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17
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1720
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R
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C
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A
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:
R
az
m
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az
m
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.
ay
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@
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tm
.
m
y
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
An
elec
tr
o
n
ic
lo
ad
is
an
eq
u
ip
m
en
t
th
at
can
em
u
late
th
e
l
o
a
d
.
T
h
e
ad
v
an
tag
es
of
u
s
in
g
th
e
elec
tr
o
n
ic
lo
ad
ar
e
th
e
lo
a
d
ca
n
be
ch
a
n
g
ed
ea
s
ily
a
n
d
h
as
a
h
ig
h
r
a
tin
g
.
It
is
a
p
iece
of
u
s
ef
u
l
e
q
u
ip
m
en
t
in
test
in
g
elec
tr
ical
s
y
s
tem
l
ik
e
a
b
atter
y
[
1
]
,
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
ltaic
[
2
]
,
g
en
er
at
o
r
[3
]
,
[
4]
,
or
m
o
to
r
[
5
]
at
v
ar
io
u
s
lo
ad
co
n
d
itio
n
.
T
h
e
elec
tr
o
n
ic
lo
a
d
is
also
b
ei
n
g
u
s
ed
as
th
e
d
u
m
p
lo
ad
to
m
ain
tain
th
e
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
of
an
elec
tr
ical
s
y
s
tem
[3
]
,
[
6]
.
T
h
e
cu
r
v
e
tr
ac
in
g
of
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltag
e
(
PV)
u
s
es
th
e
el
ec
tr
o
n
ic
lo
ad
to
d
eter
m
i
n
e
th
e
d
eg
r
ad
atio
n
lev
el
of
th
e
PV
p
an
el
[
7
]
.
T
h
e
elec
tr
o
n
ic
lo
ad
is
also
b
ein
g
u
s
ed
in
s
u
r
g
e
p
r
o
tectio
n
[
8
]
.
T
h
ese
ex
a
m
p
les
s
h
o
w
th
at
th
e
elec
tr
o
n
ic
lo
ad
is
u
s
ef
u
l
in
v
a
r
io
u
s
s
ec
to
r
.
A
c
o
m
m
er
cial
elec
tr
o
n
ic
lo
a
d
can
co
s
t
ar
o
u
n
d
500
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f
o
r
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2
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W
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atin
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0
USD
f
o
r
a
6
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W
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atin
g
.
Nev
er
th
eless
,
th
er
e
ar
e
s
o
m
e
r
esear
ch
es
av
ailab
le
to
b
u
ild
an
elec
tr
o
n
ic
l
o
ad
at
a
lo
wer
co
s
t.
C
o
m
m
o
n
ly
,
t
h
e
lin
ea
r
r
eg
u
lat
o
r
is
p
r
ef
e
r
r
ed
in
th
e
d
ir
ec
t
c
u
r
r
en
t
(
DC
)
elec
tr
o
n
ic
lo
ad
[1
]
,
[
9
]
-
[
1
1
]
.
T
h
e
m
etal
-
o
x
id
e
-
s
em
ico
n
d
u
c
to
r
f
ield
-
ef
f
ec
t
tr
an
s
is
to
r
(
MO
SF
E
T
)
an
d
i
n
s
u
lated
-
g
ate
b
ip
o
lar
tr
an
s
is
to
r
(
I
GB
T
)
is
u
s
ed
to
em
u
late
th
e
lo
ad
.
T
h
is
is
done
by
v
ar
y
in
g
t
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
g
ate
-
s
o
u
r
ce
ter
m
in
al
of
th
e
MO
SF
E
T
an
d
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
g
ate
-
em
itter
ter
m
i
n
al
of
t
he
I
GB
T
.
Sin
ce
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
r
eq
u
ir
e
d
to
co
n
tr
o
l
th
ese
p
o
wer
s
witch
ch
an
g
e
wi
th
tem
p
er
atu
r
e,
a
clo
s
ed
-
lo
o
p
co
n
tr
o
ller
is
n
ee
d
ed
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
elec
tr
o
n
ic
lo
ad
is
ab
le
to
m
ain
tain
its
o
p
er
at
io
n
.
It
also
r
e
q
u
ir
es
a
c
o
m
p
li
ca
ted
v
o
ltag
e
-
c
o
n
tr
o
lle
d
g
ate
d
r
iv
e.
T
h
e
co
n
tr
o
l
b
ec
o
m
es
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
licated
s
i
n
ce
m
o
s
t
of
th
e
p
o
wer
d
is
s
ip
atio
n
o
cc
u
r
s
at
th
e
p
o
wer
s
witch
th
at
r
esu
lts
in
h
ig
h
-
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
v
a
r
iatio
n
.
To
o
v
er
co
m
e
th
is
p
r
o
b
lem
,
th
e
p
o
wer
s
witch
n
ee
d
s
to
o
p
er
a
te
in
th
e
s
atu
r
atio
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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&
Dr
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s
t
I
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N:
2
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8
694
C
o
mp
a
r
is
o
n
o
f e
lectro
n
ic
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a
d
u
s
in
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r
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u
la
to
r
a
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d
b
o
o
s
t c
o
n
ve
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ter
(
R
a
z
ma
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A
yo
p
)
1721
an
d
cu
t
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o
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f
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eg
i
o
n
s
.
T
h
is
ca
n
be
ac
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iev
e
d
by
u
s
in
g
th
e
lo
a
d
s
witch
in
g
m
eth
o
d
[
1
2
]
-
[
1
5
]
.
Nev
er
th
eless
,
th
is
m
eth
o
d
r
eq
u
ir
es
m
u
ltip
le
p
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witch
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esis
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licates
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o
l
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s
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d
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eq
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ir
es
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p
co
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tr
o
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Sin
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o
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lin
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r
eg
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lato
r
a
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witch
in
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m
eth
o
d
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e
q
u
ir
es
clo
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lo
o
p
co
n
tr
o
l,
a
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
is
n
ee
d
ed
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
-
in
te
g
r
al
(
PI)
co
n
tr
o
ller
is
co
m
m
o
n
ly
u
s
ed
to
co
n
tr
o
l
th
e
elec
tr
o
n
ic
lo
ad
[1
]
,
[
12
]
,
[
16,
[
17]
.
T
h
er
e
is
also
th
e
u
s
er
of
th
e
f
u
zz
y
lo
g
ic
co
n
tr
o
lle
r
to
im
p
r
o
v
es
th
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
c
e
of
th
e
elec
tr
o
n
ic
lo
ad
u
s
in
g
th
e
PI
co
n
tr
o
ller
[
1
7
]
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
-
in
te
g
r
al
-
d
er
iv
ativ
e
(
PID
)
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
co
n
tr
o
ller
h
as
also
b
ee
n
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
to
co
n
tr
o
l
th
e
elec
tr
o
n
ic
lo
a
d
[
1
8
]
.
A
n
o
th
er
co
n
tr
o
ller
u
s
ed
in
t
h
e
e
lectr
o
n
ic
lo
ad
is
th
e
q
u
asi
-
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
-
r
eso
n
an
ce
co
n
tr
o
ller
[
1
9
]
.
T
h
ese
c
o
n
tr
o
l
ler
s
ar
e
im
p
lem
en
te
d
u
s
in
g
an
an
alo
g
u
e
cir
c
u
it
[8
]
,
[
10]
or
d
ig
ital
p
latf
o
r
m
s
li
k
e
Ar
d
u
in
o
[1
]
,
[
9]
or
o
th
e
r
m
icr
o
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
[
1
2
]
,
[
1
6
]
.
T
h
e
d
esig
n
of
th
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
an
d
its
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
f
o
r
th
e
lin
ea
r
r
eg
u
lato
r
a
n
d
lo
ad
s
witch
in
g
m
eth
o
d
f
o
r
th
e
elec
tr
o
n
ic
lo
a
d
is
co
m
p
licated
.
An
elec
tr
o
n
ic
lo
ad
with
a
p
o
wer
co
n
v
er
te
r
th
at
can
ea
s
ily
be
co
n
tr
o
lled
is
p
r
ef
er
r
e
d
.
T
h
e
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
is
o
n
e
of
th
e
s
witch
ed
-
mode
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
l
y
(
SMPS)
th
at
can
ea
s
ily
be
co
n
tr
o
lled
an
d
it
is
not
s
ev
er
ely
af
f
ec
ted
by
t
h
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
c
h
an
g
es
[
1
8
]
.
No
n
e
th
eless
,
th
is
co
n
v
er
ter
is
r
ar
ely
u
s
ed
in
th
e
elec
tr
o
n
ic
l
o
ad
.
C
u
r
r
en
tly
,
th
e
elec
tr
o
n
ic
l
o
ad
u
s
in
g
th
e
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
te
r
d
o
es
not
f
o
c
u
s
on
th
e
p
ass
iv
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
d
esig
n
a
n
d
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
is
b
ased
on
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
-
c
o
n
tr
o
lled
s
y
s
tem
[
2
0
]
,
[
21]
.
T
h
e
p
ass
iv
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
d
esig
n
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
elec
tr
o
n
ic
lo
a
d
o
p
er
ate
p
r
o
p
er
ly
an
d
with
in
an
ac
ce
p
tab
le
r
ip
p
le
.
Sin
ce
th
e
elec
tr
o
n
ic
lo
ad
can
r
ec
eiv
e
t
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
s
o
u
r
ce
,
th
e
elec
tr
o
n
ic
lo
ad
with
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
-
c
o
n
tr
o
lled
s
y
s
tem
m
a
y
not
wo
r
k
p
r
o
p
er
ly
.
B
esid
es
a
p
r
o
p
er
d
esig
n
of
elec
tr
o
n
ic
l
o
ad
u
s
in
g
th
e
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
,
th
e
c
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
b
et
wee
n
th
is
elec
tr
o
n
ic
lo
a
d
wit
h
th
e
elec
tr
o
n
ic
lo
ad
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
lin
ea
r
r
e
g
u
lato
r
is
in
co
m
p
lete
in
ter
m
of
ac
c
u
r
ac
y
an
d
tr
a
n
s
ien
t
r
esp
o
n
s
e
[
1
3
]
.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
d
esig
n
of
t
h
e
DC
elec
tr
o
n
ic
lo
a
d
u
s
in
g
th
e
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
.
T
h
e
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
is
ex
p
ec
ted
to
o
p
er
ate
in
th
e
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
cu
r
r
en
t
mode
with
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
c
u
r
r
en
t
r
ip
p
le
b
elo
w
1
%.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
ar
e
c
o
m
p
ar
e
d
with
th
e
elec
tr
o
n
ic
lo
a
d
u
s
i
n
g
th
e
lin
ea
r
r
e
g
u
lato
r
.
Sin
ce
th
e
lin
ea
r
r
eg
u
lato
r
r
eq
u
ir
es
a
clo
s
ed
-
lo
o
p
co
n
tr
o
l
ler
,
th
e
in
teg
r
al
co
n
tr
o
ller
is
ch
o
s
en
.
Fo
r
a
f
air
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
,
th
e
lin
ea
r
r
eg
u
lato
r
u
s
in
g
th
e
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
e
r
ter
also
u
s
e
th
e
in
teg
r
al
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
.
T
h
e
in
teg
r
al
co
n
t
r
o
ller
f
o
r
b
o
th
elec
tr
o
n
ic
l
o
ad
s
is
b
ased
on
r
esis
tiv
e
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
elec
tr
o
n
ic
lo
a
d
is
ab
le
to
wo
r
k
with
v
o
ltag
e
a
n
d
cu
r
r
en
t
s
o
u
r
ce
s
.
T
h
e
n
e
x
t
s
ec
tio
n
d
is
cu
s
s
es
th
e
d
esig
n
of
th
e
elec
tr
o
n
ic
lo
a
d
s
u
s
in
g
th
e
lin
ea
r
r
e
g
u
lato
r
a
n
d
b
o
o
s
t
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
.
T
h
e
n
ex
t
s
ec
tio
n
s
h
o
ws
th
e
r
esu
lts
an
d
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
s
.
T
h
e
last
s
ec
tio
n
co
n
clu
d
es
th
e
r
esu
lt
of
th
e
co
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
.
2.
DE
S
I
G
N
OF
E
L
E
CT
RO
NI
C
L
O
AD
T
h
e
DC
elec
tr
o
n
ic
l
o
ad
c
o
n
s
is
t
of
s
ev
er
al
p
ar
ts
.
T
h
e
s
im
p
le
clo
s
ed
-
lo
o
p
DC
elec
tr
o
n
ic
lo
a
d
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
W
h
en
a
DC
p
o
w
er
s
o
u
r
ce
is
c
o
n
n
ec
ted
to
a
DC
elec
tr
o
n
ic
lo
ad
,
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
s
en
s
o
r
s
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
cu
r
r
e
n
t
(
V
i
an
d
I
i
),
r
esp
ec
ti
v
ely
.
T
h
e
V
i
is
d
iv
id
e
d
by
I
i
to
o
b
tain
th
e
in
p
u
t
r
esis
tan
ce
,
R
i
,
b
ased
on
Oh
m
’
s
L
aw.
T
h
e
R
i
is
co
m
p
ar
ed
with
th
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
r
esis
tan
ce
,
R
ref
,
wh
ich
ar
e
s
et
by
th
e
u
s
er
.
T
h
e
R
i
is
p
o
s
itiv
e
an
d
th
e
R
ref
is
n
eg
ativ
e
s
in
ce
th
e
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
co
n
tr
o
l
in
p
u
t
to
th
e
p
o
wer
co
n
v
e
r
ter
r
esu
lts
in
th
e
r
ed
u
ctio
n
of
e
m
u
lated
R
i
.
T
h
e
er
r
o
r
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
by
co
m
p
a
r
in
g
th
e
R
i
with
th
e
R
ref
is
f
ed
in
to
an
in
teg
r
al
co
n
tr
o
ller
.
B
ased
on
th
e
er
r
o
r
,
th
e
in
teg
r
al
co
n
t
r
o
ller
ad
ju
s
ts
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
in
p
u
t
f
o
r
th
e
p
o
wer
co
n
v
er
ter
.
T
h
e
p
o
wer
c
o
n
v
er
t
er
ad
ju
s
ts
th
e
o
p
er
atio
n
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
t
h
e
co
n
tr
o
l
in
p
u
t.
T
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
co
n
tin
u
e
s
u
n
til
th
e
R
i
is
eq
u
al
to
R
ref
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
two
p
o
wer
co
n
v
er
ter
s
u
s
ed
f
o
r
th
e
DC
elec
tr
o
n
ic
l
o
ad
,
wh
ich
ar
e
th
e
lin
ea
r
r
eg
u
lato
r
an
d
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
.
I
n
t
e
g
r
a
l
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
P
o
w
e
r
C
o
n
ve
r
t
e
r
S
e
n
s
o
r
s
P
o
w
e
r
S
o
u
r
c
e
-
+
V
i
I
i
D
C
E
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
L
o
a
d
+
V
i
-
I
i
V
i
/
I
i
R
i
R
r
e
f
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
b
lo
c
k
d
iag
r
am
of
th
e
DC
elec
tr
o
n
ic
lo
ad
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
I
n
t J
Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i
Sy
s
t,
Vo
l.
12
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
2
0
2
1
:
17
20
–
1
7
2
8
1722
2
.
1
.
L
inea
r
re
g
ula
t
o
r
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
p
o
wer
co
n
v
er
ter
f
o
r
th
e
DC
elec
tr
o
n
ic
lo
ad
is
th
e
lin
ea
r
r
e
g
u
lato
r
.
T
h
e
MO
SF
E
T
is
ch
o
s
e
n
f
o
r
th
e
DC
elec
tr
o
n
ic
lo
ad
s
in
ce
it
is
ea
s
ier
to
co
n
tr
o
l
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
tr
a
n
s
is
to
r
.
T
h
e
MO
SF
E
T
h
as
3
ter
m
in
als,
wh
ich
a
r
e
th
e
d
r
ain
,
s
o
u
r
ce
,
a
n
d
g
ate.
T
h
e
MO
SF
E
T
is
co
n
tr
o
lled
by
ad
ju
s
ti
n
g
th
e
g
ate
-
s
o
u
r
ce
v
o
ltag
e,
V
gs
.
T
h
e
h
ig
h
er
th
e
V
gs
,
th
e
h
ig
h
e
r
th
e
d
r
ain
cu
r
r
en
t,
I
d
,
th
at
can
p
ass
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
M
OSFET
.
To
d
esig
n
th
e
DC
elec
tr
o
n
ic
l
o
ad
u
s
in
g
MO
SF
E
T
,
m
a
n
y
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
of
th
e
MO
SF
E
T
n
ee
d
s
to
be
co
n
s
id
er
ed
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
is
th
e
s
af
e
o
p
er
atin
g
zo
n
e
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Sin
ce
th
e
elec
tr
o
n
ic
lo
a
d
is
D
C
,
th
e
s
af
e
o
p
er
atin
g
zo
n
e
is
s
m
al
l.
T
h
e
o
p
er
atio
n
of
th
e
DC
elec
tr
o
n
ic
lo
ad
n
ee
d
s
to
m
ain
tain
with
in
th
e
zo
n
e
to
av
o
id
d
am
ag
in
g
th
e
MO
SF
E
T
.
T
h
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
n
ee
d
s
to
be
co
n
s
id
er
ed
wh
en
it
co
m
es
to
th
e
s
af
e
o
p
er
atin
g
z
o
n
e.
W
h
en
t
h
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
in
c
r
ea
s
es,
th
is
zo
n
e
b
ec
o
m
es
s
m
aller
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
it
is
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
ed
to
o
b
tain
a
s
af
e
o
p
er
atin
g
zo
n
e
f
o
r
th
e
MO
SF
E
T
at
h
ig
h
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
f
r
o
m
th
e
m
an
u
f
ac
t
u
r
er
.
It
is
also
im
p
o
r
tan
t
to
in
s
tall
a
lar
g
e
h
ea
t
s
in
k
at
th
e
MO
SF
E
T
to
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
in
c
r
ea
s
e
at
th
e
MO
SF
E
T
[
2
2
]
.
T
h
e
I
-
V
c
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
o
f
t
h
e
M
O
S
F
E
T
i
s
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
V
gs
.
N
o
n
e
t
h
e
l
e
s
s
,
t
h
e
I
d
a
n
d
d
r
a
i
n
-
s
o
u
r
c
e
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
,
V
ds
,
a
l
s
o
a
f
f
e
c
t
s
t
h
e
I
-
V
c
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
o
f
t
h
e
M
O
S
F
E
T
,
a
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
3
.
I
f
t
h
e
p
o
w
e
r
s
o
u
r
c
e
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
e
d
t
o
t
h
e
i
n
p
u
t
o
f
t
h
e
D
C
e
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
l
o
a
d
i
s
t
h
e
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
s
o
u
r
c
e
,
t
h
e
V
ds
b
e
c
o
m
e
s
t
h
e
V
i
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
M
O
S
F
E
T
i
s
u
s
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
D
C
e
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
l
o
a
d
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
l
i
n
e
a
r
r
e
g
u
l
a
t
o
r
.
T
h
e
a
d
j
u
s
t
m
e
n
t
o
f
V
gs
r
e
s
u
l
t
s
i
n
t
h
e
a
d
j
u
s
t
m
e
n
t
o
f
t
h
e
I
d
.
W
h
i
l
e
i
f
t
h
e
p
o
w
e
r
s
o
u
r
c
e
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
e
d
t
o
t
h
e
i
n
p
u
t
o
f
t
h
e
D
C
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c
h
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r
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i
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c
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l
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t
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m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
c
h
a
n
g
e
s
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h
e
r
e
f
o
r
e
,
t
h
e
o
p
e
n
-
l
o
o
p
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
i
s
n
o
t
p
o
s
s
i
b
l
e
s
i
n
c
e
t
h
e
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
i
n
p
u
t
V
gs
c
h
a
n
g
e
s
o
v
e
r
t
i
m
e
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
E
x
am
p
le
of
th
e
s
af
e
o
p
er
atin
g
z
o
n
e
f
o
r
th
e
MO
SF
E
T
at
2
5
°C
[
2
3
]
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
T
h
e
I
d
-
V
ds
c
h
ar
ac
ter
i
s
tic
cu
r
v
e
f
o
r
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
V
gs
at
2
5
°C
[
2
3
]
T
h
e
d
esig
n
o
f
th
e
DC
elec
tr
o
n
ic
lo
ad
is
im
p
lem
e
n
ted
in
M
AT
L
AB
/Si
m
u
lin
k
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
It
is
b
ased
on
th
e
b
lo
ck
d
iag
r
a
m
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
two
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
ts
in
s
id
e
th
e
p
o
wer
co
n
v
er
ter
,
wh
ich
ar
e
th
e
MO
SF
E
T
an
d
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
led
v
o
ltag
e
s
o
u
r
ce
b
lo
c
k
.
Sin
ce
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
d
o
es
n
o
t
h
a
v
e
a
s
af
e
o
p
e
r
atin
g
zo
n
e
an
d
a
p
r
o
p
er
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
v
ar
iatio
n
in
p
u
t,
th
ese
ef
f
ec
t
s
ca
n
n
o
t
be
s
im
u
lated
.
T
h
e
i
n
teg
r
al
g
ain
,
K
i
,
is
ad
ju
s
ted
m
an
u
ally
u
s
in
g
th
e
tr
y
an
d
er
r
o
r
m
eth
o
d
.
Sin
ce
th
e
MO
SF
E
T
r
esp
o
n
s
e
q
u
ick
ly
,
th
e
K
i
can
be
s
et
at
a
h
ig
h
v
al
u
e
with
o
u
t
r
esu
ltin
g
in
an
u
n
s
tab
le
o
p
er
atio
n
.
T
h
e
K
i
ch
o
s
en
is
1
0
0
0
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
T
h
e
im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
of
th
e
DC
elec
tr
o
n
ic
lo
a
d
u
s
in
g
th
e
MO
SF
E
T
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
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8
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a
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1723
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er
t
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im
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ter
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e
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t
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n
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u
r
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th
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d
u
ty
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d
an
d
r
ip
p
le
[
2
4
]
.
T
h
e
d
esi
g
n
c
o
n
s
id
er
atio
n
on
th
e
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
is
th
e
d
.
Sin
ce
th
e
d
is
lim
ited
f
r
o
m
0
to
1,
a
p
r
o
p
er
d
esig
n
of
t
h
e
R
o
is
cr
u
cial
to
av
o
i
d
th
e
o
p
e
r
atio
n
o
u
ts
id
e
th
e
d
lim
it.
T
h
e
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
is
ch
o
s
en
f
r
o
m
th
e
SMPS
ca
teg
o
r
y
due
to
its
lo
w
n
u
m
b
er
of
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m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
an
d
lo
w
I
i
r
ip
p
le.
T
h
is
is
an
im
p
o
r
ta
n
t
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
id
e
al
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elec
tr
o
n
ic
lo
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d
s
h
o
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ld
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h
av
e
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ip
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les.
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n
eth
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e
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ter
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er
th
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teg
o
r
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tain
s
cu
r
r
en
t
or
v
o
ltag
e
r
i
p
p
les.
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h
er
ef
o
r
e,
it
is
ess
en
tial
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ch
o
o
s
e
th
e
p
o
wer
co
n
v
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ter
with
t
h
e
lo
w
r
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p
p
le,
esp
ec
ially
at
th
e
V
i
an
d
I
i
.
T
h
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l
i
n
p
u
t
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
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s
,
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th
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p
u
ls
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o
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latio
n
,
PW
M.
C
L
R
o
+
V
i
-
I
i
p
s
d
P
W
M
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
T
h
e
cir
cu
it
d
ia
g
r
am
of
th
e
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
T
h
e
d
-
R
o
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
is
cr
u
cial
wh
en
u
s
in
g
th
e
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
f
o
r
th
e
DC
elec
tr
o
n
ic
lo
ad
.
T
h
is
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
is
s
h
o
wn
in
(
1
)
[
2
4
]
.
I
n
a
n
id
ea
l
co
n
d
itio
n
,
th
e
d
is
“0
to
1
”.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
u
n
a
b
le
to
f
o
llo
w
t
h
is
r
an
g
e
d
o
e
to
th
e
n
o
n
id
ea
lity
f
ac
to
r
[
2
5
]
.
I
t
is
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
e
d
th
at
th
e
o
p
e
r
atio
n
o
f
th
e
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
is
“0
.
1
0
t
o
0
.
7
5
”
to
av
o
id
v
o
ltag
e
r
eg
u
latio
n
p
r
o
b
l
em
.
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h
is
is
b
ec
au
s
e
wh
en
th
e
d
is
ab
o
v
e
0
.
7
5
,
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e,
V
o
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b
eg
in
s
to
d
r
o
p
a
n
d
af
f
ec
t
th
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
c
e
o
f
th
e
elec
tr
o
n
ic
lo
a
d
.
T
h
er
e
f
o
r
e,
t
h
e
m
in
im
u
m
an
d
m
ax
im
u
m
d
(
d
min
an
d
d
ma
x
)
ar
e
0
.
1
0
an
d
0
.
7
5
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
h
en
,
th
e
m
in
im
u
m
an
d
m
ax
im
u
m
R
i
(
R
i_min
an
d
R
i_max
)
n
ee
d
t
o
b
e
ch
o
s
e
n
.
T
h
e
R
i_min
an
d
R
i_max
b
ec
o
m
e
th
e
r
a
n
g
e
o
f
em
u
lated
r
e
s
is
tan
ce
f
o
r
th
e
DC
elec
tr
o
n
ic
lo
ad
.
T
h
e
R
i_min
an
d
R
i_max
n
ee
d
to
o
b
ey
th
e
r
an
g
e
in
(
2
)
[
2
4
]
.
I
n
t
h
is
d
esig
n
,
th
e
R
i_min
an
d
R
i_max
ar
e
s
et
to
1
0
an
d
1
0
0
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
an
d
th
e
r
an
g
e
o
b
ey
(
2
)
.
T
h
e
n
,
th
e
R
o
is
ch
o
s
en
with
in
th
e
r
a
n
g
e
o
f
(
2
)
.
=
(
1
−
)
2
(
1
)
_
(
1
−
)
2
≤
≤
_
(
1
−
)
2
(
2
)
=
√
(
3
)
T
h
e
lis
t
o
f
p
ar
am
eter
s
is
tab
u
lated
in
Ta
bl
e
1
.
Sin
ce
m
o
s
t
o
f
th
e
p
o
wer
is
tr
an
s
m
itted
t
o
R
o
,
it
is
ess
en
tial
to
en
s
u
r
e
t
h
e
R
o
ca
p
ab
le
to
h
an
d
le
th
e
p
o
wer
.
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h
e
p
o
wer
tr
an
s
m
itted
t
o
R
o
,
P
R
o
,
is
ca
lcu
lated
u
s
in
g
(
3
)
[
2
4
]
.
T
h
e
r
atin
g
o
f
t
h
e
R
o
is
h
ig
h
ly
d
ep
e
n
d
ed
o
n
th
e
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i
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wh
ich
is
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
r
atin
g
o
f
th
e
DC
elec
tr
o
n
ic
lo
ad
,
an
d
th
e
R
i
.
No
te
th
at
th
e
r
atin
g
o
f
V
i
is
b
ased
o
n
R
i
an
d
P
R
o
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
ch
o
s
en
R
o
is
1
3
0
Ω
(
with
in
th
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
1
2
3
.
5
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an
d
1
6
0
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0
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)
.
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bl
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1
.
T
h
e
d
esire
d
s
p
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if
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tio
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an
d
ca
lc
u
lated
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
f
o
r
th
e
DC
elec
tr
o
n
ic
lo
ad
u
s
in
g
th
e
b
o
o
s
t
P
a
r
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me
t
e
r
V
a
l
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e
M
i
n
i
m
u
m
I
n
p
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t
R
e
s
i
st
a
n
c
e
,
R
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n
10
Ω
M
a
x
i
m
u
m
I
n
p
u
t
R
e
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i
st
a
n
c
e
,
R
i
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1
0
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Ω
M
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i
m
u
m
D
u
t
y
C
y
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l
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,
D
m
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n
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0
M
a
x
i
m
u
m
D
u
t
y
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y
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l
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,
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m
ax
0
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7
5
M
a
x
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m
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m
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n
p
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t
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o
l
t
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g
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,
V
i
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w
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t
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h
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n
g
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(
k
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1
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p
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
I
n
t J
Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i
Sy
s
t,
Vo
l.
12
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
2
0
2
1
:
17
20
–
1
7
2
8
1724
A
r
esis
tiv
e
lo
ad
d
o
es
n
o
t
p
r
o
d
u
ce
an
y
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t
r
ip
p
le.
No
n
eth
eless
,
th
e
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
co
n
tain
s
r
ip
p
les
an
d
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
elim
in
ated
.
T
o
r
em
o
v
e
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
r
ip
p
le
at
I
i
,
th
e
in
d
u
ctan
c
e,
L
,
ch
o
s
en
n
ee
d
s
to
b
e
in
f
in
ity
.
T
h
e
in
f
in
ity
L
is
an
im
p
r
ac
tic
al
s
o
lu
tio
n
an
d
r
esu
lts
in
a
s
lo
w
tr
an
s
ien
t.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
a
1
%
I
i
r
ip
p
le
f
ac
to
r
,
γ
Ii
,
is
ch
o
s
en
s
in
ce
it
is
ac
cu
r
ate
en
o
u
g
h
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
a
s
tead
y
c
u
r
r
en
t.
T
h
e
L
is
ca
lcu
lated
u
s
in
g
(
4
)
[
2
4
]
,
wh
ich
eq
u
als
to
1
9
.
2
6
m
H.
Alth
o
u
g
h
th
e
V
o
r
ip
p
le
f
ac
to
r
,
γ
Vo
,
ca
n
b
e
ig
n
o
r
ed
s
in
ce
th
is
p
ar
am
eter
is
n
o
t
c
o
n
s
id
er
ed
in
th
e
DC
elec
tr
o
n
ic
lo
ad
,
it
s
till
e
s
s
en
tial
t
o
av
o
id
u
n
s
tab
le
o
p
er
atio
n
.
T
h
e
γ
Vo
is
ca
lcu
lated
u
s
in
g
(
5
)
[
2
4
]
,
wh
ich
eq
u
als to
5
.
5
6
μ
F.
=
4
27
(
4
)
=
1
(
1
−
√
_
3
)
(
5
)
Sin
ce
th
e
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
c
o
n
s
is
ts
of
an
in
d
u
cto
r
a
n
d
ca
p
ac
ito
r
,
th
e
tr
an
s
ien
t
r
esp
o
n
s
e
is
m
u
ch
s
lo
wer
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
lin
ea
r
r
eg
u
lato
r
.
T
h
e
r
ef
o
r
e
,
th
e
K
i
is
ad
ju
s
ted
p
r
o
p
er
ly
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
s
tab
ilit
y
of
th
e
elec
tr
o
n
ic
lo
ad
.
Usi
n
g
th
e
tr
y
an
d
er
r
o
r
m
eth
o
d
,
th
e
ch
o
s
en
K
i
is
3.
T
h
e
d
esig
n
of
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
is
th
en
im
p
lem
en
ted
in
to
MA
T
L
AB
/Si
m
u
lin
k
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
T
h
e
im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
of
th
e
DC
elec
tr
o
n
ic
lo
a
d
u
s
in
g
th
e
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
e
r
ter
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
AND
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
A
h
ig
h
ac
cu
r
ac
y
em
u
latio
n
o
f
th
e
lo
ad
is
im
p
o
r
ta
n
t
f
o
r
th
e
DC
elec
tr
o
n
ic
lo
a
d
.
T
h
e
lo
wer
th
e
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
er
r
o
r
,
e
%
,
t
h
e
h
ig
h
er
th
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
.
T
h
e
e
%
is
ca
l
cu
lated
u
s
in
g
(
6
)
.
T
h
e
DC
ele
ctr
o
n
ic
lo
a
d
s
u
s
in
g
th
e
lin
ea
r
r
eg
u
lato
r
an
d
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
ar
e
s
im
u
lated
s
ep
ar
ately
with
R
ref
f
r
o
m
1
0
Ω
to
1
0
0
Ω
.
B
o
t
h
elec
tr
o
n
ic
lo
ad
s
ar
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
1
0
0
V
v
o
ltag
e
s
o
u
r
ce
.
T
h
e
V
i
an
d
I
i
ar
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
d
to
d
eter
m
in
e
R
i
.
T
h
e
e
%
o
b
tain
ed
at
v
a
r
io
u
s
R
ref
ar
e
v
is
u
alize
d
in
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
T
h
e
r
es
u
lts
s
h
o
w
th
at
th
e
elec
tr
o
n
ic
lo
ad
u
s
in
g
th
e
lin
ea
r
r
eg
u
lato
r
h
as
a
l
o
wer
e
%
c
o
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
elec
tr
o
n
ic
lo
a
d
u
s
in
g
th
e
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
t
er
.
T
h
is
m
ea
n
s
th
at
th
e
elec
tr
o
n
ic
lo
ad
u
s
in
g
th
e
lin
ea
r
r
eg
u
lato
r
h
as
h
ig
h
e
r
ac
cu
r
ac
y
co
m
p
a
r
ed
to
th
e
elec
tr
o
n
ic
l
o
ad
u
s
in
g
th
e
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
.
T
h
is
e
f
f
ec
t
is
ca
u
s
e
d
b
y
th
e
I
i
r
i
p
p
le
p
r
esen
t
in
th
e
b
o
o
s
t
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
[
2
4
]
,
t
h
e
h
i
g
h
est
r
ip
p
le
o
cc
u
r
wh
e
n
th
e
R
i
is
4
/
9
o
u
t
o
f
R
o
.
Sin
ce
R
o
is
1
3
0
Ω
,
th
e
h
ig
h
est
I
i
o
cc
u
r
wh
en
R
i
eq
u
al
s
to
5
7
.
7
8
Ω
.
B
ased
o
n
Fig
u
r
e
7
,
it
is
clea
r
ly
s
h
o
wn
th
at
e
%
is
th
e
h
i
g
h
e
s
t
d
o
in
g
th
at
co
n
d
itio
n
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
I
i
r
ip
p
le
af
f
ec
ts
th
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
o
f
th
e
ele
ctr
o
n
ic
lo
ad
u
s
in
g
th
e
b
o
o
s
t c
o
n
v
er
ter
.
%
=
|
−
|
×
100%
(
6
)
Fo
r
th
e
elec
tr
o
n
ic
lo
ad
u
s
in
g
th
e
lin
ea
r
r
eg
u
lato
r
,
th
e
r
esu
lt
s
h
o
ws
th
at
th
e
e
%
b
ec
o
m
es
h
ig
h
er
wh
en
th
e
R
ref
in
cr
ea
s
es.
No
n
eth
eless
,
it
is
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
lo
wer
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
elec
tr
o
n
ic
lo
ad
u
s
in
g
th
e
b
o
o
s
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
C
o
mp
a
r
is
o
n
o
f e
lectro
n
ic
lo
a
d
u
s
in
g
lin
ea
r
r
eg
u
la
to
r
a
n
d
b
o
o
s
t c
o
n
ve
r
ter
(
R
a
z
ma
n
A
yo
p
)
1725
co
n
v
er
ter
.
It
is
wo
r
th
m
en
tio
n
th
at
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
d
o
es
n
o
t
co
n
s
id
er
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
of
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
v
ar
iatio
n
an
d
elec
tr
ical
n
o
is
e.
As
m
en
tio
n
b
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
V
gs
r
eq
u
ir
es
to
em
u
l
ate
lo
ad
ch
a
n
g
es
with
tim
e.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e
,
it
is
h
ar
d
e
r
to
co
n
tr
o
l
th
e
elec
tr
o
n
ic
lo
a
d
an
d
m
ay
r
esu
lt
in
a
h
ig
h
er
er
r
o
r
.
T
h
e
s
lig
h
t
ch
an
g
e
of
V
gs
also
af
f
ec
ts
th
e
em
u
latio
n
of
th
e
l
o
ad
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
elec
tr
ical
n
o
is
e
in
th
e
V
gs
m
ay
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
af
f
ec
t
t
h
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
of
th
e
elec
tr
o
n
ic
lo
a
d
u
s
in
g
th
e
lin
e
ar
r
eg
u
lato
r
.
T
h
e
h
ar
d
war
e
i
m
p
lem
en
tatio
n
is
r
eq
u
i
r
ed
to
an
aly
s
t
th
is
ef
f
ec
t,
wh
ich
is
out
of
t
h
e
s
co
p
e
of
th
e
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
e
elec
tr
o
n
ic
lo
ad
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
lin
ea
r
r
eg
u
lato
r
a
n
d
b
o
o
s
t
c
o
n
v
er
ter
ar
e
s
im
u
lated
s
ep
ar
atel
y
with
th
e
R
ref
is
s
tep
p
ed
-
up
f
r
o
m
20
Ω
to
80
Ω
at
0
.
0
3
s
an
d
s
tep
p
e
d
-
d
o
wn
f
r
o
m
80
Ω
to
20
Ω
at
0
.
0
6
s.
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
is
co
n
d
u
cte
d
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
el
ec
tr
o
n
ic
lo
a
d
tr
a
n
s
ien
t
r
esp
o
n
s
e
d
o
es
n
o
t
af
f
ec
t
th
e
ex
p
er
i
m
en
tal
r
esu
lt
d
u
r
in
g
lo
ad
em
u
latio
n
.
T
h
e
d
esire
d
r
esp
o
n
s
e
f
o
r
th
e
elec
tr
o
n
ic
lo
a
d
is
th
e
I
i
ch
an
g
es
in
s
tan
tan
eo
u
s
ly
.
By
r
ef
er
r
in
g
to
Fig
u
r
e
8
,
th
e
elec
tr
o
n
ic
lo
a
d
u
s
in
g
th
e
lin
ea
r
r
eg
u
lato
r
ab
le
to
ch
an
g
e
in
s
tan
tan
eo
u
s
ly
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
elec
tr
o
n
ic
lo
ad
u
s
in
g
th
e
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
h
as
a
s
lo
w
tr
an
s
ien
t
r
esp
o
n
s
e.
Ass
u
m
e
th
at
th
e
s
tead
y
-
s
tate
tim
e,
t
s
,
is
d
ef
in
ed
as
th
e
tim
e
tak
en
f
o
r
th
e
p
ar
am
eter
to
ac
h
iev
e
with
in
2%
of
its
f
in
al
v
al
u
e,
th
e
t
s
d
u
r
i
n
g
s
tep
p
ed
-
up
lo
ad
is
9
.
2
m
s
.
W
h
ile
th
e
t
s
d
u
r
in
g
s
tep
p
ed
-
d
o
wn
lo
ad
is
1
2
.
9
m
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
T
h
e
e
%
ag
ain
s
t
R
ref
f
o
r
th
e
lin
ea
r
r
eg
u
lato
r
an
d
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
in
t
h
e
DC
elec
tr
o
n
ic
lo
ad
ap
p
licatio
n
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
T
h
e
tr
an
s
ien
t
r
esp
o
n
s
e
of
I
i
wh
en
t
h
e
lo
ad
is
s
tep
p
ed
-
up
f
r
o
m
20
Ω
to
80
Ω
an
d
s
tep
p
ed
-
d
o
wn
f
r
o
m
80
Ω
to
20
Ω
T
h
e
d
elay
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
lo
a
d
ch
a
n
g
e
is
in
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
if
th
e
p
o
w
er
co
n
v
e
r
ter
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
elec
tr
o
n
ic
lo
ad
h
as
a
s
lo
w
r
esp
o
n
s
e.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
lo
ad
em
u
latio
n
b
ec
o
m
es
in
ac
cu
r
ate
if
th
e
p
o
wer
co
n
v
er
ter
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
elec
tr
o
n
ic
lo
ad
h
as
a
f
a
s
ter
r
esp
o
n
s
e
co
m
p
a
r
ed
to
th
e
elec
tr
o
n
ic
lo
ad
.
T
h
e
s
lo
w
r
esp
o
n
s
e
is
due
to
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
t
of
t
h
e
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
to
h
as
a
lar
g
e
L
,
wh
ic
h
r
ed
u
ce
d
th
e
I
i
r
ip
p
le.
To
a
v
o
id
th
is
p
r
o
b
lem
,
a
h
ig
h
er
fs
is
n
ee
d
ed
.
No
n
eth
ele
s
s
,
it
m
ay
r
esu
lt
in
a
h
ig
h
er
s
witch
in
g
lo
s
s
.
W
h
ich
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
h
ea
t
g
en
er
atio
n
at
th
e
p
o
wer
s
witch
in
th
e
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
.
If
th
e
tr
an
s
ien
t
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
e
r
esu
lt
is
not
co
llected
f
o
r
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
t,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
elec
tr
o
n
ic
lo
ad
c
an
be
ap
p
lied
to
th
e
ex
p
er
i
m
e
n
t.
T
h
e
p
o
wer
d
is
s
ip
atio
n
f
o
r
t
h
e
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
e
r
ter
is
m
o
s
tl
y
at
th
e
r
esis
tan
ce
.
W
h
ile
t
h
e
p
o
wer
d
is
s
ip
atio
n
f
o
r
th
e
lin
ea
r
r
eg
u
lato
r
is
m
o
s
tly
at
th
e
MO
SF
E
T
.
T
h
is
is
an
u
n
d
esire
d
s
itu
atio
n
esp
ec
ially
f
o
r
h
ig
h
p
o
wer
lo
a
d
em
u
latio
n
s
in
ce
th
e
MO
SF
E
T
h
a
s
lim
i
ted
s
af
e
o
p
er
atin
g
ar
ea
,
esp
ec
ially
d
u
r
in
g
DC
o
p
er
atio
n
.
T
h
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
is
also
a
p
r
o
b
lem
f
ac
ed
by
th
e
lin
ea
r
r
eg
u
lato
r
b
ased
elec
tr
o
n
ic
lo
ad
.
Sin
ce
th
e
p
o
wer
d
is
s
ip
ates
m
o
s
tly
at
th
e
MO
SF
E
T
,
th
e
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
of
th
e
MO
SF
E
T
in
cr
ea
s
es
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
tly
.
T
h
is
m
ay
lead
to
th
e
f
ailu
r
e
of
th
e
MO
SF
E
T
an
d
th
e
o
p
er
atio
n
of
th
e
elec
tr
o
n
ic
lo
ad
s
to
p
s
.
T
h
e
t
em
p
er
atu
r
e
in
cr
ea
s
e
also
ch
an
g
es
th
e
V
gs
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
,
th
u
s
a
clo
s
ed
-
lo
o
p
s
y
s
tem
is
n
ee
d
ed
to
m
ain
tain
th
e
em
u
latio
n
of
th
e
lo
ad
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
I
n
t J
Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i
Sy
s
t,
Vo
l.
12
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
2
0
2
1
:
17
20
–
1
7
2
8
1726
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
In
g
en
e
r
al,
th
e
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
te
r
ab
le
to
be
u
s
ed
as
th
e
DC
elec
tr
o
n
ic
lo
ad
.
Sin
ce
t
h
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
is
not
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
tly
af
f
ec
tin
g
th
e
o
p
e
r
atin
g
p
o
in
t,
th
e
o
p
en
-
lo
o
p
s
y
s
tem
is
an
o
p
tio
n
.
T
h
e
p
o
wer
d
is
s
ip
atio
n
is
lo
ca
ted
to
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
r
esis
tan
ce
an
d
not
at
th
e
p
o
wer
s
wit
ch
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
elec
tr
o
n
ic
l
o
ad
u
s
in
g
th
e
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
is
in
f
er
io
r
co
m
p
a
r
e
d
to
th
e
elec
tr
o
n
ic
lo
a
d
u
s
in
g
th
e
lin
ea
r
r
e
g
u
lato
r
.
W
h
en
t
h
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
an
d
elec
tr
ical
n
o
is
e
ef
f
ec
ts
ar
e
d
is
co
u
n
ted
,
th
e
ac
c
u
r
ac
y
of
t
h
e
e
lectr
o
n
ic
lo
ad
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
e
r
ter
is
lo
wer
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
elec
tr
o
n
ic
lo
a
d
u
s
in
g
th
e
lin
ea
r
r
eg
u
lato
r
.
T
h
is
is
due
to
th
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
r
ip
p
le
p
r
o
b
lem
f
ac
ed
by
th
e
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
.
T
h
e
tr
an
s
ien
t
r
esp
o
n
s
e
of
th
e
elec
tr
o
n
ic
lo
ad
u
s
in
g
th
e
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
e
r
ter
is
lo
wer
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
elec
tr
o
n
ic
lo
ad
u
s
in
g
th
e
lin
ea
r
r
eg
u
lato
r
.
T
h
is
is
due
to
t
h
e
lar
g
e
in
d
u
cto
r
n
ee
d
e
d
to
m
ain
tain
a
lo
w
cu
r
r
en
t
r
ip
p
le.
To
s
u
m
m
ar
ize
,
th
e
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
e
r
ter
is
s
u
itab
le
to
be
im
p
lem
en
ted
f
o
r
th
e
DC
elec
tr
o
n
ic
lo
ad
.
No
n
eth
eless
,
it
h
as
lo
wer
ac
cu
r
ac
y
an
d
s
lo
wer
r
esp
o
n
s
e
wh
e
n
co
m
p
a
r
ed
with
th
e
lin
ea
r
r
eg
u
lato
r
.
ACK
NO
WL
E
DG
E
M
E
NT
S
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
wo
u
ld
lik
e
to
e
x
p
r
ess
g
r
atitu
d
e
to
Un
iv
e
r
s
iti
T
ek
n
o
lo
g
i
Ma
lay
s
ia
(
UT
M)
f
o
r
p
r
o
v
id
i
n
g
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
lib
r
ar
y
f
ac
ilit
ies
an
d
f
u
n
d
i
n
g
.
Fu
n
d
in
g
p
r
o
v
id
ed
by
Un
iv
er
s
iti
T
ek
n
o
lo
g
i
Ma
lay
s
ia
E
n
co
u
r
a
g
em
en
t
R
esear
ch
Gr
an
t
u
n
d
er
v
o
te
Q.
J
1
3
0
0
0
0
.
2
6
5
1
.
1
8
J
3
9
.
L
astl
y
,
th
an
k
s
to
co
lleag
u
es
wh
o
h
av
e
eith
er
d
ir
ec
tly
or
in
d
ir
ec
tly
co
n
tr
ib
u
ted
to
th
e
co
m
p
letio
n
of
th
is
wo
r
k
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
K.
Law
sri
,
a
n
d
S.
Po
-
N
g
a
m
,
“
DC
e
lec
tro
n
ics
l
o
a
d
f
o
r
AH
b
a
tt
e
ry
tes
ti
n
g
,
”
in
2
0
1
7
I
n
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
E
lec
trica
l
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
C
o
n
g
re
ss
(iE
ECON)
,
2
0
1
7
,
p
p
.
1
-
4,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/IE
E
CON
.
2
0
1
7
.
8
0
7
5
8
9
4
.
[2
]
P.
P
a
p
a
g
e
o
rg
a
sa
,
D.
P
ir
o
m
a
li
sb
,
T.
Va
lav
a
n
isa
,
S.
Ka
m
b
a
sisa
,
T.
I
li
o
p
o
u
l
o
u
a
,
a
n
d
G.
Vo
k
a
sa
,
“
A
lo
w
-
c
o
st
a
n
d
fa
st
PV
IV
c
u
rv
e
trac
e
r
b
a
se
d
on
an
o
p
e
n
so
u
rc
e
p
latfo
rm
with
M
2
M
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
c
a
p
a
b
il
it
ies
fo
r
p
re
v
e
n
ti
v
e
m
o
n
it
o
r
in
g
,
”
E
n
e
rg
y
Pro
c
e
d
i
a
,
v
o
l.
74,
p
p
.
4
2
3
-
4
3
8
,
2
0
1
5
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j.
e
g
y
p
r
o
.
2
0
1
5
.
0
7
.
6
4
1
.
[
3
]
U.
ur
R
e
h
m
a
n
,
a
n
d
M.
R
i
a
z
,
“
D
e
s
i
g
n
a
n
d
i
m
p
l
e
m
e
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
of
e
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
l
o
a
d
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
f
o
r
s
m
a
l
l
h
y
d
r
o
p
o
w
e
r
p
l
a
n
t
s
,
”
in
2018
I
n
t
.
C
o
n
f
.
e
on
C
o
m
p
.
,
M
a
t
h
.
a
n
d
E
n
g
.
T
e
c
h
.
s
(
i
C
o
M
E
T
)
,
2018,
pp.
1
-
7,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
I
C
O
M
E
T
.
2
0
1
8
.
8
3
4
6
4
5
0
.
[4
]
R.
P
u
d
u
r
,
a
n
d
V.
K.
S
riv
a
sta
v
a
,
“
P
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
stu
d
y
of
e
lec
tro
n
ic
l
o
a
d
c
o
n
tr
o
ll
e
r
fo
r
i
n
teg
ra
ted
re
n
e
wa
b
le
so
u
rc
e
s
,
”
in
2
0
1
8
2
n
d
I
n
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fe
re
n
c
e
on
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
,
M
a
ter
ia
ls
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
&
N
a
n
o
-
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
(IE
M
ENT
e
c
h
)
,
2
0
1
8
,
p
p
.
1
-
6,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/I
EM
E
NTECH.
2
0
1
8
.
8
4
6
5
1
4
4
.
[5
]
Q.
Ya
n
g
,
H.
Ya
n
g
,
X.
G
u
,
S.
He
,
a
n
d
Z.
Ca
i
,
“
P
o
we
r
e
lec
tro
n
ic
l
o
a
d
sy
ste
m
fo
r
m
o
t
o
r
d
riv
e
rs
tes
ti
n
g
c
o
n
si
d
e
rin
g
m
o
to
r
fa
u
l
ty
sta
t
u
s
sim
u
latio
n
,
”
in
2
0
1
9
2
2
n
d
I
n
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
on
El
e
c
trica
l
M
a
c
h
in
e
s
and
S
y
ste
ms
(ICEM
S
),
2
0
1
9
,
pp.
1
-
6,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/ICE
M
S
.
2
0
1
9
.
8
9
2
1
9
6
2
.
[6
]
R.
R.
S
in
g
h
,
B.
A.
Ku
m
a
r,
D.
S
h
r
u
th
i
,
R.
P
a
n
d
a
,
a
n
d
C.
T.
Ra
j,
“
Re
v
iew
a
n
d
e
x
p
e
rime
n
tal
il
lu
stra
ti
o
n
s
of
e
lec
tro
n
i
c
lo
a
d
c
o
n
tro
l
ler
u
se
d
in
sta
n
d
a
l
o
n
e
M
icro
-
Hy
d
ro
g
e
n
e
ra
ti
n
g
p
lan
ts,
”
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
S
c
ien
c
e
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
an
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
,
v
o
l.
21,
pp.
8
8
6
-
9
0
0
,
2
0
1
8
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j.
je
stc
h
.
2
0
1
8
.
0
7
.
0
0
6
.
[7
]
A.
A.
Wi
ll
o
u
g
h
b
y
,
a
n
d
M.
O.
O
sin
o
wo
,
“
De
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
of
an
e
lec
tro
n
ic
lo
a
d
I
-
V
c
u
rv
e
trac
e
r
to
in
v
e
stig
a
te
t
h
e
imp
a
c
t
of
Ha
rm
a
tt
a
n
a
e
ro
so
l
l
o
a
d
in
g
on
PV
m
o
d
u
le
p
e
rn
2
t
k
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
in
s
o
u
t
h
we
st
Nig
e
ria,
”
S
o
la
r
En
e
rg
y
,
v
o
l.
1
6
6
,
pp.
1
7
1
-
1
8
0
,
2
0
1
8
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/j
.
s
o
len
e
r.
2
0
1
8
.
0
3
.
0
4
7
.
[8
]
S.
Wo
n
g
c
h
a
r
o
e
n
,
S.
De
e
o
n
,
a
n
d
N.
M
u
n
g
k
u
n
g
,
“
Ap
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
of
e
l
e
c
tro
n
ic
lo
a
d
c
irc
u
it
fo
r
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
sa
fe
ty
by
u
sin
g
a
se
rial
m
o
d
e
c
o
m
p
a
ra
to
r,
”
Prze
g
lą
d
El
e
k
tro
tec
h
n
icz
n
y
,
v
o
l.
96,
pp.
17
-
2
2
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
5
1
9
9
/4
8
.
2
0
2
0
.
0
4
.
0
3
.
[9
]
N.
S
a
in
i,
A.
M
u
d
g
a
l,
K.
Ku
m
a
r,
J.
S
riv
a
sta
v
a
,
a
n
d
V.
Du
tt
a
,
“
D
e
sig
n
of
m
icro
c
o
n
tr
o
ll
e
r
b
a
se
d
I
–
V
p
lo
tt
e
r
u
si
n
g
IG
BT
e
le
c
tro
n
ic
lo
a
d
,
”
in
2
0
1
6
I
EE
E
1
st
I
n
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
on
P
o
we
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
,
I
n
telli
g
e
n
t
Co
n
tro
l
and
En
e
rg
y
S
y
ste
ms
(ICPE
ICES
)
,
2
0
1
6
,
p
p
.
1
-
5,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/ICP
EIC
E
S
.
2
0
1
6
.
7
8
5
3
5
3
0
.
[1
0
]
J.
P
e
n
g
,
Y.
Ch
e
n
,
Y.
F
a
n
g
,
a
n
d
S.
Jia
,
“
De
sig
n
of
pr
o
g
ra
m
m
a
b
le
DC
e
lec
tro
n
ic
l
o
a
d
,
”
in
2
0
1
6
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
on
I
n
d
u
stria
l
I
n
fo
r
ma
ti
c
s
-
Co
mp
u
ti
n
g
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
In
telli
g
e
n
t
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
I
n
d
u
stri
a
l
I
n
fo
rm
a
ti
o
n
In
teg
ra
t
io
n
(ICIICII)
,
2
0
1
6
,
p
p
.
3
5
1
-
3
5
5
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/ICIICII
.
2
0
1
6
.
0
0
9
0
.
[1
1
]
V.
-
M.
P
lac
in
ta,
F.
Ba
b
a
ra
d
a
,
C.
Ra
v
a
riu
,
a
n
d
L.
G.
Ale
c
u
,
“
Di
g
it
a
ll
y
c
o
n
tr
o
ll
e
d
e
lec
tro
n
ic
lo
a
d
f
o
r
tes
ti
n
g
p
o
we
r
su
p
p
l
ies
re
li
a
b
il
i
ty
,
”
R
o
u
ma
in
e
De
s
S
c
ien
c
e
s
T
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
s
-
S
e
ri
e
El
e
c
tro
tec
h
n
i
q
u
e
Et
E
n
e
rg
e
t
iq
u
e
,
v
o
l.
6
4
,
pp.
1
3
1
-
1
3
6
,
2
0
1
9
.
[1
2
]
A.
S
h
iq
i
,
“
Hig
h
p
o
we
r
DC
e
lec
tr
o
n
ic
lo
a
d
,
”
in
2
0
1
7
Ch
i
n
e
se
Au
to
ma
ti
o
n
Co
n
g
re
ss
(CAC)
,
2
0
1
7
,
pp.
1
6
9
8
-
1
7
0
1
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/CAC.2
0
1
7
.
8
2
4
3
0
4
1
.
[1
3
]
W.
Jia
n
g
,
J.
Wan
g
,
Q.
Wan
g
,
S.
Xu
,
S.
Ha
sh
im
o
to
,
a
n
d
Z.
Li
u
,
“
De
sig
n
a
n
d
imp
lem
e
n
tatio
n
of
a
lo
w
-
p
o
we
r
lo
w
-
c
o
st
d
i
g
it
a
l
c
u
rre
n
t
-
sin
k
e
lec
tro
n
i
c
lo
a
d
,
”
E
n
e
rg
ies
,
v
o
l.
1
2
,
p.
2
6
1
1
,
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
3
3
9
0
/e
n
1
2
1
3
2
6
1
1
.
[1
4
]
V.
K.
M
u
ra
li
,
a
n
d
V.
S
a
n
d
e
e
p
,
“
De
sig
n
a
n
d
sim
u
latio
n
of
c
u
rre
n
t
se
n
so
r
b
a
se
d
e
lec
tro
n
ic
lo
a
d
c
o
n
tro
ll
e
r
fo
r
sm
a
ll
sc
a
le
th
re
e
p
h
a
se
se
lf
e
x
c
it
e
d
in
d
u
c
ti
o
n
g
e
n
e
ra
to
r
sy
ste
m
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
of
Ren
e
wa
b
le
En
e
rg
y
Res
e
a
rc
h
(IJ
RE
R)
,
v
o
l.
1
0
,
p
p
.
1
6
3
8
-
1
6
4
4
,
2
0
2
0
.
[1
5
]
B.
N.
Ro
o
d
sa
ri
,
a
n
d
E.
P.
No
wic
k
i,
“
An
a
ly
sis
a
n
d
e
x
p
e
rime
n
tal
in
v
e
stig
a
ti
o
n
of
th
e
imp
r
o
v
e
d
d
istri
b
u
ted
e
lec
tro
n
ic
lo
a
d
c
o
n
tr
o
ll
e
r,
”
IEE
E
T
r
a
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
on
En
e
rg
y
C
o
n
v
e
rs
io
n
,
v
o
l.
3
3
,
n
o
.
3,
p
p
.
9
0
5
-
9
1
4
,
S
e
p
t.
2
0
1
8
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/T
EC
.
2
0
1
8
.
2
8
2
3
3
3
4
.
[1
6
]
Z.
M
e
n
g
-
T
in
g
,
W.
M
i
n
g
-
Ya
n
,
a
n
d
W.
Le
-
S
a
n
,
“
De
sig
n
a
n
d
imp
lem
e
n
tatio
n
of
a
m
u
lt
if
u
n
c
ti
o
n
a
l
DC
e
lec
tro
n
ic
lo
a
d
,
”
in
2
0
1
7
I
EE
E
T
ra
n
s
p
o
rt
a
ti
o
n
E
lec
trif
ica
ti
o
n
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
and
Exp
o
,
Asi
a
-
P
a
c
if
ic
(IT
EC
Asia
-
Pa
c
if
ic)
,
2
0
1
7
,
pp.
1
-
6,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/IT
EC
-
AP
.
2
0
1
7
.
8
0
8
0
8
0
8
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
C
o
mp
a
r
is
o
n
o
f e
lectro
n
ic
lo
a
d
u
s
in
g
lin
ea
r
r
eg
u
la
to
r
a
n
d
b
o
o
s
t c
o
n
ve
r
ter
(
R
a
z
ma
n
A
yo
p
)
1727
[1
7
]
E.
M
ish
ra
,
a
n
d
S.
Ti
wa
ri,
“
Co
m
p
a
ra
ti
v
e
a
n
a
l
y
sis
of
f
u
z
z
y
l
o
g
ic
a
n
d
PI
c
o
n
tr
o
ll
e
r
b
a
se
d
e
lec
tro
n
ic
lo
a
d
c
o
n
tro
ll
e
r
fo
r
se
lf
-
e
x
c
it
e
d
in
d
u
c
ti
o
n
g
e
n
e
ra
to
r
,
”
Ad
v
a
n
c
e
s
in
El
e
c
trica
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
v
o
l
.
2
0
1
7
,
p.
5
6
2
0
8
3
0
,
2
0
1
7
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
5
5
/2
0
1
7
/
5
6
2
0
8
3
0
.
[1
8
]
H.
K.
Kh
lea
f,
A.
K.
Na
h
a
r,
a
n
d
A.
S.
Ja
b
b
a
r,
“
I
n
telli
g
e
n
t
c
o
n
tro
l
of
DC
-
DC
c
o
n
v
e
rter
b
a
se
d
on
P
ID
-
n
e
u
ra
l
n
e
two
rk
,
”
I
n
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
of
Po
we
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
and
Dr
iv
e
S
y
ste
ms
,
v
o
l.
1
0
,
p
p
.
2
2
5
4
-
2
2
6
2
,
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/i
j
p
e
d
s.v
1
0
.
i4
.
p
p
2
2
5
4
-
2
2
6
2
.
[1
9
]
P.
Ch
e
n
,
a
n
d
F.
Wu
,
“
Re
se
a
rc
h
a
n
d
imp
lem
e
n
tatio
n
of
si
n
g
le
-
p
h
a
s
e
AC
e
lec
tro
n
ic
l
o
a
d
b
a
se
d
on
q
u
a
si
-
PR
c
o
n
tr
o
l,
”
in
2
0
1
8
I
n
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
on
Ad
v
a
n
c
e
d
M
e
c
h
a
tro
n
i
c
S
y
ste
ms
(ICAM
e
c
h
S
)
,
2
0
1
8
,
pp.
1
5
7
-
1
6
1
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/ICAM
e
c
h
S
.
2
0
1
8
.
8
5
0
7
1
0
4
.
[2
0
]
H.
C.
Ka
n
c
h
e
v
,
“
M
o
d
e
li
n
g
of
b
o
o
st
c
o
n
v
e
rter
-
b
a
se
d
e
lec
tro
n
ic
lo
a
d
with
e
n
e
rg
y
re
c
y
c
li
n
g
c
a
p
a
b
il
i
ty
,
”
in
2
0
1
8
IX
Na
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
wit
h
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Pa
rt
icip
a
ti
o
n
(EL
ECT
RONICA)
,
2
0
1
8
,
p
p
.
1
-
4,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
EL
ECT
RON
ICA.2
0
1
8
.
8
4
3
9
6
6
6
.
[2
1
]
A.
As
b
a
y
o
u
,
M.
Ag
d
a
m
,
A.
Aa
m
o
u
m
e
,
A.
S
o
u
ss
i,
A.
I
h
la,
a
n
d
L.
Bo
u
h
o
u
c
h
,
“
Uti
li
z
a
ti
o
n
of
M
O
S
F
ET
tran
sist
o
r
as
an
e
lec
tro
n
ic
lo
a
d
to
trac
e
IV
a
n
d
PV
c
u
r
v
e
of
a
so
lar
p
a
n
e
l,
”
in
E3
S
W
e
b
of
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
s
,
2
0
2
1
,
p.
0
1
0
2
1
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
5
1
/e3
sc
o
n
f/2
0
2
1
2
2
9
0
1
0
2
1
.
[2
2
]
T.
Nu
ji
t
h
ra
,
a
n
d
U.
S.
P
re
m
a
ra
th
n
e
,
“
In
v
e
stig
a
ti
o
n
of
e
fficie
n
t
h
e
a
t
d
issip
a
ti
o
n
m
e
c
h
a
n
ism
s
fo
r
p
ro
g
ra
m
m
a
b
le
DC
e
lec
tro
n
ic
lo
a
d
d
e
sig
n
,
”
in
2
0
1
8
8
th
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
on
Po
we
r
a
n
d
En
e
r
g
y
S
y
ste
ms
(ICPE
S
)
,
2
0
1
8
,
pp.
2
0
1
-
2
0
6
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/ICP
E
S
Y
S
.
2
0
1
8
.
8
6
2
6
8
7
9
.
[2
3
]
O.
S
e
m
ico
n
d
u
c
to
r,
“
NTB5
8
6
0
NL,
NTP
5
8
6
0
NL,
NV
B5
8
6
0
N
L
N
-
Ch
a
n
n
e
l
M
OSF
ET
60
V,
2
2
0
A,
”
O.
S
e
m
ico
n
d
u
c
to
r,
Ed
.
,
e
d
,
2
0
1
2
.
[2
4
]
R.
Ay
o
p
,
a
n
d
C.
W.
Ta
n
,
“
De
sig
n
of
b
o
o
st
c
o
n
v
e
rter
b
a
se
d
on
m
a
x
imu
m
p
o
we
r
p
o
in
t
re
sista
n
c
e
fo
r
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s,
”
S
o
la
r
En
e
rg
y
,
v
o
l.
1
6
0
,
p
p
.
3
2
2
-
3
3
5
,
2
0
1
8
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/j
.
so
len
e
r.
2
0
1
7
.
1
2
.
0
1
6
.
[2
5
]
D.
W.
Ha
rt,
P
o
we
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
,
Va
lp
a
ra
iso
Un
i
v
e
rsity
,
I
n
d
ian
a
:
Tat
a
M
c
G
ra
w
-
Hill
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
2
0
1
1
.
B
I
O
G
RAP
H
I
E
S
OF
AUTH
O
RS
Ra
z
m
a
n
Ay
o
p
re
c
e
iv
e
d
t
h
e
Ba
c
h
e
lo
r'
s
d
e
g
re
e
in
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
with
fi
rst
-
c
las
s
h
o
n
o
rs,
th
e
m
a
ste
r'
s
d
e
g
re
e
in
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
e
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
with
sp
e
c
ializa
ti
o
n
in
p
o
we
r
sy
ste
m
,
a
n
d
th
e
P
h
.
D
.
d
e
g
re
e
in
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
e
n
g
in
e
e
ri
n
g
f
ro
m
Un
i
v
e
rsiti
Tek
n
o
l
o
g
i
M
a
lay
s
ia
(UTM
),
Jo
h
o
r,
M
a
la
y
sia
,
in
2
0
1
3
,
2
0
1
5
,
a
n
d
2
0
1
8
,
re
sp
e
c
ti
v
e
ly
.
He
is
a
S
e
n
i
o
r
Lec
tu
re
r
w
it
h
UT
M
a
n
d
a
m
e
m
b
e
r
of
P
o
we
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Dri
v
e
s
Re
se
a
rc
h
G
ro
u
p
,
S
c
h
o
o
l
of
E
lec
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
F
a
c
u
lt
y
of
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
UTM
.
His
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
in
c
lu
d
e
re
n
e
wa
b
le
e
n
e
rg
y
a
n
d
p
o
we
r
e
lec
tro
n
ics
S
h
a
h
r
i
n
b
i
n
Md
.
Ay
o
b
wa
s
b
o
r
n
in
Ku
a
la
L
u
m
p
u
r
,
M
a
lay
sia
.
He
o
b
tai
n
e
d
h
is
first
d
e
g
re
e
in
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
M
a
ste
r
in
E
lec
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
(P
o
we
r)
,
a
n
d
D
o
c
to
r
of
P
h
il
o
s
o
p
h
y
(P
h
.
D.)
fr
o
m
Un
iv
e
rsiti
Te
k
n
o
lo
g
i
M
a
lay
sia
in
2
0
0
1
,
2
0
0
3
,
a
n
d
2
0
0
9
,
re
sp
e
c
ti
v
e
l
y
.
C
u
rre
n
tl
y
,
he
is
an
a
ss
o
c
iate
p
r
o
fe
ss
o
r
at
t
h
e
S
c
h
o
o
l
of
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
F
a
c
u
lt
y
of
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
Un
iv
e
rsiti
Te
k
n
o
lo
g
i
M
a
la
y
sia
.
He
is
a
re
g
istere
d
G
ra
d
u
a
te
En
g
in
e
e
r
u
n
d
e
r
t
h
e
Bo
a
r
d
of
En
g
i
n
e
e
r
M
a
lay
sia
(BEM
)
a
n
d
S
e
n
io
r
M
e
m
b
e
r
of
IEE
E
.
His
c
u
rr
e
n
t
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
st
is
th
e
so
lar
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic
s
y
ste
m
,
e
lec
tri
c
v
e
h
icle
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
f
u
z
z
y
sy
ste
m
,
a
n
d
e
v
o
lu
ti
o
n
a
r
y
a
lg
o
rit
h
m
s
fo
r
p
o
we
r
e
lec
tro
n
ics
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s.
Chee
We
i,
Ta
n
(M
’1
1
–
S
M
’1
7
)
re
c
e
iv
e
d
h
is
B.
En
g
.
d
e
g
re
e
in
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
(F
irst
Clas
s
Ho
n
o
rs)
fr
o
m
Un
i
v
e
rsiti
Tek
n
o
lo
g
i
M
a
lay
sia
(UT
M
),
in
2
0
0
3
a
n
d
a
P
h
.
D.
d
e
g
re
e
in
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
fro
m
Im
p
e
rial
Co
ll
e
g
e
Lo
n
d
o
n
,
Lo
n
d
o
n
,
U.
K.,
in
2
0
0
8
.
He
is
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
an
a
ss
o
c
iate
p
ro
fe
ss
o
r
at
U
n
iv
e
rsiti
Tek
n
o
lo
g
i
M
a
lay
sia
a
n
d
a
m
e
m
b
e
r
of
th
e
P
o
we
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Driv
e
s
Re
se
a
rc
h
G
ro
u
p
,
S
c
h
o
o
l
of
E
lec
tri
c
a
l
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
F
a
c
u
lt
y
of
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
.
His
re
se
a
rc
h
i
n
t
e
re
sts
in
c
lu
d
e
th
e
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
of
p
o
we
r
e
lec
tro
n
ics
in
re
n
e
wa
b
le/a
lt
e
rn
a
ti
v
e
e
n
e
rg
y
s
y
ste
m
s,
c
o
n
tro
l
of
p
o
we
r
e
lec
tro
n
i
c
s
a
n
d
e
n
e
r
g
y
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
sy
ste
m
in
m
icro
g
rid
s.
He
is
a
lso
a
Ch
a
rtere
d
E
n
g
in
e
e
r
re
g
istere
d
with
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
C
o
u
n
c
il
,
UK,
a
p
ro
fe
ss
io
n
a
l
e
n
g
in
e
e
r
re
g
i
ste
re
d
with
B
o
a
rd
of
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rs
M
a
lay
sia
a
n
d
a
p
ro
fe
ss
io
n
a
l
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
ist
re
g
istere
d
wit
h
M
a
l
a
y
sia
Bo
a
rd
of
Tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ists.
He
is
a
c
ti
v
e
ly
p
a
rti
c
i
p
a
ti
n
g
in
IEE
E
a
c
ti
v
it
ies
a
n
d
c
o
n
fe
re
n
c
e
s,
wh
ich
he
is
a
lso
t
h
e
c
h
a
ir
of
t
h
e
IEE
E
P
o
we
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ic
S
o
c
iety
(P
EL
)
M
a
lay
sia
Ch
a
p
ter
fo
r
y
e
a
r
2
0
1
8
.
He
wa
s
a
wa
rd
e
d
t
h
e
M
a
lay
sia
Re
se
a
rc
h
S
tart
Aw
a
rd
(Hig
h
Im
p
a
c
t
P
a
p
e
r
–
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
Tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
)
2
0
1
8
by
th
e
M
i
n
istry
of
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
M
a
la
y
sia
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
I
n
t J
Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i
Sy
s
t,
Vo
l.
12
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
2
0
2
1
:
17
20
–
1
7
2
8
1728
To
le
S
u
tik
n
o
,
As
so
c
iate
P
ro
fe
ss
o
r
in
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
Co
m
p
u
ter
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
A
h
m
a
d
Da
h
lan
(UA
D)
Un
iv
e
rsty
,
Yo
g
y
a
k
a
rta,
In
d
o
n
e
sia
.
He
re
c
e
iv
e
d
h
is
B.
En
g
.
,
M
.
En
g
.
a
n
d
P
h
.
D.
d
e
g
re
e
in
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
fr
o
m
Dip
o
n
e
g
o
r
o
Un
i
v
e
rsity
(S
e
m
a
ra
n
g
,
In
d
o
n
e
sia
),
U
n
iv
e
rsitas
G
a
d
jah
M
a
d
a
(Yo
g
y
a
k
a
rta,
In
d
o
n
e
sia
)
a
n
d
Un
i
v
e
rsiti
Tek
n
o
l
o
g
i
M
a
lay
sia
(Jo
h
o
r
,
M
a
lay
sia
),
in
1
9
9
9
,
2
0
0
4
a
n
d
2
0
1
6
,
re
sp
e
c
ti
v
e
ly
.
He
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
a
n
As
so
c
iate
P
ro
f
e
ss
o
r
in
UAD,
Yo
g
y
a
k
a
rta
-
In
d
o
n
e
sia
sin
c
e
2
0
0
8
.
His
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
i
n
c
lu
d
e
t
h
e
field
of
p
o
we
r
e
lec
tro
n
ics
,
i
n
d
u
strial
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s,
in
d
u
str
ial
e
lec
c
tro
n
i
c
s,
in
d
u
str
ial
in
f
o
rm
a
ti
c
s,
m
o
to
r
d
riv
e
s,
F
P
G
A
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s,
in
telli
g
e
n
t
c
o
n
tr
o
l
a
n
d
d
ig
it
a
l
li
b
r
a
ry
.
Mo
h
d
J
u
n
a
id
i
Abd
u
l
Az
iz
wa
s
b
o
r
n
in
Ku
a
la
Tere
n
g
g
a
n
u
,
M
a
lay
sia
,
in
1
9
7
9
.
He
re
c
e
iv
e
d
h
is
B.
S
.
a
n
d
M
.
S
.
d
e
g
re
e
s
in
El
e
c
t
rica
l
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
fr
o
m
th
e
Un
i
v
e
rsiti
Tek
n
o
l
o
g
i
M
a
la
y
sia
(UTM
),
Ku
a
la
Lu
m
p
u
r,
M
a
lay
sia
,
in
2
0
0
0
a
n
d
2
0
0
2
,
re
sp
e
c
ti
v
e
l
y
;
a
n
d
h
is
P
h
.
D.
in
E
lec
tri
c
a
l
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
fro
m
T
h
e
Un
iv
e
rs
it
y
of
No
tt
i
n
g
h
a
m
,
No
tt
in
g
h
a
m
,
En
g
lan
d
,
UK,
in
2
0
0
8
.
Cu
rre
n
tl
y
wo
rk
in
g
as
As
so
c
iate
P
ro
fe
ss
o
r,
F
a
c
u
lt
y
of
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
UTM
.
His
c
u
rre
n
t
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
in
c
lu
d
e
p
o
we
r
e
lec
tro
n
ics
c
o
n
v
e
rter,
b
a
tt
e
ry
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
sy
ste
m
in
e
lec
tri
c
v
e
h
icle
s
a
n
d
b
a
tt
e
ry
c
h
a
rg
e
r.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.