o
w
tota
l
harmoni
c
d
i
s
tor
tio
n
(TH
D
)
as
socia
t
e
d
w
it
h
thei
r
o
utput
voltage,
as
w
el
l
as
t
h
e
ir
l
o
w
e
lect
rom
a
gneti
c
i
n
t
e
rferen
ce
(E
M
I
).
T
he
M
L
I
repres
ents
an
e
f
f
ectiv
e
and
f
eas
ible
s
o
l
ut
ion
f
o
r
enh
a
nci
n
g
po
wer
dem
a
nd
a
nd
m
i
nim
i
z
i
ng
A
C
wav
e
f
o
rm
s’
h
arm
o
n
i
cs
a
s
th
ey
g
en
erate
a
pref
e
rred
l
evel
o
f
ou
tp
ut
v
o
l
t
a
ge
a
s
in
puts
f
r
om
v
aryi
ng
l
ev
els
o
f
D
C
volt
a
ges
.
I
n
t
his
pap
e
r,
th
e
perf
o
r
man
ce
of
a
s
even
-level
cascad
ed
H
-b
rid
g
e
MLI
wit
h
a
n
asy
m
me
t
r
ical
n
u
m
b
e
r
of
p
o
w
er
s
witches
was
ev
alu
a
ted.
T
he
s
im
ula
ti
on
perf
o
r
man
ce
is
s
ho
wn
t
o
v
a
lid
ate
t
h
e
op
eratin
g
p
r
inci
p
l
e
of
t
h
e
s
in
gl
e-ph
a
s
e
cascad
ed
H
-bri
dge
i
n
v
ert
e
r.
T
o
co
nt
rol
th
e
M
L
I,
a
pul
se
w
i
d
th
m
od
ula
t
io
n
app
r
oach
w
as
u
t
i
li
zed.
The
operat
i
n
g
p
rin
c
ipl
e
o
f
th
e
M
L
I
was
v
erified
vi
a
sim
u
l
a
tio
n
usi
ng
P
S
I
M
so
ftw
a
re.
K
eyw
ord
s
:
Ca
sca
d
e
d
H
-
b
ridge
i
nver
t
e
r
PSIM
MLI
THD
Th
is
is a
n
o
p
en acces
s a
r
ti
cle u
n
d
e
r t
h
e
CC
B
Y
-S
A
li
cens
e
.
Corres
pon
d
i
n
g
Au
th
or:
Hassan
S. Ham
ad,
Tec
h
ni
c
a
l
Elec
t
r
i
ca
l D
e
par
t
m
e
nt
,
Mi
ddl
e
Te
ch
n
i
ca
l
Un
iv
e
r
s
ity
,
Mu
asker
A
l
Ra
s
h
i
d S
t
re
et,
7F7P
+
J
G
Ba
gh
da
d,
B
a
g
hda
d,
A
l Zafrany
i
a,
Ira
q.
Em
ail:
hassa
n1
11
ham
a
d
@
gm
ail.com
1.
I
N
TR
OD
U
C
TI
O
N
The
gene
ra
ti
o
n
of
e
lec
t
ric
i
t
y
from
re
new
a
bl
e
so
urce
s
has
a
t
tra
c
t
e
d
much
a
tt
e
n
ti
o
n
re
cen
tly
.
In
t
h
i
s
rega
rd, solar ener
g
y fr
om ph
o
to
vo
l
t
ai
c (P
V)
system
s
have
re
ceiv
e
d
t
he m
ost a
tte
nt
i
on fr
om rese
a
rc
hers due t
o
the
i
r
n
u
m
e
rous
b
ene
f
i
t
s
l
i
ke
n
o
fue
l
c
osts,
no
em
issi
o
n
,
no
n
o
i
ses,
a
nd
re
quir
i
n
g
l
itt
le
c
are
.
S
olar
P
V
pane
ls
are
am
ong
the
rapi
dl
y
incre
a
s
i
n
g
s
ourc
e
o
f
e
n
erg
y
g
l
oba
l
l
y,
e
sp
e
c
i
al
ly
i
n
gri
d
-c
on
nec
t
e
d
a
ppl
ica
t
i
o
n
s
(
a
bou
t
80
% of t
he
g
lo
ba
l
ma
rket
i
n
2
010
8
w
e
r
e
r
ese
r
ved for gri
d
-c
on
nec
ted applications) [1].
The
r
ece
n
t
y
ea
rs
w
i
t
ne
sse
d
t
re
me
ndous
g
ro
w
t
h
in
t
he
g
lo
ba
l
re
ne
wa
ble
ene
r
g
y
d
em
an
d.
A
s
suc
h
,
sol
a
r
po
we
r
h
a
s
co
n
t
ri
but
e
d
s
i
gni
fi
c
a
n
t
ly
t
o
cl
ea
n
e
n
erg
y
g
en
e
r
a
tio
n,
t
her
e
by
p
l
a
yin
g
a
m
ajor
r
ole
i
n
m
ee
ti
n
g
t
h
e
gl
o
b
a
l
el
ect
ri
ci
ty
d
emand
.
H
o
w
e
v
er,
t
h
e
ma
j
o
r
i
ssue
i
n
t
hi
s
r
e
g
ard
i
s
t
he
opt
i
m
a
l
i
n
c
o
r
po
ra
ti
on
o
f
PV
ene
r
g
y
r
eso
u
rce
s
i
nt
o
the
preva
i
l
i
n
g
pow
e
r
d
i
s
tri
b
u
t
i
o
n
netw
ork
.
Co
nseq
u
e
nt
l
y
,
mo
re
s
tu
di
e
s
h
av
e
b
e
en
ded
i
ca
t
e
d
r
ece
ntl
y
t
o
gri
d
-ti
e
d
P
V
pow
e
r
c
on
ver
s
i
o
n
s
y
stem
s.
T
h
e
m
a
jor
aim
o
f
t
he
se
c
o
n
v
erte
r
s
i
s
to
impro
v
e
o
n
t
h
e
pow
er
f
e
d
t
o
t
h
e
pow
e
r
g
ri
d
t
h
ro
ug
h
sui
t
able
t
ra
c
k
ing
of
t
he
P
V
s
’
maximum
p
o
w
e
r
poi
nt
(MPP);
t
h
is
i
s
achie
va
b
l
e
by
m
ini
m
i
z
i
n
g
losse
s
as
w
e
ll
as
h
ar
mo
ni
c
d
i
stort
i
o
n
(HD)
w
h
e
rea
s
e
n
s
u
r
i
n
g
hi
gh
con
s
is
t
e
ncy [
2
].
Mu
ch
i
nte
r
est
ha
s
bee
n
f
oc
us
ed
o
n
MLI
d
u
e
t
o
the
i
r
n
u
m
e
r
ous
a
d
v
a
n
ta
ge
s,
s
uc
h
as
l
o
w
s
w
i
tc
h
i
ng
dev
i
ce
s
t
r
ess,
l
ow
o
ut
p
u
t
tota
l
h
a
rm
o
n
i
c
d
istor
t
i
o
n
(TH
D
)
,
a
nd
m
i
n
i
m
a
l
s
w
it
c
h
in
g
stre
ss
[
3].
The
i
n
tere
st
i
n
rene
w
a
ble
e
n
e
r
gy
sour
ces,
e
s
pec
i
a
l
ly
s
olar
e
ner
g
y,
i
s
e
l
i
c
ite
d
by
t
h
e
i
mp
e
n
din
g
e
xha
u
s
t
i
on
o
f
f
o
ssil
f
u
e
l
rese
rves
a
nd
t
h
e
a
ssoc
i
a
t
e
d
e
nvir
onm
en
tal
p
r
o
b
l
e
ms
f
ro
m
the
c
o
n
ve
nt
i
o
na
l
p
o
w
e
r
g
e
ner
a
t
i
o
n
t
e
c
h
n
i
q
ues
.
Wi
t
h
in
t
he
l
a
s
t
2
5
y
ea
rs,
t
h
e
dem
a
n
d
f
or
s
o
l
ar
-source
d
ene
r
g
y
h
as
i
n
t
ens
i
fied
b
y
20%
–
25%
p
er
a
nn
um
,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISS
N
:
208
8-
8
6
9
4
I
nt
J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
D
r
i
S
yst
V
o
l.
11,
N
o.
1
,
Mar
202
0
:
16
9
–
177
17
0
e
s
p
e
c
i
al
l
y
i
n
t
h
e
gr
id-
c
o
nnec
t
e
d
a
pp
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
ns
[
4,
5
]
.
T
he
m
ar
ke
t
i
n
c
r
ea
se
i
n
gr
id-
c
on
nec
t
e
d
P
V
system
s
ha
ve
co
ns
equ
e
n
t
l
y
i
n
c
re
as
ed
i
nt
ere
s
t
in
g
rid
-
c
onn
ec
t
e
d
PV
s
y
s
t
e
ms.
B
a
s
e
d
o
n
d
i
ver
s
e
ar
r
a
ngem
e
n
t
s
o
f
t
he
P
V
sys
t
em
,
the
5-
i
n
ve
r
t
er
g
r
o
up
s
c
a
n
be
w
el
l
-
def
i
ne
d
a
s
s
tr
ing
i
n
v
er
ter
s
,
mult
i-st
r
i
n
g
i
nve
rter
s,
A
C
-
m
o
d
u
l
e
i
n
v
e
rt
ers, c
e
n
t
r
al
i
nv
e
r
t
e
rs, a
n
d
ca
sc
ad
ed
i
nve
rt
ers.
R
e
gar
d
i
n
g t
h
e
MLI
,
thr
ee
ba
s
ic
str
uc
t
u
r
e
s ha
ve
be
e
n
pr
e
sen
t
ed
:
“
d
iode
-c
la
m
p
ed m
ulti
le
v
e
l i
nve
r
t
e
r
,
”
“
f
ly
i
n
g
ca
pac
i
tor
mu
l
tile
ve
l
i
n
v
e
rter
,”
a
nd
“
c
a
sca
d
e
d
m
ult
ile
ve
l
i
n
v
e
rter
”
[6].
T
h
e
c
a
s
cade
d
M
LI
h
as
num
er
ous
s
ing
l
e-
p
h
a
s
e
H
-
br
idge
i
n
v
e
r
ter
s
b
es
ides
it
c
a
t
e
gor
ize
d
d
e
p
e
n
d
o
n
t
he
D
C
vo
l
t
a
g
e
l
e
ve
l
of
t
he
sourc
e
s
i
n
to
s
y
m
me
tric
a
n
d
a
symm
etric
gro
ups.
T
h
e
sym
m
e
tric
g
ro
up
h
as
H
-b
ri
dg
e
s
w
i
t
h
e
q
u
a
l
DC
v
olt
a
ge
sour
c
e
m
a
gni
tu
de
w
hile
t
he
r
eve
r
se
i
s
t
h
e
c
a
s
e
f
or
t
he
a
sym
m
e
tr
ic
g
rou
p
.
These
str
u
c
t
ur
es
a
r
e
a
d
v
a
n
t
a
geo
u
s
bec
a
u
se
o
f
the
i
r
low
r
a
nge
o
f
D
C
v
o
l
t
a
ge
s
our
c
e
s
t
h
a
t
c
o
n
si
der
s
the
m
o
s
t
s
i
g
n
i
fica
nt
p
ar
a
m
e
t
e
r
w
hen
de
ter
m
inin
g
an
i
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
s’
c
ost.
C
on
tr
ar
i
l
y,
s
om
e
of
t
hem
r
e
quir
e
a
sev
e
ral
in
su
l
a
te
d
g
a
t
e
b
ip
ol
a
r
t
ra
n
s
i
s
to
rs
due
t
o
t
h
e
inv
o
lve
m
e
nt
o
f
seve
r
a
l
bi
d
i
r
ect
io
na
l
p
o
w
e
r
sw
i
t
c
h
e
s
a
n
d
th
is
i
s
a
m
a
jor
dr
aw
ba
ck
o
f
suc
h
t
op
o
l
o
g
i
e
s
.
A
study
b
y
[
7]
h
as
p
r
e
sen
t
ed
a
n
as
ymm
e
tr
ic
t
o
p
o
l
og
y
w
hose
m
a
in
c
ha
lle
n
g
e
i
s
assoc
i
ate
d
t
o
t
h
e
i
r
switc
he
s
o
f
b
i
d
ire
c
t
i
o
n
a
l
p
ow
er
.
These
sw
itc
h
e
s
m
a
de
t
he
c
os
t
hi
ghe
r
a
nd
t
h
e
num
be
r
of
i
nver
t
er
s
IG
BTs
is
i
ncr
ease
d
.
Po
wer
c
o
nv
e
r
si
on
i
s
emerg
i
ng
a
s
a
so
l
u
t
i
on
f
o
r
b
oth
h
i
gh
a
n
d
me
di
um
v
olta
ge
t
r
a
nsf
o
r
m
er
less
sy
st
e
m
s;
m
ul
til
ev
e
l
c
onv
e
r
t
e
rs
a
re
r
ep
r
e
se
n
t
ed
a
s
a
b
oun
da
ry
f
o
r
g
r
id
-c
onnec
t
e
d
P
V
sy
s
t
e
m
s.
A
c
o
n
f
igu
r
at
i
on
of
t
he
(
CH
B)
s
pe
c
i
f
i
ca
l
l
y
e
m
bod
i
e
s
a
v
i
t
a
l
s
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
t
o
w
ar
ds
t
he
c
on
nec
t
i
o
n
of
e
ac
h
H
-
br
i
dge
c
e
l
l
t
o
a
spec
if
ied
D
C
s
our
ce
[8,
9]
.
Th
is
c
ir
c
u
i
t
t
op
o
l
o
g
y
h
a
s
t
he
e
n
s
u
i
ng
a
d
va
n
t
a
g
es
:
(
i
)
an
a
da
pta
b
l
e
m
od
u
l
a
r
st
ru
ct
u
r
e
su
it
ed
f
o
r
d
i
ffe
ren
t
p
o
w
er
a
nd
vol
t
a
g
e
l
e
v
el
s,
t
he
reb
y
pe
r
m
i
t
t
i
ng
t
h
e
shar
i
n
g
o
f
v
o
l
tage
b
o
o
s
t
i
n
g
be
t
w
ee
n
H
-
br
i
dge
c
e
l
l
s
;
(
ii)
a
n
ex
pa
nda
b
l
e
mult
ile
vel
w
a
vef
o
r
m
w
h
ich
can
b
e
e
x
te
nd
e
d
t
o
se
ver
a
l
vo
l
t
a
g
e
st
ep
s
b
a
s
e
d
on
th
e
nu
mb
e
r
o
f
c
e
l
l
s
u
se
d
.
T
he
i
n
c
re
as
ed
n
umb
e
r
o
f
vo
lta
g
e
l
e
v
els
e
q
u
a
lly
l
owe
r
t
he
T
H
D
;
it
al
so
b
ett
e
r-q
u
a
l
ity
o
utp
u
t
cu
rre
n
ts
a
nd
vo
l
t
a
ge
s
co
mp
are
d
to
th
e
t
r
ad
it
io
n
a
l
c
o
nv
e
r
t
e
rs [
10
,
11
].
C
on
seq
u
e
n
tly
,
the
o
u
t
put
f
il
t
e
r
d
e
m
a
nds
a
r
e
w
ea
ker
t
o
e
nsur
e
agr
e
em
en
t
w
i
t
h
t
he
s
ta
n
d
ar
ds
f
or
g
r
i
d
har
m
on
i
c
s
[
1
2
]
.
The
CHB
c
i
rc
u
i
t
t
o
po
l
o
g
y
a
lso
a
l
l
o
ws
s
epa
r
ate
c
o
n
t
ro
l
o
f
eac
h
DC
l
i
n
k
s’
v
o
lta
ge
t
o
e
n
sur
e
a
n
im
pr
o
v
e
d
M
P
P
T
qua
lit
y
w
h
i
c
h
ma
ximize
s
P
V
pow
er
e
xt
r
act
i
on
a
nd
en
ha
n
c
es
t
he
e
f
f
i
c
i
enc
y
o
f
the
sys
t
em
[
13,
14]
.
T
h
i
s
p
a
p
e
r
p
ro
j
e
c
t
ed
a
n
ew
c
as
ca
d
e
d
ML
I
t
opo
log
y
fo
r
i
n
c
r
ea
si
ng
t
he
numbe
r
of
o
u
t
p
u
t
vo
l
t
a
g
e
leve
ls
a
n
d
r
ed
uci
n
g
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
dr
ive
r
c
i
r
c
u
its,
pow
er
s
witc
h
es,
and
t
h
e
over
a
l
l
i
nver
t
e
r
c
ost.
I
t
sho
u
l
d
b
e
obs
er
ved
t
h
at
t
he
p
r
o
p
o
se
d
to
po
l
o
g
y
u
ti
l
i
zed
uni
dir
e
c
tio
na
l
po
w
er
s
w
i
tch
e
s
an
d
has
be
e
n
c
om
par
e
d
t
o
o
t
h
e
r
to
p
o
l
o
g
i
e
s
f
r
o
m
dif
f
e
r
e
n
t
p
e
r
spe
c
t
i
ve
s,
i
nc
lud
i
ng
t
h
e
n
u
mbe
r
o
f
I
G
B
Ts,
D
C
v
ol
t
a
ge
s
o
u
r
ces,
dif
f
e
r
en
c
e
s
i
n
the
va
l
u
e
s
o
f
t
h
e
D
C
v
o
l
tage
s
our
c
e
s,
a
s
w
e
l
l
a
s
b
l
oc
k
i
ng
v
ol
t
a
ge
v
a
l
ue
f
o
r
e
ach
s
w
i
tc
h.
L
ast
l
y,
t
he
p
r
o
pos
ed
to
p
o
l
o
g
y
w
as
e
val
u
a
t
e
d
f
or
p
er
f
o
r
m
ance
i
n
ge
ne
r
a
ti
n
g
a
l
l
v
o
l
tag
e
l
e
v
e
l
s
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
a
7
-
l
e
v
e
l
i
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
.
T
h
e
pe
r
f
or
m
a
nc
e
w
a
s
ve
r
i
f
i
ed
t
hr
o
ugh
si
m
u
la
ti
o
n
u
sing
a
P
S
I
M sof
t
w
a
re.
Th
is
w
or
k
pr
e
s
en
ts
t
he
o
p
e
r
a
tio
n
of
a
s
i
n
gl
e-
pha
se
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
c
onf
i
gur
a
t
i
o
n
w
i
t
h
o
u
t
a
tr
ans
f
or
me
r
or
a
D
C
-
D
C
b
o
o
s
t
st
a
g
e.
T
he
m
aj
or
d
r
a
w
b
ac
k
is
t
he
n
e
cess
i
ty
t
o
ha
ve
a
h
i
g
h
e
r
t
ota
l
D
C
l
i
nk
v
o
l
t
a
ge
c
om
p
a
r
e
d
to
the pea
k
v
a
l
ue
o
f t
h
e
gr
id
v
ol
t
a
ge
s
o
a
s
to
f
e
ed
a
c
t
i
v
e
pow
e
r
f
r
o
m
the
P
V
p
ane
l
s i
n
to the
pow
e
r
g
r
i
d.
A
n
o
the
r
pr
oble
m
i
s
t
h
e
ne
ed
t
o
a
d
op
t
a
n
a
deq
u
a
t
e
m
u
l
t
i
l
e
v
e
l
m
odu
la
t
i
o
n
tec
hni
q
u
e.
2.
DESC
RIPT
ION OF THE
P
ROPO
S
E
D
7
-
LE
V
EL INVERTE
R
S
Y
S
T
E
M
F
i
gur
e
1
de
p
i
c
t
s
t
h
e de
gr
ee
s
o
f
t
h
e
s
o
u
r
c
es o
f
D
C
v
o
lta
ge
o
f
t
h
e
pr
o
j
ec
te
d s
e
ve
n-
leve
l
inve
r
t
er
w
hic
h
a
r
e
deter
m
ined
t
hu
s
[1
5]
:
V
1
=
V
dc
(1
)
V
2
=
2
V
dc
(2
)
f
o
c
u
s
i
n
g
o
n
(
1
)
,
(
2),
a
n
d
Ta
ble
I
,
t
he
p
r
o
j
e
cted
t
op
ol
o
g
y
ca
n
p
r
o
d
u
c
e
0
,
±
V
dc,
±
2
V
d
c,
a
n
d
±
3V
dc
a
t
t
h
e
ou
t
p
u
t
.
F
i
gur
e
1.
T
op
olo
g
y
o
f
t
h
e
casc
a
ded
H
-
br
id
g
e
M
LI
f
or
P
V
s
ys
tem
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
P
o
w
Elec
&
D
r
i
S
y
st
I
S
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
I
m
ple
m
en
ta
tio
n of
the
c
o
nve
n
ti
o
nal seve
n-
le
ve
l
sing
le
-
p
h
a
se
sym
m
etri
c
a
l
…
(
H
assa
n Sal
m
an H
a
m
a
d)
17
1
Ta
b
l
e
1.
O
utp
u
t
v
o
lta
ge
s
of
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
se
d
se
v
e
n-
le
vel
in
ve
r
t
er
s
No
.
S
1
S
2
S
11
S
22
S
a
S
b
v
o
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
V
1
2
1
0
0
1
1
0
V
2
3
1
0
1
0
0
1
V
1
-
V
2
4
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
5
0
1
1
0
1
0
-
V
1
6
0
1
1
0
0
1
-
V
2
7
0
1
0
1
1
0
-(
V
1
-V2
)
The
c
o
nf
i
gur
at
io
n
o
f
t
he
c
as
ca
ded
MLI
is
m
ade
u
p
o
f
n
H
-
br
id
ge
c
o
nve
r
t
er
s
w
h
i
c
h
ar
e
ser
i
a
l
l
y
c
o
n
n
ec
ted
as
d
epic
te
d
in
F
i
gur
e
2.
A
s
h
o
rt
s
tri
n
g
of
P
V
p
a
ne
ls
fe
e
d
s
ea
ch
D
C
li
nk
r
a
t
her
t
h
an
a
D
C
su
p
p
ly
[
1
6
,
17]
.
The
4
sw
itche
s
i
n
eac
h
H
-
br
id
ge
c
an
b
e
com
b
i
n
ed
i
n
d
i
ffe
rent
w
ay
s
to
g
en
era
t
e
t
h
e
fo
llo
win
g
t
h
ree
o
u
tp
ut
vol
t
a
g
e
l
e
v
e
l
s:
–
V
C
,
0
,
o
r
+
V
c
.
A
ca
sc
ade
d
M
LI
w
it
h
n
in
p
u
t
sour
ce
s
ca
n
of
fe
r
2n
+1
l
e
v
el
t
o
g
en
era
t
e
the
A
C
o
u
t
pu
t
w
a
vef
o
r
m
.
Wi
t
h
t
his
(
2
n
+
1)
-
l
evel vo
ltage
w
a
v
ef
or
m
,
the
har
m
onics
i
n
t
h
e
gene
r
a
te
d
cur
r
e
nt
i
s
r
e
duce
d
,
t
he
r
e
by
min
i
miz
i
ng
the
o
u
t
p
u
t
f
i
lte
r
s
.
The
c
a
s
ca
de
d
MLI
,
a
s
s
how
n
in
F
i
gur
e
2
is
c
o
nnec
t
e
d
t
o
the
gr
id
u
si
ng
a
n
L
f
i
l
t
e
r
t
o
e
n
s
u
r
e
a
r
e
duc
ti
o
n
i
n
th
e
sw
it
c
h
ing
ha
r
m
onics
[
18]
.
A
loc
a
l
loa
d
i
s
also
p
a
r
a
lle
l
c
o
n
n
ec
ted.
T
he
d
e
l
i
v
er
y
o
f
t
he
P
V
pow
e
r
t
o
the
gr
id
i
s
depe
n
d
en
t
on
t
he
c
o
n
d
it
i
ons
o
f
the
sys
t
em
oper
a
ti
on
.
The
CH
B
m
u
lti
le
ve
l
co
nver
t
e
r
i
s
us
ual
l
y
m
ade
up
of
a
num
ber
o
f
ser
i
a
l
l
y
c
on
nec
t
ed
N
H
-
b
r
i
d
g
e
c
e
ll
s.
T
hi
s
c
i
rc
uit
to
po
l
o
g
y
i
s
impor
tan
t
f
or
e
it
her
stri
n
g
o
r
m
odu
le
f
e
d
t
o
the
gr
i
d
.
The
il
l
u
str
a
ti
on
of
a
s
i
n
g
l
e
p
h
a
s
e
2
N
+
1
l
e
v
e
l
s
C
H
B
i
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
o
f
P
V
A
C
m
o
d
u
l
e
f
e
d
t
o
t
h
e
g
r
i
d
is
d
e
p
ic
te
d
i
n
F
ig
ur
e
2
[1
9].
Eac
h
o
f
the
P
V
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
o
r
s
i
s
d
i
r
e
c
t
l
y
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
e
d
t
o
a
n
H
b
r
i
d
g
e
i
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
w
h
o
s
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
s
(
v
Hi
)
are
seria
l
ly
c
on
n
e
ct
ed
t
o
th
e
gr
id
t
o
g
e
ner
a
te
t
he
e
x
p
ec
t
e
d
A
C
o
u
t
p
u
t
w
a
vef
o
r
m
.
Each
H
b
r
i
d
g
e
c
a
n
g
en
e
r
a
t
e
t
h
re
e
v
o
lt
a
g
e
l
e
v
e
ls
a
s
pr
esen
ted
in
T
able
I
b
a
s
ed
o
n
t
h
e
di
ver
s
e
m
odes
of
t
he
s
w
i
t
c
hi
n
g
de
v
i
ces.
F
i
gur
e
2.
T
he
t
op
o
l
og
y
of
t
he
g
r
i
d-
c
onne
c
t
e
d
s
ystem
3.
CH-B MO
D
U
L
ATION S
T
RATEG
Y
The
m
o
dula
t
i
o
n
st
r
a
teg
y
p
r
o
p
o
se
d
i
n
t
h
i
s
s
t
u
dy
i
s
a
c
om
bi
n
a
ti
on
o
f
t
h
e
s
t
a
i
rca
s
e
an
d
u
n
i
pola
r
P
WM
w
h
e
r
e
ea
ch
C
H
B
c
onve
r
t
er
s’
c
e
l
l
can
b
e
in
a
n
y
o
f
t
h
e
f
o
l
l
ow
i
ng
4
s
t
a
t
es
p
r
e
se
nte
d
i
n
Tab
l
e
I
I
.
T
he
c
e
l
l
is
by
pa
sse
d
i
n
th
e
fir
s
t s
t
a
t
e,
bu
t
i
nser
t
e
d i
n
t
h
e
s
econ
d
a
nd
t
h
i
r
d
s
ta
ges s
u
c
h
t
ha
t i
t
s
o
u
t
put
v
o
l
ta
ge
i
s
+
v
pvi
,
and
-
v
pvi
r
e
s
pe
ctiv
el
y
[2
0,
21]
.
The
t
e
ch
n
i
q
u
e
pr
o
pose
d
i
n
t
h
is
s
tu
dy
i
s
b
a
s
ic
all
y
b
ase
d
o
n
t
h
e
par
tit
i
oni
n
g
o
f
t
h
e
gr
id
v
ol
ta
ge
i
n
t
o
di
ff
er
e
n
t
N
r
e
gio
n
s.
N
ote
tha
t
t
he
l
ow
e
s
t
nu
m
b
er
o
f
c
e
lls
r
equ
i
r
e
d
to
c
r
e
a
t
e
t
h
e
mu
lt
il
e
v
e
l
w
a
v
efo
r
m
mu
st
a
t
lea
s
t
be
e
qu
i
v
a
l
en
t
t
o
t
he
a
d
j
o
i
n
i
ng
i
n
t
e
ger
,
b
u
t
m
or
e
t
h
a
n
t
he
v
̂
g
r
id
/
vp
v_
min
,
inste
a
d,
t
he
o
per
a
ti
on
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
s
i
d
er
ed
i
n
t
h
e
m
o
d
u
l
a
t
i
on
li
near
r
egi
o
n
w
i
t
h
t
he
i
n
t
e
n
t
of
d
ef
in
i
ng
ea
c
h
c
e
lls’
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
D
C
l
i
nk
vo
l
t
a
g
e
a
ppr
opr
ia
te
f
or
t
hi
s
pur
p
o
se
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
: 208
8-
869
4
I
nt
J
P
ow
Elec
& Dr
i
S
y
st V
ol.
11,
N
o.
1
, Ma
r
202
0
:
16
9 –
177
17
2
3.1.
Bas
i
c
p
rinci
p
les of
operation
The
CMI
is
a
s
e
r
ies
of
c
o
n
v
e
n
tio
na
l
2-le
ve
l
br
id
ge
s
w
i
t
h
s
er
ia
l
ly
c
on
n
ect
ed
A
C
t
e
rmi
n
al
s
to
gene
ra
te
t
he
o
u
t
p
u
t
w
a
vef
o
r
m
s.
T
he
pow
e
r
c
irc
u
it
f
or
t
he
p
r
o
po
s
e
d
s
ev
e
n
-l
ev
e
l
i
n
v
e
rt
er
w
i
t
h
3
c
as
cade
d
c
e
l
l
s
is
d
e
p
i
c
te
d
in
F
igure
3(
a).
S
e
ve
ral
i
nde
pe
nd
e
n
t
D
C
s
o
u
rce
s
a
re
n
e
ed
ed
i
n
th
e
CM
C
and
t
h
e
y
c
an
b
e
sou
r
c
e
d
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
f
ro
m
b
a
tt
e
r
i
e
s,
s
o
l
ar
c
el
ls
o
r
fu
el
c
el
l
s
[
22
].
E
ach
c
on
v
e
rt
e
r
l
ev
el
c
an
p
rod
u
ce
3
d
i
ff
e
r
e
n
t
vo
lt
age
ou
tpu
t
(
+V
d
C
,
0,
-
V
d
)
throu
g
h
t
he
c
om
bina
tio
n
of
t
he
4
s
w
i
tc
he
s
o
f
e
a
c
h
c
e
l
l
i
n
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
m
a
n
n
e
r
s
.
T
h
e
s
u
m
of
a
l
l
t
he
i
n
v
e
r
ter
o
u
t
p
uts
g
i
v
e
s
t
h
e
A
C
o
u
t
p
u
t.
T
he
num
be
r
of
o
u
tp
ut
-
pha
se
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
l
e
v
e
l
s
i
s
d
efin
e
d
a
s
n
=
2N
+1,
w
h
er
e
N
re
prese
n
t
s
t
he
n
um
ber
o
f
D
C
so
ur
ces.
For
e
x
am
pl
e
,
i
n
F
i
gure
3
(a)
,
t
he
o
ut
p
u
t
ran
g
e
r
ange
s
from
-
2V
d
to
+
2V
d
w
i
th
5
l
evel
s.
T
he
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
ed
i
n
v
erter
fu
nc
ti
o
n
e
d
th
ro
ugh
6
m
od
e
s
f
o
r
e
a
c
h
fu
nd
ame
n
t
a
l
fre
que
nc
y
cyc
l
e.
F
i
gur
e
3(
b)
d
ep
ict
s
t
he
p
er
unit
o
u
t
p
u
t
-vo
lta
g
e
s
i
gna
l
per
cyc
l
e
w
h
ile
t
h
e
6
m
od
es
a
r
e
descr
i
be
d t
h
us
:
Mode 1
:
0
<
ω
t <
θ
1 an
d
θ
4
<
ω
t <
π
;
Mo
de 2
:
θ
1
<
ω
t <
θ
2
an
d
θ
3
<
ω
t <
θ
4;
Mo
de 3
:
θ
2
<
ω
t <
θ
3;
Mo
de 4
:
π
<
ω
t <
θ
5 an
d
θ
8
<
ω
t <
2
π
;
Mo
de 5
:
θ
5
<
ω
t <
θ
6 a
n
d
θ
7
<
ω
t <
θ
8;
Mo
de 6
:
θ
6
<
ω
t <
θ
7
.
3.2.
Co
nt
ro
l
sch
e
me (
C
S
)
The
CS
for t
he
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
of a si
ng
le H
-bri
d
g
e i
n
ve
r
t
er is base
d
o
n t
h
e
c
l
a
s
s
i
ca
l
sc
he
me
. From
F
ig
ure 4,
D
C
i
n
p
u
t
v
o
l
t
a
ge i
s the
s
ourc
e
o
f
D
C
p
ow
er
d
e
v
ice
s
;
t
h
e
m
u
l
t
i
le
ve
l
i
nvert
e
r
(
7-leve
l)
c
ha
nge
s
the
D
C
v
ol
ta
g
e
to
A
C
v
o
l
tage
w
hi
l
e
t
he gat
i
ng s
i
gna
l co
n
t
ro
l
s
y
s
t
em
g
e
n
er
a
t
e
s
t
h
e p
u
l
s
e
t
h
at
c
ontr
o
ls th
e
s
w
i
tch
i
ng pat
t
ern o
f
the H
-
brid
ge MO
S
F
ET
sw
i
t
c
h
es [23,
24]
.
(a)
(b)
F
i
g
u
r
e
3
. 7-
l
evel output volt
a
ge (
V
ab
) Casc
ad
ed
M
LI
w
it
h (a)
se
para
te D
C sour
ces,
(b)
and
sw
i
t
c
h
i
ng
a
ngl
es
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
P
o
w
Elec
&
D
r
i
S
y
st
I
S
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
I
m
ple
m
en
ta
tio
n of
the
c
o
nve
n
ti
o
nal seve
n-
le
ve
l
sing
le
-
p
h
a
se
sym
m
etri
c
a
l
…
(
H
assa
n Sal
m
an H
a
m
a
d)
17
3
Fi
g
u
re
4
. M
ul
ti
-u
s
e
r Di
st
ri
bute
d
M
as
siv
e
M
IM
O t
r
an
s
cei
v
e
r
mo
d
e
l
system
T
h
e
P
I
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
i
s
u
s
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
C
S
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
e
d
c
a
s
c
a
d
e
H
-
bri
dge
M
LI.
T
h
is
P
I
c
o
n
t
r
o
ller
is
po
p
u
lar
ow
i
ng
to
i
t
s
s
i
m
p
l
e
fr
a
m
e
w
or
k
and
ease
of
u
se
f
or
i
n
d
u
s
t
r
i
a
l
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
a
p
pl
ica
t
io
ns.
F
i
gur
e
5
show
s
t
h
e
co
nt
r
o
l
ci
rcui
t
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
ed
s
y
s
t
e
m
wh
il
e
th
e
gov
e
r
ni
ng
f
o
r
t
he
c
o
n
tr
ol
a
ct
i
o
n
law
of
a
P
I
c
o
n
t
r
o
lle
r
is
r
e
pr
e
s
e
n
te
d
[
25,
26]
.
F
i
gur
e
5.
T
he
c
on
tr
o
l
c
ir
cu
i
t
o
f
the
P
I
c
ontr
o
l
l
er
4.
DESIGN
S
I
M
ULATIO
N,
A
N
A
L
Y
S
I
S
&
R
E
S
U
L
T
S
Th
is
s
ec
t
i
o
n
i
l
l
u
s
tr
ate
d
t
he
s
im
ula
t
ion
of
t
he
casc
a
d
ed
H
-
B
r
i
d
g
e
M
L
I
circu
i
t
u
s
i
n
g
PSI
M
.
The
ass
o
c
i
at
ed
f
ig
ures
i
l
l
u
s
t
r
a
t
ed
f
o
r
a
l
l
l
e
v
e
l
s
t
h
e
s
i
m
ul
at
ed
o
u
t
p
u
t
vo
l
t
a
g
e,
t
r
i
gger
sw
itc
hi
ng
pu
lses,
TH
D
,
a
nd
c
u
rre
nt
a
na
lys
i
s,
a
s
well
as
t
h
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
v
ol
ta
g
e
w
ith
e
qua
l
st
e
p
w
a
v
ef
or
m
for
the
pr
op
ose
d
t
ec
h
n
i
que.
P
S
I
M
i
s
a
m
ong
the
c
u
r
r
e
ntly
a
vai
l
a
b
l
e
a
nd
fa
st
s
yst
e
m-
le
vel
s
i
m
u
la
t
o
r
s
,
m
e
a
ni
ng
t
ha
t
the
h
y
p
o
t
heses
ca
n
be
t
est
e
d
e
a
si
l
y
a
nd
e
a
r
l
y
to
e
nsur
e
a
r
a
pid
tr
a
n
si
t
i
on
f
r
o
m
de
si
gn
t
o
im
p
l
em
en
tat
i
o
n
.
The
P
S
I
M
c
an
s
i
m
u
l
ate
c
o
m
p
lex
pow
e
r
c
o
nve
r
t
er
a
nd
co
n
t
r
o
l
syste
m
s
w
i
th
i
n
a
s
h
o
r
t
p
er
i
od.
T
he
P
S
IM
w
a
s
u
se
d
t
o
v
al
ida
t
e
t
h
e
wor
k
in
g
pr
inc
i
p
l
e
o
f
t
he
s
i
n
gle-
pha
se
C
H
B
-
M
LI
a
s
dep
i
c
t
ed
i
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
6
.
Th
e
com
p
l
e
te
l
ist
of
t
he
s
im
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
pa
r
a
m
e
ter
s
f
or
t
he
s
u
gge
ste
d
s
in
g
l
e
-
p
h
ase
C
H
B-
MLI
i
s
p
r
e
sente
d
in
T
a
b
le
I
I.
A
t
first,
w
e
set
V
dc
1
=
V
dc2
=
10
0
V
to
e
v
a
lua
t
e
t
h
e
a
ttri
b
u
t
es
o
f
t
h
e
s
u
g
g
es
te
d
i
nver
t
e
r
.
Fig
ur
e
6
de
mon
s
tr
a
t
e
s
t
he
o
ut
c
o
me
o
f
the
si
mu
l
a
t
i
o
n
p
r
oc
ess
f
o
r
t
h
e
CHB
-
M
L
I
up
on
b
al
a
n
ci
ng
2
m
o
dul
es.
T
h
e
D
C
-
l
in
k
vo
l
t
age
of
t
he
2
M
LI
m
odu
les
i
s
b
al
a
n
c
e
d
by
c
o
n
t
r
oll
i
n
g
t
h
e
shoo
t
-
th
r
oug
h
du
ty
c
y
c
l
e
.
The
ou
tp
ut
phase
v
o
l
t
a
ge,
a
s
d
e
p
ic
t
e
d
i
n
F
i
g
ur
e
6,
i
s
2
2
0
Vrms
with
s
ev
en
-
l
ev
els. Fig
u
r
e
(7
-
a
&
b
)
sh
o
w
t
h
e
o
utput
c
u
r
r
en
t
an
d v
o
l
t
a
g
e,
w
hi
l
e
F
i
gur
e
8
e
x
p
l
a
i
n
t
h
e
12
P
W
M
si
gn
a
l
f
or
I
G
B
T.
F
igur
e
(
9
-
a
&
b
)
r
e
pr
ese
n
t
the
T
H
D
for
the
ou
tpu
t
v
olta
ge
s
ig
nal.
T
he
T
H
D
of
t
he
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
: 208
8-
869
4
I
nt
J
P
ow
Elec
& Dr
i
S
y
st V
ol.
11,
N
o.
1
, Ma
r
202
0
:
16
9 –
177
17
4
pha
se
vol
ta
ge
i
s
2.8
0
%
.
The
pe
ak
D
C-li
n
k
v
o
ltage
o
f
t
h
e
t
w
o
M
L
I
m
o
d
u
le
s
i
s
e
qu
iva
l
e
n
t
to
t
he
v
o
l
t
a
ge
o
f
the c
a
pa
c
i
tor
(20
0
V
).
T
he
7
-le
v
e
l sw
itc
h
i
ng
of
t
he
CH
B
M
LI is
illustrated in Ta
b
l
e
2.
Ta
bl
e
2
.
7
-Le
v
e
l
CHB
M
L
I swi
t
c
hi
ng
T
i
me
P
osi
tive
Hal
f
C
yc
l
e
N
e
g
a
tiv
e
H
a
lf C
ycle
Ou
tp
u
t
V
1
V1
+V2
V1
+V2
+
V3
V
1
V
1
+
V
2
V1
+
V
2
+
V3
Brid
g
e
A
S
a
1
Sa
4
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
B
r
idge
B
Sb
1
Sb
4
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
B
r
idge
C
S
c
1
Sc
4
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
B
r
idge
D
S
d
1
Sd
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
Inve
rsion
S
p
1
B
r
i
dge
S
p2
Sp
3
Sp
4
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
F
i
g
u
r
e
6
. S
imulat
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on o
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t
c
o
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s of the
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CH
B
un
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t
he
s
a
m
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tag
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c
ond
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t
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o
n
so
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r
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e
,
V
dc
1
=
V
dc
2
=
100 V
.
F
i
gure
7.
Curre
nt
o
u
t
p
u
t
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se
(a), V
oltage
o
utp
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se (
b)
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Int J
P
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IS
S
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:
2088-
86
94
Im
plem
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17
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l
ses
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ls
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tric
CH
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LI.
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i
gur
e 9.
(a
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A
nal
y
sis
of F
F
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dge
M
LI
F
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9.
(
b) Anal
y
s
i
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o
f
F
F
T
CH
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
: 208
8-
869
4
I
nt
J
P
ow
Elec
& Dr
i
S
y
st V
ol.
11,
N
o.
1
, Ma
r
202
0
:
16
9 –
177
17
6
5.
CONCL
U
S
ION
The
s
i
ng
l
e
-p
ha
se ca
s
cade
d
H
-br
i
dge
i
nver
t
er
w
a
s
di
s
cus
s
ed
in
th
is pa
p
er
w
i
t
h respec
t to
i
ts o
per
a
t
i
n
g
pri
n
ci
p
l
es
a
nd
pe
rfor
ma
n
c
e
a
n
al
ys
i
s
.
Th
is
s
t
r
uc
tur
e
o
f
the
mult
i
l
e
v
el
i
nve
rter
a
nd
i
t
s
fu
n
d
am
enta
l
pr
inc
i
p
l
e
s
w
e
r
e
a
nalyze
d.
F
urthe
r
mor
e
,
the
ba
sic top
o
l
o
gy
f
o
r
MLIs
w
as
p
ro
po
sed fo
r
t
h
e
ge
nera
t
i
o
n
o
f
7-
vol
ta
ge
l
eve
l
s
a
t
t
h
e
out
put
.
An
y
nu
mb
e
r
o
f
out
pu
t
l
e
v
e
l
s
c
a
n
b
e
d
e
v
e
lo
pe
d
f
r
o
m
the
ba
si
c
t
o
p
o
l
og
ie
s.
T
he
M
LI
s
guar
a
ntee
s
low
e
r TH
D
an
d
e
n
ha
nce
d
o
ut
pu
t
w
a
v
e
form
s. Meanw
h
i
l
e,
t
he sug
ge
s
t
ed
t
o
pol
ogy
c
on
si
st
s
o
f
a
h
igh
e
r
nu
mb
er
of
v
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n
g
D
C
vo
lta
ge
s
o
u
rc
e
s
c
ompa
red
t
o
t
he
o
thers.
T
he
p
r
o
p
o
se
d
to
p
o
l
o
gy
w
a
s
e
v
al
ua
te
d
in
t
e
r
ms
o
f
perform
ance
a
cc
urac
y
us
i
n
g
P
S
I
M
s
im
u
l
a
t
i
on.
T
he
P
WM
w
as
u
sed
fo
r
c
ontro
l
l
i
n
g
th
e
H
-
bridge
casc
a
de
d
MLI t
o
a
d
v
anc
e
t
h
e
perform
ance
in
ter
m
s o
f
r
educ
i
ng t
h
e T
HD. Si
n
c
e
t
h
e AC
out
put
v
ol
ta
g
e
o
f
th
e
i
n
v
e
rt
er i
s
hi
ghe
r t
h
a
n
t
he
source
D
C
i
n
p
u
t vo
l
t
age,
t
he pro
pose
d
to
p
o
l
og
y
is
s
u
ita
b
l
e for p
hot
ov
o
lta
i
c
,
FA
C
T
S
a
nd
U
PS
app
l
ica
t
i
o
ns.
REFE
RENCES
[1]
S
.
B
.
K
j
aer,
J.
K
.
P
e
d
e
rsen
,
and
F
.
B
l
a
ab
jerg
,
"A
r
ev
iew
o
f
s
i
n
gl
e-ph
ase
gri
d
c
on
nect
e
d
i
n
v
erte
rs
f
o
r
p
h
o
to
volt
a
ic
mo
du
le
s
,
"
IEE
E
T
r
an
s.
In
d
.
Ap
pl
.,
v
o
l
.
41
,
N
o
.
5,
pp.
1
2
9
2
-
130
6,
S
ep/
O
ct
200
5.
[2]
M
.
K
.
N
g
u
y
en and
T
. T.
Tran
,
"Quas
i
cascaded
H
-b
rid
g
e
f
i
ve-l
eve
l bo
ost
i
n
v
e
rter,
"
IEEE Tr
ans
.
Ind. Elect
i
o
n
.,
vol
.
64
,
N
o.
1
1
,
pp.
8525
-85
3
3
,
N
o
v
.
2
0
17.
[3]
Ali
A.
A
b
dulrazzaq
a
n
d
Adn
a
n
H.
A
li,
"P
erform
ance
Inv
e
st
ig
atio
n
o
f
Gri
d
C
on
nected
P
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
i
c
S
y
s
t
em
Mo
de
ll
in
g
Ba
se
d
on
M
A
T
L
A
B
Simu
la
tion
,"
Int
e
rn
ation
a
l
Jour
na
l of
El
ectrical
an
d Com
puter E
ngineer
in
g
(I
J
E
C
E
)
, v
ol
.
8
, No
.
6
,
p
p
.
48
4
7
-
4
85
4, 2
01
8.
[4]
B.
X
i
a
o,
L
.
Hang,
J
.
M
e
i,
C
.
Riley
,
L
.
M.
T
ol
be
rt,
an
d
B.
O
zp
i
n
eci,
"Modul
ar
C
ascaded
H
-Bridge
Multilevel
P
V
Inv
e
rter
w
it
h
Dis
t
ri
bu
ted
M
P
P
T
f
o
r
Gri
d
-Co
n
n
e
ct
ed
A
pp
li
cati
o
n
s
,
"
i
n
IEE
E
T
r
ansact
ions
on Industry App
licat
i
ons
,
vo
l.
51,
N
o
.
2
,
pp.
1
72
2-1
731
,
Mar-Ap
r
2
0
1
5
.
[5]
Ali
A
.
A
b
dulrazzaq
a
n
d
A
d
n
an
H
.
Ali,
"
E
ffici
en
cy
P
erf
o
rman
ces
o
f
Two
MPPT
Al
gor
i
t
h
ms
f
or
P
V
Sys
t
em
w
i
t
h
Diff
er
ent
So
lar
Panels
Irradi
ances
,"
I
n
te
r
n
at
io
na
l J
o
ur
na
l o
f
Po
w
e
r
E
l
e
c
tr
on
ic
s
a
n
d
D
r
i
v
e
S
y
s
t
e
m
(I
J
P
E
D
S
)
,
vol.
9,
No
.
4
,
pp.
1
75
5-17
64
,
D
ec
2
0
18.
[6]
Ali,
A
.
H
a
nd
Abd
u
l
-
W
a
h
i
d
,
S
.N,
"
A
nal
y
sis
o
f
s
elf
-
ho
m
ody
ne
a
n
d
d
elay
ed
s
elf
-
het
e
rod
yne
d
ete
c
t
i
on
s
fo
r
tu
nab
l
e
laser source line
w
id
th
m
easu
r
em
en
ts
,"
IOSR J.
E
n
g
, vo
l
.
2,
n
o.
10
,
p
p
. 1
-6,
20
12
.
[7]
S
.
M
ekh
i
l
e
f
an
d
M
.
N
.
K
a
dir,
"
Voltag
e
c
on
tro
l
o
f
th
ree-stag
e
hy
bri
d
m
u
l
til
evel
i
n
v
erter
us
i
n
g
vect
o
r
trans
f
ormation
,
"
IEEE T
r
ans
.
Powe
r Electron
.,
vol
.
2
5
,
N
o
.
10
,
p
p
.
2
59
9-26
06
,
Oct
2
0
1
0
.
[8]
M
o
h
a
nnad
J
.
M
nati
,
Ad
nan
H
.
A
li
,
Dim
itar
V.
B
ozal
ako
v
,
S
h
ah
ad
A
l
-
you
sif,
a
nd
Al
ex
V
an
d
e
n
B
os
sche,
"Des
ign
and
Im
pl
em
enta
t
i
o
n
o
f
a
Ga
t
e
D
ri
ver
Circuit
for
Three-P
h
ase
G
r
i
d
Ti
de
P
hoto
v
ol
ta
i
c
I
nv
erter
App
l
i
cati
o
n
,
"
7th
In
te
rn
at
io
na
l Co
nfe
r
e
n
c
e
o
n
Re
n
e
wa
ble
En
e
r
gy
Re
se
a
r
c
h
an
d
A
p
p
l
ic
a
tion
s
(IC
R
ER
A)
, 1
4-1
7
O
ct, Par
is,
20
18
.
[9]
E.
V
il
lan
u
ev
a,
P
.
Co
rrea,
J
.
Ro
dri
guez,
a
nd
M
.
P
acas,
"
C
o
n
tro
l
of
a
S
ing
l
e-P
h
as
e
Cascaded
H
-B
ridge
Multilevel
Inv
e
rter
f
or
G
ri
d
-
C
o
n
n
e
ct
ed
P
h
o
to
vo
lt
aic
S
y
stems,
"
i
n
IEE
E
T
r
a
n
s
a
ct
io
n
s
o
n
In
d
u
s
t
rial
E
l
ectr
o
n
i
cs
,
vo
l.
5
6(11
)
,
pp
.
4
399
-44
0
6
, No
v
200
9.
[10]
Hu
ss
e
i
n
A
M
an
d
A
d
n
a
n
H
A,
"
Eff
ect
o
f
s
o
m
e
s
ecu
ri
ty
m
ech
ani
s
m
s
on
t
he
Q
os
V
oIP
appl
ication
us
in
g
OP
NET",
In
te
rn
at
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
Cu
rre
n
t
En
g
i
n
e
e
r
ing
an
d Te
c
h
n
o
log
y
,
v
o
l.
3
,
N
o
.
5,
2
013.
[11]
M
.
C
op
pola,
F
.
Di
N
apo
li,
P
.
Guerri
e
r
o
,
D
.
Ian
n
uzzi,
S
.
D
alien
t
o
and
A
.
D
el
P
izzo
,
"
An
FP
G
A
-B
as
ed A
d
van
ced
Control
S
t
ra
t
e
gy of a Grid-Tied
PV CH
B
Invert
e
r,
" i
n
IE
EE
T
r
ansa
c
ti
ons o
n
P
o
wer
Elect
ro
ni
cs
,
vo
l.
3
1,
N
o
.
1
,
pp
.
8
06-8
1
6
,
J
an
2
01
6.
[12]
Adnan
H
.
A
li
,
S
i
mu
ltan
e
o
u
s
me
asure
m
e
n
ts
fo
r t
u
na
ble
lase
r so
u
r
c
e
line
w
id
th
wit
h
ho
mod
y
ne
de
te
c
t
io
n,
C
om
pute
r
and
Inf
o
rmatio
n S
c
i
e
nce,
201
1.
[13]
G.
G
randi,
C
.
R
ossi,
D
.
O
stoj
i
c
a
nd
D
.
Casadei,
"
A
New
Multile
v
el
C
onv
ersi
on
S
t
r
uctu
re
f
or
G
rid-Con
n
ect
ed
P
V
Ap
plicati
ons,
"
i
n
IEEE T
r
ansact
ions on Industrial Electroni
cs
,
v
o
l
.
5
6
,
No.
1
1
,
p
p.
4
41
6-4
426
,
N
ov
20
09
.
[14]
MJ
M
nati,
A
H
a
san,
AH
Ali,
a
nd
D
V
Boz
a
l
a
kov,
"Des
ign
and
Im
pl
em
entation
A
Smart
Mo
nitor
i
ng
a
nd
Co
ntro
ll
in
g
Sy
st
e
m
o
f
Th
re
e
-
Ph
a
s
e
Pho
t
ov
ol
ta
ic
I
nv
e
r
te
r
Ba
se
d
o
n
L
o
Ra,
"
IOP
Con
f
eren
ce Ser
i
es
: M
a
ter
i
al
s
Sci
e
nce a
n
d
En
g
i
n
eeri
n
g
51
8
,
(2nd
Int
e
rn
a
t
ion
a
l
Con
f
er
ence o
n
S
u
s
t
aina
bl
e
En
g
i
n
eer
ing
T
echn
i
q
u
es
20
19)
.
[15]
Ad
nan
H.
A
li
and
A
li
A
.
A
b
dulrazzaq
,"
E
v
a
luat
in
g
th
e
perf
o
r
manc
e
an
d
effi
cie
n
cy
o
f
M
P
P
T
alg
o
ri
thm
f
o
r
P
V
syst
e
m
s,"
In
te
rn
a
t
io
na
l
J
o
urna
l o
f
Eng
i
n
e
e
r
in
g &
Te
c
h
no
lo
gy
,
v
o
l
. 7
, No.
4
, p
p.
2
1
2
2
-
2
1
2
6
, 20
1
8.
[16]
Ahme
d
J.
A
b
i
d,
F
a
w
z
i
M
.
A
l
-Na
i
ma
,
a
n
d
Adn
a
n
H.
A
li
,
"
C
om
pre
h
e
n
s
iv
e
M
o
deli
n
g
o
f
P
hot
ov
o
l
ta
ic
A
rray
bas
e
d
o
n
Prot
eus So
ftw
a
re,"
In
te
rn
at
io
na
l J
o
urn
a
l
o
f
App
l
i
e
d
En
gine
e
r
in
g
Re
se
arc
h
, vo
l
. 1
3, No
. 6
, pp
.
4
44
0
-
44
47
,
2
0
1
8
.
[17]
Ihs
a
n
J.
H
asan
,
Nah
l
a
A.
S
a
lih,
and
Nadh
ir
I
.
A
b
du
lk
hal
e
q,
"
Th
re
e-p
h
as
e
pho
to
vo
lt
a
i
c
gri
d
i
n
v
ert
e
r
sys
t
em
d
esig
n
bas
e
d
on
P
IC24
F
J
2
56G
B11
0
f
o
r
d
i
s
tri
buted
g
enerati
o
n
,
"
In
tern
at
io
na
l
J
o
ur
na
l
of
P
o
wer El
ectron
i
cs an
d Dr
ive
Sys
t
em (
I
JPED
S
)
,
vol.
1
0
,
N
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
215
-12
22,
S
ep
201
9.
[18]
A
d
n
a
n
H
.
A
l
i
a
n
d
F
a
r
h
o
o
d
,
A
.
D
.
"
D
e
s
i
g
n
a
n
d
P
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
A
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
o
f
t
h
e
WD
M
S
c
hem
e
s
f
o
r
Rad
i
o
ov
er
F
iber
S
y
s
t
e
m
w
ith
D
i
ff
erent
F
i
b
e
r P
r
o
p
agati
o
n
Lo
ss
es
,"
Fi
be
rs
,
vol.
7,
N
o.
3
,
201
9
.
[19]
AJ
A
bi
d
an
d
AH
A
li,
"
S
m
art
mon
ito
rin
g
o
f
t
h
e
co
nsu
m
ption
o
f
h
om
e
electri
cal
e
nerg
y,"
I
n
te
r
nat
io
na
l J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Com
put
er Tr
ends a
n
d
Tech
no
logy,
vol.
47,
N
o
.
2
,
pp
.
1
42
-148,
2
0
1
7.
[20]
Hu
ss
a
i
n
M
.
B
as
si,
"A
M
od
u
l
a
t
i
on
S
c
hem
e
f
o
r
F
l
o
a
t
in
g
S
ource
M
u
l
t
il
evel
I
n
v
erter
To
po
logy
with
I
n
c
reas
ed
Nu
m
b
er
o
f
Output
L
evel
s
,
"
Int
e
rn
at
ion
a
l
Jou
r
na
l o
f
El
ectrical
and Com
p
u
t
er E
ngin
e
e
r
in
g
(
I
J
E
CE)
,
v
o
l
.
6,
N
o
5,
pp
.
1
985
-19
9
3
, Oct
2
0
16.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
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e
c
&
D
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yst
IS
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
Im
plem
e
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
of t
h
e
co
nve
n
t
i
o
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a
l
sev
e
n-
le
v
e
l si
ng
l
e
-p
h
a
s
e
sy
m
m
e
trica
l
… (
H
assa
n
Sa
lm
an
H
a
m
a
d)
17
7
[21]
Ad
nan
H
.
A
li,
A
li
N
.
A
b
b
as
,
an
d
M
.
H
.
Hassan,
"
P
erf
o
rm
an
ce
E
v
alu
ati
on
of
I
E
E
E802
.
1
1
g
W
L
A
Ns
Us
ing
OPNET
Mo
de
le
r,"
(A
J
E
R
)
,
v
o
l
. 02
, No
1
2
, p
p-0
9
-1
5
, 2
01
3.
[22]
Tila
M
uha
m
mad,
A
dnan
U
.
Khan2,
H
an
i
f
J
an
,
M.
Y
asir
Usman,
Junai
d
Jav
e
d,
a
nd
A
rsal
a
n
Asl
a
m
,
"
C
as
c
a
d
e
d
S
y
mm
etri
c
Mu
ltil
evel
I
n
v
erter
with
R
ed
uced
N
um
ber
o
f
C
ontro
ll
ed
S
w
i
t
c
h
e
s
,
"
I
n
te
rn
ation
a
l
J
o
urna
l of Pow
e
r
El
ectro
n
i
cs
a
n
d
Dr
ive S
y
s
t
em
(
I
JPEDS)
,
v
o
l.
8
,
No
.
2
,
pp
.
7
9
5
-
80
3
,
J
un
e
20
17.
[23]
Thiya
g
a
r
a
j
a
n
V
a
nd
S
om
a
s
u
n
d
a
ra
m
P,
"
A
Ne
w
Se
ve
n
Le
ve
l
Sy
mm
e
t
ric
al
I
nverter
w
i
t
h
Reduced
S
wi
tch
Co
unt,
"
Int
e
rna
t
i
o
n
a
l
Jo
u
r
n
a
l of Po
wer
E
l
ectr
onics an
d
D
r
i
ve System (
I
JPED
S
)
,
vol.
9
,
N
o.
2
,
p
p
.
92
1-925,
J
u
n
2
01
8.
[24]
M
.
M
.
K
a
r
e
e
m
,
M
.
I
s
m
a
i
l
,
N
.
A
r
s
a
d
,
M
.
F
.
M
a
n
s
o
r
,
a
n
d
A
d
n
a
n
.
H
.
A
l
i,
"
G
r
id
B
as
ed
C
lus
t
eri
n
g
T
echni
qu
e
in
Wi
reles
s
S
en
so
r
N
e
two
r
k
u
s
in
g
Hi
era
r
ch
ical
R
o
u
t
i
ng
P
r
oto
c
ol
,"
i
n
201
8 IEE
E
4t
h In
t
e
rna
t
i
onal
S
y
mpo
s
i
u
m
on
T
e
leco
mmu
ni
cati
on
T
echn
o
l
ogi
e
s
(
I
S
TT)
,
p
p
.
1-5,
2
0
18.
[25]
Ad
nan
H.
A
l
i
,
Hass
an
S
.
Ha
m
a
d,
A
li
A
.
A
bd
ulrazzaq
,
"An
ad
ap
tab
l
e
dif
f
e
rent
-lev
els
cascaded
h
-brid
g
e
i
n
v
e
rte
r
anal
ys
is
f
or
P
V
g
r
id-co
n
n
ected
s
yst
e
ms,"
Int
e
rna
t
i
o
n
a
l Jo
urn
a
l
of P
o
wer El
ectr
o
n
i
cs a
nd D
r
ive Sys
t
em
(
I
JPEDS)
,
vo
l.
10,
N
o
.
2
,
pp.
8
31
-84
1
,
J
un 20
19
.
[26]
K.
R
aman
i,
M
.A.
S
a
th
ik,
an
d
S
Si
v
a
ku
ma
r
,
"
A
N
e
w
Sy
mme
tric
M
ul
ti
le
ve
l
In
v
e
rte
r
T
op
olog
y
Usin
g
S
i
n
g
le
a
nd
Double Source S
u
b-Multilevel
In
verters,"
Jour
na
l o
f
Power El
ectroni
cs
, v
ol
. 15
,
N
o. 1,
p
p
.9
6-1
0
5
, 2
01
5
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.