I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
P
o
w
er
E
lect
ro
nics
a
nd
Driv
e
Sy
s
t
e
m
(
I
J
P
E
DS
)
Vo
l.
9
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
1
8
,
p
p
.
839
~
8
4
7
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
,
DOI
: 1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/
i
j
p
ed
s
.
v9
.
i
2
.
p
p
8
3
9
-
847
839
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ia
e
s
co
r
e.
co
m/jo
u
r
n
a
ls
/in
d
ex
.
p
h
p
/
I
JP
E
DS
Co
g
g
ing
To
rque Reduct
io
n
Techni
que on E
-
Co
re
H
y
brid F
lux
S
w
itching M
o
tor
by
Notching
and
Pole Pairing
J
a
ud
a
h Abd Ra
ni
1
,
E
rw
a
n S
ula
i
m
a
n
2
,
M
d
Z
a
ra
f
i A
h
m
a
d
3
,
M
o
hd
F
a
iro
z
O
m
a
r
4
,
Cho
c
k
a
lin
g
a
m
Ara
v
ind
Va
it
hil
ing
a
m
5
1
,
2,
3,
4
Re
se
a
rc
h
Ce
n
ter F
o
r
A
p
p
li
e
d
El
e
c
tro
m
a
g
n
e
ti
c
s,
Un
iv
e
rsiti
T
u
n
Hu
ss
e
in
On
n
M
a
lay
sia
,
M
a
la
y
sia
5
S
c
h
o
o
l
o
f
En
g
in
e
e
ri
n
g
,
T
a
y
lo
rs Un
iv
e
rsit
y
,
M
a
la
y
sia
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
ST
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
Dec
2
1
,
2
0
1
7
R
ev
i
s
ed
J
an
2
2
,
2
0
1
8
A
cc
ep
ted
Feb
7
,
2
0
1
8
In
th
e
p
a
st,
4
S
-
1
0
P
E
-
Co
re
Hy
b
rid
F
lu
x
S
w
it
c
h
in
g
M
o
t
o
r
(HFS
M
)
h
a
d
b
e
e
n
stu
d
ied
.
Ho
w
e
v
e
r,
th
e
m
o
to
r
su
ff
e
rs
h
ig
h
c
o
g
g
in
g
to
rq
u
e
b
u
t
it
h
a
s
h
ig
h
p
e
rf
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
in
term
s
o
f
h
ig
h
p
o
w
e
r
a
n
d
h
ig
h
to
r
q
u
e
a
t
h
ig
h
sp
e
e
d
.
T
h
e
re
f
o
re
,
th
is
p
a
p
e
r
is
p
r
o
p
o
sin
g
th
e
c
o
g
g
in
g
to
rq
u
e
re
d
u
c
ti
o
n
tec
h
n
i
q
u
e
s
t
o
m
in
i
m
ize
th
e
c
o
g
g
in
g
to
rq
u
e
.
T
h
e
h
ig
h
c
o
g
g
in
g
to
rq
u
e
g
a
v
e
a
n
u
n
d
e
sira
b
le
e
ffe
c
t
d
u
rin
g
lo
w
o
p
e
ra
ti
n
g
sp
e
e
d
o
f
th
e
m
o
to
r.
In
o
r
d
e
r
to
tac
k
le
th
e
issu
e
,
th
e
c
o
g
g
in
g
to
rq
u
e
m
e
c
h
a
n
is
m
in
e
q
u
a
ti
o
n
is
l
a
id
o
u
t
a
s
a
f
o
r
m
o
f
re
fe
re
n
c
e
.
T
h
e
n
th
e
re
d
u
c
ti
o
n
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
s
e
m
p
lo
y
e
d
o
n
t
h
e
d
e
sig
n
s
a
n
d
a
n
a
ly
z
e
d
w
it
h
F
in
it
e
El
e
m
e
n
t
a
n
a
ly
sis
(F
E
A
)
in
JMA
G
.
T
h
e
re
su
lt
s
sh
o
w
th
e
c
o
g
g
in
g
to
rq
u
e
o
f
th
e
o
p
ti
m
ize
d
d
e
sig
n
i
s
4
4
.
4
5
%
o
f
th
e
m
o
to
r
t
o
rq
u
e
.
B
e
sid
e
s,
th
e
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
s
e
m
p
lo
y
e
d
to
id
e
n
ti
fy
w
h
ich
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
s
g
a
v
e
th
e
m
o
st
c
o
g
g
in
g
to
rq
u
e
re
d
u
c
ti
o
n
a
n
d
a
n
a
ly
z
e
d
th
e
g
e
o
m
e
tri
c
a
l
d
iffere
n
c
e
u
sin
g
th
e
c
o
g
g
in
g
to
rq
u
e
m
e
c
h
a
n
ism
.
F
in
a
ll
y
,
th
e
a
n
a
ly
sis
is
d
isc
u
ss
e
d
b
a
se
d
o
n
th
e
m
o
d
if
ied
g
e
o
m
e
tri
c
s.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
:
C
h
a
m
f
er
in
g
C
o
g
g
in
g
to
r
q
u
e
HFSM
No
tch
in
g
P
o
le
p
air
in
g
Co
p
y
rig
h
t
©
201
8
In
s
t
it
u
te o
f
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
S
c
ien
c
e
.
Al
l
rig
h
ts
re
se
rv
e
d
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
J
au
d
ah
A
b
d
R
a
n
i,
R
esear
ch
C
en
ter
Fo
r
A
p
p
lied
E
lectr
o
m
a
g
n
etics,
Un
i
v
er
s
iti T
u
n
H
u
s
s
ei
n
On
n
Ma
la
y
s
ia,
8
6
4
0
0
P
a
r
it R
aj
a,
B
atu
P
ah
at
,
J
o
h
o
r
,
Ma
lay
s
ia
E
m
ail:
h
e1
5
0
0
@
s
is
w
a.
u
t
h
m
.
e
d
u
.
m
y
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
T
h
e
m
er
its
o
f
H
y
b
r
id
F
lu
x
S
w
itc
h
in
g
Mo
to
r
(
HFSM)
h
ad
in
cr
ea
s
ed
alo
n
g
w
it
h
s
o
m
e
s
tu
d
ie
s
co
n
d
u
cted
o
n
HF
SM
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
,
o
p
er
atio
n
,
an
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
s
u
c
h
a
s
h
i
g
h
to
r
q
u
e
d
e
n
s
it
y
,
h
ig
h
p
o
w
er
d
en
s
it
y
,
an
d
h
i
g
h
e
f
f
ic
ien
c
y
.
I
n
[
1
]
s
ta
ted
th
at
f
l
u
x
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
m
o
to
r
h
as
h
i
g
h
er
to
r
q
u
e
d
e
n
s
it
y
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
t
h
e
f
l
u
x
-
r
ev
er
s
al
m
o
to
r
an
d
th
e
d
o
u
b
ly
s
alie
n
t
p
o
le
m
o
to
r
d
u
e
to
t
h
e
e
m
p
lo
y
m
e
n
t
o
f
t
h
e
f
l
u
x
f
o
cu
s
i
n
g
e
f
f
ec
t,
b
ac
k
elec
tr
o
m
o
tiv
e
f
o
r
ce
(
b
ac
k
-
e
m
f
)
a
n
d
t
h
e
b
ip
o
lar
f
l
u
x
l
in
k
a
g
e
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
to
r
.
T
h
e
r
esear
c
h
also
i
n
v
e
s
ti
g
ate
s
th
e
air
-
g
ap
v
ar
iatio
n
f
o
r
t
h
e
r
eq
u
i
r
e
m
en
t
o
f
ce
r
t
ai
n
elec
tr
ical
m
ac
h
in
e
ap
p
licatio
n
,
as
t
h
e
m
a
g
n
et
ic
f
ield
o
n
th
e
m
ed
iu
m
o
f
air
is
p
ar
t
o
f
t
h
e
wo
r
k
in
g
p
r
in
cip
le
o
f
th
e
m
ac
h
in
e
.
A
n
o
t
h
er
s
i
g
n
if
ica
n
t
ad
v
a
n
ta
g
e
o
f
HF
SM
is
t
h
e
tr
ad
e
-
o
f
f
u
s
a
g
e
o
f
r
ar
e
m
a
g
n
ets
s
u
b
s
ti
tu
ted
w
it
h
f
ield
e
x
citatio
n
w
in
d
i
n
g
s
as
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
[
2]
.
Giv
en
a
co
n
s
ta
n
ts
s
p
ec
i
f
icatio
n
w
ith
t
h
e
s
o
u
r
ce
o
f
m
ag
n
eto
m
o
tiv
e
f
o
r
ce
(
MM
F)
at
m
an
ip
u
lati
v
e
v
a
r
iab
le,
HFSM
m
a
y
o
v
er
co
m
e
th
e
o
b
s
tacle
o
f
k
e
ep
in
g
h
i
g
h
p
o
w
er
d
en
s
i
t
y
m
o
to
r
w
ith
th
e
le
s
s
er
u
s
a
g
e
o
f
r
ar
e
m
a
g
n
et
s
b
y
r
ep
lacin
g
t
h
e
r
ed
u
ce
d
w
ei
g
h
t
o
f
r
ar
e
m
ag
n
et
s
w
it
h
f
ield
ex
c
itatio
n
w
i
n
d
in
g
s
m
ad
e
o
f
co
p
p
er
.
A
p
ar
t
f
r
o
m
th
at,
th
e
m
a
g
n
etic
s
o
u
r
ce
s
u
c
h
th
at
f
ield
ex
citat
io
n
w
i
n
d
in
g
s
r
esu
lt
i
n
an
o
t
h
er
ad
v
an
ta
g
e
o
f
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
th
e
m
ag
n
etic
f
l
u
x
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
w
h
ic
h
is
v
er
y
u
s
e
f
u
l in
s
p
ee
d
co
n
tr
o
l
[
2
]
[
3
]
.
I
n
Fig
u
r
e
1
,
a
HFSM
h
av
i
n
g
4
s
tat
o
r
s
lo
ts
an
d
1
0
r
o
to
r
p
o
les
is
ill
u
s
tr
ated
as
th
e
s
lo
t
p
o
le
s
tu
d
ies
w
a
s
in
v
es
tig
a
ted
in
[
4
]
an
d
th
e
s
lo
t
w
i
n
d
i
n
g
s
co
m
b
i
n
atio
n
i
s
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
e
o
p
e
r
atin
g
p
r
in
c
ip
les o
f
th
e
H
FS
M
ar
e
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
3
w
h
er
e
t
h
e
ter
m
h
y
b
r
id
is
r
ea
lized
b
y
t
h
e
m
a
g
n
e
t
ic
s
o
u
r
ce
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
I
n
t J
P
o
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i
S
y
s
t
,
Vo
l.
9
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
1
8
:
839
–
847
840
p
er
m
a
n
e
n
t
m
a
g
n
et
a
n
d
th
e
f
ie
ld
ex
citat
io
n
w
i
n
d
i
n
g
s
f
u
n
c
tio
n
.
T
h
e
p
o
lar
it
y
an
d
th
e
ap
p
lied
f
ield
c
u
r
r
en
t
s
o
n
ar
m
atu
r
e
f
ield
w
i
n
d
in
g
s
g
av
e
t
h
e
ad
v
an
tag
e
o
f
s
tr
en
g
t
h
e
n
in
g
an
d
w
ea
k
e
n
in
g
o
f
t
h
e
air
g
ap
f
lu
x
d
e
n
s
it
y
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
4
S
-
1
0
P
E
-
C
o
r
e
HFSM
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
4
S
-
1
0
P
HFSM c
o
il a
r
r
an
g
e
m
en
t
T
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
s
o
f
s
tato
r
to
p
o
lo
g
ies
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
liter
atu
r
e
h
ad
b
ee
n
m
o
u
n
ti
n
g
s
u
c
h
as
a
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
s
tato
r
,
E
-
co
r
e
[
5
]
–
[
7
]
,
m
u
lti
-
t
o
o
th
[
8
]
,
[
9
]
an
d
th
e
ad
v
an
ta
g
es
o
f
t
h
e
E
-
co
r
e
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
in
s
p
ee
d
v
ar
iatio
n
f
o
r
f
l
u
x
w
ea
k
e
n
i
n
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
[
1
0
]
.
T
h
e
to
r
q
u
e
an
d
p
o
w
er
s
p
ee
d
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
s
w
er
e
s
t
u
d
ied
an
d
co
m
p
ar
ed
f
o
r
th
e
s
tato
r
to
p
o
lo
g
ies
t
y
p
e
co
n
v
en
t
io
n
al
,
E
-
co
r
e
an
d
C
-
co
r
e
i
n
[
1
1
]
.
T
h
e
E
-
co
r
e
p
r
o
v
ed
th
e
s
u
p
er
io
r
it
y
i
n
f
lu
x
-
w
ea
k
en
in
g
r
e
g
io
n
as
h
i
g
h
p
o
w
er
w
as
co
n
s
ta
n
tl
y
ac
h
ie
v
ab
le
o
v
er
t
h
e
e
n
tire
f
l
u
x
-
w
ea
k
e
n
in
g
r
eg
io
n
.
I
n
[
1
0
]
E
-
co
r
e
s
tato
r
w
as
m
atc
h
ed
ag
ai
n
s
t
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
s
tato
r
to
s
tu
d
y
t
h
e
ef
f
ec
t
s
o
f
th
e
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
a
l
d
if
f
er
e
n
tial
o
n
t
h
e
MM
F h
ar
m
o
n
ic
s
an
d
th
e
m
u
t
u
al
co
u
p
lin
g
s
o
f
t
h
e
w
i
n
d
in
g
s
.
T
h
e
p
u
ls
atin
g
to
r
q
u
e
g
en
er
ate
d
d
u
e
to
to
r
q
u
e
r
ip
p
le
an
d
co
g
g
in
g
to
r
q
u
e
i
s
v
er
y
h
ar
m
f
u
l to
all
elec
tr
ic
m
o
to
r
.
A
s
th
e
to
r
q
u
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
in
t
h
e
m
o
to
r
ar
e
m
ad
e
u
p
m
u
tu
a
l
to
r
q
u
e,
r
el
u
ctan
ce
t
o
r
q
u
e
,
an
d
co
g
g
i
n
g
to
r
q
u
e
w
h
er
ea
s
av
er
ag
e
to
r
q
u
e
is
th
e
m
ai
n
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
o
f
t
h
e
to
r
q
u
e.
A
v
er
ag
e
to
r
q
u
e
is
d
ef
i
n
ed
as
th
e
to
r
q
u
e
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
d
u
e
to
th
e
f
u
n
d
a
m
e
n
tal
s
tato
r
MMF
an
d
m
ag
n
eti
c
f
ield
o
n
t
h
e
m
o
to
r
[
1
2
]
.
T
h
e
u
n
d
es
ir
ed
to
r
q
u
e
r
ip
p
le
o
r
ig
in
ated
f
ro
m
t
h
e
m
u
tu
al
i
n
ter
ac
tio
n
s
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
s
tato
r
MM
F
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
s
an
d
t
h
e
m
ag
n
etic
f
ield
o
f
th
e
m
o
to
r
.
T
h
e
d
is
tin
ct
co
m
p
l
icatio
n
s
r
es
u
lted
f
r
o
m
th
e
to
r
q
u
e
r
ip
p
le
is
th
e
n
o
is
e
an
d
v
ib
r
atio
n
tr
an
s
p
ir
e
at
lo
w
s
p
ee
d
.
As
th
e
to
r
q
u
e
r
ip
p
les
s
u
b
s
ta
n
tiate
t
h
e
ef
f
ec
t
s
at
lo
w
s
p
ee
d
at
th
e
s
a
m
e
ti
m
e
,
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
i
n
er
tia
eli
m
i
n
ate
s
th
e
to
r
q
u
e
p
u
ls
atio
n
s
at
h
i
g
h
er
s
p
ee
d
s
.
B
esid
es th
at,
th
e
d
i
m
in
i
s
h
in
g
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
o
f
to
r
q
u
e
s
u
c
h
t
h
a
t
co
g
g
i
n
g
to
r
q
u
e
is
ar
i
s
in
g
b
y
t
h
e
alter
n
a
te
i
n
ter
r
elatio
n
b
et
wee
n
t
h
e
m
a
g
n
etic
f
ield
a
n
d
s
t
ato
r
s
lo
t
o
r
air
g
ap
r
elu
ctan
ce
v
ar
iatio
n
.
I
d
ea
ll
y
,
t
h
e
av
er
a
g
e
co
g
g
in
g
to
r
q
u
e
m
u
s
t
b
e
ze
r
o
f
o
r
th
e
v
ar
iatio
n
s
h
o
w
s
i
n
s
i
g
n
if
ican
t
co
il
ex
citatio
n
at
t
h
e
s
ta
to
r
.
M
u
ch
co
g
g
i
n
g
to
r
q
u
e
r
ed
u
cti
o
n
tech
n
iq
u
e
s
h
ad
b
ee
n
ad
o
p
ted
f
o
r
f
lu
x
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
m
o
to
r
d
esig
n
s
u
ch
as
p
er
m
a
n
e
n
t
m
a
g
n
et
f
lu
x
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
m
o
to
r
[
1
2
]
–
[
1
6
]
.
A
s
th
e
p
ast
r
esear
ch
h
ad
s
h
o
wn
,
th
e
m
in
i
m
izatio
n
tech
n
iq
u
e
ca
n
b
e
d
iv
id
ed
in
to
t
w
o
ca
teg
o
r
y
w
h
ic
h
is
t
h
e
co
n
tr
o
l
t
y
p
e
m
i
n
i
m
izatio
n
an
d
d
esig
n
t
y
p
e
m
i
n
i
m
izatio
n
o
n
w
h
ic
h
t
h
is
p
ap
er
is
ad
o
p
tin
g
[
1
7
]
,
[
1
8
]
.
T
h
e
d
esig
n
t
y
p
e
m
in
i
m
iza
tio
n
e
x
tr
ap
o
late
s
v
ar
ietie
s
o
f
tech
n
iq
u
e
s
t
h
at
ca
n
b
e
d
o
m
i
n
ated
to
b
est
f
it
t
h
e
d
esi
g
n
as
ea
c
h
o
f
th
e
m
o
to
r
d
esi
g
n
s
ar
e
ex
cl
u
s
iv
el
y
s
u
b
j
ec
ted
to
ce
r
tain
co
n
s
tr
ai
n
ts
an
d
n
ec
e
s
s
it
ies.
Su
c
h
te
ch
n
iq
u
es
ar
e
s
tato
r
,
r
o
to
r
an
d
m
a
g
n
e
t
s
k
e
w
i
n
g
,
d
u
m
m
y
p
o
les,
c
h
a
m
f
er
i
n
g
,
an
d
n
o
tch
in
g
.
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
(
d
)
(
e)
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Op
er
atio
n
al
p
r
in
cip
le
o
f
(
a)
an
d
(
b
)
d
em
a
g
n
e
tizati
o
n
as
w
ell
as (
c)
,
(
d
)
an
d
(
e)
m
ag
n
et
izatio
n
o
f
4
S
-
1
0
P
E
-
C
o
r
e
HFSM
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
P
o
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i
S
y
s
t
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
C
o
g
g
in
g
To
r
q
u
e
R
ed
u
ctio
n
Tech
n
iq
u
e
o
n
E
-
C
o
r
e
Hyb
r
id
F
lu
x
S
w
itch
in
g
Mo
to
r
…
(
Ja
u
d
a
h
A
b
d
R
a
n
i
)
841
Am
o
n
g
t
h
e
m
an
y
r
esear
c
h
h
a
d
b
ee
n
co
n
d
u
cted
to
s
ea
r
ch
f
o
r
th
e
ex
ce
lle
n
t
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
o
n
th
e
m
o
to
r
,
m
o
s
t
o
f
th
e
r
esear
ch
f
o
c
u
s
ed
o
n
p
er
m
a
n
en
t
m
ag
n
et
t
y
p
e
m
o
to
r
as
th
e
p
er
m
a
n
en
t
m
ag
n
e
t
t
y
p
e
m
o
to
r
o
f
te
n
f
ac
ed
h
u
g
e
m
a
n
u
f
ac
t
u
r
in
g
co
s
t to
ac
h
iev
e
o
p
ti
m
u
m
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
r
eg
ar
d
i
n
g
t
h
e
d
esi
g
n
s
.
H
en
ce
,
it
leav
e
s
a
g
ap
o
n
th
e
r
ed
u
ctio
n
tech
n
i
q
u
e
ad
o
p
ted
f
o
r
HFSM
as
HFSM
an
d
p
er
m
a
n
e
n
t
m
ag
n
et
f
l
u
x
s
w
itc
h
in
g
m
o
to
r
is
v
ar
ied
re
latin
g
to
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
o
f
f
lu
x
a
n
d
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
o
f
t
h
e
f
lu
x
g
en
er
ated
by
t
h
e
to
r
q
u
e.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
c
o
n
ce
n
tr
ates
o
n
t
h
e
v
ar
iatio
n
o
f
tech
n
iq
u
e
s
th
at
ca
n
b
e
ad
o
p
te
d
f
o
r
tw
o
-
d
i
m
en
s
io
n
al
d
esig
n
(
2
D)
o
f
4
S
-
1
0
P
E
-
C
o
r
e
HFSM
to
d
i
m
i
n
i
s
h
as
m
i
n
i
m
al
a
s
p
o
s
s
ib
le
th
e
co
g
g
in
g
t
o
r
q
u
e.
I
n
[
1
9
]
(
cite
p
ap
er
I
R
I
S),
th
e
d
esig
n
o
f
4
S
-
1
0
P
E
-
C
o
r
e
HFSM
h
ad
b
ee
n
o
p
ti
m
ized
b
u
t
it
s
u
f
f
er
s
h
ig
h
p
ea
k
v
al
u
e
o
f
co
g
g
i
n
g
to
r
q
u
e
at
1
0
8
.
4
5
N
m
.
T
h
e
d
iv
er
s
i
f
y
n
o
tc
h
i
n
g
an
d
p
o
le
p
air
in
g
tec
h
n
iq
u
es
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
w
h
ic
h
h
y
p
o
t
h
etica
ll
y
w
ill
in
f
l
u
e
n
ce
th
e
co
g
g
i
n
g
to
r
q
u
e
alo
n
g
w
it
h
th
e
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
o
f
it.
T
h
e
in
tr
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
co
g
g
in
g
to
r
q
u
e
m
ec
h
an
i
s
m
i
s
to
clar
i
f
y
t
h
e
o
p
er
atin
g
p
r
in
cip
le
o
f
t
h
e
r
ed
u
ctio
n
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
a
n
d
j
u
s
tify
it
as
ef
f
ec
t
iv
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es.
T
h
e
p
ap
er
illu
s
tr
a
tes
t
h
e
eq
u
a
tio
n
a
s
to
o
ls
to
j
u
s
tify
t
h
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
tech
n
iq
u
es
to
b
e
en
f
o
r
ce
d
o
n
th
e
s
aid
d
esi
g
n
by
t
h
e
o
b
j
ec
tiv
e
o
f
lo
w
er
co
g
g
in
g
to
r
q
u
e.
2
.
CO
G
G
I
N
G
T
O
R
Q
UE
M
E
CH
ANI
SM
T
h
e
Fo
u
r
ier
s
er
ies
m
a
y
d
e
f
i
n
e
co
g
g
in
g
to
r
q
u
e
d
eter
m
in
ed
b
y
f
in
ite
ele
m
e
n
t
m
eth
o
d
.
T
h
e
co
g
g
in
g
to
r
q
u
e
d
er
iv
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
to
r
q
u
e
[
2
0
]
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
to
r
q
u
e
i
s
d
er
iv
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
ial
o
f
en
er
g
y
ag
a
in
s
t ti
m
e
as p
er
d
escr
ib
ed
in
(
1
)
.
is
th
e
m
o
to
r
p
o
w
e
r
,
is
th
e
d
i
f
f
er
en
tia
l
en
er
g
y
o
f
m
o
to
r
,
is
t
h
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
ial
m
ec
h
a
n
ical
a
n
g
le,
is
th
e
an
g
u
lar
v
elo
cit
y
a
n
d
is
th
e
to
r
q
u
e.
T
o
r
q
u
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
to
r
co
n
s
is
ten
tl
y
co
m
p
o
s
ed
o
f
r
elu
ctan
ce
to
r
q
u
e
,
alig
n
m
e
n
t to
r
q
u
e
a
n
d
co
g
g
i
n
g
to
r
q
u
e
ex
p
r
ess
ed
in
(
2
)
.
I
n
(
2
)
,
is
to
r
q
u
e,
is
r
elu
c
tan
c
e
to
r
q
u
e
an
d
is
co
g
g
i
n
g
to
r
q
u
e.
Su
b
s
eq
u
e
n
tl
y
,
t
h
e
d
er
iv
atio
n
o
f
,
an
d
r
esu
lt
s
i
n
,
air
g
ap
f
lu
x
,
is
th
e
air
g
ap
r
elu
cta
n
ce
a
n
d
is
t
h
e
r
o
to
r
p
o
s
itio
n
.
Fro
m
t
h
e
d
er
iv
atio
n
i
t
clea
r
l
y
s
h
o
w
n
t
h
e
co
g
g
i
n
g
to
r
q
u
e
e
x
i
s
ten
ce
o
r
ig
in
a
ted
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
i
n
ter
ac
t
io
n
o
f
t
h
e
m
ag
n
e
t
p
r
o
d
u
cin
g
air
g
ap
f
lu
x
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
s
tato
r
an
d
th
e
r
o
to
r
in
v
a
r
iab
le
w
it
h
th
e
air
g
ap
r
elu
ctan
ce
w
it
h
ti
m
e.
T
h
e
p
er
io
d
ic
ch
an
g
e
s
in
t
h
e
c
o
g
g
i
n
g
to
r
q
u
e
also
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
d
b
y
th
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
E
MF
h
ar
m
o
n
ics
o
f
t
h
e
m
a
g
n
et
s
a
n
d
t
h
e
s
tato
r
m
a
g
n
et
ic
co
n
d
u
cta
n
ce
d
u
e
to
air
g
ap
r
el
u
cta
n
ce
c
h
an
g
e
s
p
er
io
d
icall
y
.
T
h
e
p
er
io
d
ic
ch
an
g
es
in
t
h
e
co
g
g
in
g
to
r
q
u
e
ca
n
b
e
ev
al
u
ated
w
it
h
Fo
u
r
ier
s
e
r
ies ex
p
r
es
s
ed
in
(
6
)
.
I
n
(
6
)
,
is
th
e
r
o
to
r
an
g
u
lar
p
o
s
itio
n
,
is
th
e
a
m
p
lit
u
d
e
o
f
th
e
n
-
t
h
h
ar
m
o
n
ic,
is
th
e
p
h
ase
an
g
le
o
f
th
e
n
-
th
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
a
n
d
is
t
h
e
s
m
al
lest
co
m
m
o
n
m
u
ltip
le
o
f
r
o
to
r
p
o
le
an
d
s
tato
r
p
o
le.
T
h
e
n
u
m
er
ical
eq
u
atio
n
s
o
f
air
g
ap
f
l
u
x
i
n
(
5
)
ca
n
b
e
ex
p
r
ess
ed
as in
(
7
)
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
I
n
t J
P
o
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i
S
y
s
t
,
Vo
l.
9
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
1
8
:
839
–
847
842
W
h
er
e
is
t
h
e
o
u
ter
r
ad
iu
s
o
f
t
h
e
m
ag
n
et,
is
t
h
e
o
u
ter
r
ad
iu
s
o
f
t
h
e
s
ta
to
r
,
is
t
h
e
o
u
ter
r
ad
iu
s
o
f
th
e
r
o
to
r
,
is
th
e
p
o
le
p
air
i
n
g
n
u
m
b
er
,
is
th
e
p
o
le
s
tep
an
d
is
th
e
co
ef
f
icien
t
o
f
th
e
m
ag
n
etic
f
lu
x
d
en
s
it
y
.
Si
n
ce
th
e
to
p
o
lo
g
ie
s
f
o
r
4
S
-
1
0
P
E
-
co
r
e
HFSM
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
p
o
s
s
e
s
s
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
m
ag
n
it
u
d
e
o
f
o
u
ter
r
ad
iu
s
o
f
t
h
e
m
a
g
n
et
an
d
s
tato
r
.
T
h
u
s
,
(
7
)
is
d
er
iv
ed
as (
1
0
)
.
3.
4S
-
1
0
P
E
-
CO
RE
H
F
SM
P
ARAM
E
T
E
R
T
he
d
esig
n
s
ad
o
p
ted
f
o
r
th
is
an
al
y
s
is
i
s
4
S
-
1
0
P
E
-
C
o
r
e
HFSM
w
h
ic
h
co
n
s
i
s
ts
o
f
4
s
tato
r
s
lo
ts
an
d
10
r
o
to
r
p
o
les
w
ith
th
e
s
tato
r
s
lo
t
t
y
p
e
E
-
C
o
r
e
d
u
e
to
t
h
e
s
h
ap
e
o
f
it.
T
h
e
s
y
m
m
etr
ical
s
h
ap
e
o
f
t
h
e
s
tato
r
allo
w
s
m
ax
i
m
u
m
f
l
u
x
li
n
k
a
g
e
o
v
er
th
e
f
u
ll
elec
tr
ic
c
y
cle
[
2
1
]
.
T
h
e
g
eo
m
etr
y
o
f
th
e
4
S
-
1
0
P
E
-
C
o
r
e
HFSM
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
in
t
h
is
p
ap
er
is
as s
h
o
w
n
in
F
ig
u
r
e
1
,
th
e
d
esig
n
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
is
as il
lu
s
tr
ated
in
T
ab
le
1
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Desig
n
s
p
ec
i
f
icatio
n
.
S
p
e
c
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
V
a
l
u
e
R
o
t
o
r
p
o
l
e
s
10
A
i
r
g
a
p
(
mm
)
0
.
8
N
u
mb
e
r
o
f
p
h
a
se
s
1
M
a
x
i
m
u
m
D
C
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
V
)
50
M
a
x
i
m
u
m
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
(
A
r
ms)
3
6
0
M
a
x
i
m
u
m
sp
e
e
d
(
r
/
m
i
n
)
1
2
0
0
0
A
i
r
g
a
p
(
mm
)
0
.
8
M
o
t
o
r
st
a
c
k
l
e
n
g
t
h
(
mm
)
70
F
i
e
l
d
w
i
n
d
i
n
g
t
u
r
n
2
7
1
A
r
mat
u
r
e
t
u
r
n
37
R
o
t
o
r
p
o
l
e
r
a
d
i
u
s (m
m)
86
R
o
t
o
r
c
o
r
e
r
a
d
i
u
s (m
m)
61
4
.
CO
G
G
I
NG
T
O
R
Q
UE
R
E
DUCT
I
O
N
T
E
CH
NI
Q
U
E
I
n
th
i
s
p
ap
er
,
th
e
r
ed
u
ctio
n
tec
h
n
iq
u
es
e
n
f
o
r
ce
d
o
n
th
e
m
o
d
eled
d
esig
n
o
f
4
S
-
1
0
P
E
-
C
o
r
e
HFSM
ar
e
n
o
tch
i
n
g
,
ch
a
m
f
er
i
n
g
an
d
r
o
to
r
p
o
le
p
air
in
g
.
T
h
e
r
ed
u
ctio
n
tech
n
iq
u
es
w
ill
i
n
f
l
u
en
ce
t
h
e
g
eo
m
etr
ical
d
esi
g
n
o
n
th
e
r
o
to
r
o
n
ly
as
it
ea
s
ier
t
o
b
e
c
o
n
d
u
cted
th
er
e
co
m
p
ar
e
d
to
th
e
s
tato
r
.
I
f
th
e
tech
n
iq
u
es
w
er
e
to
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
t
h
e
s
tato
r
p
ar
ts
o
f
th
is
p
ar
ticu
l
ar
d
esig
n
o
f
4
S
-
1
0
P
E
-
C
o
r
e
HFSM
,
it
w
o
u
ld
in
f
l
u
en
ce
o
th
er
p
ar
am
eter
s
w
h
ic
h
n
ee
d
ed
to
b
e
k
ep
t
co
n
s
ta
n
t
s
u
ch
as
p
er
m
an
e
n
t
m
a
g
n
ets,
f
ield
ex
citat
io
n
s
lo
t
ar
ea
s
,
a
n
d
ar
m
at
u
r
e
co
il
s
lo
t
ar
ea
s
.
Hy
p
o
t
h
etica
ll
y
,
it
m
a
y
lead
to
m
aj
o
r
ch
an
g
es
i
n
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
n
w
h
ich
s
u
b
s
ta
n
tiall
y
d
ev
iate
f
r
o
m
th
e
o
b
j
ec
tiv
e
o
f
th
i
s
p
ap
er
.
T
h
e
co
g
g
in
g
to
r
q
u
e
r
ed
u
ctio
n
tech
n
iq
u
e
e
m
p
lo
y
ed
f
o
r
th
is
p
ap
er
is
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
4
ar
e
in
v
e
s
ti
g
ated
to
s
tu
d
y
th
e
g
eo
m
etr
ical
o
f
t
h
e
r
o
to
r
to
o
th
o
n
th
e
co
g
g
i
n
g
to
r
q
u
e
as
w
ell
a
s
w
e
ll
as
th
e
b
ac
k
-
E
MF
an
d
th
e
to
r
q
u
e
w
ith
2
D
f
in
i
te
ele
m
e
n
t
an
a
l
y
s
is
(
FE
A)
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
(
a)
is
n
o
tch
in
g
wh
er
e
th
e
p
ar
a
m
eter
estab
lis
h
ed
h
er
e
ar
e
a
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
th
e
n
o
tch
,
w
id
t
h
,
a
n
d
len
g
th
o
f
ea
ch
n
o
tch
.
T
h
e
p
ar
am
e
ter
s
w
il
l
ev
o
lv
e
by
E
q
u
atio
n
5
w
h
er
e
th
e
air
g
ap
r
elu
ctan
ce
i
n
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
r
o
to
r
p
o
les
an
d
th
e
p
er
m
a
n
e
n
t
m
ag
n
et
s
an
d
s
tato
r
d
ev
elo
p
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
(
b
)
is
r
o
t
o
r
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
P
o
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i
S
y
s
t
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
C
o
g
g
in
g
To
r
q
u
e
R
ed
u
ctio
n
Tech
n
iq
u
e
o
n
E
-
C
o
r
e
Hyb
r
id
F
lu
x
S
w
itch
in
g
Mo
to
r
…
(
Ja
u
d
a
h
A
b
d
R
a
n
i
)
843
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
T
y
p
e
o
f
r
ed
u
ctio
n
t
ec
h
n
iq
u
e
o
n
r
o
to
r
ty
p
e
(
a)
n
o
t
ch
in
g
(
b
)
p
o
le
p
air
in
g
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
C
o
g
g
in
g
to
r
q
u
e
o
f
4
S
-
1
0
P
to
p
o
lo
g
y
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
I
n
f
l
u
en
ce
o
f
th
e
n
o
tc
h
n
u
m
b
er
o
n
t
h
e
to
r
q
u
e
p
o
le
p
air
in
g
w
ith
t
w
o
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
s
u
c
h
t
h
at
o
r
ig
i
n
al
r
o
to
r
w
id
t
h
,
y
a
n
d
d
u
m
m
y
w
id
t
h
,
x
w
h
ich
alter
n
atel
y
s
w
itc
h
ed
to
d
eter
m
i
n
e
t
h
e
b
est
p
air
o
f
r
o
to
r
p
o
le
p
air
in
g
.
T
h
e
2
D
-
FE
A
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
to
p
o
lo
g
y
4
S
-
1
0
P
E
-
C
o
r
e
HFSM p
o
s
s
es
s
av
er
a
g
e
co
g
g
i
n
g
to
r
q
u
e
o
f
1
.
3
8
N
m
an
d
p
eak
-
to
-
p
ea
k
co
g
g
i
n
g
to
r
q
u
e
o
f
1
0
8
.
4
5
Nm
,
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
B
ased
o
n
E
q
u
atio
n
(
2
)
it
ca
n
b
e
in
f
er
r
ed
th
e
co
g
g
i
n
g
to
r
q
u
e
,
an
d
th
e
elec
tr
o
m
a
g
n
etic
to
r
q
u
e
w
il
l
b
e
e
ith
er
in
cr
ea
s
e
o
r
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
as
b
o
th
p
r
ef
er
en
ce
s
ar
e
s
u
b
j
ec
ted
to
th
e
g
eo
m
etr
ical
o
f
th
e
r
o
to
r
r
e
p
r
esen
ted
as a
ir
-
g
ap
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
v
er
ti
m
e.
4
.
1
.
No
t
ching
T
h
e
in
f
l
u
en
ce
o
f
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
s
u
ch
a
s
a
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
t
h
e
n
o
tch
o
n
co
g
g
i
n
g
to
r
q
u
e
an
d
th
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
to
r
q
u
e
is
in
v
est
ig
ated
w
it
h
2
D
-
FE
A
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
6
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
co
g
g
i
n
g
to
r
q
u
e
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
f
r
o
m
9
8
N
m
o
f
p
ea
k
-
to
-
p
ea
k
co
g
g
i
n
g
to
r
q
u
e
v
alu
e
w
it
h
i
n
cr
ea
s
i
n
g
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
th
e
n
o
tc
h
w
it
h
r
ev
er
s
in
g
p
atter
n
af
ter
t
h
e
6
th
n
o
tch
.
T
h
e
6
th
n
o
tc
h
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
th
e
lo
w
es
t
co
g
g
i
n
g
to
r
q
u
e
ac
h
i
ev
ed
at
8
4
N
m
.
Ge
n
er
all
y
,
in
ea
c
h
d
ec
r
e
m
e
n
t
an
d
i
n
cr
e
m
e
n
ts
f
lu
ct
u
ate
s
w
i
th
o
n
e
a
n
o
th
er
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
t
h
e
co
n
s
ta
n
t
d
ec
r
e
m
en
t
o
f
s
tair
p
atte
r
n
ca
n
b
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
o
n
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
to
r
q
u
e
as
it
s
tar
t
ed
at
2
3
7
Nm
o
n
th
e
f
ir
s
t
n
o
t
ch
an
d
g
o
i
n
g
d
o
w
n
to
2
2
6
N
m
o
n
t
h
e
1
0
th
no
tch
.
T
h
e
m
i
n
i
m
izatio
n
o
f
th
e
co
g
g
in
g
to
r
q
u
e
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
l
y
ex
p
lai
n
ed
b
y
th
e
d
ec
r
ea
s
in
g
a
ir
g
ap
f
l
u
x
.
Fi
g
u
r
e
7
a
n
d
Fig
u
r
e
8
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
f
l
u
x
li
n
es
an
d
f
l
u
x
v
ec
to
r
s
b
ef
o
r
e
an
d
af
ter
n
o
tch
i
n
g
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
T
h
e
f
lu
x
li
n
es
in
b
o
t
h
f
i
g
u
r
es
ap
p
r
o
x
i
m
atel
y
i
llu
s
tr
at
ed
s
a
m
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
s
o
f
f
l
u
x
lin
e
s
h
o
w
e
v
er
th
e
m
ag
n
etic
f
lu
x
m
ag
n
i
f
ied
b
y
th
e
f
lu
x
v
ec
to
r
s
d
is
ti
n
g
u
is
h
ed
th
e
e
f
f
ec
t
o
f
n
o
tch
i
n
g
o
f
t
h
e
6
th
n
o
tc
h
,
w
h
ich
i
s
t
h
e
lo
west
co
g
g
in
g
to
r
q
u
e
r
ed
u
ce
d
.
T
h
e
m
ax
i
m
u
m
m
ag
n
etic
f
l
u
x
a
f
ter
n
o
tch
i
n
g
is
3
.
6
T
w
h
ile
b
ef
o
r
e
n
o
t
c
h
i
n
g
i
s
3
.
0
T
o
n
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
(
b
)
an
d
Fig
u
r
e
8
(
b
)
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
th
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
v
ec
to
r
b
ef
o
r
e
n
o
tch
i
n
g
is
h
i
g
h
er
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
af
ter
n
o
tch
in
g
.
T
h
e
v
ec
to
r
d
if
f
er
en
tial
s
h
o
ws
th
e
air
-
g
ap
f
l
u
x
is
i
n
cr
ea
s
i
n
g
w
i
th
n
o
tch
i
n
g
.
I
d
ea
lly
,
t
h
e
air
-
g
ap
f
lu
x
in
v
e
r
s
el
y
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
to
th
e
m
a
g
n
et
ic
f
l
u
x
d
en
s
it
y
s
u
b
j
ec
ted
to
th
e
p
er
m
an
e
n
t
m
ag
n
et
g
r
ad
es
[
2
2
]
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
in
th
is
ca
s
e,
b
ased
o
n
(
9
)
,
th
e
m
a
g
n
etic
f
l
u
x
d
en
s
it
y
co
e
f
f
i
cien
t,
is
d
ir
ec
tl
y
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
to
th
e
air
g
ap
f
l
u
x
,
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
m
a
g
n
et
ic
f
l
u
x
d
en
s
it
y
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
as t
h
e
air
g
ap
f
l
u
x
i
n
cr
ea
s
e.
Fu
r
t
h
er
i
n
v
e
s
ti
g
atio
n
co
n
d
u
c
te
d
to
in
v
es
tig
ate
t
h
e
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
t
in
f
l
u
e
n
ce
s
o
f
w
id
th
an
d
h
ei
g
h
t o
f
n
o
tc
h
o
n
th
e
co
g
g
in
g
to
r
q
u
e
w
h
er
e
all
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
ar
e
k
ep
t
co
n
s
ta
n
t
e
x
ce
p
t
f
o
r
t
h
e
w
id
t
h
a
n
d
h
eig
h
t
o
f
th
e
n
o
tc
h
.
Fig
u
r
e
9
an
d
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
s
h
o
w
t
h
e
p
ea
k
-
to
-
p
ea
k
co
g
g
i
n
g
to
r
q
u
e
o
n
th
e
n
o
tc
h
w
id
th
at
v
ar
io
u
s
n
o
tc
h
h
ei
g
h
t
an
d
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
to
r
q
u
e
o
n
t
h
e
n
o
t
ch
w
id
t
h
at
v
ar
io
u
s
n
o
tc
h
h
e
ig
h
t,
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
l
y
.
B
y
r
u
n
n
in
g
t
h
e
FE
A
a
g
ai
n
s
t
v
ar
io
u
s
n
o
tc
h
w
id
t
h
a
n
d
h
eig
h
t
,
th
e
co
g
g
in
g
to
r
q
u
e
s
i
g
n
if
ica
n
tl
y
r
ed
u
ce
s
w
it
h
t
h
e
in
cr
ea
s
i
n
g
n
o
tc
h
w
id
t
h
a
n
d
in
cr
ea
s
i
n
g
n
o
tc
h
h
ei
g
h
t.
T
h
e
s
a
m
e
o
b
s
er
v
a
tio
n
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
w
it
h
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
to
r
q
u
e
w
h
er
e
it
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
w
it
h
in
cr
ea
s
i
n
g
n
o
tc
h
w
id
t
h
an
d
n
o
tch
h
ei
g
h
t
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
0
.
T
h
e
v
ar
iat
io
n
f
ac
t
o
r
ca
n
e
x
p
la
in
t
h
e
r
ed
u
ctio
n
o
f
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
I
n
t J
P
o
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i
S
y
s
t
,
Vo
l.
9
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
1
8
:
839
–
847
844
co
g
g
i
n
g
to
r
q
u
e.
T
h
e
v
ar
iatio
n
a
m
p
litu
d
e
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
as
w
ell
a
s
th
e
v
ar
iatio
n
p
er
io
d
s
w
it
h
t
h
e
in
cr
ea
s
i
n
g
s
ize
o
f
n
o
tch
a
n
d
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
n
o
tc
h
es
w
h
ic
h
in
t
u
r
n
s
r
ed
u
ce
d
th
e
p
ea
k
v
al
u
e
o
f
co
g
g
i
n
g
to
r
q
u
e.
Fig
u
r
e
7
: Flu
x
li
n
es
a
n
d
f
l
u
x
v
ec
to
r
s
b
ef
o
r
e
n
o
tch
in
g
Fig
u
r
e
8
: Flu
x
li
n
es a
n
d
f
l
u
x
v
ec
to
r
s
af
ter
n
o
tch
in
g
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
T
h
e
p
ea
k
-
to
-
p
ea
k
co
g
g
i
n
g
to
r
q
u
e
o
n
th
e
n
o
tch
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
.
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t to
r
q
u
e
o
n
th
e
n
o
tch
w
id
t
h
4
.
2
P
o
le
P
a
iring
I
n
p
o
le
p
air
in
g
t
y
p
e
f
o
r
co
g
g
i
n
g
to
r
q
u
e
r
ed
u
ctio
n
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
is
p
air
i
n
g
t
w
o
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
t
w
id
t
h
s
o
f
r
o
to
r
p
o
le
g
eo
m
e
tr
icall
y
.
Sin
ce
4
S
-
1
0
P
h
as
an
ev
en
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
r
o
to
r
p
o
le,
th
e
p
air
in
g
w
ill
al
t
er
n
ate
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
m
an
ip
u
lati
v
e
p
o
le
an
d
t
h
e
p
o
le
w
h
ic
h
th
e
w
id
t
h
i
s
k
ep
t
co
n
s
tan
t
i
n
it
s
o
r
ig
i
n
al
w
id
t
h
.
Fo
r
ex
a
m
p
le,
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
4
.
(
b
)
th
e
m
a
n
ip
u
la
tiv
e
p
o
le
w
h
ich
act
s
as
d
u
m
m
y
p
o
le
m
ar
k
ed
w
it
h
u
n
k
n
o
w
n
x
is
f
o
r
th
e
f
ir
s
t
p
o
le
w
h
il
e
th
e
p
o
le
w
h
ich
t
h
e
w
id
t
h
i
s
k
ep
t
c
o
n
s
ta
n
t
is
c
h
ar
ac
ter
iz
ed
w
it
h
u
n
k
n
o
w
n
y
is
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
p
o
le.
A
f
ter
t
h
e
f
ir
s
t
c
y
cle
o
f
a
n
al
y
s
is
o
f
co
g
g
in
g
t
o
r
q
u
e
o
b
tain
s
w
it
h
FE
A
,
th
e
u
n
k
n
o
w
n
x
a
n
d
u
n
k
n
o
w
n
y
ar
e
r
ev
er
s
ed
w
it
h
t
h
e
f
ir
s
t
p
o
le
an
d
s
ec
o
n
d
p
o
le
w
h
er
e
th
e
f
ir
s
t
p
o
le
is
m
ar
k
ed
with
u
n
k
n
o
w
n
y
a
n
d
th
e
f
ir
s
t
p
o
le
is
m
ar
k
ed
w
ith
u
n
k
n
o
w
n
x
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
1
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
r
es
u
lt
o
f
alter
n
ati
n
g
t
h
e
x
p
o
le
an
d
y
p
o
le
o
n
th
e
f
ir
s
t
c
y
c
le
an
d
s
ec
o
n
d
c
y
cle.
I
t
is
ev
id
e
n
t
t
h
e
to
r
q
u
e
p
r
o
d
u
cti
o
n
in
cr
ea
s
e
a
s
t
h
e
d
u
m
m
y
p
o
le
w
id
t
h
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
d
f
r
o
m
2
m
m
to
5
0
m
m
.
T
h
e
m
ax
i
m
u
m
o
u
tp
u
t
to
r
q
u
e
o
f
2
4
2
Nm
i
s
w
h
en
t
h
e
d
u
m
m
y
p
o
le
w
id
t
h
is
1
0
m
m
,
ap
p
r
o
x
im
atel
y
s
a
m
e
as
th
e
co
n
s
ta
n
t
p
o
le
at
1
0
.
5
5
m
m
.
T
h
e
g
r
ap
h
p
atter
n
f
o
r
b
o
th
c
y
c
les
is
s
a
m
e
o
n
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
v
alu
e
o
f
in
cr
e
m
e
n
t
an
d
d
ec
r
em
e
n
t
,
b
u
t
th
e
co
g
g
i
n
g
to
r
q
u
e
g
r
ap
h
p
atter
n
is
v
ice
v
er
s
a.
T
h
e
c
o
g
g
i
n
g
to
r
q
u
e
g
r
a
p
h
f
o
r
b
o
th
cy
cle
s
pos
s
es
se
s
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
p
atter
n
o
f
d
r
o
p
p
in
g
p
in
g
p
o
n
g
b
all.
I
n
th
e
r
a
n
g
e
b
et
w
ee
n
2
m
m
a
n
d
5
0
m
m
it
ha
s
t
w
o
p
ea
k
s
o
f
co
g
g
in
g
to
r
q
u
e
f
o
r
in
ea
ch
c
y
cle
b
o
th
at
7
m
m
an
d
4
2
m
m
w
id
th
o
f
r
o
to
r
p
o
le.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
p
ea
k
in
t
h
e
f
ir
s
t
a
n
d
s
ec
o
n
d
c
y
cle
co
g
g
in
g
to
r
q
u
e
p
ea
k
v
a
lu
e
ar
e
1
6
2
Nm
an
d
1
5
3
N
m
,
r
esp
ec
ti
v
el
y
.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
p
ea
k
i
n
th
e
f
ir
s
t
an
d
s
ec
o
n
d
c
y
c
le
co
g
g
in
g
to
r
q
u
e
p
ea
k
v
al
u
e
ar
e
4
9
N
m
a
n
d
4
3
N
m
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
C
o
m
p
ar
ativ
e
l
y
,
th
e
h
ig
h
e
s
t
o
u
tp
u
t
to
r
q
u
e
o
f
2
4
2
N
m
i
n
t
h
e
f
ir
s
t
a
n
d
s
ec
o
n
d
c
y
cle
is
s
a
m
e
,
b
u
t
th
e
co
g
g
i
n
g
t
o
r
q
u
e
in
b
o
th
o
f
t
h
e
c
y
cle
ar
e
d
is
cr
i
m
i
n
atel
y
d
i
f
f
e
r
en
t.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
cy
cle
ha
s
lo
w
er
co
g
g
in
g
to
r
q
u
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
f
ir
s
t
c
y
cle
w
h
ic
h
is
1
2
7
N
m
an
d
1
3
9
Nm
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
T
h
e
t
w
o
c
y
cl
e
o
f
alter
n
ate
c
h
an
g
e
o
f
d
u
m
m
y
p
o
le
w
id
t
h
d
u
e
to
id
en
ti
f
y
i
n
g
th
e
p
r
o
p
er
w
id
th
r
a
tio
o
f
r
o
to
r
p
o
le
to
th
e
m
ag
n
et
p
o
le.
T
h
e
air
g
ap
m
a
g
n
etic
r
esis
ta
n
ce
w
as
also
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
d
b
y
t
h
e
a
m
p
lit
u
d
e
o
f
th
e
co
g
g
in
g
to
r
q
u
e.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
P
o
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i
S
y
s
t
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
C
o
g
g
in
g
To
r
q
u
e
R
ed
u
ctio
n
Tech
n
iq
u
e
o
n
E
-
C
o
r
e
Hyb
r
id
F
lu
x
S
w
itch
in
g
Mo
to
r
…
(
Ja
u
d
a
h
A
b
d
R
a
n
i
)
845
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
T
h
e
p
ea
k
-
to
-
p
ea
k
co
g
g
i
n
g
to
r
q
u
e
o
n
th
e
n
o
tch
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
.
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t to
r
q
u
e
o
n
th
e
n
o
tch
w
id
t
h
Fig
u
r
e
1
1
.
E
f
f
ec
t o
f
alter
n
ate
p
o
le
d
u
m
m
y
w
id
t
h
ag
ai
n
s
t
5
.
CO
NCLUS
I
O
N
T
h
is
p
ap
er
in
v
es
tig
a
ted
an
d
s
t
u
d
ied
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
co
g
g
i
n
g
t
o
r
q
u
e
r
ed
u
ctio
n
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
v
ar
iatio
n
s
o
n
4S
-
1
0
P
E
-
C
o
r
e
HF
SM
b
ased
o
n
2
D
FE
A
u
s
i
n
g
J
-
M
A
G
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e.
T
h
e
r
ed
u
ct
io
n
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
ad
o
p
ted
w
as
th
e
class
ical
tech
n
iq
u
e
s
s
u
c
h
as
n
o
tch
in
g
a
n
d
p
o
le
p
air
in
g
.
B
o
th
tech
n
iq
u
e
s
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
a
s
ig
n
i
f
i
ca
n
t
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
in
t
h
e
co
g
g
i
n
g
to
r
q
u
e
w
h
ich
f
u
l
f
ill
t
h
e
o
b
j
ec
tiv
e.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
as
th
e
co
g
g
i
n
g
to
r
q
u
e
r
ed
u
ce
t
h
e
o
u
t
p
u
t to
r
q
u
e
r
ed
u
ce
a
s
w
ell.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
f
u
r
th
er
s
tu
d
y
to
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
to
r
q
u
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
n
ee
d
s
an
d
i
n
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
ti
m
e
r
ed
u
ce
t
h
e
co
g
g
i
n
g
to
r
q
u
e
to
b
e
ca
r
r
ied
in
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e
s
tu
d
y
.
ACK
NO
WL
E
D
G
E
M
E
NT
T
h
is
w
o
r
k
is
f
u
n
d
ed
b
y
R
e
s
e
ar
ch
I
n
n
o
v
atio
n
,
C
o
m
m
er
cia
lizatio
n
a
n
d
C
o
n
s
u
lta
n
c
y
m
a
n
ag
e
m
e
n
t
(
OR
I
C
C
)
,
U
n
iv
er
s
i
ti
T
u
n
H
u
s
s
ein
O
n
n
Ma
la
y
s
ia
(
UT
HM
)
w
it
h
Vo
t.
No
.
U6
8
3
an
d
Min
is
tr
y
o
f
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
Ma
la
y
s
ia
(
MO
E
)
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
A
.
L
in
d
n
e
r
a
n
d
I.
Ha
h
n
,
“
In
v
e
stig
a
ti
o
n
o
f
a
larg
e
a
ir
-
g
a
p
E
-
c
o
re
f
lu
x
-
s
w
it
c
h
in
g
m
a
c
h
in
e
w
it
h
a
rb
it
ra
ry
m
a
g
n
e
t
sh
a
p
e
a
n
d
g
ra
in
-
o
r
ien
ted
m
a
teria
l,
”
Pro
c
.
-
2
0
1
6
2
2
n
d
In
t.
C
o
n
f
.
El
e
c
tr.
M
a
c
h
.
ICEM
2
0
1
6
,
p
p
.
2
4
4
5
–
2
4
5
1
,
2
0
1
6
.
[2
]
Z.
Q.
Z
h
u
,
“
S
w
it
c
h
e
d
f
lu
x
p
e
rm
a
n
e
n
t
m
a
g
n
e
t
m
a
c
h
in
e
s
-
In
n
o
v
a
ti
o
n
c
o
n
ti
n
u
e
s,”
2
0
1
1
In
t
.
Co
n
f.
El
e
c
tr.
M
a
c
h
.
S
y
st.
ICEM
S
2
0
1
1
,
n
o
.
c
,
2
0
1
1
.
[3
]
J.
X
.
S
h
e
n
a
n
d
W
.
Z.
F
e
i
,
“
P
e
rm
a
n
e
n
t
m
a
g
n
e
t
f
lu
x
s
w
it
c
h
in
g
m
a
c
h
i
n
e
s
-
T
o
p
o
l
o
g
ies
,
a
n
a
ly
sis a
n
d
o
p
t
im
iz
a
ti
o
n
,
”
In
t.
Co
n
f.
Po
we
r E
n
g
.
En
e
rg
y
El
e
c
tr.
Dr
ive
s
,
v
o
l.
5
,
p
p
.
3
5
2
–
3
6
6
,
2
0
1
3
.
[4
]
A
.
Ra
n
i,
E.
S
u
laim
a
n
,
S
.
M
o
h
a
m
m
a
d
,
a
n
d
N.
S
y
e
d
,
“
A
S
tu
d
y
o
f
S
i
n
g
le
-
P
h
a
se
E
-
Co
re
Hy
b
rid
Ex
c
it
a
ti
o
n
F
l
u
x
S
w
it
c
h
in
g
M
o
t
o
r,
”
in
T
h
e
C
lea
n
En
e
rg
y
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
(
CEA
T
)
,
2
0
1
6
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
I
n
t J
P
o
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i
S
y
s
t
,
Vo
l.
9
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
1
8
:
839
–
847
846
[5
]
J.
T
.
Ch
e
n
,
Z
.
Q.
Z
h
u
,
S
.
Iw
a
sa
k
i,
a
n
d
R.
P
.
De
o
d
h
a
r,
“
A
n
o
v
e
l
E
-
c
o
re
sw
it
c
h
e
d
-
f
lu
x
P
M
b
ru
sh
les
s A
C
m
a
c
h
in
e
,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.
I
n
d
.
Ap
p
l.
,
v
o
l.
4
7
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
2
7
3
–
1
2
8
2
,
2
0
1
1
.
[6
]
W
.
M
in
,
J.
T
.
C
h
e
n
,
Z.
Q.
Zh
u
,
Y.
Zh
u
,
M
.
Zh
a
n
g
,
a
n
d
G
.
H.
Du
a
n
,
“
Op
ti
m
iza
ti
o
n
a
n
d
C
o
m
p
a
riso
n
o
f
No
v
e
l
E
-
Co
re
a
n
d
C
-
Co
re
L
in
e
a
r
S
w
it
c
h
e
d
F
l
u
x
P
M
M
a
c
h
i
n
e
s,”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s o
n
M
a
g
n
e
ti
c
s
,
v
o
l.
4
7
,
n
o
.
8
.
p
p
.
2
1
3
4
–
2
1
4
1
,
2
0
1
1
.
[7
]
J.
L
iu
,
Y.
Ch
e
n
,
Q.
L
u
,
Y.
Ye
,
a
n
d
X
.
Hu
a
n
g
,
“
Op
ti
m
iza
ti
o
n
a
n
d
c
o
m
p
a
riso
n
o
f
C
-
c
o
re
a
n
d
E
-
c
o
re
l
in
e
a
r
sw
it
c
h
e
d
-
f
lu
x
P
M
m
a
c
h
in
e
s w
it
h
o
d
d
p
r
ima
r
y
p
o
les
,
”
El
e
c
trica
l
M
a
c
h
i
n
e
s a
n
d
S
y
ste
ms
(
ICEM
S
),
2
0
1
5
1
8
t
h
I
n
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
.
p
p
.
2
5
4
–
2
5
9
,
2
0
1
5
.
[8
]
Z.
Q.
Z
h
u
,
J.
T
.
Ch
e
n
,
Y.
P
a
n
g
,
D.
Ho
w
e
,
S
.
Iw
a
sa
k
i,
a
n
d
R.
De
o
d
h
a
r,
“
A
n
a
l
y
sis o
f
a
No
v
e
l
M
u
lt
i
-
T
o
o
th
F
lu
x
-
S
w
it
c
h
in
g
P
M
Bru
s
h
les
s A
C
M
a
c
h
in
e
f
o
r
Hig
h
T
o
rq
u
e
Dire
c
t
-
Driv
e
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s,”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s o
n
M
a
g
n
e
ti
c
s
,
v
o
l.
4
4
,
n
o
.
1
1
.
p
p
.
4
3
1
3
–
4
3
1
6
,
2
0
0
8
.
[9
]
Z.
Q.
Z
h
u
,
M
.
A
l
-
A
n
i,
X.
L
iu
,
a
n
d
B.
L
e
e
,
“
Co
m
p
a
riso
n
o
f
e
lec
tro
m
a
g
n
e
ti
c
p
e
rf
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
o
f
s
w
it
c
h
e
d
f
lu
x
p
e
rm
a
n
e
n
t
m
a
g
n
e
t
m
a
c
h
in
e
s
w
it
h
m
e
c
h
a
n
ica
l
f
lu
x
a
d
ju
ste
rs,”
IET
E
lec
trica
l
S
y
ste
ms
in
T
ra
n
s
p
o
rt
a
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l.
5
,
n
o
.
4
.
p
p
.
1
7
5
–
1
8
4
,
2
0
1
5
.
[1
0
]
I.
A
.
A
.
Af
in
o
w
i,
Z.
Q.
Zh
u
,
D.
W
u
,
Y.
G
u
a
n
,
J.
C.
M
ip
o
,
a
n
d
P
.
F
a
ra
h
,
“
F
lu
x
-
w
e
a
k
e
n
in
g
p
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
c
o
m
p
a
riso
n
o
f
c
o
n
v
e
n
ti
o
n
a
l
a
n
d
E
-
c
o
re
sw
it
c
h
e
d
-
f
lu
x
p
e
rm
a
n
e
n
t
m
a
g
n
e
t
m
a
c
h
in
e
s,”
El
e
c
trica
l
M
a
c
h
i
n
e
s a
n
d
S
y
ste
ms
(
ICE
M
S
),
2
0
1
4
1
7
t
h
I
n
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
.
p
p
.
5
2
2
–
5
2
8
,
2
0
1
4
.
[1
1
]
Z.
Q.
Z
h
u
,
X
.
L
iu
,
M
.
Ha
se
g
a
w
a
,
A
.
P
rid
e
,
a
n
d
R
.
De
o
d
h
a
r,
“
COM
P
A
RAT
IV
E
S
T
UD
Y OF
T
ORQ
UE
-
S
P
EE
D
CHA
R
ACT
ERIS
T
ICS
OF
ALT
ERNAT
E
S
W
I
T
CHED
-
F
L
UX
P
E
RM
A
NEN
T
M
AG
NET
M
A
CHI
NE
T
OP
OL
O
G
IES
,
”
v
o
l.
1
0
,
n
o
.
c
.
[1
2
]
R.
L
a
teb
,
N.
T
a
k
o
ra
b
e
t,
a
n
d
F
.
M
e
ib
o
d
y
-
T
a
b
a
r,
“
E
ff
e
c
t
o
f
m
a
g
n
e
t
se
g
m
e
n
tatio
n
o
n
th
e
c
o
g
g
in
g
to
r
q
u
e
in
s
u
rf
a
c
e
-
m
o
u
n
ted
p
e
rm
a
n
e
n
t
-
m
a
g
n
e
t
m
o
to
rs,”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.
M
a
g
n
.
,
v
o
l.
4
2
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
4
4
2
–
4
4
5
,
M
a
r.
2
0
0
6
.
[1
3
]
X
.
L
iu
,
Z.
G
u
,
B.
L
i,
J.
Zh
a
o
,
a
n
d
X
.
Zh
a
n
g
,
“
A
n
o
v
e
l
c
o
g
g
in
g
to
rq
u
e
re
d
u
c
ti
o
n
m
e
th
o
d
f
o
r
th
e
m
o
d
u
lar arc
-
li
n
e
a
r
f
lu
x
s
w
it
c
h
in
g
p
e
rm
a
n
e
n
t
-
m
a
g
n
e
t
m
o
to
r,
”
in
2
0
1
6
I
EE
E
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
E
lec
tro
ma
g
n
e
ti
c
Fi
e
l
d
Co
m
p
u
ta
ti
o
n
(
CEF
C)
,
2
0
1
6
,
p
.
1
.
[1
4
]
X
.
Zh
u
,
W
.
Hu
a
,
a
n
d
M
.
Ch
e
n
g
,
“
Co
g
g
in
g
to
rq
u
e
m
in
im
iz
a
ti
o
n
in
f
lu
x
-
sw
it
c
h
in
g
p
e
rm
a
n
e
n
t
m
a
g
n
e
t
m
a
c
h
in
e
s b
y
to
o
t
h
c
h
a
m
fe
rin
g
,
”
in
2
0
1
6
IEE
E
En
e
rg
y
Co
n
v
e
rs
io
n
C
o
n
g
re
ss
a
n
d
Exp
o
siti
o
n
(
ECCE
)
,
2
0
1
6
,
p
p
.
1
–
7.
[1
5
]
C.
S
ik
d
e
r
,
I.
Hu
sa
in
,
a
n
d
W
.
Ou
y
a
n
g
,
“
Co
g
g
in
g
T
o
rq
u
e
Re
d
u
c
ti
o
n
in
F
l
u
x
-
S
w
it
c
h
in
g
P
e
rm
a
n
e
n
t
-
M
a
g
n
e
t
M
a
c
h
in
e
s
b
y
Ro
to
r
P
o
le S
h
a
p
in
g
,
”
IEE
E
T
r
a
n
s.
I
n
d
.
Ap
p
l.
,
v
o
l.
5
1
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
3
6
0
9
–
3
6
1
9
,
S
e
p
.
2
0
1
5
.
[1
6
]
L
.
Ha
o
,
M
.
L
in
,
D.
X
u
,
W
.
Zh
a
n
g
,
a
n
d
N
.
L
i,
“
Ro
to
r
d
e
sig
n
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
s f
o
r
re
d
u
c
in
g
t
h
e
c
o
g
g
in
g
to
rq
u
e
in
a
n
o
v
e
l
d
u
a
l
-
ro
to
r
a
x
ial
f
ield
f
lu
x
-
s
w
it
c
h
in
g
p
e
rm
a
n
e
n
t
m
a
g
n
e
t
m
a
c
h
in
e
,
”
in
2
0
1
4
1
7
t
h
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
El
e
c
trica
l
M
a
c
h
in
e
s
a
n
d
S
y
ste
ms
(
ICEM
S
)
,
2
0
1
4
,
p
p
.
1
5
8
1
–
1
5
8
6
.
[1
7
]
R.
P
.
De
o
d
h
a
r,
D.
A
.
S
tato
n
,
T
.
M
.
Ja
h
n
s,
a
n
d
T
.
J.
E.
M
il
ler,
“
P
r
e
d
ictio
n
o
f
c
o
g
g
in
g
to
rq
u
e
u
si
n
g
t
h
e
f
lu
x
-
MMF
d
iag
ra
m
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
,
”
IE
EE
T
r
a
n
s.
In
d
.
Ap
p
l.
,
v
o
l.
3
2
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
5
6
9
–
5
7
6
,
M
a
y
1
9
9
6
.
[1
8
]
H.
L
e
-
Hu
y
,
R.
P
e
rre
t,
a
n
d
R
.
F
e
u
i
ll
e
t,
“
M
in
im
iza
ti
o
n
o
f
T
o
rq
u
e
Rip
p
le i
n
Bru
sh
les
s DC M
o
t
o
r
Driv
e
s,”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.
In
d
.
Ap
p
l.
,
v
o
l.
IA
-
2
2
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
7
4
8
–
7
5
5
,
J
u
l.
1
9
8
6
.
[1
9
]
J A
b
d
Ra
n
i;
E
S
u
laim
a
n
;
R
Ku
m
a
r
,
“
Cy
c
li
c
P
a
ra
m
e
ter Re
f
in
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
4
S
-
1
0
P
Hy
b
rid
F
lu
x
-
S
w
it
c
h
in
g
M
o
to
r
f
o
r
L
ig
h
t
w
e
ig
h
t
El
e
c
tri
c
V
e
h
icle
.
”
M
e
lak
a
,
2
0
1
7
.
[2
0
]
A
.
S
a
y
g
in
,
“
De
sig
n
O
p
ti
m
iza
ti
o
n
f
o
r
M
in
im
izin
g
Co
g
g
in
g
T
o
rq
u
e
i
n
A
x
ial
F
lu
x
P
e
rm
a
n
e
n
t
M
a
g
n
e
t
M
a
c
h
in
e
s,” p
p
.
324
–
3
2
9
,
2
0
1
7
.
[2
1
]
D.
Xu
,
M
.
L
in
,
X
.
F
u
,
L
.
Ha
o
,
W
.
Zh
a
n
g
,
a
n
d
N.
L
i,
“
Co
g
g
in
g
T
o
r
q
u
e
Re
d
u
c
ti
o
n
o
f
a
Hy
b
rid
A
x
ial
F
ield
F
lu
x
-
S
w
it
c
h
in
g
P
e
rm
a
n
e
n
t
-
M
a
g
n
e
t
M
a
c
h
in
e
w
it
h
T
h
re
e
M
e
th
o
d
s,”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.
Ap
p
l.
S
u
p
e
rc
o
n
d
.
,
v
o
l.
2
6
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
4
–
8
,
2
0
1
6
.
[2
2
]
I.
Jo
u
r
n
a
l,
F
.
S
h
a
f
iq
a
h
,
B.
U
n
iv
e
rsiti
,
T
.
Hu
ss
e
in
,
E
.
S
u
laim
a
n
,
U.
T
u
n
,
H.
On
n
,
M
.
F
a
ir
o
z
,
O.
U
n
iv
e
rsiti
,
T
.
Hu
ss
e
in
,
R.
Ku
m
a
r,
U.
T
u
n
,
H.
On
n
,
F
.
S
.
M
o
to
r
,
S
.
R.
V
iew
,
F
.
S
w
i
tch
in
g
,
a
n
d
M
.
V
iew
,
“
Co
g
g
in
g
T
o
rq
u
e
Re
d
u
c
ti
o
n
o
f
IP
M
M
o
to
r
u
si
n
g
S
k
e
w
in
g
,
No
tch
in
g
,
P
o
le
P
a
ir
in
g
a
n
d
Ro
t
o
r
P
o
l
e
Ax
ial
P
a
iri
n
g
,
”
n
o
.
M
a
y
,
p
p
.
1
–
7
,
2
0
1
7
.
B
I
O
G
RAP
H
I
E
S O
F
AUTH
O
RS
Ja
u
d
a
h
A
b
d
Ra
n
i
w
a
s
b
o
rn
in
th
e
c
a
p
it
a
l
o
f
Jo
h
o
r
Ba
h
ru
,
J
o
h
o
r
in
1
9
9
2
.
S
h
e
re
c
e
iv
e
d
Ba
c
h
e
lo
r
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
w
it
h
H
o
n
o
u
rs
f
ro
m
Un
iv
e
rsiti
T
u
n
Hu
ss
e
in
On
n
M
a
lay
sia
in
2
0
1
6
.
In
2
0
1
5
,
sh
e
j
o
in
e
d
A
ss
o
c
.
P
r
o
f
.
Dr.
Erw
a
n
S
u
laim
a
n
re
se
a
rc
h
tea
m
a
s
re
se
a
rc
h
f
ield
a
ss
istan
t
to
stu
d
y
o
n
stre
ss
a
n
a
l
y
sis
o
f
E
-
C
o
re
h
y
b
rid
e
x
c
it
a
ti
o
n
f
lu
x
s
w
it
c
h
i
n
g
m
o
to
r.
Up
o
n
g
ra
d
u
a
ti
n
g
h
e
r
b
a
c
h
e
lo
r
d
e
g
re
e
p
ro
g
ra
m
,
s
h
e
p
u
rsu
e
a
m
a
ste
r
d
e
g
re
e
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
u
n
d
e
r
A
s
so
c
.
P
ro
f
.
Dr.
Erw
a
n
S
u
laim
a
n
.
He
r
c
u
rre
n
t
re
se
a
rc
h
i
n
tere
sts
in
c
lu
d
e
e
lec
tri
c
m
a
c
h
in
e
s
a
n
d
d
riv
e
f
o
c
u
sin
g
o
n
sin
g
le
-
p
h
a
se
h
y
b
rid
e
x
c
it
a
ti
o
n
f
lu
x
s
w
it
c
h
in
g
m
o
to
r
w
it
h
a
n
E
-
Co
re
sta
to
r.
Ja
u
d
a
h
is
a
m
e
m
b
e
r
o
f
Bo
a
rd
o
f
En
g
in
e
e
rs
M
a
lay
sia
.
S
h
e
a
wa
rd
e
d
Be
st
P
re
se
n
ter
i
n
a
c
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
p
ro
c
e
e
d
in
g
o
f
4
th
I
E
T
I
n
ter
n
atio
n
a
l Co
n
f
er
en
ce
o
n
C
lean
E
n
er
g
y
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
P
o
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i
S
y
s
t
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
C
o
g
g
in
g
To
r
q
u
e
R
ed
u
ctio
n
Tech
n
iq
u
e
o
n
E
-
C
o
r
e
Hyb
r
id
F
lu
x
S
w
itch
in
g
Mo
to
r
…
(
Ja
u
d
a
h
A
b
d
R
a
n
i
)
847
Erw
a
n
S
u
laim
a
n
w
a
s
b
o
rn
i
n
Jo
h
o
r,
M
a
lay
sia
,
o
n
A
u
g
u
st
3
1
,
1
9
7
8
.
He
re
c
e
iv
e
d
h
is
B.
E
a
n
d
M
.
E
De
g
re
e
s
in
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
f
ro
m
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
M
a
la
y
a
in
2
0
0
1
a
n
d
Un
iv
e
rsity
T
u
n
Hu
ss
e
in
On
n
M
a
lay
sia
(U
T
HM)
in
2
0
0
4
.
He
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
w
it
h
UT
H
M
f
ro
m
De
c
e
m
b
e
r
2
0
0
4
a
s
a
lec
tu
re
r
.
He
re
c
e
iv
e
d
Do
c
to
r
De
g
re
e
in
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
f
ro
m
Na
g
o
y
a
In
stit
u
te
o
f
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
(NI
T
),
Ja
p
a
n
in
2
0
1
2
.
He
is
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
se
n
io
r
lec
tu
re
r
a
t
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
P
o
w
e
r
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
Un
iv
e
rsity
T
u
n
Hu
ss
e
in
On
n
M
a
lay
sia
.
His
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
in
c
lu
d
e
d
e
sig
n
o
p
ti
m
iza
ti
o
n
s o
f
HEF
S
M
,
F
EF
S
M
,
P
M
F
S
M
,
in
p
a
rti
c
u
lar,
f
o
r
HE
V
d
r
iv
e
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s.
M
d
.
Zara
f
i
A
h
m
a
d
w
a
s
b
o
rn
in
Jo
h
o
r
,
M
a
las
y
ia
o
n
S
e
p
tem
b
e
r
5
,
1
9
7
9
.
He
re
c
e
iv
e
d
h
is
B.
E
a
n
d
M
.
E
De
g
re
e
s
in
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
f
ro
m
Un
iv
e
rsiti
Tek
n
o
lo
g
i
M
a
ra
(UiT
M
)
i
n
2
0
0
4
a
n
d
Un
iv
e
rsity
T
u
n
Hu
ss
e
in
On
n
M
a
lay
sia
(UTHM
)
in
2
0
0
7
.
He
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
w
it
h
UT
HM
f
ro
m
S
e
p
tem
b
e
r
2
0
1
1
a
s
a
le
c
tu
re
r.
He
re
c
e
iv
e
d
Do
c
to
r
De
g
re
e
in
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
f
ro
m
UT
HM
in
2
0
1
6
.
He
is
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
s
e
n
io
r
lec
tu
re
r
a
t
De
p
a
rtm
e
n
t
o
f
E
l
e
c
tri
c
a
l
P
o
w
e
r
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
UT
HM.
His
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
in
c
lu
d
e
d
e
sig
n
o
p
ti
m
iza
ti
o
n
s
o
f
o
u
ter
ro
t
o
r
h
y
b
rid
e
x
c
it
a
ti
o
n
f
lu
x
s
w
it
c
h
in
g
m
a
c
h
in
e
(HEF
S
M
)
f
o
r
HEV
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s.
M
o
h
d
.
F
a
ir
o
z
Om
a
r
wa
s
b
o
rn
i
n
Jo
h
o
r
,
M
a
lay
sia
,
o
n
M
a
y
,
1
2
,
1
9
8
6
.
He
re
c
e
iv
e
d
Dip
lo
m
a
in
El
e
c
tri
c
a
n
d
El
e
c
tro
n
ic
E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
f
ro
m
P
o
li
tek
n
ik
Ib
ra
h
im
S
u
lt
a
n
in
2
0
0
8
.
S
i
n
c
e
Oc
to
b
e
r
2
0
0
8
,
h
e
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
w
o
rk
in
g
u
n
d
e
r
A
sia
n
Ge
o
s
(M
)
S
d
n
.
B
h
d
a
s
T
e
c
h
n
icia
n
.
He
re
c
e
iv
e
d
h
is
B.
E
De
g
re
e
in
El
e
c
tro
n
ic
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
M
.
E
De
g
re
e
in
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
f
ro
m
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
T
u
n
Hu
ss
e
in
On
n
M
a
l
a
y
sia
,
in
2
0
1
4
a
n
d
2
0
1
6
,
re
sp
e
c
ti
v
e
l
y
.
Cu
rre
n
tl
y
,
h
e
is
P
h
.
D
.
De
g
re
e
a
t
De
p
a
rt
m
e
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
P
o
w
e
r
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
T
u
n
Hu
ss
e
in
On
n
M
a
l
a
y
sia
.
His
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
in
c
lu
d
e
p
e
rm
a
n
e
n
t
m
a
g
n
e
t
f
lu
x
sw
it
c
h
in
g
m
a
c
h
in
e
s
(P
M
F
S
M
s)
f
o
r
e
lec
tri
c
b
u
se
s.
Dr.
Ch
o
c
k
a
li
n
g
a
m
A
ra
v
in
d
V
a
it
h
il
in
g
a
m
(M
’9
6
S
M
'
1
7
)
b
o
rn
i
n
Ch
e
n
n
a
i,
In
d
ia,
i
n
1
9
7
5
.
H
e
re
c
e
iv
e
d
th
e
B.
En
g
g
.
De
g
re
e
f
ro
m
Bh
a
ra
th
id
a
sa
n
u
n
iv
e
rsity
in
1
9
9
8
,
M
E
n
g
g
f
ro
m
Bh
a
rth
iy
a
r
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
in
2
0
0
1
a
n
d
th
e
P
h
.
D.
d
e
g
re
e
in
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
p
o
we
r
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
f
ro
m
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
P
u
tra
M
a
la
y
sia
in
2
0
1
3
.
F
r
o
m
2
0
0
3
ti
l
l
d
a
te
h
e
w
o
rk
e
d
a
s
k
e
y
re
s
e
a
rc
h
e
r
in
th
e
d
e
sig
n
o
f
e
n
e
rg
y
e
ff
ici
e
n
t
a
n
d
sp
e
c
ial
e
lec
tr
ica
l
m
a
c
h
in
e
s.
S
in
c
e
2
0
1
1
,
h
e
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
a
se
n
io
r
lec
tu
re
r
w
it
h
th
e
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
De
p
a
rtme
n
t,
T
a
y
lo
r’s
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
,
M
a
la
y
si
a
.
He
is
th
e
a
u
th
o
r
o
f
f
i
v
e
b
o
o
k
s,
m
o
re
th
a
n
1
5
0
i
n
d
e
x
e
d
a
rti
c
les
,
His
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
in
c
lu
d
e
n
o
v
e
l
e
n
e
rg
y
e
ff
icie
n
t
m
a
c
h
in
e
s f
o
r
tran
sp
o
rtati
o
n
a
n
d
a
lt
e
rn
a
t
iv
e
e
n
e
rg
y
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.