In
te
r
n
ation
a
l Jou
rn
al
o
f Po
we
r
Elec
tron
ic
s an
d
D
r
ive S
y
stem
(IJ
PED
S
)
V
o
l.
10, N
o.
3, S
ep 2019,
pp.
1
4
7
6
~1
4
8
2
ISSN: 2088-
8694,
DOI
:
10.11591
/ijpeds.
v10.
i
3.pp1476-1482
1476
Jou
rn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
:
ht
tp:
//i
a
e
score
.
com
/
j
o
u
r
na
l
s
/
i
n
d
e
x
.
p
hp/IJ
PED
S
Improved
design
of a DC-DC con
verter in residenti
a
l
solar
photovoltaic system
M
a
n
t
as
D
arame
i
č
i
ka
s
1
,
Fird
au
s Mu
h
a
m
m
ad
-S
u
k
k
i
2
,
Siti Hawa
Abu-
Bak
a
r
3
,
N
a
z
m
i
S
e
ll
a
m
i
4
,
Nu
r
u
l
Ai
ni
Bani
5
,
M
o
h
d
Na
b
il M
u
h
t
a
z
a
r
uddin
6
,
A
b
d
ul
l
a
hi
A
bu
ba
k
a
r
M
a
s
’
u
d
7
,
Jor
ge
A
lfre
d
o
A
r
d
i
l
a-R
e
y
8
1
,
2,
4
S
c
h
o
o
l
o
f
Engin
eerin
g,
R
o
b
ert
Go
rdo
n
U
n
i
versity
,
Unit
ed K
ingd
om
3,
5,
6
Uni
v
ersi
t
i
K
uala L
u
m
pur Br
itish
Malaysian Inst
i
t
ute,
Mal
ays
i
a
6
UTM
Razak
S
cho
o
l
o
f
E
ngin
e
e
r
i
n
g
and
Ad
van
c
e
d
T
echno
lo
gy
, U
n
iv
er
siti
T
ek
nolog
i M
a
l
a
ys
ia,
Mal
a
ys
ia
7
D
e
p
a
rtm
e
n
t
o
f El
ectri
ca
l
and
E
l
ectro
ni
cs E
ng
ine
e
ri
ng
, J
ubai
l
In
d
u
st
rial
C
o
llege
S
audi
A
rab
i
a
8
Dep
a
rtm
e
nt of Elect
rical
En
g
ineer
in
g,
U
n
i
vers
id
ad T
é
c
n
i
ca F
e
d
e
r
ic
o Sa
n
t
a
M
a
r
í
a
, Chi
le
Art
i
cl
e In
fo
ABSTRACT
A
r
tic
le hist
o
r
y
:
R
e
c
e
i
v
e
d
Sep
2
3
,
2
018
Re
vise
d Jan
1
6
, 2019
Ac
ce
p
t
ed
M
ar 1
7
,
2
019
With
g
rowi
ng
d
eman
d
in
r
en
ew
abl
e
e
n
e
rg
y,
s
o
l
ar
p
h
o
to
vo
lt
a
i
c
(P
V
)
tech
no
log
y
i
s
b
eco
m
i
n
g
m
ore
po
pu
lar.
A
num
b
e
r
of
r
esearc
h
h
as
b
een
carried
o
u
t
t
o
increas
e
th
e
ef
fici
ency
o
f
t
h
e
PV
s
y
s
t
e
m
.
O
ne
o
f
t
h
e
m
i
s
im
p
r
oving
t
h
e
S
w
i
t
c
h
M
o
d
e
P
ower
S
u
ppl
ies
(S
M
P
S
)
p
erf
o
rm
a
n
ce
to
ens
u
re
m
a
xim
u
m
s
o
l
a
r
energ
y
e
xtract
io
n.
T
his
pap
e
r
l
ook
s
at
b
u
c
k
typ
e
SMPS
su
it
abilit
y
f
or
u
se
i
n
s
o
l
a
r
P
V
i
nst
a
ll
ed
i
n
resi
dential
h
o
u
s
es
.
The
m
a
i
n
i
ss
ues
th
at
a
ff
ect
t
he
r
esp
o
n
s
e
f
r
om
t
he
o
u
t
p
u
t
are
i
d
en
tifi
ed.
T
h
e
w
o
r
k
w
il
l
ut
il
i
s
e
th
e
LT
S
P
I
CE
s
oft
w
are
to
carry
o
u
t
t
h
e
s
im
u
l
ati
o
n
.
T
he
p
ri
mary
o
b
j
ectiv
e
of
th
e
stu
d
y
is
t
o
desi
gn
an
i
mp
rove
d
converter
con
t
roller
which
i
s
m
o
re
r
obust
and
i
s
a
ble
to
m
ai
ntai
n
con
s
t
a
nt
o
ut
pu
t.
T
h
e
e
mphas
i
s
i
s
o
n
goo
d
eff
i
c
i
ency
,
st
abili
t
y
an
d
l
o
w
o
u
t
put
v
o
l
t
a
ge
r
ip
pl
e.
T
his
c
oul
d
b
e
ach
iev
e
d
b
y
using
the
curren
t
m
o
d
e co
nt
ro
l (C
MC) techn
i
q
u
es –
a
n
al
te
rnat
iv
e desig
n
t
o
the voltage
m
o
d
e
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
t
echn
i
qu
e
(VM
C
).
R
es
u
l
ts
o
b
t
ain
e
d
vi
a
sim
u
lation
s
reveal
st
ron
g
e
vid
e
nce
o
f
C
MC
s
up
eriorit
y
o
ver
t
h
e
V
M
C.
K
eyw
ord
s
:
Conve
r
t
o
r
Cur
r
ent m
ode
c
on
tro
l
S
o
lar
ph
ot
o
vol
taic
Co
pyri
gh
t © 2
019 In
stit
u
t
e
of Advanced
En
gi
neeri
n
g
an
d
S
c
ien
ce.
All
rights
res
e
rv
ed.
Corres
pon
d
i
n
g
Au
th
or:
M
a
n
t
a
s
Dara
m
ei
či
k
a
s,
S
c
hoo
l
o
f
Eng
i
n
ee
ri
ng,
Robe
rt G
or
do
n
U
n
iv
e
r
si
ty,
G
a
r
t
hde
e
Roa
d
,
A
b
e
r
dee
n
, A
B10
7G
J,
S
cotl
and,
U
ni
t
e
d K
i
ng
d
o
m.
Em
ail:
mda
r
am
eicik
a
s@
ya
h
o
o
.
co.
u
k
1.
I
N
TR
OD
U
C
TI
O
N
Wit
h
c
o
n
sta
n
t
l
y
d
e
p
l
e
t
i
n
g
c
o
nve
n
t
i
o
nal
e
n
e
r
gy
s
our
ces,
ch
ange
s
in
c
lima
t
e
a
n
d
incre
a
s
i
ng
p
o
l
lu
tio
n
leve
ls,
an
a
lte
r
n
at
i
v
e
s
u
c
h
a
s
rene
wable
e
n
erg
y
s
o
u
rc
es
b
e
cam
e
p
opu
la
r.
O
v
e
r
t
h
e
l
a
s
t
200
y
ea
rs
e
n
e
rgy
dem
a
nd
w
a
s
me
t
from
no
n-
re
new
a
bl
e
s
o
u
r
c
e
s
suc
h
a
s
c
o
a
l
,
na
t
u
ral
g
as
a
nd
o
il
.
W
ith
c
ont
inu
o
u
s
r
i
s
i
n
g
i
n
ene
r
g
y
d
em
an
d,
t
he
w
orl
d
's
o
i
l
,
nat
u
ra
l
gas
and
c
o
a
l
r
e
s
o
u
rce
s
w
ill
be
d
e
p
l
e
t
e
d
by
th
e
end
o
f
t
h
i
s
ce
nt
u
r
y.
Cu
rre
n
tl
y
th
e
Eu
rop
e
an
U
nion
a
i
m
s
t
o
r
ed
uce
g
r
e
e
nho
use
g
a
s
e
m
is
si
o
n
s
by
9
5%
b
y
yea
r
2
0
5
0
[1].
O
n
e
o
f
t
he
so
l
u
t
i
o
n
s is t
o i
n
cre
a
se
t
he use
of
rene
w
a
ble
ener
g
y
tec
hn
ol
o
g
y
.
S
o
lar
ph
o
t
o
v
o
lta
i
c
(
P
V
)
has
se
en
a
t
r
e
m
e
nd
ous
g
row
t
h
i
n
t
he
p
as
t
2
0
y
e
a
r
s
[2,
3].
Con
t
i
nuo
us
c
ost
reduc
tio
n
a
n
d
inc
e
n
t
i
ve
s
from
go
vernm
e
nt
a
r
e
s
ome
fa
ctors
tha
t
en
able
t
he
u
p
t
a
k
e
of
t
his
te
c
h
no
log
y
[2,
4
–
1
1
]
.
A
ddit
i
ona
ll
y,
it
als
o
h
as
a
c
hea
p
e
r
i
nsta
l
l
a
t
i
o
n
cos
t
an
d
a
l
o
w
e
r
m
a
intena
nc
e
cos
t
w
hen
c
o
mpa
r
e
d
w
ith
o
the
r
r
e
n
ew
able
s
o
u
r
ces
[
4],
[1
2
–19]
.
In
t
he
U
n
i
t
e
d
K
i
n
g
d
o
m
(
U
K
)
f
o
r
e
x
a
m
p
l
e
,
t
h
e
s
o
l
a
r
P
V
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
range
i
n
si
z
e
from
sm
a
l
l
st
a
n
d-al
one
s
yste
ms
t
o
lar
g
e
sc
ale,
g
r
i
d
-
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
e
d
pow
e
r
s
y
s
tem
s
[
1].
Wi
t
h
ove
r
80
%
o
f
pub
l
i
c
su
pp
ort
a
n
d
8
G
W
of
s
ol
a
r
P
V
bein
g
de
p
l
oye
d
i
n
c
ou
n
t
ry,
so
lar
pow
er
i
s
ear
n
i
ng
i
t
s
po
p
u
l
a
r
ity.
Impl
e
m
e
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
c
lim
bs
a
t
t
h
e
ra
te
o
f
1
50,
00
0
h
o
m
e
s
i
n
c
ou
n
t
r
y
e
very
y
e
a
r.
T
he
t
r
e
n
d
i
s
e
xpe
ct
e
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
IS
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
Im
prove
d
de
si
gn o
f
a
D
C
-D
C
conv
er
ter in r
e
si
den
t
ia
l so
la
r
pho
tov
o
l
t
a
ic
sy
st
e
m
(M
an
t
a
s
D
a
ram
e
i
č
ika
s
)
1
477
to
r
esu
lt
i
n
4
m
il
l
i
o
n
U
K
house
hol
ds
r
unn
i
n
g
o
n
s
o
l
ar
e
n
e
rgy
by
2
0
20
[20]
.
I
t
i
s
be
l
i
e
v
ed
b
y
ma
ny
e
xper
t
s
t
h
at
by
2
030
t
he wo
r
l
d
’s e
l
e
ct
ri
ca
l
en
e
r
gy
d
ema
n
d
ca
n
b
e
p
ro
vid
ed
b
y re
ne
w
a
bl
e
ene
r
g
y
sourc
e
s a
l
on
e
[
21]
.
D
e
spite
a
g
r
o
w
i
n
g
t
re
nd
i
n
term
s
of
i
ns
tal
l
at
ion,
g
l
o
bal
l
y,
s
o
l
ar
P
V
onl
y
c
ontr
i
b
u
t
e
d
t
o
a
sma
l
l
fra
c
ti
o
n
o
f
ene
r
gy
pro
d
u
c
tio
n
–
ap
prox
ima
t
e
l
y
2.
1%
o
f
t
h
e
w
o
rld
’s
e
lec
t
ric
ity
d
em
and
[2
].
I
n
va
rio
u
s
pa
r
t
s
o
f
the
w
o
rl
d,
e
sp
e
c
ia
l
l
y
i
n
de
vel
o
pin
g
c
ou
n
t
ries,
the
i
n
s
t
a
lla
t
i
o
n
c
o
s
t
o
f
s
o
l
a
r
P
V
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
i
s
h
i
g
h
e
r
t
h
a
n
con
v
e
n
t
i
ona
l
p
o
w
e
r
so
urc
e
s
[
5
,
7]
,
a
l
tho
u
g
h
i
t
h
a
s
n
o
fue
l
c
os
t
[
2
2
]
.
M
a
n
y
st
udi
e
s
h
ave
b
e
en
c
on
du
ct
ed
t
o
incre
a
se
t
he
e
ffi
c
i
e
n
cy
o
f
ex
i
s
t
i
n
g
s
olar
c
e
l
l
s
,
which
ca
n
b
e
c
on
si
dere
d
a
s
m
odera
te
a
t
t
h
e
mom
e
n
t
.
B
e
si
des
t
h
at
,
ot
h
e
r
re
searc
h
ers
h
a
v
e
a
ls
o tr
ied to ma
x
imise t
h
e
e
n
erg
y
cap
t
u
re
b
y opt
im
i
s
i
ng t
h
e c
o
n
v
e
r
sio
n
effi
c
i
enc
y
of the
P
V
syste
m
. A D
C
-D
C con
v
erte
r is o
ne
of t
h
e
ke
y co
m
pone
n
t
s i
n
t
h
e
syst
e
m,
w
he
re hi
gh ef
ficie
n
cy an
d
low
ou
t
p
u
t
v
o
l
tage
r
i
p
p
l
e
are
cruc
i
a
l
par
a
m
e
ter
s
t
hat
nee
d
t
o
b
e
sa
tisfies
a
t
co
n
v
er
t
e
r
des
i
g
n
s
tage
.
T
h
i
s
w
ork
w
ill
foc
u
s o
n
d
esi
gn an
d
si
m
u
lat
i
on
o
f
D
C
-
D
C
c
o
nver
t
e
r
s t
o
be
u
sed
in
r
esiden
t
i
al s
olar
PV
syst
e
m
.
P
r
evio
usl
y
,
the
a
u
thor
s
ha
ve
p
resen
t
ed
t
he
v
olta
g
e
m
o
d
e
c
o
n
t
ro
l
(
V
M
C)
a
s
a
po
te
nt
ial
s
o
lu
ti
o
n
[
23]
,
and
the
te
st
c
l
o
sel
y
r
epl
i
ca
ti
n
g
t
he
m
eth
o
d
d
e
m
ons
trate
d
i
n
[2
4
].
F
r
o
m
the
si
m
u
la
t
i
ons
[
2
3
],
it
w
a
s
fo
un
d
t
h
a
t
the
trans
i
en
t
re
spo
n
se
w
as
c
r
itica
l
l
y
d
am
ped
a
n
d
it
w
a
s
a
l
so
o
b
serv
ed
t
h
a
t
th
e
r
e
i
s
n
o
ov
ersho
o
t
.
T
h
e
outp
u
t
vo
lta
ge
r
i
p
ple
w
a
s
sig
n
i
f
ica
n
tly
r
e
d
uce
d
fro
m
80
mV
t
o
5
6
m
V
,
w
hich
w
a
s
a
c
h
i
e
v
e
d
w
i
t
h
o
u
t
im
p
l
e
m
e
n
tin
g
add
i
tio
na
l
ca
pa
cit
o
r
[23].
The
V
M
C
t
e
c
h
n
i
que
a
lso
re
duce
d
t
he
s
e
t
tli
n
g
t
im
e
by
0
.6
s
[
2
3
].
B
y
us
i
ng
t
h
e
b
o
d
e
pl
ot
a
na
lys
i
s,
t
he
c
ompe
nsa
t
o
r
c
ircui
t
w
a
s
e
val
u
a
t
ed
a
n
d
t
h
e
p
a
ra
me
t
e
rs
o
f
the
m
a
i
n
s
y
s
tem
sta
b
i
l
ity
w
er
e
ide
n
tif
i
e
d
an
d
re
corde
d
,
a
c
h
i
evi
n
g
a
n
i
n
f
in
i
t
e
gai
n
a
nd
a
p
h
ase
m
argi
n
o
f
8
9
o
[
2
3
].
H
ow
ever
,
the
de
v
e
lo
pe
d
mode
l
i
n
[
23]
i
s
st
i
l
l
c
ons
ide
r
ed
a
s
ha
v
i
n
g
a
s
l
o
w
trans
i
en
t
re
spo
n
se.
Th
is
p
aper
p
r
e
se
n
t
s
a
n
a
lte
rna
t
ive
to
t
he
V
M
C
tech
n
i
qu
e
-
by
us
in
g
t
h
e
curr
en
t
m
ode
c
o
n
t
rol
(C
M
C
)
tec
h
n
i
q
ue
w
ith
t
he
o
bj
e
c
ti
ves
of
r
e
d
uc
in
g
t
h
e
trans
i
en
t r
e
spo
n
se
t
ime
.
2.
METHODOLOG
Y
To
car
ry
o
u
t
t
he
s
im
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
in
LT
S
P
I
CE,
it
i
s
i
mp
orta
n
t
t
o
de
t
e
r
m
i
ne
t
he
c
orre
ct
v
alue
o
f
the
com
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
n
ee
ded
in
t
he
C
MC
c
i
r
cu
it
con
f
ig
ura
tio
n.
T
hese
v
al
ue
s
w
i
l
l
b
e
de
te
rm
ine
usi
n
g
s
p
e
c
i
f
ic
equa
t
i
o
n
s
w
h
ic
h
a
r
e
p
r
ese
n
te
d
i
n
S
ec
t
i
o
n
2
.
1
.
O
n
c
e
t
hese
v
al
ues
a
re
d
e
t
e
r
m
i
nes,
t
he
s
im
ulat
i
ons
a
re
car
ried
ou
t an
d
t
h
is is
e
x
p
l
a
i
ne
d i
n
S
ecti
o
n 3.
2.1.
Cu
rrent mod
e
c
ontr
ol
The
curr
en
t
mode
c
on
tro
l
(
CM
C)
o
ffe
rs
a
n
im
pro
v
em
ent
to
V
MC.
A
n
a
d
d
it
io
na
l
inne
r
l
o
o
p
i
s
used
a
s
s
e
e
n
i
n
Fi
gure
1
.
T
h
e
i
nn
e
r
l
o
op
co
nt
ro
ls
t
h
e
i
ndu
ct
o
r
c
u
rre
n
t
a
nd
i
s
f
a
st
er
t
h
a
n
th
e
ou
t
e
r
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
l
oop
[2
5
]
.
U
s
ing
V
M
C,
i
nd
uc
tanc
e
var
i
e
s
w
ith
i
n
p
u
t
vol
tage
.
D
u
ty
c
yc
l
e
d
ec
re
a
s
e
s
a
s
i
n
put
r
ai
ses
ca
u
s
i
n
g
a
hi
gh
e
r
effec
t
i
v
e
ind
u
c
t
a
n
ce,
m
ak
in
g
the
l
o
o
p
r
es
po
nse
s
s
low
e
r.
A
fte
r
t
h
e
i
n
put
o
r
lo
ad
,
t
r
a
n
s
i
en
t
i
n
du
cto
r
i
n
VMC
nee
d
s
se
ver
a
l
m
o
re
c
ycles
to
r
ea
ch
a
n
ew
s
t
e
ad
y
sta
t
e
le
v
e
l
.
U
s
in
g
CM
C
the
in
duc
t
a
n
ce
is
n
ot
p
a
r
t
of
t
he
pla
n
t
tra
n
sfer
f
unc
t
i
o
n
.
T
h
is
e
limi
n
a
t
e
s
t
he i
s
s
ue occ
urrin
g
i
n
V
MC.
A
t
w
o
p
o
le
s
ec
on
d or
der
fil
t
er i
s
re
duc
ed
to a s
in
gle
p
o
le
fi
r
s
t
order
fi
lte
r.
S
uch im
pro
v
e
m
e
nt al
l
ow
s fo
r si
m
p
ler com
p
en
sat
i
on ne
tw
orks.
Ram
p
vo
l
t
a
g
e
is
g
e
n
era
t
e
d
b
y
sensi
n
g
t
h
e
i
n
duc
t
o
r
curr
ent.
T
his
is
u
sua
l
ly
a
c
c
om
p
lishe
d
b
y
u
s
i
ng
c
u
r
r
ent
se
ns
i
n
g
am
pl
ifier
s
e
e
n
i
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
2
.
T
o
a
v
o
i
d
l
o
s
s
e
s
,
t
h
e
s
e
n
s
i
n
g
r
e
s
i
s
t
o
r
h
a
s
t
o
be
o
f
low
val
u
e.
T
y
p
ica
l
l
y
i
n
ra
nge
o
f
t
e
ns
o
f
mill
iohm
s.
T
h
e
s
e
n
se
d
c
u
rre
n
t
i
s
the
n
c
on
ve
rte
d
t
o
p
r
op
ortio
na
l
v
o
l
ta
ge
r
a
m
p
a
nd
ap
p
l
i
e
d
to
t
he
com
p
arato
r
input.
F
i
gure
2.
S
i
m
plif
i
e
d l
o
op re
prese
n
t
a
ti
on
[2
5]
F
i
gure
1.
C
ur
rent m
ode
c
o
n
t
ro
l [2
6]
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
Int J
P
o
w
El
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
,
V
ol.
10,
N
o.
3
, S
e
p
2
0
1
9
:
147
6
– 1
482
1
478
Th
e
typ
e
o
f
CMC
i
m
pl
e
m
e
n
te
d
h
e
re
i
s
th
e
pea
k
c
u
rrent
m
od
e
c
ont
r
o
l
(
F
i
g
u
re
3
).
T
he
r
i
s
i
ng
s
l
ope
o
f
the
i
n
duc
t
o
r
c
u
r
r
ent
is
c
om
p
a
re
d
w
i
th
e
rr
or
a
m
p
l
i
fier
v
o
l
t
a
ge
V
c.
O
nce
i
n
d
u
c
t
or
c
urr
e
nt
e
xc
ee
ds
t
he
V
c
the
du
ty
c
yc
l
e
p
u
l
s
e
be
c
om
es z
ero.
The
m
ain sw
itc
h is t
he
n o
f
f u
n
t
i
l the
nex
t
c
loc
k
p
ul
se
a
rrive
s.
F
i
gur
e 3.
P
eak cur
rent m
ode
c
on
tro
l
m
od
ul
a
t
or
w
ave
f
orm
s
[26]
Desi
gn
o
f
t
h
e
c
u
rre
n
t
lo
op
c
a
n
b
e
p
e
rc
ei
ve
d
by
u
si
ng
s
i
m
p
i
fi
ed
d
i
a
g
r
a
m
i
n
F
i
gure
2
.
T
he
p
la
nt
trans
f
e
r
fucn
t
i
o
n
in t
h
i
s
case
bec
o
me
s:
1)
wh
ere
R
M
i
s
tra
n
sr
esis
t
a
nce.
I
t
is
t
he
p
u
l
se
w
i
d
t
h
m
o
d
u
l
a
t
io
n
(P
WM)
v
o
l
t
a
ge
g
ai
n
d
i
v
i
de
d
by
s
e
n
se
d
in
duc
t
o
r
c
u
rrent.
Effec
tive
serie
s
r
esistance
(
E
S
R
) z
e
ro
i
s
gi
v
e
n by
:
f
2
2)
The
o
u
t
p
ut
l
oa
d po
le
i
s
ex
pre
s
se
d a
s
:
f
67
3)
wh
ere
R
L
i
s
th
e loa
d
r
e
s
is
ta
n
c
e
.
A
s
t
h
e
r
e
i
s
o
n
l
y
o
n
e
p
o
l
e
a
n
d
a
z
e
r
o
,
t
y
p
e
t
w
o
c
o
m
p
e
n
s
t
a
t
o
r
s
e
e
n
i
n
F
i
gure
4
ca
n
be
u
se
d.
R
f
i
s
cho
s
en
t
o
be
2
4
0
k
Ω
t
o
ac
h
i
e
ve go
o
d
v
al
ue
o
f t
h
e
cl
osed
l
o
op ga
in.
2
0
l
o
g
9
4)
The
de
sired
c
r
o
ssove
r
fr
eq
ue
nc
y
is
10
kH
z.
T
he
e
rror
a
m
pli
f
ier
zer
o
i
s
p
l
a
c
e
d
a
de
ca
de
b
el
ow
t
his
fre
que
nc
y.
1
2
1
5)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
IS
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
Im
prove
d
de
si
gn o
f
a
D
C
-D
C
conv
er
ter in r
e
si
den
t
ia
l so
la
r
pho
tov
o
l
t
a
ic
sy
st
e
m
(M
an
t
a
s
D
a
ram
e
i
č
ika
s
)
1
479
F
i
gure
4.
C
M
C
Error ampli
f
ie
r w
ith
t
y
p
e 2
com
p
en
sat
i
on
This can be r
ear
ranged
for
C
f
as
6)
1
2
2
7)
Th
is a
llow
s
C
f1
t
o be
f
o
u
nd
1
2
8)
B
y
a
pp
l
y
i
n
g
E
qua
t
i
o
n
s
(1)
-(8)
above
,
th
e
e
rror
ampli
f
ier
c
o
mpo
nen
t
v
alue
s
can
b
e
o
b
ta
i
n
ed
a
n
d
t
h
ese
a
r
e su
mmari
s
e
d
i
n
Tabl
e
1
.
Tabl
e 1
CMC
er
ror
a
m
pl
ifier component
values
C
o
m
pone
nt
V
alue
R
1
85
kΩ
R
f
240
kΩ
C
f
680
pF
C
f1
390
pF
3.
RESULT
S
A
N
D
DISCU
SSIO
N
S
i
mulat
i
o
n
m
ode
l
o
f
C
M
C
c
an
b
e
see
n
i
n
F
i
gure
5.
C
o
rre
spon
d
i
n
g
t
r
an
si
e
n
t
re
spons
e
wi
th
t
hi
s
con
t
ro
l
i
s
s
ho
w
n
i
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
6
.
O
u
tpu
t
v
o
l
ta
ge
s
t
i
ll
p
r
o
duc
es
c
ri
tic
al
ly
d
a
m
pe
d
respo
n
se
a
s
w
i
t
h
V
M
C
.
Initia
l
mode
l
ha
s
s
u
ffe
red
fr
om
h
i
g
h
ou
t
p
u
t
v
o
l
tage
r
ipp
l
e.
A
t
h
i
r
d
p
a
r
all
e
l
ca
pa
c
i
tance
br
anc
h
w
as
a
dde
d
a
s
c
o
n
tr
ol
me
asure
,
i
nd
ic
a
t
ed b
y oran
ge
d
o
t
ted li
nes.
T
hi
s
he
lpe
d
to
s
m
oot
h ou
tpu
t
rip
ple
t
o
a
cc
e
p
t
a
ble l
e
vel, be
l
o
w
100
mV.
More
o
v
er,
desp
it
e
t
h
e
u
s
e
of
t
y
p
e
2
c
o
m
p
ensa
t
i
o
n
i
n
i
t
i
a
l
ly,
d
e
s
i
r
ed
p
er
form
anc
e
w
a
s
n
o
t
a
ch
ie
ve
d.
A
n
am
endm
en
t
w
a
s
m
a
de
by
i
n
c
l
udi
ng
a
d
di
t
i
o
n
a
l
c
o
mpe
n
sa
tor
z
e
ro.
Th
i
s
w
a
s
p
e
r
form
ed
b
y
add
i
ng
ca
pa
c
itor
i
n
para
l
l
e
l
w
i
t
h
v
o
l
t
a
g
e di
v
i
der netw
ork
resisto
r
R1.This i
s de
m
o
n
s
t
rated
i
n
F
igure
5 w
i
t
h
r
ed do
t
ted
li
nes.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
Int J
P
o
w
El
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
,
V
ol.
10,
N
o.
3
, S
e
p
2
0
1
9
:
147
6
– 1
482
1
480
F
i
gur
e 5.
LT spice
m
o
d
e
l o
f
C
MC b
uc
k
co
n
v
erte
r
F
i
gure
6. Tr
a
nsien
t
re
s
po
n
s
e
o
f
c
lose
d l
o
o
p
C
M
C
buc
k c
o
nv
erter
[1]
Co
nv
e
r
t
e
r
a
b
i
lit
y
t
o
r
e
s
po
nd
to
s
u
p
p
ly
a
nd
l
o
a
d
v
a
ri
ati
o
ns
i
s
t
es
te
d.
T
ab
le
s
2
a
n
d
3
s
how
r
espo
nse
to
cha
nge
s
a
t
o
ut
pu
t
a
nd
i
n
pu
t
s
i
de
r
espe
c
t
i
v
e
l
y.
I
t
w
a
s
obse
r
ved
tha
t
t
he
c
onve
r
t
er
r
e
s
ponds
t
o
c
h
a
n
g
e
s
at
l
oa
d
.
A
l
so,
c
ons
ta
nt
d
e
s
i
r
ed
o
u
t
pu
t
vo
ltage
i
s
m
a
i
n
ta
i
n
ed.
T
h
er
e
is
a
d
e
c
re
ase
o
f
0
.
3
s
i
n
se
ttl
i
n
g
t
i
m
e
c
om
pa
re
d
t
o
results in [23]
. Further
more a
s
l
i
g
h
t
i
nc
rea
s
e of 4 m
V
i
n
o
u
t
pu
t v
o
l
t
a
g
e
rip
p
le i
s e
v
ide
n
t.
Tabl
e 2.
CMC buc
k co
nve
r
t
er
r
esponse
to
l
oa
d va
ria
tio
n
V
in
=
38V
R
Lo
a
d
(Ω
)
O
v
e
r
shoot
(
%)
T
s
e
tt
(
m
s)
V
r
i
pple
(
m
V)
V
O
u
t
(V)
0.
5
0
1.
2
60
1
2
1
0
1.
2
60
1
2
3
0
1.
2
60
1
2
5
0
1.
2
60
1
2
6
0
1.
2
60
1
2
8
0
1.
2
60
1
2
20
0
1
.
2
6
0
12
100
0
1
.
2
6
0
12
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
IS
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
Im
prove
d
de
si
gn o
f
a
D
C
-D
C
conv
er
ter in r
e
si
den
t
ia
l so
la
r
pho
tov
o
l
t
a
ic
sy
st
e
m
(M
an
t
a
s
D
a
ram
e
i
č
ika
s
)
1
481
Tab
l
e
3.
C
M
C
buc
k
co
nver
t
e
r
r
esponse t
o
i
n
p
u
t
va
r
ia
t
i
o
n
V
in
(V
)
R
Lo
a
d
(Ω)
O
v
e
r
shoot
(
%)
T
se
tt
(m
s
)
V
rippl
e
(m
V
)
V
ou
t
(V
)
10
1
0
1
8
0
9.
5
15
1
0
4
.
0
120
1
2
20
1
0
1
.
2
120
1
2
25
1
0
1
.
2
100
1
2
30
1
0
1
.
2
6
0
12
35
1
0
1
.
2
6
0
12
C
ons
t
a
nt
o
utp
u
t
for
v
o
lta
ges
of
1
5
V
an
d
a
b
o
v
e
is
m
ain
t
a
i
ne
d.
H
oweve
r
,
device
se
t
tli
n
g
t
i
m
e
wit
h
10
V
i
n
p
u
t
i
s
gr
eat
ly
i
ncre
as
ed;
the
se
t
t
l
i
ng
tim
e
is
9
t
i
m
es
g
r
eate
r
w
hen
c
o
mpa
r
ed
t
o
r
e
su
lt
s
f
oun
d
i
n
[
23
]
.
No
o
v
e
rshoo
t
ex
i
s
t
s
a
t
thi
s
i
np
ut
l
e
v
e
l
.
Fo
r
al
l
oth
e
r
in
put
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
le
ve
ls,
the
set
t
lin
g
tim
e
is
r
e
duce
d
t
o
1.2
s
.
Ou
tp
ut
vol
ta
ge
r
i
p
pl
e
is
h
i
g
h
e
r
wi
t
h
l
o
w
er
i
n
put
v
o
l
t
a
ge
s.
R
i
p
p
le
t
he
n
decr
ease
s
w
ith
i
ncre
ase
in
i
n
p
u
t
vo
lta
ge.
T
h
is
i
s
t
h
e
o
p
p
o
s
i
t
e
f
or
V
MC
t
ec
h
n
iq
ue
.
F
i
g
u
re
7
i
l
l
us
trate
s
t
he
c
ompe
nsa
t
o
r
s
ta
b
i
l
ity
p
a
r
am
ete
r
s.
Re
s
u
lt
i
s
a
s
e
x
pecte
d
f
or
t
y
p
e
t
w
o
c
om
pe
n
s
at
io
n.
T
he
l
o
w
er
g
a
i
n
t
h
a
n
wi
th
V
MC
c
a
n
b
e
id
en
ti
fi
ed.
Ph
ase
margin
i
s
lowe
r
by 9
o
c
ompa
red to pre
vio
u
s m
odel
i
n
[
2
3
] and ga
in is low
e
r by 30 d
B
.
S
i
m
ilar diff
er
ences
a
r
e
als
o
a
ckn
o
w
l
e
dge
d
in
[
2
7
].
Fi
g
u
r
e 7
.
CM
C
l
o
o
p
g
a
i
n
bode
p
l
o
t
in
di
c
a
ti
ng
st
a
b
ili
ty
4.
CONCL
U
S
ION
Th
is
p
a
p
er
i
n
v
e
s
ti
ga
ted
a
n
i
m
p
ro
ved
de
si
gn
of
D
C-
D
C
c
o
n
v
er
t
e
r
f
or
r
esi
d
en
t
i
a
l
s
olar
P
V
app
l
ica
t
i
o
n.
T
he
C
M
C
i
s
p
r
opose
d
t
o
de
li
ver
im
pro
v
e
d
p
erf
o
rm
anc
e
t
h
a
n
t
h
e
V
M
C
t
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
.
T
h
i
s
i
s
ac
hi
e
v
e
d
b
y
modi
fyi
n
g
V
M
C
c
o
n
v
erter
and
i
n
t
r
o
d
u
c
i
ng
a
d
dit
i
o
n
a
l
cur
r
ent
se
ns
in
g
lo
op.
M
o
d
i
f
i
e
d
t
y
pe
2
com
p
en
sat
i
o
n
circ
u
i
t
is
u
sed
to
p
r
o
v
i
de
t
he
d
es
ired
p
erfor
m
a
n
ce
.
Th
e
CMC
ci
rcui
t
was
si
mul
a
t
e
d
usin
g
th
e
LT
S
P
ICE
softw
a
re.
Re
duce
d
t
r
a
ns
ie
nt
r
es
po
nse
tim
e
ha
s
em
erge
d
as
a
k
ey
a
d
v
a
n
ta
ge
o
f
th
i
s
i
m
p
rove
d
con
v
er
tor
de
si
gn
w
h
ere
a
se
tt
li
ng
t
i
me
i
s
r
e
duce
d
t
o
1.
2
s
re
ga
rdl
e
ss
o
f
c
ha
n
g
e
s
i
n
i
nput
a
n
d
o
u
t
p
ut
s
ides
.
F
o
r
varia
t
i
o
ns
i
n
s
upp
ly
v
o
lta
ge
c
on
verter
,
C
M
C
de
mo
nstra
t
e
d
a
r
e
v
e
rsed
s
i
t
u
ati
o
n
c
o
mp
a
r
ed
t
o
th
e
VMC
c
a
s
e.
Hi
gh
o
u
t
pu
t
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
ri
p
p
l
e
a
pp
ea
red
a
t
l
o
w
e
r
i
n
put
v
olt
a
g
e
l
e
v
e
ls a
nd re
d
u
ced w
ith i
ncre
a
s
i
n
g s
u
p
p
l
y
vo
ltage
.
CMC,
j
ust a
s
VMC,
also
b
en
e
f
i
t
e
d
fr
o
m
critical
l
y
da
m
pe
d
trans
i
e
n
t
r
espo
nse
.
S
o
me
a
lter
a
t
i
o
n
s
t
o
i
n
i
t
i
a
l
d
e
s
ign
w
e
re
r
equ
i
re
d
to
d
e
live
r
s
at
isfying
perform
ance.
The
need
f
or
smoo
th
i
ng
ca
paci
t
o
r
t
o
r
e
duc
e
o
u
tp
ut
v
o
lta
ge
r
i
p
p
l
e
a
r
ises.
Eve
n
w
ith
c
a
p
ac
i
t
o
r
be
in
g
ad
de
d
,
r
esul
t
s
dem
o
n
s
t
r
ate
a sl
ig
h
t
i
ncr
ease
of 4
m
V
in
o
ut
pu
t
ri
pp
le
f
or
l
oa
d
c
ha
nges,
c
ompar
e
d
to
V
M
C
.
Effec
tive
c
ontro
l
o
f
out
put
r
ipp
l
e
i
s
e
ssent
i
a
l
to
p
re
v
e
n
t
r
e
duct
i
on
i
n
P
V
p
a
n
el
o
upu
t
.
D
e
s
ig
n
of
c
o
m
pen
s
a
t
o
r
c
i
r
cui
t
a
l
s
o
requ
ire
s
s
om
e
r
econs
idera
tio
n.
S
upp
lem
e
n
t
ary
z
e
ro
i
s
nee
d
e
d
t
o
ac
hi
ev
e
ac
c
e
p
t
abl
e
r
e
s
u
l
t
.
S
t
a
bi
l
ity
d
o
e
s
n
o
t
appe
ar
t
o
be gr
eatl
y
a
ffe
c
te
d
com
p
are
d
t
o V
M
C. P
hase m
a
r
gi
n is
low
e
r b
y
9
˚ a
nd ga
in i
s low
e
r by
30
d
B
.
The
w
h
ole
tw
o
lo
op
c
o
m
p
e
n
sa
ti
o
n
s
che
m
e
de
sig
n
i
s
m
o
re
c
om
plex
t
han
VMC
.
N
e
v
ert
h
el
e
ss,
t
he
pro
pose
d
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
tec
h
ni
q
u
e
del
i
ve
rs
i
m
p
ro
ved
perfor
ma
n
ce
dem
ons
t
r
at
ing
i
t
s
su
pe
rior
ity
o
ver
t
h
e
V
M
C.
Th
us it i
s
a
s
ui
t
a
b
l
e
s
o
l
u
ti
o
n
f
o
r
solar
P
V
appl
ica
t
io
ns.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
Int J
P
o
w
El
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
,
V
ol.
10,
N
o.
3
, S
e
p
2
0
1
9
:
147
6
– 1
482
1
482
ACKNOW
LEDG
E
MEN
T
S
The
a
u
th
ors
w
ould
l
i
k
e
t
o
t
han
k
M
in
i
s
t
r
y
o
f
H
i
g
her
Ed
uc
at
ion
(
M
OHE
),
M
ala
y
s
i
a,
U
ni
v
e
rsi
t
i
Tek
n
o
l
og
i
Ma
l
a
ys
ia
(
U
T
M)
(
Re
se
arc
h
c
ost
ce
ntre
n
o.
R
.K
13
0
0
0
0
.7
7
4
0
.4
J31
5
a
n
d
Q
.K
130
0
00.2
5
40.
16
H
9
5)
,
the
s
u
ppor
t
o
f
t
he
C
hi
l
e
a
n
R
e
s
ea
rch
C
ounc
il
(CO
N
I
CY
T),
un
der
t
h
e
p
r
o
j
ec
t
Fo
nd
e
c
yt
1
1
160
115
a
nd
S
ch
o
o
l
of
E
ng
ine
e
r
i
n
g
,
R
obe
rt G
ord
o
n
U
nive
rsity
f
o
r
fund
ing
th
is r
esea
rch
projec
t
.
REFE
RENCES
[1]
BBC,
“
Energy,”
2
019.
[
Onli
ne
]
.
A
vai
l
able:
h
t
tp
s
:
/
/
w
ww.bbc.c
om
/bit
esi
ze/guid
e
s/
z3tjcwx/rev
ision
/
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rend
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i
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h
o
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c
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ppli
c
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,
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tz
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r
la
n
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o
f
p
h
o
to
vo
lt
aic
projects:
T
h
e
A
rgen
ti
n
i
an
r
enewab
le
gen
e
rati
on
po
licy
f
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en
t
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a
l
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”
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d
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,
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e
e
d
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in
t
ariff
f
o
r
so
lar
ph
ot
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ic:
T
h
e
ris
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f
Japan
,
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oo
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n
c
i
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c
o
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,
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.
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v
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l
u
ti
on
f
or
o
ur
c
o
m
mo
n
f
u
tu
re
:
A
n
e
v
a
luat
io
n
o
f
t
h
e
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i
ng
i
n
t
e
rn
ati
o
n
a
l
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bl
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n
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.
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,
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.
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.
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am
paio
a
nd
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.
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.
A
.
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e
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,
“
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ta
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c
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e
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f
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t
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v
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n
d
e
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t
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l
ta
i
c
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o
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g
enerat
ion
i
n
Iran:
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elo
p
m
e
nt
, p
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licies, an
d
b
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Ren
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t
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m
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h
e
l
ow
c
on
centrat
io
n
ph
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ta
ic
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
i
n
t
h
e
U
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i
t
e
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n
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u
t
pu
t
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n
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IRC-PV
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e,
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e
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e
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e
r
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ti
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rec
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s
t
i
n
g
m
e
t
h
o
d
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A
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w,”
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ce
o
f
p
erov
ski
t
e
solar
tech
no
lo
gy:
S
ilico
n
c
om
pari
son
a
n
d co
m
p
etiti
v
e ad
van
t
ag
e
s
at
di
fferent irradi
ances
,”
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E
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A
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,
“
A
n
ew
a
p
p
ro
ach
f
or
g
ri
d
integrat
io
n
o
f
s
o
l
a
r
ph
ot
ov
oltaic
s
y
s
t
e
m
w
i
t
h
m
axim
u
m
p
ow
er
p
o
i
nt
t
rack
in
g
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ti-ou
t
p
ut
c
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En
erg
y
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r
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N.
H
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,
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nd
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.
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P
an
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,
“
A
rev
i
ew
o
f
trans
p
arent
so
lar
ph
ot
ov
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t
echn
o
l
o
g
i
es,
”
Renew.
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st
ai
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.
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e
r
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fi
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M
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C
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a
b
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n
e
,
H
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Mh
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i,
a
nd
P
.
B
o
ur
no
t,
“
Pe
r
f
or
m
ance
eval
uati
on
o
f
a
s
o
l
a
r
p
h
o
t
ov
oltai
c
s
y
s
te
m
,
”
Energy Reports
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P
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an
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c
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Sh
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i
n
g
s
o
m
e
li
gh
t
on
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h
o
to
vo
lt
aic
so
lar
en
ergy
i
n
Af
ri
ca –
A
l
i
t
e
rat
u
re rev
iew
,
”
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u
s
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s
i
d
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g
t
h
e
econ
o
mi
cs
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f
p
h
o
t
ov
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l
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C-D
C
C
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nvert
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i
n
Resi
den
tial
S
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lar
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h
o
t
o
v
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l
t
a
i
c
S
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b
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ui
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,
“
M
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f
D
C
-
D
C
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
f
o
r
s
o
l
a
r
e
n
e
r
g
y
s
y
s
t
e
m
app
l
i
cati
o
n
s
,” i
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0
1
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r
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e
r
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n
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a
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A
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r
r
e
n
t-Mod
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C
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e
ory
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o
r P
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C
urren
t
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e
Buck
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n
vert
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s
,
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B
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DC-DC
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n
v
e
r
t
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rs
D
yn
a
m
ic
M
od
e
l
D
e
s
ig
n
a
n
d
E
xp
erim
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Verifi
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on,
”
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nd
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