Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of
P
ower E
le
ctr
on
i
cs a
n
d
Drive
S
ystem
s
(
IJ
PEDS
)
Vo
l.
12
,
No.
1
,
M
a
r 202
1
, p
p.
3
34
~
344
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8694
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ij
peds
.
v12.i
1
.
pp
3
34
-
344
334
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
pe
ds
.i
aescore.c
om
Activ
e dampi
ng m
ethod for v
oltage so
urce
inverter
-
based
distribut
ed gener
ator usin
g multiv
ar
i
able f
inite
-
co
ntr
ol
-
s
et
model
predi
ctive c
ontrol
Jonggrist
Jon
gu
d
omkarn
,
War
ayut
K
am
peera
w
at
Depa
rtment
o
f
E
le
c
tri
c
al
Engi
n
eering,
Khon
Kae
n
Univer
sity
,
Kho
n
Kae
n
,
Th
ai
l
an
d
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Oct
26
, 20
20
Re
vised
Jan
20
, 2021
Accepte
d
Fe
b 4, 2
021
Despite
i
ts
advanta
ges,
the
LC
L
fil
ter
c
an
significantly
distort
the
grid
cur
r
ent
and
constitute
a
subs
ta
ntiall
y
more
co
mpl
ex
cont
rol
issue
for
the
grid
-
conne
c
te
d
distributed
gene
r
at
or
s
(DG
s).
Th
is
pap
er
p
rese
nts
an
a
ctiv
e
dam
ping
appr
oa
ch
to
d
ea
l
with
the
LC
L
fil
t
er'
s
oscil
lation
for
t
he
f
ini
t
e
-
cont
rol
-
se
t
mod
el
pr
edicti
v
e
co
ntrol
(FCS
-
MP
C)
-
thre
e
-
ph
ase
vo
lt
ag
e
sourc
e
inve
rt
ers
(VS
Is)
-
base
d
DG
.
Th
e
n
ew
appr
oa
c
hes
use
th
e
m
ult
iva
r
ia
b
le
cont
rol
o
f
th
e
in
ver
te
r
side's
fi
lter
cur
r
ent
and
c
apa
c
it
or
vo
lt
ag
e
to
suppress
the
LC
L
fil
t
er
r
esona
nce
.
Th
e
p
roposed
me
thod
has
bee
n
te
st
ed
in
ste
ady
-
stat
e
and
und
er
grid
voltage
dist
urba
nce
s.
Th
e
c
ompa
ra
ti
ve
stud
y
was
al
so
conduc
t
ed
wi
th
t
he
exi
sting
vi
rtu
al
resista
n
ce
a
cti
ve
d
am
ping
appr
oac
hes
for
an
FC
S
-
MP
C
algorithm.
The
stu
dy
va
li
da
te
s
the
deve
lop
ed
c
ontr
ol
sch
em
es'
superior
per
for
ma
nc
e
and
show
s
it
s
abi
lity
t
o
el
i
mi
na
te
lower
-
orde
r
gr
i
d
cur
ren
t
har
monics a
nd
d
ec
r
ea
se
sensiti
vit
y
to
gri
d
voltage
distorti
on.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Acti
ve dam
ping
Distrib
uted p
ower
g
e
ner
at
io
ns
Power q
ualit
y
Pr
e
dicti
ve
co
nt
ro
l
Vo
lt
ag
e
s
ource
inv
e
rter
This
is an
open
acc
ess arti
cl
e
un
der
the
CC
BY
-
SA
l
ic
ense
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Jo
ng
gr
ist
J
ongudom
ka
rn
Dep
a
rtme
nt of
Ele
ct
rical
En
gi
neer
i
ng, F
ac
ulty
of Enginee
ri
ng, Kh
on
Kaen U
niv
e
rsity
123 M
oo
16 Mi
tt
rap
ha
p
R
d.
,
Nai
-
M
ua
ng, M
uang Dist
rict
, Kh
on
Kaen 4
0002,
T
haila
nd
Emai
l:
jongjo
@kk
u.
ac.t
h
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
The
i
nd
isc
rimi
nate
us
es
of
fossil
fu
el
s
to
s
uppl
y
t
he
i
nd
e
finite
de
man
d
of
the
world
'
s
e
nerg
y
have
le
d
to the r
a
pid dep
le
ti
on of th
ese non
-
re
ne
w
able res
ources.
Fu
rt
hermo
re,
t
he
ir e
xp
l
oitat
ion
is al
so
bel
ie
ve
d
to
be
t
he
le
adi
ng
cause
of
global
wa
rming
a
nd
c
li
mate
change
[
1]
.
On
e
possi
ble
s
olu
ti
on
for
this
pro
blem
li
es
in
us
in
g
re
new
a
bl
e
ene
rgy
sou
r
ces
(RE
S)
s
uc
h
a
s
wind
an
d
s
olar
powe
r.
T
his
is
evi
de
nced
by
the
gl
ob
al
capaci
ty of w
i
nd
t
urbines
a
nd so
la
r
cel
ls, whic
h
ar
e increa
sing
a
nnually
. H
owe
ver, unli
ke
c
on
ven
ti
ona
l powe
r
gen
e
rati
on,
RE
Ss
us
ually
re
quire
a
to
polo
gical
ly
po
wer
-
source
-
de
pe
nd
e
nt
powe
r
c
onve
rter
t
o
deliver
thei
r
powe
r
to
the
gr
i
d
[2
]
-
[
4].
S
uch
powe
r
-
c
on
ver
te
r
-
based
-
gen
e
rato
rs
ar
e
of
te
n
ope
rati
ng
in
par
al
le
l
with
the
util
it
y
distrib
ut
ion
sy
ste
m
ne
ar
the
loa
ds
.
Hen
ce
,
the
y
ar
e
com
monl
y
r
efer
red
to
as
"
distrib
uted
ge
ne
rator
(DG)
.
I
n
t
he
pa
st
year
s
,
the
f
init
e
con
t
ro
l
se
t
(F
C
S
-
M
PC
)
has
ceme
nte
d
it
s
place
as
a
n
app
eal
in
g
al
te
r
nativ
e
for
c
ontr
olli
ng
powe
r
c
onve
rters
,
tha
nks
t
o
it
s
ve
rsati
le
c
on
t
ro
l
sche
me
t
hat
ena
bles
easy
i
nclusi
on o
f
m
ul
ti
ple
con
t
ro
l
va
riabl
es
,
restrict
io
ns,
a
nd
nonlinea
riti
es
[
5
]
-
[
1
4
].
P
rev
i
ou
sl
y,
s
ever
al
co
ntr
ol
al
gorithm
s
bas
ed
on
F
C
S
-
M
PC
f
or
DG
s
'
a
ppli
cat
i
on
s
ha
ve
bee
n
pro
po
se
d
in
th
e
li
te
ratur
e;
for
instance,
a
F
C
S
-
M
PC
strat
eg
y
f
or
a
gr
i
d
-
c
onnecte
d
3L
-
NP
C
a
pp
ears
i
n
[
9
].
A
stu
dy
on
the
F
C
S
-
MPC
sc
heme
f
or
gr
id
-
co
nnect
ed
V
S
Is
was
cond
ucted
in
[
10
]
.
A
ddit
ion
al
ly,
oth
e
r
F
C
S
-
M
PC
-
base
d
m
et
hods
for
va
riou
s
power
co
nverter
s'
to
polo
gies
are
pro
po
se
d
i
n
[
11
]
-
[
15
].
C
oncl
us
ively
,
the
FCS
-
M
PC
s
cheme's
be
nefi
ts
are
presen
te
d
,
incl
ud
i
ng
simp
l
e
impleme
ntati
on
,
strai
ghtf
orw
ard
co
ntr
ol
la
w,
an
d
fast
dy
namic
res
ponse
.
T
he
c
onve
nt
ion
al
FCS
-
M
P
C
-
base
d
DG
s
ys
te
m,
howe
ve
r,
has
be
en
desig
ne
d
f
or
a
s
ys
te
m
w
it
h
simple
in
duct
ive
filt
ers
(
L
filt
ers
)
or
in
du
ct
ive
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Act
iv
e d
am
ping
meth
od for
v
oltag
e
s
ou
rce
invert
er
-
based
distri
bu
te
d gene
ra
t
o
r
…
(
J
onggrist
Jon
gudo
mka
r
n
)
335
capaci
ta
nce
filt
ers
(
L
C
filt
ers
),
e
.g.,
prese
nted
i
n
[1
3
]
-
[
14
].
O
n
t
he
oth
e
r
hand,
to
ac
hi
eve
si
nu
s
oid
al
gri
d
currents
with
low
dist
or
ti
ons,
an
LCL
filt
er
is
an
at
tract
ive
al
te
rn
at
ive
wi
th
relat
ively
lo
wer
cost
c
omp
ared
with
c
onve
nti
onal
LC
filt
ers
[
16
]
-
[
1
7
]
.
Ne
ve
rtheless,
t
he
t
hir
d
-
order
LC
L
filt
er
pos
es
a
substanti
al
ly
more
com
plica
te
d
con
t
ro
l
issue
a
s
har
m
onic
s
co
mpon
e
nts
cl
ose
to
the
res
on
a
nce’
s
fr
e
quenc
ie
s
may
be
ge
ner
at
e
d
by
t
he
s
witc
hin
g
ha
rm
on
ic
s.
More
ov
e
r,
t
he
aver
a
ge
s
wi
tc
hi
ng
freq
ue
nc
y
of
FCS
-
MPC
is
unfeasi
ble
to
pre
determi
ne
because
it
doe
s
no
t
de
pe
nd
on
l
y
on
the
s
amplin
g
f
requ
ency
a
nd
var
i
es
with
t
he
in
ver
te
r
s
op
e
rati
ng
poin
t
.
T
o
fu
lfil
l
th
e
gr
i
d
co
de
re
qu
i
reme
nts,
it
is
essenti
al
to
reduce
the
t
ota
l
har
m
onic
dis
tortio
n
(T
H
D)
unde
r
a
certai
n
thres
hold
.
T
he
refor
e
,
act
ive
dam
ping
(
AD)
met
hods
are
necessa
r
il
y
require
d
f
or
gri
d
-
connecte
d
D
G
ap
plica
ti
on
s
with
LCL
filt
ers.
Acc
ordin
g
to
the
li
te
ratu
r
e
[1
7
]
-
[
21
]
,
sc
ho
la
rs
hav
e
pr
opos
e
d
man
y
dam
ping
ap
proac
hes,
m
ai
nly
div
ide
d
i
nto
passi
ve
da
mp
in
g
a
nd
act
ive
dam
ping.
P
assive
dam
ping
is
no
t
a
prefe
rr
e
d
me
thod
as
it
ad
ds
ad
diti
on
al
l
oss
to
t
he
s
ys
te
m
an
d
has
l
ow
f
le
xib
il
it
y.
On
the
oth
e
r
hand,
extra
at
te
ntion
mu
st
b
e
paid
w
hile
intr
oducin
g
act
i
ve
dam
ping
m
e
thods
t
o
FCS
-
M
PC
a
ppli
cat
ion
s
,
as
s
uggest
ed
in
[1
7
]
-
[
1
9
]
,
beca
us
e
FCS
-
MPC
pro
du
ces
var
ia
ble
s
witc
hing
f
reque
ncies.
O
ne
of
the
prefe
rred
c
hoic
es
of
a
ct
ive
dam
ping
meth
od
s
f
or
FCS
-
M
PC
is
the
vi
rtual
re
sist
anc
e
(
VR)
m
et
ho
d.
This
sche
m
e
'
s
esse
nce
is
to
ad
d
par
al
le
l
virt
ual
impeda
nce
at
the
filt
er
cap
aci
tor
to
s
uppress
the
filt
er
resona
nce
.
T
he
adv
a
nta
ge
of
thi
s
scheme
is
th
e
high
dy
namic
respo
ns
e
of
t
he
po
wer
c
ontrol.
H
ow
e
ver,
it
util
iz
es
a
gr
i
d
-
fo
ll
owin
g
/
gr
i
d
-
injec
ti
n
g
str
at
egy
an
d
ca
n
only
op
e
rate
in
th
e
gr
i
d
-
c
onnect
ed
op
e
rati
on.
F
ur
t
her
m
ore,
w
hen
ha
rm
onic
s
disto
rt
the
gr
i
d
volt
ag
e
,
the
re
is
a
c
ha
nce
t
hat
t
ho
se
ha
rm
onic
s
will
be
une
ndin
gly
fe
d
bac
k
t
o
t
he
c
urre
nt
ref
e
ren
ce
thr
ough the
VR
cu
r
re
nt
le
adi
ng to
i
ncr
ease
d d
ist
ort
ion o
f
t
he
c
urren
t
wa
ve
forms
.
Re
centl
y,
sev
e
ral
act
ive
da
mp
in
g
s
olu
ti
ons
base
d
on
mu
lt
ivaria
ble
con
t
ro
l
f
or
gri
d
-
c
onnected
recti
fiers
hav
e
bee
n
pro
pose
d
[
22
]
-
[
24].
T
he
c
on
ce
pt
of
FCS
-
M
PC
-
bas
ed
m
ulti
var
ia
bl
e
con
tr
ol
ca
n
al
so
be
app
li
ed
to
gr
i
d
-
c
onnec
te
d
volt
age
s
ource
inv
e
rters
(VSI
s),
as
sug
geste
d
in
[
13
]
-
[
15
].
Ne
ver
thele
ss
,
in
the
ref
e
rr
e
d
works
,
the
pur
po
se
of
a
filt
er
c
urren
t
c
on
t
ro
l
i
nc
lusio
n
wa
s
to
ac
hieve
ove
rcurr
e
nt
pre
ve
ntion
.
M
ore
ov
e
r,
t
he
study
re
ga
rd
i
ng
the
act
ive
da
mp
in
g
a
bili
ty
of
t
he
m
ulti
va
riable
FCS
-
MPC
-
bas
ed
D
G
is
sti
l
l
mo
stl
y
unc
ov
e
red.
In
this
pa
per,
a
ne
w
fee
db
ac
k
ap
proac
h,
i
nclu
ding
m
ulti
var
ia
ble
co
ntr
ol
of
outp
ut
filt
er
'
s
vo
lt
age
a
nd
cu
rr
e
nt
ba
sed
on
FCS
-
M
PC,
are
presente
d
a
nd
com
pa
red
wit
h
the
well
-
known
vi
rtual
-
resi
sta
nce
act
ive
da
m
ping
meth
od.
The
pro
pose
d
A
D'
s
ap
proac
h
hel
ps
t
o
mainta
in
the
sin
usoidal
wa
ve
forms
of
the
inv
e
rter
'
s
si
de
filt
er
cu
rr
e
nt
a
nd
the
c
apacit
or
volt
age
t
hro
ugh
t
he
real
-
ti
me
co
ntr
ol
of
these
t
wo
va
ria
ble
s
in
-
co
ordinati
on
.
M
ea
ning,
unli
ke
t
he
VR
-
met
hod,
the
re
is
no
disto
rted
c
urren
t
re
fer
e
nce
feed
i
ng
back
t
o
t
he
sy
ste
m
du
rin
g
gr
i
d
distu
rb
a
nc
es.
He
nce,
the
pro
po
se
d
co
ntr
ol
is
m
or
e
r
ob
us
t
a
gainst
gr
i
d
volt
age
disto
rtion.
W
it
h
the
volt
a
ge
a
nd
cu
rr
e
nt
re
g
ulati
on
,
t
he
pro
posed
sc
heme
ca
n
al
s
o
operate
i
n
bo
t
h
gr
i
d
-
c
onnect
ed
a
nd
sta
nd
-
al
one
operati
on
s
.
Sim
ul
ta
neously
,
the
flexibili
ty
of
th
e
mu
lt
iva
riable
co
ntr
ol
al
lows
easy
i
nteg
rat
ion
of
the
propose
d
AD
sc
heme
w
it
h
dif
fer
e
nt
c
on
t
ro
l
al
gorith
ms.
This
is
ve
ry
be
ne
fici
al
f
or
D
G
ap
plica
ti
on
s,
wh
e
re
va
rio
us
conditi
ons
nee
d
to
be
ca
reful
ly
obser
ve
d
simult
ane
ously
t
hro
ughout
the
op
e
rati
on.
Th
e
pap
e
r
is
structu
red
as
fo
ll
ows:
I
n
Se
ct
ion
2,
the
s
yst
em
descr
i
ptio
n,
the
c
ontrol
pro
blems,
a
nd
the
crit
ic
al
aspe
ct
s
of
sy
st
em
m
od
el
i
ng
a
re
giv
e
n.
Con
se
quently
,
the
f
unda
men
ta
l
concept
of
act
ive
da
mp
i
ng
a
nd
the
propose
d
act
ive
da
mp
i
ng
met
hod
a
re
intr
oduce
d
i
n
the
same
s
ec
ti
on
.
To
va
li
date
the
the
or
et
ic
al
co
nce
pt,
the
com
par
at
ive
st
ud
ie
s
betwee
n
the
propose
d
sc
heme
a
nd
diff
e
re
nt
AD
methods
a
re
c
onduct
ed
a
nd
furthe
r
discusse
d i
n Se
ct
ion
3.
Finall
y,
Sect
io
n
4
pr
e
sents the
concl
us
io
n of t
his
w
ork
.
2.
RESEA
R
CH MET
HO
D
2.1.
Th
e
m
od
e
ll
ing of
fini
te
-
control
-
set m
odel
predicti
ve c
ontrol
of
volt
ag
e
s
ou
rce i
n
ve
rter
with
LCL
filter
As
it
s
na
me
i
mp
li
es,
MPC
r
el
ie
s
hea
vily
on
t
he
preci
sion
of
t
he
sy
ste
m
m
od
el
.
T
her
e
f
or
e
,
pro
per
sy
ste
m
modeli
ng
an
d
discret
iz
at
ion
are
the
crit
ic
al
el
ements
that
decide
the
c
on
t
ro
l
s
yst
em's
pe
rfo
rm
ance
.
Hen
ce
,
a
de
ta
il
ed
ex
plan
at
ion
of
s
ys
te
m
modeli
ng
is
p
r
ese
nted
in
t
his
s
ubsect
io
n
.
Fi
gur
e
1
s
hows
the
ci
rcu
it
config
ur
at
io
n
of
a
volt
age
s
ource
in
ver
te
r
(
VS
I
)
with
a
L
CL
out
put
filt
er.
The
cu
rr
e
nt
thr
ough
the
in
ver
te
r
-
side
filt
er
inducta
nce
1
and
t
he
co
rr
es
pondi
ng
filt
er
resist
ance
1
filt
er
cur
r
ent
is
represe
nted
with
=
[
,
,
]
.
T
he
cu
rr
e
nt
=
[
,
,
]
symb
olize
s
the
ou
t
pu
t
current
fle
w
thr
ough
t
he
gr
i
d
-
si
de
inducta
nce
.
A
dd
it
io
nally
,
th
e
volt
ages
=
[
,
,
]
an
d
=
[
,
,
]
descr
i
be
t
he
outp
ut
vo
lt
a
ge
measu
red
acr
oss
the
filt
er
ca
pacit
ance
a
nd
the
inter
nal
i
nverter
volt
age
,
res
pecti
vely
.
Finall
y
,
t
he
vo
lt
age
=
[
,
,
]
re
pr
ese
nts
th
e
gri
d
volt
ag
e.
F
or
a
balanced
th
ree
-
ph
ase
syst
em,
t
he
ze
ro
seq
ue
nce
com
pone
nts
ca
n
be
ne
glect
ed.
Hen
ce
,
al
l
ge
ne
ric
three
-
phas
e
var
ia
bles
are
conve
rted
in
t
o
-
f
rame
with
th
e
simpli
fied,
am
plit
ud
e
-
in
var
ia
nt
Cl
ark
e
tra
nsfo
rmati
on
.
T
hu
s,
t
he
m
odel
of
a
three
-
phase
inv
e
rter
with
a
LCL
filt
er
is
descr
i
bed
i
n
the
-
f
ra
me
with
t
he
c
apacit
or
dyna
mics
eq
uation
(
1
)
an
d
t
he
in
du
ct
a
nce
dyna
mics
equ
at
io
n (
2
).
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
1
,
Ma
rch
20
21
:
3
3
4
–
344
336
=
−
(
1
)
1
=
−
(
2
)
The
s
ys
te
m
m
odel
ba
sed
on
(1)
a
nd (2)
can
be re
wr
it
te
n
i
n
t
he
sta
te
-
s
pace
form wit
h
t
he (
3)
:
dx
dt
=
Ax
+
Bv
i
−
B
d
i
o
(3)
wh
e
re
=
[
,
,
,
,
]
,
=
[
0
0
0
0
−
1
1
0
0
−
1
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
]
,
=
[
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
]
a
nd
=
[
0
0
0
0
−
1
0
0
−
1
]
.
A
s
desc
ribe
d
by
[
8],
a
discret
e
-
ti
me
m
odel
of
t
he
s
ys
te
m
de
rive
d
from
(
3
)
for
a
sa
mp
li
ng
ti
me
can
be
e
xpresse
d
i
n (4).
(
+
1
)
=
(
)
+
(
)
+
(
)
(
4
)
wh
e
re
=
,
=
∫
0
an
d
=
∫
0
.
Fr
om
(
3
)
-
(
4
),
i
t
shows
that
t
he
f
utu
re
values
(
+
1
)
an
d
(
+
1
)
can
be
disco
ver
e
d
f
ollow
i
ng
po
s
sible
c
on
tr
ol
set
of
in
put
volt
age
(
)
.
Ne
ve
rtheless,
t
he
a
pp
li
cat
io
n
s
of
FCS
-
MPC
me
thod
s
[
9
]
-
[
12
]
conve
ntion
al
l
y
only
fo
c
us
on
t
he
co
ntr
ol
of
(
+
1
)
,
without
c
on
si
der
i
ng
t
he
re
gula
ti
on
of
(
+
1
)
.
Howe
ver
,
s
uc
h
con
t
ro
l
met
hods
are
vulne
ra
ble
to
the
filt
er
resona
nce
an
d
current
distor
t
ion
,
a
s
ex
plain
ed
in
the foll
owin
g
s
ect
ion
.
Figure
1.
The
powe
r
c
onfig
urat
ion
of a
gr
i
d
-
connecte
d t
hre
e
-
phase
VSI
w
it
h
an
LCL
filt
er
2.2.
C
on
tr
ol P
roblem:
filter
reson
an
c
e
The
main
ta
s
k
of
the
DG
is
to
co
ntr
ol
t
he
a
m
ount
of
act
ive
and
reacti
ve
po
wer
,
w
hich
is
f
eedin
g
i
nto
or
/a
nd
out of
the p
owe
r
gr
i
d
.
Fo
ll
owin
g
this
,
t
he
LCL
filt
er is
inclu
ded
in
the
s
ys
te
m
to
i
mpro
ve
t
he
qual
it
y
of
the
D
G
c
urren
t
that
is
pro
port
ion
al
to
t
hese
powe
rs
.
Howe
ver,
the
thi
rd
-
orde
r
s
ys
te
m
of
the
L
CL
filt
er
means
we need
to
c
on
sider
t
he prese
nce
of
the
res
onance
freq
ue
nc
y descri
bed by
the r
el
at
io
nship
(5)
:
=
1
2
√
1
1
(
5
)
As
mentio
ne
d
in
t
he
pr
e
vious
sect
i
on,
m
os
t
of
the
FC
S
-
M
PC
-
base
d
gr
i
d
-
c
onnecte
d
D
G
i
n
the
li
te
ratur
e
empl
oy
s
t
he
pre
dicti
ve
direct
cu
r
ren
t
co
ntr
ol
or
pr
e
dicti
ve
po
wer
c
on
t
ro
l
str
at
egies
[
9
]
-
[
11
]
an
d
on
l
y
(
)
is
directl
y
go
verne
d
.
T
o
mit
igate
res
onance
,
the
othe
r
sta
te
s
of
t
he
filt
er
,
su
c
h
as
(
)
and
(
)
needs
to
be
i
ndirect
ly
re
gu
la
te
d
th
rou
gh
th
e
co
ntr
ol
of
(
)
.
This
ca
n
be
re
al
iz
ed
,
as
s
hown
in
Fig
ure
2,
by
the
s
o
-
cal
le
d
vi
rtual
resist
anc
e
(
VR)
act
ive
dam
ping
meth
od
,
w
hich
has
be
en
dep
l
oy
e
d
i
n
the
FCS
-
M
PC
-
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Act
iv
e d
am
ping
meth
od for
v
oltag
e
s
ou
rce
invert
er
-
based
distri
bu
te
d gene
ra
t
o
r
…
(
J
onggrist
Jon
gudo
mka
r
n
)
337
base
d
gr
i
d
-
c
on
nected
V
SI
wit
h
s
om
e
s
ucces
s
[
1
9
]
-
[
21
].
H
o
we
v
e
r,
pro
ble
ms
m
i
gh
t
arise
as
s
oon
as
(
)
,
is
distor
te
d by ha
rm
on
ic
s,
whic
h
ca
nnot
be
el
i
minate
d b
y
t
he
VR
meth
od
.
Nev
e
rtheless
,
a
s
me
ntion
e
d
pr
evio
us
ly
,
the
r
eso
nan
ce
occ
ur
s
bet
ween
1
and
,
beca
us
e only
(
)
is
con
t
ro
ll
ed
dire
ct
ly,
wh
e
reas
two
ot
her
sta
te
s,
i.e.
,
(
)
a
nd
(
)
,
are
in
directl
y
co
ntr
olled
an
d
,
he
nce
,
strongl
y
reli
a
nt
on
filt
er
impe
dan
ce
s
.
T
her
e
fore,
if
we
can
c
ontr
ol,
(
)
and
(
)
,
di
rectl
y
an
d
simult
ane
ou
sl
y,
we
can
re
duc
e
the
le
vel
of
dep
e
ndenc
y
of
(
)
an
d
(
)
on
filt
er
im
ped
a
nces
.
With
th
e
pro
po
se
d
co
ntr
ol
sc
heme
,
we
achieve
this
by
util
iz
ing
the
F
CS
-
MPC
sc
he
me's
m
ulti
var
i
able
c
on
t
ro
l
of
both
vo
lt
age
a
nd
c
urre
nt
of
the
L
CL
-
filt
er
simult
a
neousl
y,
th
us
r
est
rainin
g
t
he
r
eso
nan
t
ene
rgy
osc
il
la
ti
on
between
the
induct
or
s
a
nd
t
he
cap
aci
tor
s
.
T
his
idea
was
s
uccess
fu
l
ly
ap
plied
to
t
he
gri
d
-
co
nnec
te
d
FCS
-
M
PC
-
base
d
AC/DC
c
onve
r
te
r
[
22
]
-
[
2
4
].
Lat
er
in
t
he
pa
per,
we
il
lustra
te
an
d
c
om
pa
r
e
tw
o
c
ontr
ol
methods
(t
he
VR
-
AD
and
the
m
ulti
va
riable
c
on
t
ro
l
AD
met
hods)
r
egardin
g
t
heir
abili
ti
es
to
sub
du
e
the
LCL
fi
lt
er's
res
onanc
e
.
T
he
descr
i
ption
of
each
of
the
c
ontr
ol
meth
od
s
i
nclu
des
sim
ulati
on
res
ults
car
ried
out
in
the
PSCA
D
en
vir
onme
nt
ar
e also
prese
nt
ed.
2
.
3
.
C
onvent
i
onal
v
ir
tual
r
es
istan
ce
a
c
tive
da
mpin
g
m
et
ho
d
Additi
on
al
resi
sta
nces
a
re
usu
al
ly
encl
os
e
d
within
the
sy
st
em
f
or
the
pr
e
ven
ti
on
of
res
onant
ef
fects
in
the
gr
i
d
-
si
de
curre
nt.
H
oweve
r,
a
ddin
g
resis
ti
ve
unit
s
to
the
filt
er
ge
ner
at
e
furthe
r
l
os
ses.
A
well
-
known
appr
oach
t
o
av
oid
the
se
losse
s
is
to
util
iz
e
a
VR
-
c
on
ce
pt.
This
meth
od
si
mu
la
te
s
a
da
m
ping
resist
a
nce
by
injec
ti
ng
a
virt
ua
l
in
ve
rter
-
si
de
resist
ive
cu
rrent
c
ompone
nt
[1
6
]
an
d
[1
9
]
-
[
21]
.
In
this
w
ork,
we
im
plemente
d
the
c
on
t
ro
l
sch
eme
with
t
he
VR
-
AD
met
hod
base
d
on
t
he
m
od
el
predict
ive
direct
pow
er
c
on
t
ro
l
with
A
D
abili
ty
pro
pose
d
in
[
16
].
Alth
ough
diff
e
re
nt
dam
ping
resis
ta
nce
reali
zat
ion
s
are
po
ssi
bl
e,
we
ch
os
e
only
t
o
insert
t
he
virtua
l
in p
a
rall
el
to
the
filt
er capac
it
ance
due
t
o
a
li
mit
ed
cal
c
ulati
on
bur
de
n.
This
is
reali
ze
d
by
injec
ti
ng
a
n
ad
diti
on
al
c
urren
t
ref
e
ren
ce
de
rived
from
t
he
c
apacit
or
volt
ag
e's ad
diti
on
al
fe
edb
ac
k
, a
s shown in
the
bl
ock
diag
ram
of
the
VR
-
A
D
a
ppr
oac
h
in
Fig
ure
2
(
a).
It
s
hould
be
reme
mb
e
re
d,
howe
ve
r,
t
hat
if
the
di
stortio
n
of
the
gr
id
volt
ag
e
is
induce
d
by
ha
rm
onic
s,
wh
ic
h
ca
nnot
be
el
imi
nated
by
t
he
VR
-
A
D,
th
os
e
harmo
nics
will
be
pe
r
petuall
y
fed
bac
k
to
t
he
current
ref
e
r
ence
res
ulti
ng
in
increa
sed
di
stortio
n
of
the
gr
i
d
-
side
c
urren
t
w
avefor
ms.
The
trans
fer
f
unct
ion
s
betwee
n
t
he
gr
i
d
a
nd
th
e
inv
e
rter
cu
rrents,
c
onside
ring
th
e
passive
dam
pi
ng
s
how
n
in
F
igure
2(
b)
a
nd2(c)
.
The
relat
ion
s
hip
bet
w
een
the
da
mp
i
ng
facto
r
a
nd
the
par
al
le
l
resist
or
can
be
f
ound
in
[
20
]
a
nd
is
giv
e
n
by
=
1
/
.
Th
e
determi
ning
proce
dure
of
is
well
explai
ne
d i
n
[
20
]
a
nd
th
us
will
b
e
omi
tt
ed fr
om
t
his
w
o
r
k.
(a)
(b)
(c)
Figure
2
.
(a
)
E
qu
i
valent circ
ui
t and
(
b)
c
ontr
ol d
ia
gr
a
m
of the
VR
-
AD met
hod f
or
t
he VS
I
wit
h
LCL
out
pu
t
filt
ers,
(
c
)
t
he FC
S
-
M
PC
dia
gr
a
m
with the
VR
-
AD meth
od
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
1
,
Ma
rch
20
21
:
3
3
4
–
344
338
2
.
4
.
Th
e pr
oposed
m
ulti
va
ri
ab
le
c
ontrol
ac
tive dam
ping
m
eth
od
The
pro
pose
d
FCS
-
M
PC
util
iz
es
a
m
ulti
ple
-
inputs
-
m
ulti
ple
-
outp
uts
(
M
I
MO)
s
ys
te
m
t
o
c
on
t
ro
l
both
(
)
and
(
)
simult
an
eousl
y
as
il
lust
rated
by
t
he
co
ntr
ol
diag
ram
i
n
Fig
ure
3.
T
he
mu
lt
ivaria
ble
con
t
ro
l
of
FCS
-
M
PC
is
c
arr
ie
d
out
with
the
same
ba
ndwi
dth
.
T
his
a
scertai
ns
that
the
re
gu
la
ti
on
of
(
)
ca
n
dam
p
en
the
disto
rtio
n
c
ause
d
by
the
ha
rm
on
ic
s
of
(
)
an
d
the
c
ontrol
of
(
)
can
re
du
ce
t
he
dist
urba
nce
cause
d
by
the
harmo
nics
of
(
)
.
T
his
a
ppr
oa
ch
is
f
unda
m
ental
ly
diff
e
re
nt
f
r
om
the
tra
diti
on
al
ca
scad
e
co
ntr
ol
with
ou
te
r
lo
op
volt
age
a
nd
in
ne
r
loop
c
urre
nt
c
on
t
ro
l
,
w
he
re
t
he
dyna
mic
re
sp
onse
of
the
i
nn
e
r
l
oop
has
to
be
su
bst
antia
ll
y
hi
gh
e
r
tha
n
it
s
oute
r
lo
op
c
ount
erp
a
rt
.
T
her
e
f
ore,
the
oute
r
l
oop
'
s
co
ntr
ol
is
no
t
quic
k
e
nough
to
pro
vid
e
a
da
mp
in
g
e
ff
ect
whe
n
bo
t
h
(
)
and
(
)
are
os
c
il
la
ti
ng
with
the
res
on
a
nt
fr
e
qu
e
nc
y
.
Additi
on
al
l
y,
only
tw
o
de
gr
ee
s
of
li
be
rati
on
pr
e
vail
out
of
the
three
sta
te
s
of
t
he
LCL
-
fil
te
r
since
(
)
is
a
functi
on
of
(
)
a
nd
(
)
.
He
nce,
by
con
tr
olli
ng
both
degrees
of
fr
ee
dom
of
the
LCL
-
filt
er,
the
f
il
te
r's
fr
e
qu
e
nc
y
res
pons
e
is
no
l
onge
r
highly
dep
e
ndent
on
the
filt
er
im
pe
dan
ce
.
T
he
unre
gula
t
ed
os
c
il
la
ti
on
betwee
n
the
i
nduct
or
s
an
d
th
e
capaci
to
rs
is
thu
s
ef
fecti
ve
ly
mit
igate
d
.
S
ince
both
t
he
f
il
te
r
cur
r
ent
a
nd
the
capaci
tor
volt
age
will
be
c
on
trolle
d
i
n
this
appr
oach,
we
will
ref
e
r
to
th
is
AD
met
hod
as
the
m
ulti
var
ia
ble
con
t
ro
l
AD
me
thod
M
oreo
ve
r
,
co
ns
ide
rin
g
t
he
co
ntr
ol
dia
gram
in
Fig
ure
2(
c
),
it
is
sho
w
n
that
the
os
ci
l
la
ti
on
in
the
filt
er
occ
ur
s
beca
us
e
th
e
ha
rm
on
ic
c
onte
nts
i
n
the
(
)
is
amplifie
d
by
the
im
pedance
of
the
ca
pacit
or
,
and
simi
la
rly,
the
ha
rm
on
ic
con
te
nts
in
(
)
is
influ
e
nce
d
by
the
filt
er
impe
dan
ce
.
T
hu
s
,
t
he
osc
il
la
ti
on
cause
d
b
y
t
he
LCL
filt
er
re
s
on
a
nce
ca
n
be
da
m
ped
by
mere
ly
reduci
ng
th
e
harm
onic
s
in
du
ce
s
di
stortio
n
in
(
)
an
d
(
)
.
Sin
ce
t
he
c
on
t
ro
l
of
t
he
FC
S
-
M
PC
occurs
i
n
real
-
t
ime
an
d
i
n
-
fr
a
me,
if
we
can
ens
ur
e
that
the
in
ver
te
r
'
s
side f
il
te
r
c
urren
t
a
nd
the capa
ci
tor
volt
age
al
wa
ys
trac
k
sin
usoidal
c
omman
d
wa
veforms,
it
will
f
or
ti
f
y
t
he
act
ive
da
mp
i
ng
a
bili
ty
of
t
he
co
ntr
ol
sche
me.
I
n
orde
r
to
ac
hie
ve
t
his,
we
i
ns
ert
a
f
unct
ion
pro
po
se
d
in
[
2
5
]
,
re
ferred
t
o
as
seco
nd
-
orde
r
ge
ner
al
iz
e
d
integ
rator
(SO
GI)
ba
ndpa
ss
f
il
te
r,
to
the
c
urren
t
a
nd
vo
lt
age
c
om
m
and
,
as
s
how
n
in
Fig
ur
e
3.
On
l
y
t
he
c
onte
nt
at
t
he
fun
dame
ntal
f
requen
c
y
re
mains
in
th
e
current
an
d
volt
age
c
omma
nd,
a
nd
the
osc
il
la
ti
on
cause
d
by
the
filt
er
res
on
a
nce
is
su
pp
resse
d
with
this
functi
on
.
As
il
lustrate
d
i
n
Fi
gure
3,
we
c
ho
s
e to em
ploy th
e v
irtual
s
ynch
ron
ou
s
ge
ner
at
or
(VSG
)
in t
his w
or
k
to
obta
in
the
volt
age
co
mma
nd.
I
n
c
on
tra
st,
the
cu
rr
e
nt
co
mmand
is
der
i
ved
from
t
he
volt
age
co
mma
nd
a
nd
the
real
-
ti
me
s
ys
te
m's
va
riabl
es
by
imi
ta
ti
ng
the
relat
io
nship
betwe
en
the
inv
e
rter
volt
ag
e,
filt
er
c
urren
t
s,
a
nd
the
ca
pacit
or
volt
age.
T
he
V
S
G
c
ontr
ol
sc
he
me
ca
n
r
e
g
u
l
a
t
e
the
in
ver
te
r
'
s
out
pu
t
act
ive
and
reacti
ve
powe
rs
by
ma
nipulat
in
g
t
he
ou
t
pu
t
vo
lt
age.
Hen
ce
,
it
is
s
uitable
f
or
the
propose
d
c
on
t
ro
l
sche
me
for
DG
a
pp
li
ca
ti
on
,
wh
e
re
prop
e
r
powe
r
co
ntr
ol
and
mu
lt
iva
riable
co
ntr
ol
of
vo
lt
age
a
nd
cu
rr
e
nt
are
desire
d.
Additi
on
al
ly
,
wi
t
h
the
outp
ut
vo
l
ta
ge
an
d
c
urr
ent
re
gu
la
ti
on,
the
V
SI
can
operate
in
both
gr
i
d
-
c
onne
ct
ed
an
d
sta
nd
-
al
on
e
op
e
rati
ons. Th
e co
ncep
t
of
V
SG
is
de
ri
ve
d f
rom the
well
-
know
n
s
wing e
quat
ion (
6
).
−
=
+
(
−
)
(
6
)
wh
e
re
is
v
irtu
al
sh
a
ft
powe
r,
and
a
re
t
he
a
ct
ive
a
nd
reacti
ve
powe
r
of
the
meas
ur
e
d
ou
t
pu
t
.
is
virtua
l
r
otor
a
ngula
r
fr
e
quenc
y.
is
out
pu
t
volt
ag
e
a
ngular
f
re
quenc
y,
a
nd
J,
D
a
re
vi
rtual
inerti
a
an
d
virt
ual
dam
ping
fa
ct
or
,
res
pecti
ve
ly.
T
he
VSG
c
on
t
ro
l
sche
me
is
ad
op
te
d
fro
m
[1
4
]
,
a
nd
sin
ce
the
VSG c
on
tr
ol is
not the
f
ocu
s
of this
wor
k,
it
s expl
anati
on
will
b
e
om
it
te
d.
As
me
ntion
e
d
earli
er,
t
he
cu
r
ren
t
re
fer
e
nce
can
be
ob
ta
ine
d
by
imi
ta
ti
ng
the
c
onnecti
on
bet
wee
n
t
he
inv
e
rter
volt
ag
e
,
filt
er
cu
rr
e
nt
s
,
a
nd
t
he
ca
pa
ci
tor
volt
age,
s
how
n
i
n
Fig
ure
1,
w
hich
can
be
re
presente
d
i
n
a
sta
ti
on
ar
y
fr
a
m
e (
α
β
)
with
(
7
).
,
=
,
+
,
(
+
(
,
+
)
)
(
7
)
W
he
re
,
is
in
vert
er
volt
age
,
,
symb
olize
s
the
fi
lt
er
cu
rr
e
nt
a
nd
,
re
pr
ese
nts
t
he
ca
pacit
or
vo
lt
age
s.
Let
ind
ic
at
e
the
virt
ual
sta
tor
react
ance
,
,
ind
ic
at
e
the
filt
er
reacta
nce
a
nd
symb
olize
filt
er
resist
ance
.
If
w
e
e
qu
al
iz
e
the
,
in
(
7
)
to
the
volt
age
c
om
ma
nd
of
t
he
V
SG
c
on
t
ro
l,
the
c
urr
ents
c
omman
d
∗
an
d
∗
can
be
de
scribe
d
as
(
8)
[
∗
∗
]
=
{
[
0
0
]
−
[
,
,
]
}
(
8
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Act
iv
e d
am
ping
meth
od for
v
oltag
e
s
ou
rce
invert
er
-
based
distri
bu
te
d gene
ra
t
o
r
…
(
J
onggrist
Jon
gudo
mka
r
n
)
339
W
he
re
=
1
2
+
2
[
−
]
,
0
repre
sents
t
he
i
nter
nal
em
f
co
mm
and
a
nd
the
phase
an
gle
comma
nd fr
om t
he
VSG c
ontr
ol
.
I
n
the
pro
pose
d
FCS
-
MP
C,
the contr
ol
al
gorithm is se
t t
o
fo
ll
ow
the
vo
lt
age
and cu
rr
e
nt
c
omman
d
(
∗
an
d
∗
)
simult
ane
ously.
This is
reali
zed
by defi
ning th
e cost
functi
on
(9).
=
(
,
(
k
+
1
)
,
pu
−
∗
,
pu
)
2
+
(
,
(
k
+
1
)
,
pu
−
∗
,
pu
)
2
(
9
)
W
he
re
∗
,
=
[
∗
∗
]
is t
he
volt
age c
om
m
an
d
in
the
per
-
un
i
t system
,
∗
,
=
[
∗
∗
]
i
s
the
cu
rr
e
nt
c
om
ma
nd
in
t
he
pe
r
-
unit
sy
ste
m
,
,
(
+
1
)
=
[
]
sy
m
bo
li
zes
the
pr
e
di
ct
ed
filt
er
capaci
tor
vo
lt
a
ge
a
nd
,
(
+
1
)
=
[
]
repres
ents
t
he
pr
e
dic
te
d
filt
er
c
urre
nt
.
Furthe
rm
ore,
weig
hting
factors
a
nd
ar
e
incl
ud
e
d
to
custo
mize
th
e
cost
betwee
n
t
he
volt
age
an
d
cu
rrent
co
ntr
ols
i
n
t
he
cost
functi
on.
Figure
3
.
The
c
on
t
ro
l
diag
ram
of the
prop
os
e
d
m
ulti
var
ia
ble contr
ol AD
sc
heme f
or
t
he V
SI
-
base
d DG
sy
ste
m
3.
RESU
LT
S
AND DI
SCUS
S
ION
To
stu
dy
the
filt
er
resona
nc
e
eff
ect
an
d
e
valuate
the
propose
d
A
D
m
et
hod
'
s
pe
rfo
r
mance,
we
cond
ucted
the
te
st
ci
rcu
it
's
si
mu
la
ti
on
st
udy
de
picte
d
in
Fi
g
ure
1
in
the
P
SCAD
/E
M
T
D
C
en
vir
onment
.
T
he
s
imulat
ion
stu
dy
is
co
nducte
d
under
three
di
ff
ere
nt
cases
. I
n
ca
se
1,
the
L
C
and
LCL
filt
er's
ef
fects
on
t
he
DG
sy
ste
m
are
fir
st
stu
died
.
T
he
di
ff
e
ren
ce
s
betwee
n
the
volt
age
an
d
cu
r
ren
t
wa
ve
form
s
are
obser
ve
d
w
he
n
ei
ther
the
LC
or
LCL
filt
ers
are
us
ed
.
In
t
he
se
cases,
no
a
ct
ive
dam
pi
ng
appr
oach
is
de
ployed
in
t
he
c
on
t
ro
l
scheme
,
meani
ng
the
of
the
cost
f
unct
ion
of
the
FCS
-
MPC
is
set
to
0,
w
hile
the
is
set
at
1.
I
n
t
his
conditi
on,
only
the
o
ut
pu
t
cu
r
ren
t
(
)
is
c
on
t
r
olled
thr
ough
t
he
c
ontr
ol o
f
i
nv
e
rter
c
urren
t
(
),
a
nd
the
f
il
te
r
vo
lt
age
is
unc
on
t
ro
ll
ed
.
T
he
current
c
omma
nd
is
obta
ine
d
directl
y
from
and
the
i
ns
ta
nt
aneous
act
i
ve
and
reacti
ve
po
wer
equ
at
i
on
s
.
It
i
s
note
w
or
th
y
t
hat
the
power
comma
nd
c
hangin
g
is
not
c
ondu
ct
e
d
in
t
his
te
st.
In
case
2,
simi
la
r
to
case
1,
the
con
t
ro
l
sc
hem
e
is
set
to
regu
la
te
on
ly
.
H
owever,
the
virtua
l
resist
ive
cu
r
rent
gen
e
rated
by
t
he
VR
meth
od
is
i
nclu
ded
in
the
c
urren
t
co
mmand
to
pro
vid
e
the
s
ys
te
m
with
an
AD
abili
ty.
Fo
r
case
3,
t
he
rati
o
of
:
is
set
to
1:1
to
ac
hi
eve
the
sim
ultaneo
us
c
ontr
ol
of
t
he
filt
er
volt
age
a
nd
t
he
ou
t
pu
t
c
urren
t.
T
hen
we
obse
rv
e
d
the
tw
o
A
D
a
ppr
oac
hes'
eff
ect
ive
ness
i
n
sup
pr
essi
ng
t
he
os
ci
ll
at
ion
c
ause
d
by
the
LCL
f
il
te
r
res
on
a
nc
e.
F
ur
t
hermo
r
e,
to
stu
dy
t
h
e
A
D
meth
ods'
r
obus
tne
ss
un
der
gri
d
vo
lt
age
disturba
nces,
a
dd
it
io
nal
te
sts
wer
e
co
nducte
d
for
c
ase
2
a
nd
case
3
with
a
6
th
orde
r
ha
rm
on
ic
cu
rr
e
nt
c
onte
nts
injec
ti
ng
t
o
t
he
gri
d
volt
age.
The
ha
rm
onic
co
ntent's
siz
e
was
set
to
2
A
(0.08
pu
)
an
d
4
A
(
0.1
6
pu),
resp
ect
ivel
y.
T
he
DG
syst
em
was
ope
rati
ng
i
n
gri
d
-
co
nnect
ed
m
od
e
.
I
n
ca
ses
1
an
d
2,
it
i
s
set
to
op
e
rate
wit
h
nominal
ou
t
pu
t
powe
r
0
equ
al
to
5
kW
a
nd
t
he
nominal
reac
ti
ve
ou
t
put
po
wer
0
is
set
at
0
Var.
To
obser
ve
the
e
ff
ect
of
t
h
e
dy
namic
res
ponse
of
the
c
on
trol
sc
hem
es,
the
nominal
ou
t
pu
t
po
wer
0
is
c
hange
d
t
o
3.
5
kW
at
T
=
4s
.
I
n
case
3
,
the
syst
em
was
ope
r
at
ing
with
t
he
ref
e
re
nce
act
ive
powe
r
ob
ta
ined
from
the
VSG
con
t
ro
l.
Th
e
VSG c
ontr
ol u
ti
li
zes
the e
qu
at
i
on of
=
0
−
(
−
)
, wher
e
th
e
cal
culat
e
d gr
i
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
1
,
Ma
rch
20
21
:
3
3
4
–
344
340
Fr
e
qu
e
nc
y
is
,
the
gri
d
nominal
fr
e
que
ncy
is
,
w
hich
is
f
ixed
at
376.9
9
rad
/s,
a
nd
the
fr
e
qu
e
nc
y
dro
op
gain
is
sel
ect
ed
at
20
pu
,
f
or
wh
ic
h
nomin
al
outp
ut
po
we
r
0
is
set
at
5
kW.
The
nomin
al
reacti
ve
outp
ut
po
wer
0
is
set
at
0
Va
r.
Also,
in
this
case,
0
change
d
t
o
3.5
kW
at
T
=
4
s
.
T
he
sam
plin
g
fr
e
qu
e
nc
y
,
is
s
el
ect
ed
at
30
kHz
f
or
al
l
thre
e
cases,
w
hich
gen
e
rates
an
a
ver
a
ge
s
witc
hin
g
fr
e
quenc
y
o
f
arou
nd 15 k
Hz
in
the
DG
sy
st
em.
T
he
es
sent
ia
l
par
amet
e
rs of t
he
sim
ulati
on
stu
dy
are
g
i
ven in
Table
1.
Table
1.
T
he
pa
rameters
u
se
d i
n
the
test
circ
uits.
Para
m
eters
Valu
es
Para
m
eters
Valu
e
s
5
kVA
1
2
.5
0
.4
10µF
4
0
0
V
,
3
0
k
Hz
2
0
0
V
16
Ω
3
.
1.
E
ff
ec
t of
LCL
filters
on the
FCS
-
MP
C
-
b
as
e
d
DG
s
ystem
wi
thout A
D
me
thods
Without
A
D
m
et
hods
,
the
D
G
'
s
volt
age
a
nd
c
urre
nt
wa
ve
forms
a
re
il
lus
trat
ed
i
n
Fig
ure
4
(a)
wh
e
n
LC
filt
ers
are
dep
l
oy
e
d
betw
een
the
VS
I
a
nd
the
gri
d.
It
di
sp
la
ye
d
that
the
cu
rr
e
nt
-
c
ontrolle
d
FC
S
-
MPC
can
achieve
a
sin
usoidal
gr
i
d
c
urren
t.
H
oweve
r
,
as
s
how
n
in
Fig
ure
4
(b)
,
wh
e
n
we
util
iz
e
LCL
filt
ers
in
the
sy
ste
m
instea
d
of
the
LC
filt
er
,
the
DG
'
s
vo
lt
age
a
nd
c
urre
nt
wa
veforms
suffe
r
from
re
son
ance
a
nd
disto
r
ti
on
.
It
ve
rifies
t
hat
A
D
meth
od
s
are
re
qu
i
red
for
FC
S
-
M
PC
-
base
d
D
G
w
hen
LCL
filt
er
s
are
inclu
de
d
in
t
he
sy
ste
m
.
I
n
case
LC
filt
ers
are u
ti
li
zed,
the f
il
te
r
cu
rr
e
nt
TH
D
am
ount
to 2%,
w
hile
the
fi
lt
er
current
T
H
D
is
a
s
high
as
6%
wh
e
n
LCL
filt
er
s
are
dep
l
oy
e
d.
The
colle
ct
io
n
of
cu
rr
e
nt
THD
of
a
ll
cases
is pr
e
sente
d
in
Table
2.
(a)
(b)
Figure
4.
V
oltage
an
d
c
urren
t
wa
ve
forms
of
the
DG syst
em w
it
ho
ut AD
methods
,
(a)
w
hen
LC
filt
ers
are
d
e
ploy
ed.
(
b)
w
hen
L
CL
filt
ers
a
re
de
ployed
3
.
2
.
Th
e c
onve
nt
ion
al
VR
-
A
D
me
thod
In
case
2,
the
VR
-
AD
met
ho
d
is
i
nclu
ded
i
n
t
he
co
ntr
ol
s
cheme.
T
he
volt
age
a
nd
c
urre
nt
wa
veforms
of
the
D
G
s
yst
em
are
il
lustr
at
ed
in
Fig
ure
5
(a)
.
It
c
le
ar
ly
s
hows
t
hat
the
LCL
filt
er
resona
nce
distor
ti
o
n
sign
ific
a
ntly
re
du
ce
d
tha
nk
s
t
o
t
he
VR
meth
od
'
s
em
ployme
nt.
As
sho
wn
i
n
Ta
ble
2,
the
current
TH
D
of
this
case
am
ounts
t
o
2.75%,
sig
nificantl
y
l
ow
e
r
than
the
6%
T
HD
w
he
n
no
AD
ap
proac
h
i
s
de
ploye
d.
Th
e
outp
ut
act
ive
an
d
reac
ti
ve
powe
r
is
a
lso
inclu
de
d
in
Fig
ure
5
(a
)
to
ver
if
y
t
hat
the
con
t
ro
l
sc
hem
e
has
pro
per
c
on
t
rol
ov
e
r
the outp
ut
powe
r
.
T
he
c
ontr
ol's
dyna
mic
respo
ns
e
is
r
apid,
a
s
seen
w
hen
t
he
po
wer
co
mma
nd
c
hanges
a
t
T
=
4
s.
More
ov
e
r,
t
o
eval
ua
te
the
AD
a
bi
li
ty's
per
f
orm
ance
,
we
pu
rposely
c
reate
an
ad
diti
on
al
0.08
pu
harmo
nic
co
nt
ent
nea
r
the
re
so
na
nt
f
re
qu
e
nc
y
.
Howe
ver,
as
discusse
d
e
arli
er,
th
e
harmo
nics
cause
d
by
gr
i
d
vo
lt
age
disto
rtion
are
un
e
nding
l
y
fe
d
bac
k
to
the
c
urre
nt
ref
e
ren
ce
resu
l
ti
ng
i
n
i
ncr
ea
s
ed
disto
rtion
of
t
he
current
wav
e
f
orms
.
T
he
vol
ta
ge
an
d
cu
rr
e
nt
wa
veforms
of
the
DG
s
ys
te
m
du
rin
g
gr
i
d
distu
rb
a
nc
es
are
il
lustrate
d
in
Fi
gure
5
(b).
As
con
cl
ud
e
d
in
T
able
2,
th
e
TH
D
of
the
cu
rr
e
nt
increases
to
6.5%
wh
e
n
a
0.
08
pu
6th
harm
on
ic
con
te
nts
distort
the
gri
d
volt
age,
a
nd
the
T
HD
is
as
high
as
12%
w
hen
a
0.1
6
pu
A
ha
rm
on
i
c
con
te
nts
distor
t
the
gr
i
d vo
lt
ag
e
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Act
iv
e d
am
ping
meth
od for
v
oltag
e
s
ou
rce
invert
er
-
based
distri
bu
te
d gene
ra
t
o
r
…
(
J
onggrist
Jon
gudo
mka
r
n
)
341
(a)
(b)
Figure
5.
V
oltage
an
d
c
urren
t
wa
ve
forms
of
the
DG syst
em w
it
h
LCL
filt
ers
usi
ng the
VR
-
AD meth
od
(a)
with
ou
t a
dd
it
ion
al
h
a
rm
on
i
c co
ntents,
(b)
with a
dd
it
io
nal
h
a
rm
on
ic
c
onte
nts
Table
2
. T
he
c
ollec
ti
on
of the
curre
nt T
HD
s
for
the
test
stu
dy
AD typ
es
Cu
rr
en
t T
H
D (
%
)
LC
LCL
LCL
with
0.0
8
pu
harm
o
n
ic
cu
rr
en
t con
ten
ts
LCL
with
0.1
6
pu
h
arm
o
n
ic curr
en
t c
o
n
ten
ts
No
AD
2
6
-
-
VR
-
AD
-
2
.75
6
.5
12
Multiv
ariable con
t
rol AD
-
3
4
.5
6
.5
3
.
3
.
Th
e pr
op
os
ed
m
ulti
va
ri
ab
le
AD
m
et
h
od
In
case
3
,
t
he
pro
po
se
d
m
ulti
var
ia
ble
co
ntr
ol
AD
met
hod
is
incl
uded
in
the
co
ntr
ol
sc
heme.
T
he
vo
lt
age
a
nd
cu
rr
e
nt
wa
ve
for
ms
of
t
he
D
G
sy
ste
m
a
re
il
lu
strat
ed
i
n
Fi
gure
6
(
a).
Simi
l
ar
to
case
2,
th
e
LCL
filt
er
resona
nc
e
distor
ti
on
si
gnific
antly r
e
duced
tha
nks
to
t
he
pr
opos
e
d
A
D
me
th
od's
em
ployme
nt.
T
he
ou
t
pu
t
act
ive
a
nd
re
a
ct
ive
power
s
a
re
al
s
o
co
rr
ect
ly
ma
na
ge
d,
a
s
il
lustrate
d
in
Fig
ure
6
(a
).
Althou
gh
it
s
hows
a
slow
e
r
dy
nami
c
respo
ns
e
when
the
powe
r
comma
nd
is
c
hange
d
c
ompa
red
t
o
the
dire
ct
power
c
ontr
ol,
the
set
tl
ing
ti
me
is
wi
thin
0.2
s,
wh
ic
h
is
within
a
n
acce
ptabl
e
range
f
or
t
he
D
G
ap
plica
ti
on.
T
he
res
ult
of
the
current
T
HD
c
ollec
te
d
i
n
Ta
ble
2
sho
wn
t
hat
t
he
pro
pos
ed
co
ntr
ol
has
simi
la
r
A
D
pe
rformance
c
ompa
red
with
the
VR
method.
The
volt
age
a
nd
c
ur
ren
t
wav
e
f
or
m
s
of
the
DG
s
ys
te
m
il
lustrat
ed
in
Fig
ure
6
(
b
)
al
so
sh
ow
n
that
t
he
gr
i
d
c
urren
t
di
stortio
n
ca
n
be
eff
ic
ie
ntly
sup
pr
ess
ed
w
hen
an
a
dd
it
io
nal
0.0
8
pu
6th
ha
r
monic
con
te
nt
is
ad
de
d
to
t
he
gr
id
.
I
n
this
case
,
the
pro
po
s
ed
c
ontrol
has
a
s
uperi
or
A
D
pe
rfo
rm
ance
c
ompare
d
wit
h
the
VR
meth
od
,
as
the
c
urre
nt
TH
D
a
mou
nt
s
to
4.5%
co
m
par
e
d
with
the
6.5%
T
H
D
of
t
he
VR
meth
od
.
The
diff
e
re
nce
bec
om
es
m
ore
ap
par
e
nt
w
he
n
0.1
6
pu
6th
ha
r
monic
co
ntent
distor
te
d
the
gr
i
d
volt
age,
a
s
the
current
T
HD
a
moun
ts
to
6.5
%
com
par
e
d
with
the
12%
THD
of
the
V
R
method.
T
hi
s
tren
d
co
ntin
ue
s
even
wh
e
n
a h
ig
her amo
un
t of
h
a
r
monic
co
ntents
exist
in
the grid
volt
age
.
H
oweve
r,
r
es
ults
with
hi
gher h
ar
monics
con
te
nts
mig
ht
no
t be r
eal
ist
ic
.
Th
us
,
the
y
a
re
excl
ud
e
d
fro
m
this
stu
dy. Never
t
heless,
th
e
resu
lt
s
in
d
ic
a
te
that
the pr
opos
e
d
c
on
t
ro
l sc
hem
e
is mo
re
rob
us
t
unde
r gr
id
volt
age
disturba
nc
es tha
n
the
ex
is
ti
ng
met
hod.
Fu
rt
hermo
re,
t
he
pro
pose
d
c
on
t
ro
l
offe
rs
more
flexi
bili
ty
tha
n
the
VR
method
since
the
pro
posed
AD
a
ppr
oac
h
on
l
y
use
s
the
mu
lt
i
-
co
ntr
ol
of
filt
e
r
sta
te
s
to
da
m
p
the
filt
er
res
onance
without
a
ny
a
ddit
ion
al
comma
nd.
He
nce,
oth
e
r
pa
r
ts
of
the
c
ont
ro
l
al
gorithms
are
not
in
flu
enced
by
t
he
AD
ap
proac
he
s.
F
or
exam
ple
,
the
p
rop
os
ed
meth
od
'
s
power
co
nt
ro
l
is
no
t
a
ff
ec
te
d
by
the
ad
de
d
c
urren
t
c
omman
d
par
t,
un
li
ke
in
the
VR
meth
od
,
wh
e
re
the
e
ff
ect
of
VR
c
urre
nt
to
the
po
wer
c
om
ma
nd
needs
to
be
c
ompe
ns
at
ed
.
I
t
is
al
so
easy
to
inte
gr
a
te
ad
diti
on
al
c
on
t
ro
l
al
gorith
ms
s
uc
h
as
th
e
V
SG
c
ontr
ol
to
the
mu
lt
iv
ariable
co
ntr
ol
.
T
hi
s
enab
le
s
the
propose
d
c
ontrol
to
op
e
r
at
e
in
bo
t
h
gr
i
d
-
c
onne
ct
ed
an
d
sta
nd
-
al
on
e
m
od
e
s
,
ma
king
it
a
s
uitabl
e
con
t
ro
l al
gorithm
f
or
D
G
a
ppli
cat
ion
s.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
1
,
Ma
rch
20
21
:
3
3
4
–
344
342
(a)
(b)
Figure
6.
V
oltage
an
d
c
urren
t
wa
ve
forms
of
the
DG syst
em w
it
h
LCL
filt
ers
usi
ng the
prop
os
ed
AD
method;
(a)
wi
thout ad
diti
ona
l harmo
nic c
onte
nts; (b)
with
add
it
io
nal
harmo
nic conte
nts
4.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
In
t
his
pap
e
r,
a
FCS
-
M
PC
-
ba
sed
act
ive
da
mp
in
g
meth
od
has
be
e
n
pro
pose
d
an
d
c
om
par
e
d
with
a
virtu
al
resi
sta
nc
e
act
ive
dam
ping
al
go
rithm
,
ap
ply
i
ng
in
a
predict
ive
c
on
trol
sc
heme
.
T
he
st
udy
s
how
s
that
LCL
filt
er
res
on
a
nce
os
ci
ll
ation
s
wer
e
ef
fe
ct
ively
dam
pe
d
us
i
ng
the
novel
FC
S
-
M
PC
-
base
d
m
ulti
va
riable
con
t
ro
l
al
gorit
hm
.
Sim
ulati
on
res
ults
c
onfi
rme
d
t
he
pro
pose
d
meth
od
's
capa
bili
ty
t
o
el
imi
nate
lo
w
er
-
order
gr
i
d
c
urren
t
ha
rm
on
ic
s
a
nd
de
crease
se
ns
it
ivit
y
to
gr
id
vo
lt
age
disto
rtio
n.
I
n
t
he
ste
a
dy
-
sta
te
,
t
he
pro
po
s
ed
method
'
s
pe
rfo
rma
nce
in
da
mp
in
g
t
he
os
c
il
la
ti
on
is
co
m
par
a
ble
to
t
he
existi
ng
meth
od.
W
he
n
the
gr
i
d
is
su
f
fer
i
ng
from
volt
age
distort
ion
,
the
propo
sed
meth
od
showe
d
sig
nifica
nt
AD
perfor
mance
im
provement
s
com
par
e
d
t
o
t
he
e
xisti
ng
me
thod
.
A
dd
it
io
na
ll
y,
with
the
mu
lt
ivaria
ble
con
t
ro
l
of
vo
lt
age
a
nd
c
urre
nt,
t
he
pr
opos
e
d
c
ontr
ol
s
ys
te
m
ca
n
al
so
op
e
rate
in
both
gri
d
-
ti
ed
and
sta
nd
-
al
one
operati
ons.
F
inall
y,
t
ha
nks
t
o
the
flexibili
ty
a
nd
ease
of
integ
ra
ti
ng
w
it
h
di
ff
e
ren
t
c
on
t
ro
l
al
gorithms
,
the
pro
po
se
d
mu
lt
ivaria
ble
FCS
-
M
PC
-
base
d
AD
method
offe
rs
exc
el
le
nt
co
ntr
ol
p
er
forma
nce
a
nd
ca
n
be
co
nsi
der
e
d
a
se
rio
us
al
te
rn
at
ive
to
the
cl
assic
al
PWM
-
base
d
A
D
method.
T
he
p
rese
nt
w
ork
was
an
i
niti
al
ste
p,
ve
rif
ying
the
ef
fecti
ve
ness
of
app
l
y
ing
a
m
ulti
var
ia
ble
co
ntr
ol
AD
met
hod
in
a
VSI
-
base
d
D
G
,
a
nd
for
f
utu
re
ste
ps
of
this
w
or
k,
cond
ucting e
xperimental
test
s
to ev
al
uate a
nd v
al
idate
t
he pr
opos
e
d
c
ontrol
strateg
y
is
i
ntend
e
d
.
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d
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ro
l
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-
power
gr
i
d
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conne
c
te
d
inve
r
t
ers
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ou
tput
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il
t
er,
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EE
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ansacti
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Dea
d
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time
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mp
ensa
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a
n
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w
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S
-
MP
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ert
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fil
ter,"
2016
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h
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t
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ues
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e
ct
ri
cal
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gine
ering
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ze
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"
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Set
Model
Pred
ic
ti
v
e
Curre
nt
Control
fo
r
Gri
d
-
Connec
t
ed
Volt
age
-
Source
Con
ver
te
rs
Wi
th
LC
L
Filt
ers:
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