In
te
r
n
ation
a
l Jou
rn
al
o
f Po
we
r
Elec
tron
ic
s an
d
D
r
ive S
y
stem
(IJ
PED
S
)
V
o
l.
10, N
o.
2, June
2
01
9, pp.
943~
9
5
2
IS
S
N
: 2088-
86
94,
D
O
I
:
10.11
59
1
/ij
ped
s
.
v10
.
i
2.pp
9
43-
95
2
9
43
Jou
rn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
:
ht
tp:
//i
a
e
score
.
com
/
j
o
u
r
na
l
s
/
i
n
d
e
x
.
p
hp/IJ
PED
S
Analysis
t
he effect of reflector
(flat mirror, convex mirror, a
nd
con
c
ave mirro
r) on solar p
a
nel
Ya
ho
t Sia
h
a
a
n
,
H
a
r
to
no
S
isw
o
no
Depart
m
e
nt of Elect
rical Engin
eer
in
g,
Gu
n
ad
arma Univers
ity
, In
d
on
e
s
i
a
Art
i
cl
e In
fo
ABSTRACT
A
r
tic
le hist
o
r
y
:
Re
ce
i
v
e
d
A
ug
9,
201
8
Re
vise
d N
ov
1
9
,
201
8
A
c
c
e
pte
d
D
ec 18,
2
0
1
8
At
t
he
t
im
e
o
f
t
he
s
u
n
a
s
traig
h
t
lin
e
wit
h
s
olar
cells
m
ay
n
ot
n
ecess
a
ri
ly
pro
d
u
ce
t
h
e
m
a
xi
mum
output.
Vario
u
s
w
a
ys
c
o
n
t
i
nu
e
to
b
e
don
e
in
o
r
d
e
r
t
o
get
t
h
e
m
a
xim
u
m
ou
tp
u
t
.
T
h
e
max
i
m
u
m
util
ization
o
f
outp
u
t
f
r
om
solar
c
e
l
l
s
will
accelerate
the
f
unction
of
t
he
s
olar
c
e
l
l
.
T
he
u
s
e
o
f
r
e
fl
e
c
t
ors
is
a
n
excel
lent
w
ay
t
o
m
a
xi
m
u
m
outp
u
t
wit
h
e
ff
ecti
v
e
tim
e.
T
h
e
a
u
t
h
o
r
w
ill
anal
yze
so
lar
c
e
l
l
s
w
i
th
f
l
a
t
mirror,
c
onvex
m
i
rror,
c
oncave
mi
rror
,
a
nd
with
ou
t
re
f
l
ecto
r
.
E
ach
r
ef
l
ector
i
s
g
i
v
e
n
varyi
n
g
treatm
e
nt
b
y
c
al
i
b
rati
ng
the
ang
l
e
of
t
he
r
eflecto
r
t
o
th
e
so
lar
cell
by
6
0
o
,
9
0
o
,
a
n
d
12
0
o
.
Af
ter
test
i
n
g
and
dat
a
r
et
rieval
t
urn
s
r
eflect
or
v
ery
i
n
fl
uential
o
n
t
he
o
ut
pu
t
o
f
solar
cell
s
.
The
so
lar
cel
l
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
w
er
i
ncreases
w
i
t
h
each
d
i
f
f
e
re
n
t
r
efl
ecto
r
.
Maxi
mum
ou
tp
ut is
obtai
ne
d
in
a
c
on
cave
m
i
rror
with
a
n
angle
is
9
0
o
.
K
eyw
ord
s
:
Efe
c
ie
nc
y,
Mi
rro
r
,
Polycr
ysta
l
l
i
ne
,
R
e
flec
t
o
r
,
Solar
ce
ll
s.
Co
pyr
i
gh
t
©2
019 In
stit
u
t
e
of Advanced
En
gi
neeri
n
g
an
d
S
c
ien
ce.
All
rights
res
e
rv
ed.
Corres
pon
d
i
n
g
Au
th
or:
Yaho
t S
i
ahaa
n,
D
e
pa
rtme
nt
o
f
El
e
c
t
rica
l
Eng
i
ne
eri
ng,
G
una
da
rma
U
n
ive
r
s
i
t
y
,
D
e
po
k,
Indo
ne
sia.
Em
ail:
sia
h
aan
y9
3
@
gm
ai
l.co
m
1.
I
N
TR
OD
U
C
TI
O
N
Ma
ki
n
g
l
i
f
e
m
o
re
s
i
m
p
l
e
ha
s
b
e
c
o
m
e
t
he
l
ife
s
t
y
le
o
f
toda
y
'
s
so
c
ie
t
y
.
Pe
o
p
le
a
re
i
ncre
asi
n
gl
y
in
nova
tin
g
in
s
e
a
rc
h
of
r
e
n
ew
able
t
ec
hn
o
l
o
g
y
.
The
de
ve
lop
m
ent
o
f
technology
w
ith
t
he
u
tilization
of
n
atural
resour
ces
i
s
ne
e
d
ed
n
owada
y
s.
O
ne
o
f
t
h
e
c
oun
trie
s
t
h
at
h
a
v
e
ve
ry
p
ro
spe
r
o
u
s
n
at
u
r
a
l
r
esou
rc
es
i
s
I
n
do
n
e
si
a,
bu
t
In
d
ones
i
a i
s
st
i
l
l
lac
k
i
ng i
n
t
he uti
li
zat
i
o
n
a
n
d fa
ci
l
i
t
i
e
s
of na
t
ur
al
r
es
o
u
rce
s
.
Fr
o
m Sa
ban
g
to M
e
ra
uke
a
ll
are
i
l
l
u
mina
te
d
b
y
s
un
l
i
g
h
t
,
t
h
is
i
s
a
very
v
a
l
uab
l
e
na
tura
l
a
s
set.
T
h
e
s
olar
i
rra
di
a
tio
n
i
n
I
nd
o
n
es
ia
i
s
re
ac
hin
g
4.5
kWh
/
m
2
/
d
a
y
.
T
h
e
n
e
e
d
f
o
r
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y
i
s
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
i
m
p
o
r
t
a
n
t
t
h
i
n
g
,
f
o
r
i
t
i
s
n
e
e
d
e
d
a
ren
e
wabl
e
t
ech
no
l
ogy
suc
h
a
s
solar
p
a
nel
s
.
S
o
lar
e
n
ergy
c
a
n
be
u
ti
li
z
e
d
w
i
t
h
s
o
la
r
p
a
n
el
t
ec
hno
l
o
gy
[
1
]
.
Th
e
w
o
rki
n
g
p
r
in
ci
ple
of
so
l
a
r
pane
ls
i
s
w
h
en
t
he
lig
h
t
o
f
the
s
i
li
c
o
n
cell
a
n
d
l
i
g
h
t
w
i
l
l
b
e
a
b
s
o
rb
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
s
ilic
on
c
e
l
l.
T
he
a
b
s
orbe
d
lig
ht
e
nerg
y
w
ill
be
t
r
a
nsfer
r
ed
t
o
si
lic
on
sem
i
co
n
d
u
c
tor
pro
p
e
rti
e
s.
T
he
e
ne
r
g
y
s
t
ore
d
i
nsi
d
e
the
sem
i
c
o
nd
uc
tor
w
ill
ca
use
t
h
e
e
l
e
c
tro
n
s
to
l
oos
e
a
nd
fl
ow
i
n
the
s
e
m
ic
o
n
duc
t
o
r.
A
ll
the
s
e
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
l
t
a
i
c
ce
ll
s
a
l
so
h
av
e
a
n
e
l
e
c
t
ri
c
fi
e
l
d
t
h
a
t
f
o
r
c
e
s
t
h
e
el
ect
ron
s
l
o
o
se
b
ec
a
u
se
o
f
t
h
e
a
b
sor
p
t
i
on
of
t
h
a
t
lig
h
t
t
o
flow
i
n
a
part
icu
l
ar
direc
tio
n.
C
u
rre
ntly
m
an
y
m
e
t
h
o
d
s
ha
v
e
b
ee
n
done
t
o
ge
t
a
ma
xim
u
m
so
la
r
pa
ne
l
out
pu
t,
b
u
t
i
t
d
o
es
n't
ge
t
a
sign
ifica
n
t
e
f
f
e
ct.
O
n
e
of
t
he
w
ays
t
o
g
e
t
m
axim
um
o
u
t
p
u
t
v
olta
ge
i
s
by
a
dd
ing
a
re
fle
c
tor.
T
he
a
dd
it
io
n
of
the
ref
l
e
c
t
o
r
is
v
er
y
he
lpf
u
l
a
n
d
efficient
for
the
s
u
n
exposur
e
foc
u
sed
on
s
o
lar
pa
ne
ls
b
ut
m
a
ny
re
flec
to
r
s
do
no
t
func
t
i
on
pr
ope
r
l
y
w
i
th
s
o
l
a
r
c
e
l
l
s
[2]
.
Ma
ny
t
y
pes
o
f
r
eflect
ors
c
a
n
be
u
sed
f
o
r
fu
rther
r
e
sea
r
ch
b
u
t
f
o
r
th
i
s
a
na
l
y
s
i
s
th
e
au
t
hors
u
s
e
m
i
rrors.
The
m
i
rror
is
a
n
e
x
ce
lle
n
t
r
ef
l
e
c
t
or.
The
t
ype
s
of
m
irror
s
a
r
e
f
lat
m
i
rror
,
con
v
e
x
m
irror,
a
nd
co
nca
v
e
m
i
r
r
or.
E
ach
t
ype
o
f
m
i
r
r
or
h
as
d
iff
e
r
en
t
re
flec
t
i
o
n
s.
T
he
d
i
ffe
re
nc
e
i
n
a
ng
le
f
or
reflect
i
o
n
o
f
l
igh
t
on
t
h
e
S
o
l
a
r
P
a
nel
de
term
ines
t
he
a
mo
un
t
of
l
i
g
h
t
a
b
s
orbe
d.
T
he
a
u
t
hor
w
ill
c
o
m
p
ar
e
an
d
s
e
e
t
h
e
e
f
f
e
c
t
s
o
f
t
h
e
t
h
r
e
e
t
y
p
e
s
o
f
m
i
r
r
o
r
s
t
o
g
e
t
a
m
i
r
r
o
r
t
ha
t
is
r
e
c
om
me
nded
t
o
r
efl
e
c
t
l
i
g
h
t
on
s
o
l
a
r
ce
ll
s
w
ith
t
he sa
m
e
trea
tme
n
t
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N: 2
0
8
8
-
86
94
I
n
t
J Po
w
Elec
&
Dr
i
Sy
st,
Vo
l. 1
0
,
No
. 2
,
Ju
n
e
2
019
:
9
43
–
9
5
2
94
4
2.
RESEARCH METHOD
Th
e
a
d
d
ition
o
f
reflecto
r
in
t
h
e
f
o
r
m
of
f
lat
mirr
o
r
,
co
nv
ex
a
n
d
con
cav
e
i
s
e
xp
ec
t
e
d
to
i
n
c
rea
s
e
ef
ficie
n
c
y
o
f
s
o
lar
p
a
n
e
l
out
pu
t
[3
].
T
hi
s
re
sea
r
ch
w
il
l
te
st
e
v
e
ry
m
ir
ro
r
ch
aracteris
t
i
c
t
o
th
e
ch
an
g
e
o
f
sol
a
r
c
e
ll
o
utp
u
t
.
Ea
ch
m
irror
w
i
l
l
b
e
c
o
mpa
r
ed
b
e
f
ore
a
n
d
afte
r
be
in
g
g
i
ve
n
a
r
e
fle
c
t
o
r
.
A
s
f
o
r
t
h
e
thr
e
e
t
y
pes
of
mi
r
r
o
r
s
t
h
e
r
e
a
re
s
ev
e
r
al
e
x
p
e
r
i
m
e
n
t
al
c
i
r
cu
i
t
s
t
h
at
w
e
w
i
l
l
t
e
s
t
a
n
d
c
o
m
p
a
r
e
w
i
t
h
s
o
l
ar
c
e
l
l
s
w
i
t
h
o
u
t
r
e
f
l
e
c
t
o
r
:
1.
Sola
r c
e
lls
c
irc
u
it
wi
t
h
ou
t us
i
ng re
flec
tor
.
2.
Sola
r c
e
lls
w
i
t
h
re
flect
or
a
ng
l
e
f
lat m
i
rror
value
are
12
0
o
,
9
0
o
,
a
nd
60
o
.
3.
S
o
la
r
c
e
lls
w
i
t
h
r
e
flect
or
a
ng
l
e
c
onve
x
mir
r
or
v
a
l
ue
a
r
e
120
o
,
9
0
o
,
and
60
o
.
4.
S
o
la
r
c
e
lls
w
i
t
h
r
e
flect
or
a
ng
l
e
c
onca
v
e
m
i
r
r
o
r
val
u
e
ar
e
120
o
, 9
0
o
,
a
nd
60
o
.
Ind
ones
i
a
is
a
v
er
y
goo
d
a
r
ea
f
u
n
c
t
i
o
ned
as
t
he
u
t
iliza
t
i
on
o
f
r
e
n
e
wabl
e
t
e
c
hno
log
y
t
h
a
t
i
s
sol
a
r
pa
ne
l,
t
he
m
or
e
r
a
di
a
t
ion
r
e
c
e
ive
d
a
n
a
r
ea
h
ence
g
r
e
a
t
l
y
a
f
f
ec
t
t
he
p
er
f
o
r
m
anc
e
o
f
s
o
l
a
r
pane
l
.
T
he
s
a
m
pl
i
n
g
of
t
hi
s
da
ta
i
s
do
ne
a
t
Ja
lan
K
a
p
u
k
Ma
r
g
o
n
d
aD
e
p
ok
l
o
ca
t
e
d
at
p
os
i
ti
on
6
°
2
2
'
0
6
.
9
"
S
106
°
5
0
'
06
.
7
"
E.
F
o
r
one
t
y
p
e
o
f
m
irror
re
flec
tor
,
a
s
am
ple
i
s
n
eed
e
d
f
or
3
h
o
u
r
s
in
o
n
e
d
ay
a
t
11:
00
-14:0
0
b
e
c
a
u
s
e
we
k
no
w
tha
t
a
t
t
h
a
t
tim
e
the
su
n
is
v
e
r
y
m
u
ch
r
ec
eive
d
by
r
a
dia
t
i
on
c
o
lle
c
t
or
s
on
ear
t
h
[
4]
.
F
i
gur
e
1.
F
l
o
w
c
har
t
2.
1.
Equ
i
pme
n
t
and
mat
erials f
o
r
t
e
sting
a.
S
o
l
a
r
cells
Th
is
r
esea
r
c
h
foc
u
se
s
on
s
o
l
a
r
c
e
lls
t
ha
t
u
s
e
the
s
u
n
a
s
a
n
ene
r
g
y
s
o
u
r
c
e
.
Solar
c
e
ll
use
d
i
n
t
h
is
a
n
al
ys
i
s
i
s
po
lyc
r
ys
t
a
l
lin
e
ty
pe
[
5]
.
Bel
ow
a
r
e
t
he
p
ic
t
u
r
e
s
a
n
d
spec
if
i
c
a
t
i
ons
o
f
the
so
lar
ce
l
l
t
o
be
t
e
s
t
e
d,
so
lar
ce
l
l
s
as
s
how
n
in
F
ig
ur
e
2.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
P
o
w
Elec
&
D
r
i
S
y
st
I
S
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
An
al
y
s
i
s
the
e
f
f
e
c
t
of re
flec
t
or
(
flat
m
i
rr
or,
conv
ex
m
i
rro
r
,
and c
o
nc
ave
m
i
rror)
.
.
.
(
Y
a
h
o
t
Si
a
h
a
a
n
)
94
5
F
i
gure
2. S
olar
cell
Tab
l
e
1.
S
pe
cif
i
ca
ti
on
o
f
P
o
l
y
cr
yst
a
l
l
i
n
e
S
i
l
i
c
on
T
ype
Module
t
y
p
e
P
-20W
Ce
ll
ty
p
e
Polyc
r
y
s
t
a
llin
e
silic
on
P
r
oduc
tion
T
o
le
ra
n
c
e
0~+
3
%
Ma
xim
a
l
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
18.
5V
Ma
xi
m
a
l
C
u
rre
n
t
1.
08A
Ope
n
C
ir
c
u
it Volt
a
g
e
22.
14V
Short
C
i
rc
ui
t C
u
rre
nt
1.
16A
Ma
x
P
o
w
e
r a
t
S
TV
20W
Ma
x
Sy
st
e
m
V
ol
t
a
ge
100
0V
D
C
Di
m
e
nsions
48.
5
x
36
x
2,
5
cm
In
a
ccor
d
a
n
ce
w
it
h
t
h
e
da
ta
w
e
g
e
t
from
t
h
e
s
o
l
a
r
c
e
l
l
sp
e
c
ific
a
t
ion
s
t
ha
t
we
u
se
,
a
nd
t
h
en
w
e
can
de
t
e
rm
ine
the
Fill fa
c
t
or [6]:
18
.5
1
.08
22.14
1
.1
6
0
.7
7
Wi
t
h
t
he
e
qua
t
i
o
n
b
e
l
ow
w
e
c
a
n
ca
l
c
u
l
a
t
e
t
h
e
outp
u
t
pow
er
o
f
so
lar
ce
l
l
t
ha
t is
:
2
2
.
1
4
1
.16
0
.
77
1
9
.
7
7
The nex
t
s
tep w
e
d
ete
r
mine
t
he
m
a
x
imum
o
ut
p
u
t
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
i
s de
f
in
ed
a
s
t
h
e
p
e
rc
ent
a
g
e
o
f
o
p
ti
mu
m
ou
t
p
u
t
p
ow
e
r
t
o
lig
ht
e
ner
gy
[7]
,
[
8]
.
Bec
ause
o
f
t
h
e
dim
e
n
s
i
o
n
s
o
f
s
o
l
a
r
c
e
l
l
s
t
h
a
t
w
e
u
s
e
m
e
a
s
u
r
i
n
g
48.
5
x36
t
h
e
n
w
e
c
a
n
de
ter
m
ine
t
o
174
.6
W.
1
0
0
%
19.77
174.6
1
0
0
%
11.32%
b.
Ref
l
e
c
t
or
Ther
e
ar
e
t
h
re
e
t
ype
s
of
r
efle
ctors
selec
t
e
d
b
y
th
e
wr
i
t
e
r
t
o
a
na
lyz
e
t
he
o
u
t
pu
t
v
o
l
ta
ge
o
f
solar
ce
ll
tha
t
i
s
flat,
c
o
n
v
ex,
a
n
d
co
nc
a
v
e
m
i
rror.
Refl
e
c
t
or
i
s
ma
de
o
f
gl
a
s
s
and
a
l
u
m
i
n
u
m
.
Fo
r
a
f
l
at
m
i
rro
r
t
h
e
si
ze
use
d
i
s
40cm
x
40c
m
w
h
i
l
e
f
o
r
c
o
n
v
e
x
a
n
d
c
onca
v
e
m
i
r
r
or
u
si
n
g
a
m
i
r
r
o
r
w
i
t
h
a
d
i
a
m
e
t
e
r
o
f
2
0
c
m
.
e
a
c
h
r
e
flec
t
o
r
wi
ll
b
e
p
la
ced
i
n
c
o
ntac
t
w
i
t
h
t
he
s
o
l
ar
c
el
l
wit
h
d
i
f
f
e
ren
t
a
ngl
es
f
o
r
r
e
f
l
ect
ion
t
h
at
o
ccu
rs
b
et
wee
n
the
s
uns
a
ga
ins
t
t
he
m
ir
r
o
r
of
t
he
s
o
l
a
r
c
el
l.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N: 2
0
8
8
-
86
94
I
n
t
J Po
w
Elec
&
Dr
i
Sy
st,
Vo
l. 1
0
,
No
. 2
,
Ju
n
e
2
019
:
9
43
–
9
5
2
94
6
2.
2.
M
e
asu
r
i
n
g
in
st
ru
m
e
n
t
Th
is
s
tu
dy
use
s
s
e
v
era
l
m
ea
sur
e
m
e
nts
a
s
r
e
f
er
ence
s
t
o
g
e
t
a
ccur
ate
r
e
s
u
l
t
s.
T
he
f
oll
o
w
i
ng
a
r
e
t
he
m
e
a
s
ur
ing
to
ol
s
use
d
b
y
the
a
u
t
h
or
f
or
d
ata
col
l
e
c
t
io
n:
a.
P
r
otr
a
c
t
or
P
r
otr
a
c
t
or
i
s
a
m
easur
in
g
ins
t
r
u
me
nt
t
o
de
t
e
r
m
i
n
e
a
de
g
r
ee
.
The
d
e
g
re
e
usu
a
l
l
y
d
enot
e
d
b
y
o
,
is
t
h
e
an
gu
l
a
r
me
a
s
ure
t
h
a
t
c
a
n
b
e
fo
rmed
o
n
a
fl
at
p
l
a
n
e
.
Thi
s
t
oo
l
i
s
ver
y
i
m
p
or
ta
nt
t
o
de
ter
m
ine
t
h
e
var
i
a
tio
n
o
f
the
an
g
l
e
of t
h
e
b
enc
h
ma
rk i
n the
s
t
u
d
y
.
b.
The
r
m
o
me
t
e
r
T
h
e
r
m
o
m
e
t
e
r
i
s
u
s
e
d
a
s
a
t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
g
a
u
g
e
.
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
i
s
a
v
e
r
y
i
m
por
tan
t
a
nd
i
n
f
l
u
e
n
tia
l
pa
ram
e
ter
for
the
ou
tpu
t
o
f so
lar
cells
c.
Lux
M
e
ter
The
inte
ns
i
t
y
of
l
i
g
h
t
i
s
ve
r
y
i
nf
lue
n
t
i
al
i
n
t
h
e
me
asur
e
m
e
n
t
,
for
the
aut
h
ors
use
th
is
t
oo
l
as
a
pa
r
a
m
e
ter
of
h
ow
m
uch
t
h
e
i
n
ter
n
a
l
i
t
y
r
e
c
e
i
v
ed
b
y
so
lar
c
e
l
l
s
a
t
t
h
e
ti
me
o
f
mea
s
u
r
e
m
en
t
[9
].
L
ux
m
et
er
h
a
s
a
r
a
nge
b
e
t
w
een
0
.
1
~
20.
0
0
0
F
c
w
i
th
r
e
s
o
l
u
t
io
n
0.
1
L
ux/
0.
1
F
c
.
A
c
c
u
r
a
c
y
o
f
4
%
w
ith
s
p
e
e
d
2
t
i
m
e
s
/
s
ec
ond
a
nd
O
p
e
r
at
in
g En
vir
o
nm
en
t
i
s
14
t
o
1
2
2
F
(
-
10
t
o
5
0
C
)
,
10
%
~
90%
RH. Here
'
s
a fi
g
u
re
o
f t
h
e lu
x me
te
r.
L
ux
m
e
ter
a
s
s
how
n
in
F
igur
e
3
.
F
i
gur
e
3.
Lu
x
m
e
ter
2.
3.
Sc
he
m
a
t
i
c
of
r
e
s
earc
h
tool
Solar
S
e
ll
i
s
a
m
ajor
c
om
p
o
n
e
nt
o
f
th
is
r
ese
a
rc
h.
A
fter
w
e
get
all
t
h
at
w
e
n
e
ed
i
n
t
h
i
s
r
esea
rch
,
t
h
e
n
we
s
et
t
he
l
oc
a
t
i
on
o
f
s
o
l
ar
cell
tes
tin
g.
S
olar
c
ells
w
i
ll
be
t
e
ste
d
w
ith
ou
t
a
re
flec
tor
a
n
d
use
thr
ee
r
e
fle
c
t
ors.
A
r
r
a
nge
me
nt
s
betw
e
e
n
s
ola
r
cell
s
a
n
d
r
ef
l
e
c
t
or
s
s
hou
ld
a
ls
o
be
c
o
n
s
ide
r
ed.
Here
's
a
s
c
h
em
atic
o
f
a
so
la
r
ce
ll
to
o
l
w
it
ho
u
t
a
r
ef
l
e
c
t
or
a
nd
us
in
g
a
r
e
flect
or
.
a.
S
c
hem
a
tic
o
f
the
S
o
l
a
r Cel
ls t
hat S
t
an
d
The
f
i
r
s
t
c
i
r
c
u
it
is
c
om
po
sed
of
s
olar
c
el
l
s
t
hat
w
i
l
l
c
o
n
v
er
t
so
l
a
r
ene
r
g
y
i
nto
e
l
e
c
tr
ica
l
e
ner
g
y.
T
he
c
i
r
c
u
it
of
s
o
l
ar
c
e
l
ls
w
e
m
e
a
s
ur
e
usi
n
g
a
d
i
gi
ta
l
m
u
l
tim
et
er
t
h
at
c
a
n
s
im
ul
ta
ne
o
u
s
l
y
m
e
a
s
ur
e
t
h
e
cur
r
ent
(
I
)
a
n
d
v
o
l
ta
ge
(
V
)
.
A
ny
c
h
a
n
ges
w
h
e
t
he
r
t
h
e
c
u
r
r
e
nt
o
r
vo
l
t
age
t
h
a
t
o
c
c
u
r
s
d
ur
i
n
g
t
h
e
e
xper
i
m
e
nt
w
il
l
b
e
re
c
o
rd
e
d
b
y
t
a
k
i
ng
i
nt
o
ac
cou
n
t
so
me
p
aramet
ers
o
f
t
e
m
pe
rat
u
re
an
d
li
gh
t
int
e
rn
al
ity
r
e
c
e
i
v
ed
b
y
sola
r
ce
l
l
s.
Th
e c
i
r
c
uit
b
e
lo
w sh
o
w
s
s
o
l
a
r
ce
l
l
s
wi
t
hout
r
e
f
l
e
c
t
o
r
as sh
own
in F
ig
ure
4.
F
i
g
u
r
e
4
. S
olar
cells c
i
r
cu
i
t
with
out
r
efl
e
ct
or
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
P
o
w
Elec
&
D
r
i
S
y
st
I
S
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
An
al
y
s
i
s
the
e
f
f
e
c
t
of re
flec
t
or
(
flat
m
i
rr
or,
conv
ex
m
i
rro
r
,
and c
o
nc
ave
m
i
rror)
.
.
.
(
Y
a
h
o
t
Si
a
h
a
a
n
)
94
7
b.
S
c
hem
a
tic
o
f
a
solar
ce
ll
w
i
t
h
the a
d
d
i
t
i
o
n
of
reflectors
The
ne
xt
s
e
r
ie
s
is
t
he
s
a
m
e
a
s
t
he
f
i
r
st
b
ut
t
hat
d
i
st
in
g
u
ish
e
s
i
t
on
ly
b
y
ad
din
g
t
h
ree
di
ffe
ren
t
t
yp
es
of
r
ef
le
c
t
or
s
a
t
d
if
fer
e
nt
tim
es.
I
t
s
m
a
in
c
o
m
pone
n
t
s
ar
e
s
o
l
a
r
c
e
l
l
s
a
n
d
r
e
f
l
e
c
t
o
r
s
i
n
t
h
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
f
l
a
t
m
i
r
r
o
r
s
,
c
o
n
v
e
x
m
irr
o
rs,
and
c
o
ncave
m
i
rror
s
.
Eac
h
r
efle
c
t
or
w
ill
be
t
ri
e
d
d
iffe
re
n
t
l
y
w
i
t
h
di
ffere
n
t
tes
t
tim
es
a
s
we
l
l
so
a
t
t
h
e
t
i
me
o
f
m
e
a
s
ur
em
ent
w
i
l
l
a
lso ha
ve
d
if
fe
r
e
n
t
l
i
g
ht
i
n
te
ns
ity
a
n
d
t
em
per
a
tur
e
.
H
e
r
e
i
s
a
pic
t
u
r
e
of
t
he
thr
e
e
t
ype
s
o
f
r
efle
c
t
or
s
a
nd
solar
cel
ls.
(a
)
(b
)
(
c
)
F
i
g
u
r
e 5
.
a)
S
o
lar
cells with
f
l
at mi
r
ro
r refl
ecto
rs,
b
)
so
l
ar
c
e
lls
w
ith
c
on
ve
x
mir
r
or
,
and
c)
s
o
l
a
r
c
ell with m
irror
conc
a
v
e.
2.
4.
Test
i
n
g
v
ar
iat
i
on
Eac
h
e
ar
t
h
l
y
r
e
g
io
n has
dif
f
er
ent
r
a
d
i
a
tio
n v
a
lue
s
r
ec
eive
d
dep
e
n
di
n
g
o
n the
l
o
ca
tio
n an
d
pos
i
tio
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l
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e
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t
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t
of
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A
t
the
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es
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s
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on
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d
a
t
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a
l
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n
Mar
g
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est
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3.
RESU
L
T
S
A
ND ANALY
S
IS
3.
1.
I
n
p
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t
ra
d
i
a
t
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o
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ul
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o
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l
e
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t
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a
dd
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t
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o
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The
fo
l
l
ow
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g
calcu
la
tio
ns a
re
u
se
fu
l f
o
r som
e
pa
r
ame
t
e
r
s for s
o
l
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l
ls
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t
h
e
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s
e
of r
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.
6
3
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3
b.
D
e
t
e
r
m
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Eq
uat
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f
T
ime
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.
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,
5
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0
63
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36
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So
,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
: 208
8-
869
4
Int J
Pow
El
ec &
D
ri
S
yst
,
Vol
.
10,
N
o.
2
, June 2019: 943
–
95
2
94
8
8
.342
– 3.3
7
7
–
1.31
4
3
.
65
1
c.
D
e
t
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r
m
i
ni
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ola
r
Tim
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t
anda
r
d
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im
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:
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P
M
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the
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ur
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ta
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etrie
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l
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t
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M
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of t
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un
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lt
itu
de
αs = 90
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αs =
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minin
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n
g
l
e
of
t
he S
un A
z
i
m
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h
12.00
4
h.
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eter
minin
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the
Inte
nsit
y
of s
olar
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adia
tio
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ts
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d
e the
E
a
r
t
h
'
s
at
m
o
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phe
re
1
0
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3
60.
36
5
1
0
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3
3
60.63
36
5
1
37
3
.
8
6
7
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
El
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
IS
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
An
alys
is t
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ect of
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t m
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rror,
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m
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co
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m
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rror)..
. (Ya
hot
Sia
h
a
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n
)
94
9
3.2.
S
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le o
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t
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t
c
alcu
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s u
s
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s
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f
e
nerg
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w
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est
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gni
tu
d
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V
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urrent
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sc
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t
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at
e
a
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h
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n
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e
of
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reflect
or.
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sts
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r
e
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ime
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a.
O
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t
p
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n
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d
o
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t
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ne
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th
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sults
o
f
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per
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m
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s
fr
o
m
s
ola
r
c
el
ls
w
itho
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t
r
e
f
lec
t
or
.
F
r
om
t
hi
s
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e
su
lt
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e
w
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l
l
b
e
a
b
l
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o
see
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o
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r
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s
on
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s
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e
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l
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r
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bl
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a
mo
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our
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ux)
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p
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t
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l
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Output
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In
p
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r
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f
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b.
O
u
t
p
u
t
r
esul
ts
f
r
o
m
sola
r c
e
lls
w
it
h
flat m
irror
re
flect
or
w
ith
a
n
g
l
e
60
o
,
90
o
,
and 120
o
F
r
om
t
he
d
a
t
a
ca
n
be
s
e
e
n
gene
ra
ll
y
:
a
t
a
n
a
n
g
le
o
f
60
o
t
he
v
o
lta
ge
a
nd
c
u
rr
ent
d
o
n
o
t
h
a
v
e
a
sign
ifica
n
t
di
ffe
r
enc
e
,
a
n
a
ng
l
e
o
f
9
0
o
f
or
t
h
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
v
ol
ta
ge
a
lm
ost the
sa
me
i
s
on
l
y
s
l
i
g
h
t
l
y
d
i
ffe
r
en
t,
a
nd
a
n
a
n
gl
e
of
1
20
o
t
he ou
t
pu
t cur
r
ent pr
oduc
e
d
c
h
a
nge
s
over
ti
m
e
due to
the
te
m
p
e
ra
ture
r
ec
e
i
ve
d
by
so
l
a
r cell
s
.
Ta
bl
e
3
. Th
e
amo
u
n
t
of so
l
a
r
c
e
l
l
out
put
wi
t
h
a
f
l
a
t
mi
rro
r
at
an angle of 60
o
,
9
0
o
,
and
1
2
0
o
A
ngle
(
O
)
Hour
(WIB
)
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a
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/m
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e
m
p
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r
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P
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t
(W
)
In
p
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t
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in
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f
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O
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o
n
v
ex
m
irror
re
flec
to
r w
i
th
A
ng
le 6
0
⁰
,
9
0
⁰
,
and
1
2
0
⁰
A
t
t
h
i
s m
e
a
s
urem
ent w
i
t
h
c
o
nve
x m
i
rror
re
flec
tor
w
e
f
oun
d tha
t
t
h
e e
ffi
cie
n
cy
wa
s
q
ui
t
e
g
o
o
d
w
h
ic
h r
eac
hed
9% e
ve
n th
o
u
g
h
it w
a
s
uns
t
a
b
l
e
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
: 208
8-
869
4
Int J
Pow
El
ec &
D
ri
S
yst
,
Vol
.
10,
N
o.
2
, June 2019: 943
–
95
2
95
0
Ta
ble
4.
T
he
a
m
oun
t
o
f
solar
ce
l
l
o
u
t
p
u
t
w
i
t
h a
c
onv
e
x
m
irror
a
t a
n
a
n
g
le
o
f
6
0
o
,
90
o
,
and 12
0
o
A
ngle
(
O
)
Hour
(WIB
)
L
i
ght
I
n
te
nsity
(L
ux)
Inp
u
t
Ra
di
a
t
ion
(W
/m
2
)
T
e
m
p
er
at
u
r
e
(
O
C)
Ope
n
C
i
r
c
uit
Vol
t
a
g
e
/
V
oc
(V
)
Short
C
i
r
c
uit
F
l
o
w
/ I
sc
(A)
O
u
tput
Pow
e
r
/
P
ou
t
(W
)
In
p
u
t
Pow
e
r
/
P
in
(W)
Ef
f
i
ci
en
c
y
(%)
60
10:42:
20
1
914
00
151
2.
0
6
3
7
.
8
20.
01
0
.
6
12
12.
246
264.
61
4
.
627
11:07:
38
1
853
00
146
3.
8
7
3
8
.
6
20.
28
0
.
6
42
13.
019
256.
17
5
.
082
11:46:
34
1
756
00
138
7.
2
4
3
6
.
1
20.
00
0
.
8
96
17.
920
242.
76
7
.
381
12:11:
12
2
052
00
162
1.
0
8
3
8
.
5
20.
08
0
.
9
10
18.
272
283.
68
6
.
441
12:27:
52
1
933
00
152
7.
0
7
3
8
.
1
20.
11
0
.
9
21
18.
521
267.
23
6
.
930
13:18:
07
1
943
00
153
4.
9
7
3
9
.
4
20.
31
0
.
9
45
19.
192
268.
61
7
.
144
13:32:
14
1
820
00
1
437.
8
3
9
.
9
20.
34
0
.
9
92
20.
177
251.
61
8
.
019
13:58:
18
1
893
00
149
5.
4
7
3
9
.
2
20.
12
0
.
8
39
16.
880
261.
70
6
.
450
90
10:43:
01
1
986
00
156
8.
9
4
3
8
.
1
19.
93
0
.
6
67
13.
293
274.
56
4
.
841
11:14:
24
1
904
00
150
4.
1
6
3
7
.
1
20.
37
0
.
7
51
15.
297
263.
22
5
.
811
11:48:
22
1
787
00
141
1.
7
3
3
6
.
6
19.
91
1
.
1
27
22.
438
247.
05
9
.
082
12:13:
04
2
056
00
162
4.
2
4
3
9
.
1
20.
03
0
.
9
66
19.
348
284.
24
6
.
806
12:28:
43
2
001
00
158
0.
7
9
3
9
.
2
20.
32
0
.
8
59
17.
454
276.
63
6
.
309
13:19:
20
1
933
00
152
7.
0
7
3
8
.
4
20.
13
0
.
9
50
19.
123
267.
23
7
.
156
13:34:
06
1
872
00
147
8.
8
8
3
9
.
5
20.
14
0
.
9
28
18.
689
258.
80
7
.
221
13:56:
32
1
923
00
151
9.
1
7
3
7
.
5
19.
44
0
.
8
34
16.
212
265.
85
6
.
098
120
10:46:
35
1
967
00
155
3.
9
3
3
8
.
7
19.
85
0
.
6
91
13.
716
271.
93
5
.
043
11:23:
03
1
950
00
1
540.
5
3
5
.
2
20.
59
0
.
8
24
16.
966
269.
58
6
.
293
11:49:
30
1
932
00
152
6.
2
8
3
7
.
6
20.
33
1
.
0
65
21.
651
267.
09
8
.
106
12:14:
28
1
981
00
156
4.
9
9
3
9
.
2
20.
34
0
.
8
47
17.
227
273.
87
6
.
290
12:29:
48
1
892
00
149
4.
6
8
4
0
.
2
20.
59
0
.
9
83
20.
239
261.
56
7
.
737
13:21:
18
1
922
00
151
8.
3
8
3
9
.
4
20.
78
0
.
9
04
18.
785
265.
71
7
.
069
13:36:
17
1
923
00
151
9.
1
7
3
9
.
1
20.
11
0
.
8
94
17.
978
265.
85
6
.
762
13:54:
50
1
993
00
1574.
4
7
3
8
.
7
20.
01
0
.
9
58
19.
169
275.
53
6
.
957
d.
O
u
tpu
t
r
esul
t
s
f
rom
solar
ce
l
l
s
w
i
th concave
m
ir
ror reflector w
ith
A
ng
l
e
6
0
⁰
,
9
0
⁰
,
and
12
0
⁰
The
ra
dia
t
i
o
n
rec
e
ive
d
by
so
la
r c
e
lls at
t
h
is a
ng
l
e
is n
o
t
to
o
far
a
w
ay
f
rom
t
h
e tem
p
er
ature
of
the
are
a
w
hich is n
o
t t
o
o di
ffere
n
t
from
e
ac
h m
e
asur
em
ent da
ta
. A
n
angle
o
f
9
0
o
has
e
xper
i
e
n
ced
a
c
hang
e
i
n
curr
ent a
n
d vo
l
t
a
g
e t
h
a
t
i
s
q
u
it
e
goo
d t
h
an
t
he
others
b
u
t
the
m
e
a
s
ur
em
ent wit
h
a
n ang
l
e
o
f
120
o
has
a
high
tem
p
era
t
ur
e c
o
mpa
r
ed
t
o
t
h
e ot
her
s
.
Ta
ble
5.
T
he
a
m
oun
t
o
f
solar
ce
l
l
o
u
t
p
u
t
w
i
t
h a
c
oncave
m
i
r
r
or
at a
n angle
of
6
0
o
,
9
0
o
,
and 12
0
o
A
ngle
(
O
)
Hour
(WIB
)
L
i
ght
I
n
te
nsity
(L
ux)
Inp
u
t
Ra
di
a
t
ion
(W
/m
2
)
T
e
m
p
er
at
u
r
e
(
O
C)
Ope
n
C
i
r
c
uit
Vol
t
a
g
e
/
V
oc
(V
)
Short
C
i
r
c
uit
F
l
o
w
/ I
sc
(A)
O
u
tput
Pow
e
r
/
P
ou
t
(W
)
In
p
u
t
Pow
e
r
/
P
in
(W)
Ef
f
i
ci
en
c
y
(%)
60
10:47:
04
1
982
00
156
5.
7
8
3
9
.
3
19.
78
0
.
7
01
13.
865
274.
01
5
.
060
11:26:
59
1
905
00
150
4.
9
5
3
5
.
9
20.
48
0
.
8
55
17.
510
263.
36
6
.
648
11:50:
35
1
925
00
152
0.
7
5
3
8
.
9
20.
33
1
.
0
53
21.
407
266.
13
8
.
043
12:15:
40
1
901
00
150
1.
7
9
3
9
.
9
20.
39
0
.
6
82
13.
905
262.
81
5
.
290
12:30:
53
1
904
00
150
4.
1
6
4
0
.
2
20.
12
0
.
7
44
14.
969
263.
22
5
.
686
13:22:
42
1
989
00
157
1.
3
1
3
8
.
5
20.
39
0
.
8
39
17.
107
274.
97
6
.
221
13:39:
30
1
938
00
153
1.
0
2
3
9
.
0
20.
45
0
.
8
99
18.
384
267.
92
6
.
861
13:52:
33
1
944
00
153
5.
7
6
3
8
.
2
20.
39
0
.
9
22
18.
799
268.
75
6
.
994
90
10:48:
39
1
916
00
151
3.
6
4
4
0
.
2
20.
25
0
.
7
06
14.
296
264.
88
5
.
397
11:28:
51
1
985
00
156
8.
1
5
3
8
.
4
20.
33
0
.
9
97
20.
269
274.
42
7
.
386
11:54:
41
1
987
00
156
9.
7
3
4
0
.
2
20.
85
1
.
1
80
24.
603
274.
70
8
.
956
12:16:
50
1
928
00
152
3.
1
2
4
0
.
2
21.
02
1
.
0
20
21.
440
266.
54
8
.
043
12:32:
40
1
892
00
149
4.
6
8
3
8
.
5
20.
43
0
.
9
44
19.
285
261.
56
7
.
373
13:23:
58
1
920
00
1
516.
8
3
9
.
9
20.
44
0
.
9
87
20.
174
265.
44
7
.
600
13:40:
41
1
922
00
151
8.
3
8
3
9
.
2
20.
67
0
.
9
73
20.
111
265.
71
7
.
568
13:49:
27
1
920
00
1
516.
8
3
9
.
5
20.
44
0
.
9
11
18.
620
265.
44
7
.
014
120
10:49:
59
1
901
00
150
1.
7
9
4
1
.
1
19.
67
0
.
7
15
14.
064
262.
81
5
.
351
11:30:
20
1
977
00
156
1.
8
3
3
8
.
8
20.
11
1
.
0
19
20.
492
273.
32
7
.
497
11:55:
54
1
979
00
156
3.
4
1
4
1
.
8
20.
23
1
.
1
20
22.
657
273.
59
8
.
281
12:18:
25
1
978
00
156
2.
6
2
4
0
.
2
20.
14
0
.
9
12
18.
367
273.
45
6
.
716
12:34:
18
1
920
00
1
516.
8
4
0
.
1
20.
33
0
.
8
29
16.
853
265.
44
6
.
349
13:25:
40
1
830
00
1
445.
7
3
8
.
3
20.
12
0
.
8
39
16.
880
252.
99
6
.
672
13:42:
25
1
921
00
151
7.
5
9
3
9
.
2
20.
22
0
.
9
22
18.
642
265.
57
7
.
019
13:45:
16
1
940
00
1
532.
6
3
9
.
4
20.
16
0
.
8
92
17.
982
268.
20
6
.
704
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
El
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
IS
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
An
alys
is t
h
e
ef
f
ect of
re
fl
e
c
t
or (fl
a
t m
i
rror,
c
o
n
v
ex
m
i
rro
r,
and
co
nc
ave
m
i
rror)..
. (Ya
hot
Sia
h
a
a
n
)
95
1
3.3.
Rese
arch
Discu
ssion
3.3.
1. A
n
a
lys
i
s
of solar
cel
l o
u
tpu
t
o
n
ad
d
i
ti
on
of
re
flect
or
F
r
om
t
h
e
d
a
t
a
ob
ta
ine
d
d
ur
in
g
the
m
e
a
s
urem
ent,
t
he
a
m
o
u
n
t
of
r
a
d
i
at
i
o
n
rec
e
i
v
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
S
o
la
r
ce
ll
w
ill
affec
t
t
he out
pu
t
c
u
rre
n
t
a
nd vo
lta
ge
g
e
n
era
t
e
d
b
y
so
l
a
r
c
ells.
The
grea
ter
the
rad
i
at
i
on
in
te
ns
i
t
y
rec
e
ive
d
by
th
e
s
o
l
a
r
ce
ll
t
he
n
t
h
e
resu
lti
ng
v
o
l
t
a
ge
a
n
d
c
urre
n
t
a
re
a
l
so
w
eake
n
ed.
Ge
nera
l
l
y
the
v
o
lta
ge
d
r
op
is
sma
l
le
r
t
h
a
n
t
h
e
c
urre
nt
.
Tes
t
in
g
has
bee
n
d
one
t
ha
t
t
h
e
u
s
e
s
o
f
co
nc
a
v
e
mirror
re
flect
o
r
s
ge
t
the
best
i
n
put
radia
t
i
o
n r
a
ys. Th
i
s
can
b
e
sh
ow
n
i
n
the
p
ic
ture
be
l
ow
.
F
i
gure
6.
R
ela
t
i
o
n
o
f
ou
t
pu
t p
o
w
e
r
to r
adiat
i
o
n
i
n
p
u
t
Wit
h
t
he
a
d
d
i
t
ion
o
f
R
e
f
lec
t
or,
a
sol
a
r
cell
w
ill
get
the
m
a
xim
um
o
u
t
pu
t.
I
n
the
da
t
a
obta
i
ne
d
t
h
e
add
i
tio
n
of
m
ir
ror
r
e
flec
tor
conc
a
v
e
w
ith
a
9
0
o
i
ncl
i
n
at
ion
a
n
g
l
e
t
o
g
et
t
he
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
outpu
t
o
f
s
uc
h
as
Cur
r
ent,
V
olta
ge,
O
u
tp
ut P
o
w
e
r
a
nd Effic
i
ency.
3.3.
2. A
n
a
lys
i
s
of t
h
e
i
n
f
lu
e
n
ce
of r
e
f
le
ctor
on
th
e
t
e
mp
eratu
r
e of sol
ar c
ell
s
Te
mpe
r
ature
o
f
s
ol
a
r
c
e
lls
a
ls
o
affec
t
s
th
e
p
e
r
f
orm
a
nce
o
f
t
he
so
l
a
r
ce
ll
.
The
vo
l
t
a
g
e
a
n
d
c
u
r
r
ent
of
the
So
la
r
ce
lls
a
r
e
a
ffe
cte
d
by
t
h
e
tem
p
era
t
ure.
T
he
g
re
ater
t
h
e
tem
p
e
r
ature
re
ceive
d
the
vol
ta
ge
s
l
i
g
h
t
l
y
reduc
e
d
a
nd
i
n
ver
s
el
y
pro
p
o
rtio
na
l
to
t
he
e
l
ectric
curre
n
t
.
Tem
per
a
tures
va
lue
o
f
t
he
s
o
l
ar
c
ell
is
i
nfl
u
enc
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
ra
di
at
io
n
re
ce
iv
ed
b
y
th
e
sol
a
r
ce
ll
i
t
s
el
f.
S
o
t
h
e
g
r
ea
ter
the
r
a
dia
t
i
o
n
rec
e
i
v
e
d
i
s
t
h
e
gr
ea
te
r
the
t
e
mp
e
r
at
u
r
e
o
f
a
so
l
ar c
e
l
l
.
He
r
e i
s
a
p
i
c
tu
re o
f
t
h
e ef
f
ect
of
r
adia
tio
n o
n
t
e
m
pe
rature
.
F
i
gure
7.
Tend
e
ncy o
f
so
l
ar
cell te
m
p
er
ature
to ra
d
i
a
tio
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N: 2
0
8
8
-
86
94
I
n
t
J Po
w
Elec
&
Dr
i
Sy
st,
Vo
l. 1
0
,
No
. 2
,
Ju
n
e
2
019
:
9
43
–
9
5
2
95
2
4.
CONCLUSIONS
The
data
o
bta
i
ned
i
n
t
he
f
or
m
of
s
o
l
ar
r
a
d
ia
tio
n
a
nd
te
mp
er
atur
e
r
ece
ive
d
b
y
s
o
la
r
ce
ll
s
de
pe
nds
o
n
the
c
ond
i
t
i
on
o
f
d
a
t
a
co
l
l
e
c
t
i
on
whe
r
e
ea
ch
t
ime
is
d
i
f
fer
e
n
t
.
The
gr
e
a
ter
t
h
e
r
a
dia
t
i
o
n
r
e
ce
i
v
e
d
by
s
o
lar
ce
lls
is
t
he
e
f
f
ec
t
o
n
t
h
e
lar
g
e
tem
p
era
t
ure
so
lar
c
e
ll
s
so
t
ha
t
w
i
l
l
g
e
t
d
if
fere
n
t
o
u
t
pu
ts.
T
h
e
mos
t
w
i
d
el
y
acc
ept
e
d
e
xper
i
m
e
nt
o
f
r
a
dia
t
i
o
n
i
s
o
n
a
c
onc
a
v
e
m
i
r
r
o
r
r
e
flec
t
o
r
.
F
or
t
he
s
ol
a
r
c
e
l
l
ou
t
put,
th
e
m
a
xim
u
m
a
v
er
a
g
e
m
a
xim
u
m
vo
l
t
a
ge
p
r
o
d
u
c
e
d
is
20.
5
5
3
V
a
n
d
t
he
a
v
e
r
a
ge
o
f
t
h
e
ma
x
i
m
um
e
l
e
c
t
ri
c
cu
rren
t
g
e
n
e
ra
t
e
d
is
0
.9
64
A
w
h
ich
is
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
by
t
h
e
add
i
tio
n
o
f
a
c
onca
v
e
mir
r
or
r
ef
lect
or
w
it
h
inc
l
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
an
g
l
e
is
9
0
o
.
T
h
e
m
a
xim
u
m
vo
l
t
a
g
e
ge
ne
r
a
te
d
by
t
h
e
sola
r
cell
i
s
21.
0
2
V
w
hic
h
i
s
p
r
o
d
u
c
e
d
b
y
t
he
a
dd
iti
o
n
o
f
a
c
onca
v
e
mirro
r
r
e
f
l
ector
with
a
9
0
o
i
nc
lina
tio
n
a
n
g
l
e
a
nd
f
o
r
the
m
a
ximum
el
ec
tr
i
c
c
ur
r
e
nt
g
ene
r
at
ed
i
s
1.
1
80A
i
e
b
y
the
ad
d
i
t
i
on
o
f
a
co
nc
a
v
e
m
i
r
r
or
a
lso
w
i
t
h
a
n
a
n
g
l
e
of
9
0
o
.
S
o
lar
Cel
ls
t
hat
ha
ve
b
ee
n
tes
t
ed
c
a
n
p
r
o
duc
e
m
a
xim
u
m
ou
t
p
ut
w
he
n
a
dde
d
r
e
fle
c
t
o
r
w
i
t
h
a
ng
l
e
i
s
9
0
o
ACKNOWLEDGE
ME
N
T
S
The
au
t
hor
s
w
o
u
l
d
like
t
o
t
ha
n
k
G
u
n
a
da
r
m
a
U
n
ive
r
sit
y
f
or
a
ll
ow
i
n
g
t
he
a
u
t
hor
t
o
u
s
e
re
se
arc
h
f
a
c
i
liti
es
REFERE
NC
E
S
[1]
Y
a
sh
a
r
G
hi
ass
i
-F
arrok
h
f
a
l,
et
a
l
.,
"Optim
al
D
es
ig
n
of
S
olar
P
V
F
a
rms
W
i
t
h
S
to
rage,
"
IEEE
Tra
n
sac
t
io
ns
on
S
u
s
t
aina
bl
e En
e
r
g
y
,
vol.
6
,
p
p
.
1586
-15
9
3
,
O
ct.
201
5.
[2]
S
a
j
i
m
o
n
A
s
ha and
C
h
acko Rani.
,
“
D
e
sig
n
o
f
re
flecto
r
s
f
o
r
a
can
a
l
t
op
s
olar po
w
er
p
lant,
”
20
17
IEEE In
te
rna
t
ion
a
l
Co
nf
e
r
ence o
n
Intelli
gent T
ech
niq
u
es
in Con
t
r
o
l,
O
p
ti
mi
zati
on and S
i
g
nal
P
r
o
c
e
s
si
ng
(
I
NCOS).
[3]
Ri
zwan
A
rs
had
,
er a
l
,.
"Im
p
rov
e
men
t
i
n
solar
pan
e
l
ef
fi
cien
cy
u
s
i
n
g
s
o
l
ar
c
on
cen
tratio
n
by
s
im
ple
m
i
rrors
a
nd
b
y
co
ol
ing
,
"
20
14
Int
e
rna
t
i
o
n
a
l
Conf
eren
ce on
Ro
botics
an
d E
m
erg
i
n
g
All
i
ed
T
echno
lo
gi
es i
n
En
g
i
neer
in
g
(i
C
R
E
A
T
E
),
20
1
4
.
[4]
Y.
M
iz
un
o,
et al.,
"Im
p
ro
vem
e
nt
o
f
s
o
l
a
r
rad
i
atio
n
m
o
d
e
l
b
a
sed
o
n
p
hy
sical
p
aram
et
ri
zati
on,
"
2015 International
Co
nf
e
r
ence o
n
Renewa
bl
e En
ergy
Resea
r
ch
an
d
A
p
p
l
i
c
ation
s
(ICR
E
R
A
).
[5]
Ma
hm
ou
d
Dh
i
m
ish
,
et
a
l
.
,
"Ou
t
p
u
t-P
o
wer
En
han
cemen
t
f
o
r
Hot
Spot
t
e
d
Po
l
y
crystall
i
n
e
Pho
tovolt
a
ic
S
o
l
ar
C
el
l
s
,
"
IEE
E
T
r
ansa
c
tio
n
s
on
D
e
vi
ce an
d
M
a
t
e
ri
als
R
e
li
abili
ty,
vol.
18,
pp
.
3
7
-
4
5
,
M
arch
2
01
8.
[6]
An
ki
t
K
h
a
n
n
a
,
et a
l
,
“
A
F
i
ll
F
a
ct
or
L
oss
A
n
al
ys
is
M
e
t
ho
d
fo
r
S
i
lico
n
W
a
f
er
S
olar
C
ell
s,"
IEEE Jo
ur
nal of
P
h
o
t
ovolt
a
i
c
s,
v
o
l
3
, p
p
. 11
7
0
–
1
1
7
7
, Oc
t
20
1
3
.
[7]
S.
M
.
W
o
ng
,
et
al.,
"
D
esi
gn
High-E
f
fi
ciency
S
i
Nanop
illar-Arr
ay-Textur
e
d
Thin-F
ilm
Solar
Cell,"
IE
EE
Elect
ron
D
evice L
e
tt
ers
,
vol
.
31
,
p
p
.
3
35
- 3
3
7
,
A
p
r
il
2
0
10.
[8]
A
b
d
e
lhak
L
ek
bir,
et
a
l
.,
"
T
he
R
eco
very
o
f
E
n
erg
y
f
ro
m
a
Hy
bri
d
S
yst
e
m
to
I
m
p
ro
ve
t
he
P
er
fo
rm
ance
o
f
a
P
h
ot
ovolt
a
ic
C
ell,
"
In
tern
a
t
io
nal Jo
urn
a
l
of
Po
wer E
l
ect
ronics
a
n
d D
r
i
ve Sys
t
em (
I
JPED
S
)
,
vo
l.
9
,
p
p
.
95
7-9
6
4
,
Se
pte
m
b
e
r 20
18
.
[9]
S
a
o
w
alak
S
aen
gkae,
et a
l
.,
"
I
m
p
le
m
e
nt
ati
o
n
o
f
W
i
r
eles
s
Inst
rum
e
nt
f
o
r
S
olar
E
n
e
rg
y
S
y
stem
,
"
20
17
9
t
h
In
ter
natio
nal
Conf
erence on Inform
atio
n
T
ech
nolog
y
an
d
Elect
ri
cal
En
gin
eeri
n
g
(ICIT
EE).
BIOGRAPHI
E
S
OF
AUT
HORS
Yah
o
t
S
i
ah
aan
i
s
a
g
r
adu
a
t
e
s
tud
e
nt
a
t
Gu
nad
a
rma
Un
iv
ersit
y
m
a
j
oring
i
n
e
lectri
cal
e
ngi
neeri
n
g
.
Gradu
a
ted
f
r
o
m
G
unad
a
rm
a
U
n
i
v
ersity
i
n
20
16
w
it
h
an
e
ng
ineeri
n
g
d
egree.
I
n
t
e
r
es
ted
i
n
t
h
e
fiel
d
o
f
E
m
b
eded
s
ystem
s
,
Microco
n
t
r
ollers,
T
e
leco
m
m
u
n
i
cati
o
n
s
,
R
enew
able
T
e
c
hn
olo
g
y
,
a
nd
El
ec
t
r
onics
.
Harto
n
o
Sisw
ono,
G
rad
u
at
ed
f
rom
Ind
i
ana
In
sti
t
ute
of
T
ech
no
lo
gy
,
In
di
ana,
U
S
A
i
n
Jan
u
ary
19
88,
W
it
h
t
h
e
deg
r
ee
o
f
B
ache
l
o
r
o
f
S
c
ien
ce
i
n
E
n
g
i
n
eeri
n
g
.
I
n
J
uly
20
00
,
gra
d
ua
te
d
wi
th
t
he
deg
r
ee
o
f
M
a
st
er
o
f
S
c
i
e
nce
in
E
lect
rical
E
n
g
i
n
eeri
n
g
f
r
o
m
U
niv
ersi
ty
o
f
In
do
n
e
s
i
a.
G
ot
t
he
Do
ctoral
d
egree
in
E
l
ectri
cal
E
ngin
eerin
g
from
Uni
v
ersity
o
f
In
dones
i
a
i
n
J
an
uary
2
006
.
S
t
arted
as
a
n
in
st
ruct
or
i
n
U
n
i
v
ersity
o
f
Gun
a
darm
as
ince
1
993
,
and
s
i
n
c
e
J
u
n
e
2
01
1
as
H
ead
o
f
El
ec
t
r
ical
E
ng
i
n
eeri
n
g
Dep
a
rtm
e
n
t
U
ni
versity
o
f
G
unad
a
rm
a.
W
hen
s
t
u
d
y
i
ng
in
t
he
U
nited
S
t
ates
o
f
A
m
erica,
a
lso
wo
rk
a
s
an
a
s
s
i
s
t
a
nt
f
or
E
lectri
cal
E
n
g
ine
e
r
in
g
De
pa
rtme
n
t
I
n
d
ia
na
Ins
t
it
u
t
e
o
f
T
ech
no
log
y
,
an
d
als
o
a
s
t
h
e
P
r
esi
d
en
t
o
f
I
nd
on
esi
a
n
S
t
ud
e
n
t
s
A
s
s
o
c
ia
ti
on
i
n
t
h
e
U
n
i
t
e
d
S
t
a
t
e
s
o
f
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m
e
r
i
c
a
f
o
r
t
w
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i
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s
.
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l
s
o
a
s
a
n
a
u
t
h
o
r
o
f
fo
ur
b
ook
s,
w
hi
ch
a
re:
“
D
i
g
ital
S
y
s
t
e
m
D
esi
gn
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
X
IL
INX
(P
erancan
g
a
nS
i
s
t
e
m
D
igit
a
l
S
im
u
l
at
o
r
X
I
L
I
N
X
)
”
,
“
S
i
g
n
a
l
P
r
ocess
i
n
g
S
ystem
(S
is
te
m
P
emros
e
sanS
i
n
y
a
l)”,
“
Co
nt
rol
S
y
st
e
m
(
D
as
arS
i
s
t
e
m
Ko
nt
ro
l
)
”,
a
nd
“
D
i
g
it
al
S
i
g
n
a
l P
r
o
cess
i
ng
(P
e
ng
ol
ahan
Si
ny
al Dig
it
al)”.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.