Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of
P
ower E
le
ctr
on
i
cs a
n
d
Drive
S
ystem
(I
J
PE
D
S
)
Vo
l.
11
,
No.
4
,
Decem
be
r 202
0
, p
p.
203
0
~
203
7
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8694
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ij
peds
.
v11.i
4
.
pp
2
03
0
-
203
7
2030
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
pe
ds
.i
aescore.c
om
Investig
ation of l
ow volt
age D
C m
icro
gr
i
d using sli
ding mo
de
contr
ol
D.
Satti
anad
an, G
. R.
Prud
hv
i K
um
ar,
R
.
Sridh
ar,
Ku
t
huru Vish
was
R
ed
dy,
Bhumi
reddy
Sa
i
Uday Re
d
dy, P
anga M
am
atha
Depa
rtment
o
f
E
le
c
tri
c
al a
nd
Ele
ct
roni
cs
Engi
n
eering
,
SR
M Insti
t
ute
of
Sci
enc
e
a
nd
Technol
ogy
,
India
.
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Feb
20
, 20
20
Re
vised
A
pr
2
6
, 2
0
20
Accepte
d
M
a
y
12
, 20
20
As
the
req
uir
e
me
nt
of
power
inc
re
ase
s,
th
e
use
of
ren
ew
abl
e
ene
rgy
resourc
es
has
b
ec
om
e
prom
inent.
Th
e
power
col
l
ec
t
ed
from
t
hese
en
erg
y
resourc
es
ne
eds
to
be
conv
ert
e
d
using
AC
-
DC
or
DC
-
DC
con
ver
te
rs.
Th
e
cont
rol
of
DC
-
DC
conv
ert
e
rs
is
a
co
mpl
ex
ta
sk
d
ue
to
it
s
non
-
li
n
ea
ri
ty
in
the
conve
rt
er
int
rod
uce
d
by
th
e
ex
t
ern
al
cha
ng
es
such
as
source
v
olt
ag
e,
ca
bl
e
resista
nc
e
a
nd
lo
ad
v
ari
a
ti
ons.
C
onver
te
rs
ar
e
to
be
d
esigne
d
to
o
bta
in
a
wel
l
stabi
lized
ou
tput
volt
ag
e
and
load
cur
ren
t
for
va
ria
bl
e
source
vo
lt
ag
es
an
d
loa
d
cha
nges.
Droop
cont
ro
l
m
e
thod
is
th
e
most
abunda
n
tl
y
use
d
technique
in
con
tro
ll
ing
the
par
allel
co
nver
te
rs.
The
ma
jor
li
m
it
a
ti
o
ns
of
the
conve
nt
iona
l
dr
oop
control
tec
hnique
are
c
ircula
ti
ng
cur
ren
t
issues
and
im
prope
r
lo
ad
s
har
ing.
Th
e
pro
posed
work
is
t
o
resolve
th
ese
issues
by
int
egr
at
ing
Slid
i
ng
Mode
Contr
oll
er
(SM
C)
wi
t
h
th
e
converte
r
in
ord
er
to
enha
nc
e
th
e
per
forma
nc
e
of
DC
mi
cro
gr
id.
The
ent
ir
e
con
trol
s
ystem
was
designe
d
by
t
a
king
th
e
ou
tpu
t
vol
ta
ge
err
or
as
the
contro
l
var
ia
b
le
s.
Simi
la
r
ly,
droop
con
trol
with
PI
and
PID
wer
e
a
lso
per
for
me
d
a
nd
a
ll
th
ese
te
chn
ique
s
were
s
im
u
la
t
ed
and
com
par
ed
using
MA
TL
AB
/Sim
uli
nk.
Th
e
expe
ri
me
nt
al
re
sults
show
th
a
t
the
proposed
slidi
ng
mode
con
trol
l
er
te
chn
ique
provid
es
good
over
a
ll
per
forma
n
ce
and
is
sui
ta
bl
e
ag
ains
t
var
ia
bl
e
volt
ag
e
and
lo
ad
cha
ng
es.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Distrib
uted
e
ne
rgy res
our
ces
Droop c
ontr
ol
Loa
d
s
har
i
ng
LV
DC
micr
ogr
id
Parall
el
D
C
-
D
C co
nv
e
rters
ci
rcu
la
ti
ng curr
ents
Sli
din
g m
od
e
c
on
t
ro
ll
er
This
is an
open
acc
ess arti
cl
e
un
der
the
CC
BY
-
SA
l
ic
ense
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
D.
Satt
ia
nad
a
n,
Dep
a
rtme
nt of
Ele
ct
rical
an
d
Ele
ct
ro
nics
E
nginee
rin
g,
SRM In
sti
tute of Sci
ence
and
Tech
no
l
ogy, K
at
ta
nk
ulat
hur,
Tami
lnad
u, I
ndia
.
Emai
l:
satt
ia
nan
da
n.d
@k
tr
.srmu
niv
.ac
.in
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
In
rece
nt
yea
rs
,
as
the
c
on
s
umpti
on
of
pow
er
i
ncr
ease
d
it
is
esse
ntial
to
increase
the
ge
ner
at
io
n
on
dema
nd.
N
owa
days
the
us
e
of
ren
e
wab
le
e
ne
rgy
s
uch
as
s
ol
ar,
wi
nd
a
nd
ti
dal
are
ef
fecti
ve
ly
us
e
d
f
or
po
we
r
gen
e
rati
on.
T
he
se
ren
e
wa
ble
so
urces
need
no
t
be
a
t
sam
e
place,
the
y
can
be
at
diff
e
ren
t
places
ba
sed
o
n
energ
y
a
vaila
bi
li
t
y.
S
o,
eve
n
t
he
r
ole
of
micr
ogrid
has
bec
ome
promi
nen
t.
A
micr
ogrid
is
a
small
-
scal
e
powe
r
su
ppl
y
net
wor
k
that ca
n ge
ne
rate, d
ist
ri
bu
te
and
c
ontr
ol po
wer
in
a
small
co
mm
unit
y.
Mi
crogr
id c
omp
r
ise
s o
f
ren
e
wa
ble
po
wer
ge
ner
at
in
g
sou
rces
a
nd
stora
ge
de
vic
es
th
at
make
i
t
profoun
dly
r
el
ia
ble
and
prof
ic
ie
nt.
Pr
ope
r
i
nteg
rati
on
bet
ween
di
stribu
te
d
e
ne
rgy
res
ources,
ba
tt
ery
st
or
a
ge
s
ys
te
m
an
d
di
fferent
loa
ds
del
ivers
good
qual
it
y
of
powe
r
t
o
t
h
e
co
nsume
rs.
A
n
i
nteresti
ng
a
sp
ect
of
the
m
ic
rogr
id
is
it
s
capab
il
it
y
t
o
w
ork
i
n
gr
i
d
-
c
onnecte
d mo
de
a
nd isl
a
nd
e
d mo
de [
1
-
4].
Ba
sed
on
t
he
natu
re
of
sig
na
ls,
M
ic
r
ogri
ds
are
cl
assifi
e
d
into
AC
a
nd
DC
micr
ogr
ids.
With
the
ongoin
g
resea
r
ch,
DC
micr
ogri
d
pro
v
es
t
o
be
m
or
e
si
gnific
ant
than
A
C
micro
gr
i
d.
The
c
on
ce
rn
of
AC
micro
gr
i
d
in
volves
reacti
ve
powe
r
issues
,
powe
r
facto
r
co
rr
ect
io
n,
f
re
quency
c
on
t
ro
l,
poor
volt
age
re
gula
ti
on
and
presen
ce
of
sk
i
n
ef
fect.
D
C
micro
gr
i
ds
a
re
pote
ntial
ly
more
ef
fici
ent,
econo
mic
al
,
more
reli
able,
easy
to
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
In
vest
ig
atio
n o
f l
ow vo
lt
age
D
C micro
gr
i
d us
ing
sli
ding
mode
c
on
tr
ol
(
D.
Sa
tt
ia
nadan
)
2031
store
a
nd
c
ontr
ol
tha
n
AC
mi
crogr
i
d.
C
urre
nt
r
esea
rc
h
on
DC
micr
ogri
ds
deals
with
sy
s
te
m
desi
gn,
c
ontr
ol
modeli
ng
a
nd s
ta
bili
ty o
f vari
ou
s c
onve
rters
and
i
nteg
rati
on o
f DERs
with
the micr
ogrid [
5]. Th
e
operati
on
of
LVD
C
mic
rog
rid
reli
es
on
t
he
c
onve
rter
s
el
ect
ion
a
nd
c
on
t
ro
l
sy
ste
m
desig
n.
I
n
DC
micr
o
gr
id
,
D
ERs
are
integrate
d
with
co
nverter
s
t
o
a
co
mm
on
L
V
DC
bus.
By
c
onnecti
ng
DC
-
DC
c
onve
rters
in
pa
rall
el
,
e
ffec
ti
ve
current
at
the
loa
d
ca
n
be
double
d
an
d
if
on
e
m
odule
fail
s
t
he
ot
he
r
m
odule
c
ompe
ns
at
es
t
he
outp
ut
load
[
6,
7].
I
nt
egr
at
io
n
of
DE
Rs
with
DC
-
D
C
co
nv
e
rters
t
o
a
c
om
m
on
bus
i
nvolv
e
s
a
lot
of
li
mit
at
ions
s
uch
as
im
prop
e
r
lo
ad
sh
a
rin
g,
ci
r
culat
ing
c
urrent
s
an
d
po
or
volt
age
re
gula
ti
on
due
t
o
va
ry
i
ng
s
ources
vo
l
ta
ges
,
cable r
esi
sta
nc
es an
d
l
oad cha
ng
e
s.
The
dro
op
co
ntr
ol
te
ch
niqu
e
el
imi
nates
the
c
irc
ulati
ng
curre
nts
of
t
he
par
al
le
l
co
nv
e
rters
an
d
impro
ves
t
he
volt
age r
e
gu
la
ti
on. M
a
ny d
r
oo
p
c
ontr
ol
te
ch
ni
qu
es
ha
ve
e
volved
f
rom r
ece
nt y
ears
a
nd
th
e
m
os
t
famil
ia
r
c
on
t
rol
strat
egi
es
a
re
centrali
ze
d
(
M
ast
er
-
Slave
)
and
decen
tral
iz
ed
(Volt
age
D
r
oop).
In
M
at
er
Slave
current
meth
od,
a
c
ommo
n
bu
s
f
or
s
ha
rin
g
cu
rr
e
nt
is
use
d
am
ong
c
onve
rters
t
o
pr
oduce
prof
ic
ie
nt
bus
vo
lt
age
.
T
he
m
ai
n
c
on
st
raint
i
s
that
the
whol
e
sy
ste
m
will
ge
t
aff
ect
e
d
if
there
is
a
fail
ure
in
t
he
si
gn
al
of
the
current
bus
[
8].
D
r
oop
co
ntr
ol
desig
n
in
vo
l
ves
t
wo
c
on
tr
ol
le
r
loops
,
th
e
first
on
e
is
a
volt
age
c
ontr
ol
loop
wh
ic
h
imp
r
oves
the
volt
age
regulat
ion
a
nd
the
sec
ond
on
e
is
a
c
urre
nt
co
ntr
ol
loop
w
hich
reduc
es
the
ci
r
culat
ing
cu
r
ren
ts
i
n
betwee
n
the
pa
rall
el
c
onve
rters
[9
-
12]
.
T
he
c
on
t
ro
l
loops
us
i
ng
P
I
,
P
ID
an
d
SMC
ha
ve
been desig
ne
d
to
sta
bili
ze
the
p
er
forma
nce
of
loa
d
c
urre
nt
a
nd o
ut
pu
t
volt
a
ge.
T
he
PI
c
on
t
ro
l
lo
op
s
h
ave
b
een
discusse
d
i
n
[
13].
The
majo
r
li
mit
at
ion
s
of
the
dro
op
co
ntr
ol
meth
od
are
po
or
re
gu
l
at
ion
of
volt
age
a
nd
current
s
har
i
ng
in
betwee
n
pa
rall
el
conver
te
r
s
because
of
dr
oop
act
ivit
y.
T
he
sig
nificance
of
ca
ble
resist
an
c
e
is
discuss
e
d
in
[14].
A
n
al
te
r
na
ti
ve
dro
op
c
ontr
ol
meth
od
usi
ng
fixe
d
dro
op
resis
ta
nce
usi
ng
la
g
c
ompe
ns
at
or
is
discuss
e
d
in
[9].
Si
nce
fi
xe
d
dr
oop
re
sist
ance
is
only
pe
rmitt
ed
to
fix
ed
loa
d,
a
n
a
da
ptive
dr
oop
c
on
t
ro
l
method is
d
isc
us
se
d
in
[1
5
-
21]
.
The
obje
ct
ive
of
t
his
project
is
to
s
olv
e
t
he
existi
ng
sta
bili
ty
issue
in
t
he
DC
micr
o
gr
i
d
occurre
d
by
the
s
ource
volt
age
va
riat
ions
an
d
l
oad
c
hanges
.
T
he
mo
st
c
ommo
n
te
chn
i
ques
i
n
DC
micr
og
rid
for
con
t
ro
ll
in
g
c
on
ver
te
r
s
a
re
PI
and
P
ID
c
ontr
ollers.
T
hese
a
re
t
he
t
wo
c
ontrol
te
c
hn
i
qu
e
s
that
re
du
ce
th
e
er
ror
by
co
mp
a
rin
g
the
volt
age
ref
e
ren
c
e
w
it
h
the
ou
t
put
of
t
he
c
onver
te
r
.
Si
nce
the
co
nverte
rs
are
non
-
li
near
[
22
,
23].
A
n
on
-
li
ne
ar
co
ntr
ol
te
chn
i
qu
e h
as b
ee
n
imple
mente
d
to
so
l
ve
the p
r
ob
le
m
.
Sli
di
ng
mod
e
con
t
ro
ll
er
is
a
n
eff
ect
ive
t
oo
l
us
e
d
in
desig
nin
g
r
obus
t
co
nt
ro
ll
ers
for
non
-
li
near
dyn
a
mic
sy
ste
ms
oper
at
ing
unde
r
varyin
g
co
nd
it
io
ns
.
S
M
C
has
guar
anteed
li
nea
r
sta
bili
ty
an
d
works
f
or
dynamic
l
oad
a
nd
li
ne
un
ce
rtai
nties.
[
24
-
28],
S
M
c
ontr
oller
pro
vide
s
fast
dy
nami
c
res
pons
e
,
high
rob
us
tnes
s
a
nd
good
sta
bili
ty
f
or
la
rg
e
loa
d
va
ri
at
ion
s
[
29
-
30]
.
Sim
ulati
on
re
su
lt
s
of
perf
ormance
c
har
act
erist
ic
s
of
P
I,
PI
D
a
nd
S
M
C
are
carried
out t
o v
al
idate
the r
e
se
arch w
ork.
2.
SY
STE
M CO
NFIGU
RA
TT
ION
This
sect
io
n
de
al
s
with
l
oa
d
sh
a
rin
g
a
nd
current
ci
rcu
la
ti
ng
iss
ues
of
LV
DC
micro
gr
i
d.
A
DC
micro
gr
i
d
c
onsist
ing
of
fixe
d
in
pu
t
volt
ages
V
i1
an
d
V
i2
with
dc
-
dc
co
nv
e
rters
and
co
mm
on
l
oad
i
s
dem
onstrat
ed
i
n
Fig
ure
1.
A
DC
-
DC
buc
k
c
onve
rter
is
ta
ke
n
as
a
n
inter
f
aci
ng
c
onve
rter
bet
ween
t
he
so
urce
and
the
LV
D
C
bus.
The
e
quivale
nt
ci
rc
uit
of
the
pa
rall
el
co
nv
e
r
te
rs
c
an
be
modele
d
as
s
ource
vol
ta
ge
in
series
with
t
he
cable
re
sist
anc
e
co
nnect
ed
to
a
co
mm
on
loa
d
as
dem
on
st
ra
te
d
in
Fig
ure
2.
V
oltage
le
vel
pla
ys
a
promine
nt
r
ol
e
in
decidin
g
t
he
syst
em
ef
fici
ency
,
c
os
t
an
d
op
e
rati
on
of
DC
micr
ogrid.
In
this
wor
k,
48
V
i
s
ta
ken
as
th
e
L
VD
C
bus
volt
age,
Since
the
t
el
ecomm
unic
at
ion
i
ndus
t
ry,
f
or
the
most
pa
r
t,
util
iz
es
48
V
an
d
i
s
the
best
c
hoic
e
f
or
t
he
LV
DC
tra
nsmi
ssion
s
ys
te
m.
T
he
case
stu
dies
f
or
par
al
le
l
DC
-
DC
c
onve
rters
are
sh
ow
n belo
w
i
n
Ta
ble
1.
Figure
1. Paral
le
l DC
-
DC
con
ver
te
r
s
Figure
2. Eq
ui
valent Ci
rc
uit
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In
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S
ys
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ol
.
11
, N
o.
4
,
D
ecembe
r
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7
2032
Table
1.
Case
s
tudy
of
pa
rall
el
DC
-
DC
c
onve
rters
Cas
e
Cab
le r
esis
tan
ces
R
1
, R
2
Ou
tp
u
t vo
ltag
es
V
1
, V
2
Ou
tp
u
t curre
n
ts
I
1
, I
2
Ou
tp
u
t po
wers
P
1
, P
2
Circu
latin
g
curre
n
t
s
I
C
1
2
-
I
C
2
1
1
Equ
al
Equ
al
Equ
al
Equ
al
Zer
o
2
Un
eq
u
al
Equ
al
Un
eq
u
al
Un
eq
u
al
No
t zer
o
3
Equ
al
Un
eq
u
al
Un
eq
u
al
Un
eq
u
al
No
t zer
o
4
Un
eq
u
al
Un
eq
u
al
Un
eq
u
al
Un
eq
u
al
No
t zer
o
Applyi
ng K
i
rc
hhoff
’s Vo
lt
ag
e Law
in Fi
gur
e 2
.
V
1
–
I
1
R
1
–
(I
1
+ I
2
)
R
L
= 0
(1)
V
2
–
I
2
R
2
–
(I
1
+ I
2
)
R
L
= 0
(2)
I
1
an
d I
2
ca
n be
obtai
ned by
sol
vin
g t
he
e
quat
ion
s
(1) an
d (2).
I
1
=
(
R
2
+
R
L
)
V
1
−
R
L
V
2
R
1
R
2
+
R
1
R
L
+
R
2
R
L
(3)
I
2
=
(
R
1
+
R
L
)
V
2
−
R
L
V
1
R
1
R
2
+
R
1
R
L
+
R
2
R
L
(4)
Ci
rcu
la
ti
ng cur
ren
ts ca
n be e
xpress
ed
as
I
C12
=
-
I
C21
=
V
1
−
V
2
R
1
+
R
2
=
I
1
R
1
−
I
2
R
2
R
1
+
R
2
(if
R
1
≠
R
2
)
=
I
1
−
I
2
2
(if
R
1
= R
2
)
(5)
3.
PROP
OSE
D CO
NTR
OL
METHO
D
In
this
sect
ion,
the
detai
le
d
m
od
el
in
g
an
d
pr
ocedu
re
for
de
sign
i
ng
of
sli
din
g
m
ode
dro
op
c
ontrolle
r
is
bei
ng
discu
ssed.
A
dro
op
resist
a
nce
is
i
ncor
porated
w
it
hin
t
he
co
n
tr
oller
t
o
sta
bili
ze
the
s
ys
te
m
durin
g
var
ia
ble sou
rce
and loa
d
c
ha
nges.
3.1.
System
m
od
el
li
ng
The
fir
st
ste
p
in
desi
gn
i
ng
S
M
C
in
vo
l
ves
de
velo
ping
of
de
sired
c
on
t
ro
l
var
ia
bles
f
or
t
he
co
nverter
.
The
c
ontr
ol
si
gn
al
s
gi
ven
to
the
S
M
C
a
re
pro
portio
nal
to
th
e
c
ontrol
va
riables
of
the
co
nv
e
rter
(i.e.
,
volt
age
or
c
urre
nt,
et
c
.)
.
O
utput
vo
lt
age
er
r
or
is
ta
ken
as
the
i
nput
c
ontrol
va
riable
f
or
the
conve
rter.
Fig
ur
e
3
dem
onstrat
es t
he gene
ral
blo
c
k diag
ram of
S
M
C.
Figure
3. Ge
ne
ral b
l
ock d
ia
gram of
SM
C
bu
ck
c
onve
rter
The
c
ontrol
va
riable
‘
x’
of th
e co
nv
e
rter
can
b
e e
xpres
sed
a
s:
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In
vest
ig
atio
n o
f l
ow vo
lt
age
D
C micro
gr
i
d us
ing
sli
ding
mode
c
on
tr
ol
(
D.
Sa
tt
ia
nadan
)
2033
x
=
[
1
2
3
]
=
[
V
ref
–
β
V
o
-
I
l
R
dr
o
o
p
ⅆ
ⅆ
t
(V
ref
–
β
V
o
-
I
l
R
dr
o
o
p
)
∫
(V
ref
–
β
V
o
-
I
l
R
dr
o
o
p
)
dt
]
(6)
Wh
e
re,
x
1
= P
r
oport
ion
al
volt
age e
rror
x
2
= Dif
fer
e
ntial
v
ol
ta
ge
er
r
or
x
3
= I
nteg
ral volt
age e
rror
Wh
e
re,
β
–
F
e
edb
ac
k fact
or
i
L
, i
c
–
L
oa
d
a
nd Ca
pacit
ive c
urren
ts
R
droop
–
Dro
op
Re
sist
ance
V
ref
, V
i
, V
o
–
R
efere
nce, So
ur
ce an
d Ou
t
pu
t
vo
lt
age
s
3.2. C
on
tr
olle
r desig
n
Sli
din
g
m
ode
con
t
ro
ll
er
de
sign
is
der
i
ved
f
rom
var
ia
ble
co
ntr
ol
mat
r
ix.
T
he
co
ntr
oller
desig
n
cal
culat
ion
s a
r
e g
ive
n belo
w.
S =
α
1
x
1
+
α
2
x
2
+
α
3
x
3
=
α
1
x
1
+
α
2
ⅆ
1
ⅆ
+
α
3
∫
1
ⅆ
(7)
so
lvi
ng
the e
qu
at
ion
s
from
(6) an
d (7)
we get
V
control
=
-
K
p1
i
c
+ K
p2
(
V
ref
-
βV
o
-
I
l
Rdro
op)
+
βV
o
(8)
Vr
a
mp
= β
Vo
(9)
Wh
e
re,
Kp
1
=
βL (
α
1
α
2
-
1
R
L
C
)
(10)
Kp2
=
LC
α
3
α
2
(11)
α
1
α
2
=
10
T
S
(12)
α
3
α
2
=
25
δ
2
T
s
2
(13)
wh
e
re
α
1
,
α
2
,
α
3
are
sli
di
ng
coe
ff
ic
ie
nts,
is
th
e
da
mp
i
ng
co
nst
ant,
T
s
is
the
desire
d
se
tt
li
ng
ti
me.
T
he
ove
rall
con
t
ro
l
st
ru
ct
ure
of
SM
C
is
dem
onstrat
ed
in
Fi
gure
4.
The
co
ntr
oller
de
sig
n
par
a
mete
rs
for
S
M
C
ar
e
mentio
ned in
T
able 2.
Table
2.
Para
m
et
ers
of
SM
C
Para
m
eters
Valu
es
Inp
u
t Voltag
e
V
in
1
0
0
V
Ou
tp
u
t Voltag
e
V
o
4
8
V
Refere
n
ce
Vo
ltag
e
V
r
ef
4
8
V
Switch
in
g
Fr
eq
u
en
cy
f
s
1
0
KHZ
Ind
u
ctan
ce
L
0
.47
9
m
H
Cap
acitance
C
2
7
1
.25
µF
Ind
u
cto
r
Res
istan
ce
r
L
0
.00
2
Ω
ESR of c
ap
acito
r
R
C
0
.03
Ω
Peak
to p
eak in
d
u
cto
r
cu
rr
en
t
ripp
le percentag
e
2
i
L
10%
Rip
p
le f
acto
r
o
f
p
e
ak
ou
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
V
o
5%
Droo
p
Resis
tan
ce
R
d
r
o
o
p
0
.6 Ω
Du
ty
Cy
cle
D
0
.48
K
P1
1
.64
6
6
K
P2
2
β
0
.95
Dam
p
in
g
Co
n
stan
t
0
.5
Settlin
g
T
im
e
T
s
2
.54
6
m
s
Figure
4.
Co
ntr
ol Str
uctu
re
of
SM
C
buck
con
ver
te
r
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In
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ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
11
, N
o.
4
,
D
ecembe
r
2020
:
203
0
–
203
7
2034
4.
SIMULATI
O
N RESULTS
Diff
e
re
nt
dro
op
c
on
t
ro
l
te
chn
i
qu
e
s
were
pe
rforme
d
on
tw
o
pa
rall
el
buck
c
onve
rters
us
i
ng
M
A
TLAB/Si
m
ulink
a
nd
the
outp
ut
re
su
lt
s
w
ere
recorde
d.
To
c
ompa
re
th
e
pe
rform
anc
e
of
S
M
C
with
PI
a
n
d
PI
D
c
ontr
oller
’s
diff
e
ren
t
c
onve
rter
parame
te
rs
su
c
h
as
va
ry
i
ng
ca
ble
res
ist
ance,
va
r
ying
s
ource
vo
lt
a
ge
a
nd
load
c
ha
ng
e
s a
re c
on
si
der
e
d
a
t diff
e
re
nt inter
vals as
menti
oned
in Ta
ble
3.
Table
3.
Inp
ut
vo
lt
age
and
l
oa
d
var
ia
ti
ons at
diff
e
re
nt inter
va
ls
Tim
e
(sec)
→
0
-
1
1
-
2
2
-
3
3
-
4
Inp
u
t Voltag
e of Co
n
v
erter
-
1
100V
100V
110V
100V
Inp
u
t Voltag
e of Co
n
v
erter
-
2
100V
110V
100V
100V
Load
Resis
tan
ce (R
L
)
1
1
.95
Ω
1
5
.36
Ω
1
1
.95
Ω
1
5
.36
Ω
4.1 PI co
nt
r
oller
w
it
h s
ame c
ab
le
resis
tanc
e, dif
f
eren
t
s
ourc
e
volt
age,
an
d
dif
feren
t
l
oad
Figure
5
dis
plays
t
he
l
oad
volt
age
a
nd
ou
t
pu
t
cu
rr
e
nts
w
avefor
m
of
P
I
con
t
ro
ll
er
at
diff
e
ren
t
l
oad
s
11.95
Ω
,
15.
36Ω
an
d
varyin
g
so
urce
volt
age
s
10
0
V
a
nd
110
V
.
It
is
obs
erv
e
d
t
hat
the
load
volt
age
is
al
mo
st
equ
al
f
or
di
ff
e
r
ent
load
s
with
peak
overs
hoot
s
durin
g
loa
d
va
riat
ion
s
a
nd
outp
ut
cu
rr
e
nt
is
3.893
A
f
or
11.
95
Ω an
d 3.048
A
for
15.
36
Ω
. It
is o
bs
er
ve
d
tha
t t
he
co
nverte
r
s under
go lar
ge
o
sci
ll
at
ion
s
a
t varyin
g
c
ondi
ti
on
s.
(a)
(b)
Figure
5. Sim
ul
at
ion
r
es
ults
f
or PI
co
ntr
oller
w
it
h same ca
bl
e resista
nce
(a)
Loa
d v
oltage
(b) ou
t
pu
t c
urren
ts
and l
oa
d
c
urren
t
of c
onve
rters
4.2
PID
c
ontr
oller
w
it
h s
ame c
ab
le
resis
tanc
e, s
ame source
volt
ag
e
and
d
ifferen
t
lo
ad
Figure
6
dis
plays
t
he
l
oad
vol
ta
ge
a
nd
out
put
curre
nts
wav
eform
of
PID
c
on
t
ro
ll
er
at
dif
fer
e
nt
loa
ds
11.95
Ω
,
15.
36
Ω
a
nd
eq
ual
source
volt
ag
es
100
V
.
It
is
obser
ve
d
that
the
loa
d
vo
lt
ag
e
is
al
mo
st
e
qual
f
or
diff
e
re
nt
load
s
with
li
tt
le
disturba
nces
du
rin
g
loa
d
va
riat
io
ns
a
nd
outp
ut
current
is
3.909
A
f
or
11.95
Ω
and
3.14
A
f
or
15.
36
Ω
.
PID
C
ontr
ollers
only
work
f
or
sa
me
cable
resist
anc
es,
same
s
ourc
e
vo
lt
age
s
bec
ause
the
con
t
ro
ll
er
gain
values
ar
e
tune
d
f
or
pr
e
fixe
d
val
ues
an
d
t
he
syst
em
doe
sn
’t
work
for
var
ia
ble
volt
ag
es
and
varyin
g
ca
ble
r
esi
sta
nces.
(a)
(
b)
Figure
6. Sim
ul
at
ion
r
es
ults
f
or PID c
ontr
oller
with same
c
able resist
a
nce
(a)
Loa
d v
oltage
(b) ou
t
pu
t c
urren
ts
and l
oa
d
c
urren
t
of c
onve
rters
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
In
vest
ig
atio
n o
f l
ow vo
lt
age
D
C micro
gr
i
d us
ing
sli
ding
mode
c
on
tr
ol
(
D.
Sa
tt
ia
nadan
)
2035
4.3 SM
C with
sa
me c
ab
le
re
sista
nc
e,
diffe
rent source
vo
lta
ge and
dif
fe
rent l
oad
Figure
7
disp
la
ys
t
he
loa
d
v
o
lt
age
a
nd
ou
t
put
cu
rr
e
nts
wa
ve
form
of
S
M
c
on
t
ro
ll
er
at
dif
fer
e
nt
loa
ds
11.95
Ω,
15.
36
Ω
a
nd
varyi
ng
sou
rce
volt
age
s
10
0
V
an
d
110
V.
It
is
ob
s
erv
e
d
that
t
he
l
oad
vo
lt
age
is
equ
al
for
di
ff
e
ren
t
lo
ads
with
no
dis
tur
ban
ces
duri
ng
l
oad
va
riat
ion
s
an
d
ou
t
pu
t
c
u
r
ren
t
is
3.954
A
f
or
11.95
Ω
and
3.118 A
for 1
5.36 Ω.
(a)
(b)
Figure
7. Sim
ul
at
ion
r
es
ults
f
or S
M
c
on
t
ro
ll
er
with same
c
able resist
a
nce
(a)
Loa
d v
oltage
(b) ou
t
pu
t c
urren
ts
and l
oa
d
c
urren
t
of c
onve
rters
4.4
PI contr
oller
with
diffe
rent
cable
resi
s
tan
ce, dif
feren
t
s
ou
rce
volt
ag
e
an
d
dif
feren
t
l
oad
Figure
8
dis
plays
t
he
l
oad
volt
age
a
nd
ou
t
pu
t
cu
rr
e
nts
w
avefor
m
of
P
I
con
t
ro
ll
er
at
diff
e
ren
t
l
oad
s
11.95
Ω
,
15.
36Ω
an
d
varyin
g
so
urce
volt
age
s
10
0
V
a
nd
110
V
.
It
is
obs
erv
e
d
t
hat
the
load
volt
age
is
al
mo
st
equ
al
for
di
ff
e
r
ent
load
s
with
peak
overs
hoot
s
durin
g
loa
d
va
riat
ion
s
a
nd
outp
ut
cu
rr
e
nt
is
3.889
A
f
or
11.
95
Ω an
d 3.045
A
for
15.
36
Ω
. It
is o
bs
er
ve
d
tha
t t
he
co
nverte
r
s under
go lar
ge
o
sci
ll
at
ion
s
a
t varyin
g
c
ondi
ti
on
s.
(a)
(b)
Figure
8.
Sim
ul
at
ion
res
ults
f
or PI co
ntr
oller
w
it
h dif
fer
e
nt
cable resist
a
nc
e
(a)
Loa
d v
oltage
(b) ou
t
pu
t c
urren
ts
and l
oa
d
c
urren
t
of c
onve
rters
4.5
SMC
with
diffe
rent c
ab
le
re
sista
nc
e,
diffe
rent source
vo
lta
ge and
dif
fe
rent l
oad
Figure
9
disp
la
ys
t
he
loa
d
volt
age
a
nd
ou
t
put
c
urre
nts
wa
ve
form
of
S
M
c
on
t
ro
ll
er
at
dif
fer
e
nt
loa
ds
11.95
Ω,
15.
36
Ω
a
nd
varyi
ng
sou
rce
volt
age
s
10
0
V
an
d
110
V.
It
is
ob
s
erv
e
d
that
t
he
l
oad
vo
lt
age
is
equ
al
for
di
ff
e
ren
t
lo
ads
with
no
dis
tur
ban
ces
duri
ng
l
oad
va
riat
ion
s
an
d
ou
t
pu
t
current
is
3.952
A
f
or
11.95
Ω
and
3.103 A
for 1
5.36 Ω.
The
res
ults
sho
wn
in
Table
4,
5,
6,
7
it
ca
n
be
justi
fie
d
t
hat
the
SM
C
giv
es
be
tt
er
res
ults
f
or
varyin
g
conditi
ons
a
nd
is
m
or
e
sta
ble
than
P
I
a
nd
P
ID
c
ontr
ollers.
Dro
op
co
ntr
ol
us
in
g
PI
co
ntr
oller
re
su
lt
s
in
pea
k
ov
e
rs
h
oots
a
nd
disturba
nces
duri
ng
varyin
g
so
urce
vo
lt
age
and
l
oad
c
ha
nges
a
nd
P
I
D
c
on
t
ro
ll
er
reso
l
ves
the
issue
by
a
dd
i
ng
a
de
rivati
ve
te
rm
but
the
ma
in
disa
dvanta
ge
of
P
I
D
is
t
hat
it
w
orks
only
for
sa
me
vo
lt
a
ge
a
nd
same
cable
res
ist
ance
beca
use
the
s
ys
te
m
pa
ra
mete
rs
a
re
a
uto
tu
ne
d
in
suc
h
a
way
that
the
s
ys
te
m
wor
ks
on
l
y
for
fixe
d
val
ue
s.
These
distu
r
ban
ce
s
in
PI
a
nd
PID
res
ults
in
poor
volt
ag
e
regulat
ion,
imp
roper
l
oad
s
har
i
ng
and circ
ulati
ng curre
nt issue
s.
SM
C
off
e
rs be
tt
er volta
ge reg
ulati
on
a
nd
minimi
zes th
e
cir
culat
ing
cu
rr
e
nt
s.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
11
, N
o.
4
,
D
ecembe
r
2020
:
203
0
–
203
7
2036
(a)
(b)
Figure
9. Sim
ul
at
ion
r
es
ults
f
or S
M
c
on
t
ro
ll
er
with
diff
e
re
nt cab
le
resist
a
nce
(a)
Loa
d v
oltage
(b) ou
t
pu
t c
urren
ts
and l
oa
d
c
urren
t
of c
onve
rters
Table
4.
R
1
=
0.1 Ω,
R
2
= 0.1
Ω
, R
L
= 11.
95 Ω,
T=
0
-
1s
a
nd
2
-
3s
,
P=1
92W
V
1
V
2
V
L
I
1
I
2
I
L
PI
4
6
.72
4
6
.72
4
6
.52
1
.94
7
1
.94
7
3
.89
3
PID
4
6
.71
4
6
.71
4
6
.50
1
.95
4
1
.95
4
3
.90
9
SMC
4
7
.44
4
7
.44
4
7
.25
1
.97
7
1
.97
7
3
.95
4
Table
5.
R
1
=
0.1 Ω
, R
2
=
0.1 Ω
, R
L
=
15.36 Ω
, T= 1
-
2s
and 3
-
4s
, P=
15
0W
V
1
V
2
V
L
I
1
I
2
I
L
PI
4
6
.96
4
6
.96
4
6
.81
1.
524
1
.52
4
3
.04
8
PID
4
6
.94
4
6
.94
4
6
.78
1
.57
1
.57
3
.14
SMC
4
8
.05
4
8
.05
4
7
.9
1
.55
9
1
.55
9
3
.11
8
Table
6.
R
1
=
0.1 Ω
, R
2
=
0.15 Ω, R
L
=
11.
95
Ω,
T= 0
-
1s a
nd 2
-
3s
, P=
19
2W
V
1
V
2
V
L
I
1
I
2
I
L
PI
4
6
.68
4
6
.76
4
6
.48
2
.00
4
1
.88
5
3
.88
9
SMC
4
7
.43
4
7
.52
4
7
.23
2
.01
2
1
.94
3
.95
2
Table
7.
R
1
=
0.1 Ω,
R
2
= 0.1
5 Ω
, R
L
= 15.
36
Ω, T=
1
-
2s
and 3
-
4s
, P=
15
0W
V
1
V
2
V
L
I
1
I
2
I
L
PI
4
6
.93
4
6
.99
4
6
.77
1
.58
5
1
.46
3
.04
5
SMC
4
7
.82
4
7
.89
4
7
.66
1
.56
6
1
.53
7
3
.10
3
5.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
In
this
pap
e
r,
di
ff
ere
nt
c
ontr
ol
te
ch
niques
f
or
co
ntr
ol
li
ng
a
l
ow
vo
lt
a
ge
micro
gr
i
d
we
re
de
sign
e
d
an
d
simulat
ed
us
in
g
M
A
TLAB/S
imuli
nk.
T
he
t
est
cases
we
re
recor
ded
by
va
ry
i
ng
dif
fer
e
nt
par
a
mete
rs
a
nd
th
e
ou
t
pu
t
cha
racteri
sti
cs
we
re
c
ompare
d.
T
he
PI
a
nd
P
ID
c
ontr
ol
meth
ods
offer
a
sim
pler
co
ntr
ol
s
ys
te
m
tha
n
th
e
S
M
C
method
an
d
al
s
o
offer
faste
r
operati
on
but
ca
us
e
pea
k
over
sh
oots
an
d
i
nc
rease
i
n
set
tl
in
g
ti
m
e
durin
g
t
he
sta
r
t
an
d
ca
us
e
sli
gh
t
distu
r
ban
c
es
in
the
outp
ut
vo
lt
age
a
nd
loa
d
c
urren
t
durin
g
va
riat
i
on
s
i
n
so
urce
volt
age
an
d
loa
d.
T
he
pr
opos
e
d
S
M
C
dro
op
c
ontr
ol
met
hod
offer
s
a
bette
r
sta
ble
res
ponse
by
el
imi
nating
t
he
p
ea
k ov
e
rs
hoot
s and
os
ci
ll
at
i
on
s
w
it
hout aff
ect
ing
th
e s
ys
t
em.
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
Huang
Jiayi,
Ji
ang
Chuanwe
n
and
Xu
Rong
,
“A
rev
i
ew
on
distr
ibut
ed
en
er
gy
resourc
es
an
d
Microgr
id
.
”
Re
newab
le
and
S
ustainabl
e
Ener
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Gonz
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e
z
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Medina,
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ag
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”
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Sustainabl
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”
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A
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ira
1
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qu
e
AC.
Brag
a1,
Andre
A
Ferre
ir
a1
and
Pedro
G.
Barbosa
1
,
“Ana
lysis
of
Volta
g
e
Droop
Control
Method
for
dc
Microgr
ids
with
Simul
ink
:
Modell
ing
an
d
Simul
a
ti
on.
”
10th
IE
EE
/I
A
S
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rnational
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nfe
renc
e
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stry
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Nov.
2012
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E.
G
Sheh
ata,
Jea
n
Tho
ma
s,
R.
M
.
Mos
ta
fa
and
M
.
A.
Ghal
ib,
“An
I
mprove
d
Droop
Control
for
a
Lo
w
Volta
g
e
DC
Microgr
id
Oper
a
ti
on.
”
Tw
entiet
h
Inte
rnational
Mi
ddle
East
Pow
er
Syste
ms
Conf
ere
nce (MEPCON),
De
c. 2018.
[8]
Girish
G.
T
al
ap
u
r,
H
.
M.
Surya
wanshi,
Am
ard
e
ep
B
.
Shi
tol
e
,
R
ohit
R
.
Deshmu
kh,
and
M.
S
.
B
al
l
al
,
“Ma
ster
-
Slave
Contro
l
b
ase
d
Reliable
Micro
-
Grid
wit
h
Bac
k
-
to
-
B
ac
k
Volta
ge
Sourc
e
Convert
er
as
Master
DG
.
”
43
rd
annual
con
fe
ren
ce
o
f
I
EE
E
Indus
trial
E
lectronic
s
Soci
t
y
(IE
CON)
,
Nov.
2017
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
In
vest
ig
atio
n o
f l
ow vo
lt
age
D
C micro
gr
i
d us
ing
sli
ding
mode
c
on
tr
ol
(
D.
Sa
tt
ia
nadan
)
2037
[9]
Danie
l
Z
ammit,
Cyril
Spite
r
i
Staines,
M
aur
ice
Apap
and
Alex
ander
Mic
al
l
ef,
“Alte
rna
ti
v
e
Droop
C
ontrol
Method
using
a
Modified
La
g
Comp
ensa
tor
for
Para
ll
e
le
d
Converters
in
D
C
Microgr
ids
.
”
6
th
Int
ernati
onal
Confe
renc
e
on
Control,
De
ci
sio
n
and
Info
rm
ati
o
n
Technol
og
ie
s (
CoDIT
’19),
April
2019.
[10]
Sikande
r
Al
i, T
a
ng
Shengxue, Z
h
ang
Jianyu
,
Ahm
ad
Ali
and
Ars
had
Nawaz “
An I
m
ple
m
ent
a
ti
on
of
Para
llel
Bu
c
k
Convert
ers
for
Comm
on
Lo
ad
Sharing
in
D
C
Microg
rid
”,
ww
w.m
dpi.
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journa
l/inform
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C
.
S.
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nes
,
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ic
a
ll
ef
,
“ov
erv
i
e
w
of
buck
and
boost
conve
rt
ers
mode
l
li
ng
and
cont
rol
for
st
and
al
one
dc
microgr
id
oper
at
ion
”
Of
f
shor
e
Ene
rgy
& Storage
Symposi
um,
OSES,
Jul
y
2016.
[12]
Vinu
Tho
ma
s,
Kumar
avel
S.
a
nd
As
hok
S,
“C
ontrol
of
Para
l
lel
DC
-
DC
Conve
rte
rs
in
a
DC
Microgr
id
Us
ing
Virtua
l
Outpu
t
Impe
dan
ce
Me
t
hod”,
2
nd
Inte
r
nati
onal
Con
fe
r
enc
e
on
Ad
van
ce
s
in
El
e
ct
ri
c
al,
E
lectronic
s,
Information,
Co
mm
unic
ati
on
an
d
Bi
o
Informati
c
s (A
EE
IC
B),
Feb
.
2016
.
[13]
D.
Zammit,
C.
S.
Sta
ine
s,
M.
Ap
ap
and
A.
Mi
ca
l
l
ef,
"P
ar
al
l
el
ing
o
f
buck
conve
r
te
r
s
for
DC
microg
rid
oper
at
ion
,
"
Inte
rnational
Co
nfe
renc
e
on
Con
trol,
De
ci
sion
an
d
Information
Te
chnol
ogi
es
,
St
.
J
uli
an's,
2016.
[14]
Sijo
Augus
ti
ne,
Mahe
sh
K.
Mi
shra
and
N.
L
a
kshmina
rasa
mma,
“Ad
apt
iv
e
Droop
Control
Str
at
egy
for
Loa
d
Sharing
and
Cir
cul
a
ti
ng
Curre
n
t
Mini
mi
z
at
ion
in
Low
-
Volt
age
St
anda
lon
e
DC
Mi
cro
grid”
I
EE
E
T
rans
act
ions
on
sus
t
ainabl
e ene
r
gy
,
vo
l. 6, no.
4
,
Jan.
2015
.
[15]
Vahidr
eza
Nasir
ia
n,
Ali
Davo
ud
i,
Frank
L
.
Le
wi
s
and
Jos
ep
M
.
Guerre
ro,
“Distr
ibut
ed
Adapt
ive
Droop
Control
for
DC Distri
but
ion
Sys
te
ms.
”
I
E
EE
Tr
ansacti
ons
on
en
ergy
conve
rs
ion,
vol. 29, n
o.
4
,
De
c. 2014.
[16]
Amir
Khors
a
ndi
,
Mojta
b
a
As
hourloo1
Hos
sein
Mokhtari
and
R
ez
a
Ira
van
i,
“Au
tom
atic
droop
c
ontrol
for
a
low
volt
ag
e
DC m
ic
r
ogrid.
”
IET
Gen
erati
on,
Tr
ansm
ission and
Distri
buti
on.
v
ol
.
10
,
no.
1,
pp.
41
–
47
,
Jan
.
2016
.
[17]
Gane
sh
R,
G
ayadhar
Panda
and
Ranga
babu
pe
esa
pati,
“Ha
rdwar
e
-
in
-
loop
Imple
me
nt
at
ion
of
an
Adapti
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ti
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