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T
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In
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p
r
o
p
er
d
esig
n
s
ta
n
d
ar
d
s
[3
-
5]
.
T
h
e
i
n
cr
ea
s
i
n
g
r
esear
c
h
in
ter
est
i
n
t
h
e
f
ield
o
f
E
V
ch
ar
g
in
g
u
s
i
n
g
P
V
ca
n
b
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
f
r
o
m
Fig
u
r
e
1
,
w
h
ic
h
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
s
tati
s
tics
o
f
ar
ticles p
u
b
lis
h
ed
p
er
y
ea
r
i
n
r
ep
u
ted
d
atab
ase
[
6
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Nu
m
b
er
o
f
p
u
b
li
s
h
e
d
p
ap
er
s
ea
ch
y
ea
r
in
t
h
e
f
ield
o
f
P
V
–
E
V
ch
ar
g
in
g
(
in
d
e
x
ed
in
Sco
p
u
s
)
[
6
]
Ov
er
th
e
y
ea
r
s
,
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
E
V
ch
ar
g
in
g
m
et
h
o
d
s
u
s
i
n
g
P
V
h
av
e
b
ee
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
o
n
ly
t
w
o
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
ap
p
ea
r
to
b
e
v
iab
l
e
:
(
1
)
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
co
m
b
i
n
atio
n
o
f
P
V
an
d
th
e
g
r
id
a
n
d
(
2
)
u
s
in
g
o
n
l
y
P
V
as
t
h
e
s
o
u
r
ce
.
B
y
f
ar
,
f
o
r
m
er
i
s
th
e
m
o
r
e
p
o
p
u
lar
; it
u
s
e
s
th
e
P
V
p
o
w
er
w
h
en
e
v
er
p
o
s
s
ib
le,
b
u
t s
w
itc
h
e
s
to
th
e
u
tili
t
y
g
r
id
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
P
V
p
o
w
er
is
u
n
av
ailab
le.
Fo
r
latter
,
t
h
e
c
h
ar
g
in
g
is
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
P
V
o
n
l
y
,
i.e
.
w
it
h
o
u
t
an
y
i
n
ter
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
to
th
e
u
t
ili
t
y
g
r
id
[
7
]
.
W
ith
th
e
g
r
o
w
i
n
g
in
ter
e
s
t
in
t
h
is
to
p
ic
as
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
,
it
is
ti
m
el
y
to
co
m
p
ile
all
t
h
e
r
elate
d
w
o
r
k
s
,
to
u
p
d
ate
th
e
ir
s
tat
u
s
,
a
n
d
to
p
r
esen
t
it
a
s
a
s
i
n
g
le
r
ef
er
en
ce
.
A
d
m
itted
l
y
,
it
i
s
v
er
y
d
if
f
ic
u
lt
to
en
s
u
r
e
a
f
air
b
en
ch
m
ar
k
in
g
f
o
r
ea
ch
m
et
h
o
d
,
as
ev
er
y
r
esear
ch
er
d
esig
n
s
th
e
c
h
ar
g
i
n
g
s
y
s
te
m
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
h
is
o
w
n
h
ar
d
w
ar
e,
av
ailab
le
E
V
an
d
d
if
f
er
en
t
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ta
l
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
Fu
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l
s
ch
e
m
es
o
r
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
ar
e
te
s
ted
o
n
d
i
f
f
e
r
en
t P
V
s
y
s
te
m
,
i.e
.
p
o
w
er
r
ati
n
g
s
,
tech
n
o
lo
g
ie
s
,
s
ize,
etc.
T
h
u
s
,
th
is
p
ap
er
is
n
o
t
m
ea
n
t to
b
e
s
ee
n
as a
n
e
f
f
o
r
t to
r
an
k
th
e
c
h
ar
g
i
n
g
m
et
h
o
d
s
b
ased
o
n
th
eir
m
er
i
ts
an
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
T
o
f
ac
ilit
ate
th
e
r
ea
d
er
s
in
g
o
i
n
g
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
p
ap
er
,
th
e
o
u
tlin
e
is
g
iv
e
n
as
f
o
llo
w
s
.
I
n
f
ir
s
t
p
ar
t,
th
e
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
o
n
th
e
EV
is
b
r
ief
l
y
d
is
c
u
s
s
ed
.
T
h
en
a
b
r
ief
o
v
er
v
ie
w
o
f
P
V
s
y
s
te
m
is
g
i
v
e
n
.
T
h
en
it
in
clu
d
e
s
v
ar
io
u
s
PV
–
g
r
id
an
d
P
V
–
s
ta
n
d
alo
n
e
E
V
c
h
ar
g
i
n
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
w
it
h
t
h
eir
s
alie
n
t
f
ea
t
u
r
es
.
Fin
all
y
,
s
o
m
e
m
a
in
f
ea
t
u
r
es
o
f
b
atter
y
m
an
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
s
y
s
te
m
(
B
MS)
ar
e
also
p
r
e
s
en
ted
.
I
n
th
e
co
n
clu
s
io
n
o
f
t
h
e
p
ap
er
,
th
e
f
u
t
u
r
e
tr
en
d
s
o
n
P
V
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
ar
e
h
i
g
h
li
g
h
ted
.
I
t
is
h
o
p
ed
th
at
t
h
e
d
ata
co
llected
in
th
is
p
ap
er
w
il
l
b
e
an
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
o
n
e
–
s
to
p
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
o
f
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
f
o
r
r
esear
ch
er
s
w
h
o
w
is
h
to
w
o
r
k
i
n
t
h
is
ar
ea
.
2.
E
VO
L
U
T
I
O
N
O
F
E
V
E
V
is
w
id
el
y
r
e
f
er
r
ed
to
an
elec
tr
icall
y
d
r
iv
e
n
v
e
h
icle
w
h
ic
h
u
s
es o
n
e
o
r
m
o
r
e
elec
tr
ic
m
o
to
r
s
f
o
r
its
p
r
o
p
u
ls
io
n
.
I
t
m
a
y
i
n
cl
u
d
e
an
e
lectr
ic
ca
r
,
tr
ain
,
lo
r
r
y
/b
u
s
,
m
o
to
r
cy
cles
/s
co
o
ter
s
etc.
I
n
th
is
p
ap
er
,
h
o
w
e
v
er
,
th
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
PEDS
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
A
C
o
mp
r
eh
en
s
ive
Ove
r
view o
f
E
lectric V
eh
icle
C
h
a
r
g
in
g
u
s
in
g
R
en
ewa
b
le
E
n
erg
y
(
Za
in
a
l
S
a
la
m
)
116
d
ef
in
i
tio
n
o
f
E
V
is
l
i
m
ited
to
th
e
h
y
b
r
id
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
ic
le
(
HE
V)
,
p
lu
g
–
in
h
y
b
r
id
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icle
(
P
HE
V)
an
d
p
u
r
el
y
b
atter
y
elec
tr
ic
v
e
h
icle
(
B
E
V)
.
A
s
u
r
p
r
is
in
g
f
ac
t
w
h
i
ch
is
n
o
t
k
n
o
w
n
to
m
a
n
y
i
s
t
h
at
th
e
E
V
w
as
b
u
il
t
an
d
d
r
iv
en
m
u
c
h
ea
r
lier
th
a
n
th
e
i
n
ter
n
a
l
co
m
b
u
s
tio
n
e
n
g
i
n
e
s
(
I
C
E
)
v
eh
ic
les
[
8
]
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
E
V
w
as
co
m
m
i
s
s
io
n
ed
in
1
8
2
8
an
d
ex
p
er
ien
ce
d
th
e
p
ea
k
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t in
late
1
9
th
ce
n
tu
r
y
.
Ho
w
ev
er
,
at
th
e
b
eg
in
n
in
g
o
f
2
0
th
ce
n
t
u
r
y
,
w
i
th
t
h
e
ad
v
a
n
ce
s
in
I
C
E
w
i
th
its
lo
n
g
er
d
r
iv
in
g
r
a
n
g
e,
s
h
o
r
ter
r
ef
u
eli
n
g
t
i
m
e,
g
o
o
d
r
ef
illi
n
g
in
f
r
astru
ct
u
r
e
a
n
d
ch
ea
p
er
g
as
o
lin
e
p
r
ice
,
co
n
tr
ib
u
ted
to
a
d
r
a
m
atic
d
ec
li
n
e
o
n
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
th
e
E
Vs
[
9
,
10]
.
I
n
g
en
er
al
th
e
E
V
o
f
f
er
s
s
ev
er
al
ad
v
an
ta
g
e
s
s
u
c
h
as
n
o
v
ib
r
atio
n
,
s
m
ell,
n
o
is
es
an
d
e
ase
o
f
g
ea
r
c
h
a
n
g
e
s
r
elativ
el
y
to
g
a
s
o
lin
e
v
e
h
icle.
T
h
e
r
esu
r
g
e
n
ce
o
f
t
h
e
E
V
i
n
t
h
e
late
2
0
th
ce
n
t
u
r
y
i
s
p
r
i
m
ar
i
l
y
d
u
e
to
t
h
e
m
aj
o
r
co
n
ce
r
n
s
o
n
th
e
i
m
p
ac
t
o
f
th
e
I
C
E
to
th
e
g
lo
b
al
w
ar
m
i
n
g
an
d
th
e
r
ap
id
u
p
w
ar
d
s
tr
en
d
in
th
e
p
r
ice
o
f
o
il.
W
ith
th
e
r
ec
en
t
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
ad
v
an
ce
m
e
n
t
i
n
b
atter
y
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
p
o
w
er
elec
tr
o
n
ics,
co
n
v
er
ter
s
,
co
n
tr
o
l
an
d
m
icr
o
elec
tr
o
n
ics
,
t
h
e
E
V
is
e
x
p
ec
ted
to
m
ak
e
s
er
io
u
s
i
n
r
o
ad
s
to
th
e
m
o
to
r
in
d
u
s
tr
y
.
3.
P
V
SYST
E
M
P
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
is
t
h
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
th
at
u
s
es
s
o
lar
ce
lls
o
r
an
ar
r
a
y
o
f
t
h
e
m
to
co
n
v
er
t
s
o
lar
lig
h
t
d
ir
ec
tl
y
in
to
elec
tr
icit
y
[
1
1
,
1
2
]
.
T
h
e
m
o
s
t
w
id
el
y
u
s
ed
P
V
ar
r
a
y
s
/
m
o
d
u
les
ar
e
b
ased
o
n
p
o
l
y
–
o
r
m
o
n
o
–
cr
y
s
talli
n
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
[
1
3
]
.
Ho
w
ev
er
,
r
ec
en
tl
y
,
t
h
i
n
f
il
m
is
g
e
tti
n
g
m
o
r
e
p
o
p
u
lar
,
esp
ec
ially
f
o
r
lar
g
e
P
V
s
y
s
te
m
s
[
1
4
]
.
Desp
ite
th
e
ir
lo
w
er
e
f
f
icie
n
c
y
,
th
i
n
f
il
m
ce
lls
ar
e
ea
s
ier
to
m
an
u
f
ac
t
u
r
e,
m
o
r
e
co
s
t
e
f
f
ec
ti
v
e
an
d
ex
h
ib
it
b
et
ter
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
at
h
ig
h
er
te
m
p
er
atu
r
es.
Ot
h
er
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
in
c
l
u
d
e
th
e
Hete
r
o
–
j
u
n
ctio
n
w
it
h
I
n
tr
in
s
ic
T
h
in
la
y
er
(
HI
T
)
[
1
5
]
an
d
m
u
lti
–
j
u
n
ctio
n
ce
lls
[
1
6
]
;
b
u
t
th
e
y
ar
e
n
o
t
u
s
ed
f
o
r
g
en
er
al
ap
p
licatio
n
s
o
w
i
n
g
to
th
eir
m
u
c
h
h
ig
h
er
co
s
t.
A
t
y
p
ical
co
m
m
e
r
cial
m
o
d
u
le
is
r
ated
b
etw
ee
n
2
0
0
–
3
0
0
W
w
it
h
an
o
p
en
cir
cu
it
v
o
lta
g
e
o
f
ab
o
u
t
20
–
3
0
V.
T
h
e
m
o
d
u
les
ar
e
ar
r
an
g
ed
i
n
s
er
ie
s
s
tr
i
n
g
s
to
ac
h
i
ev
e
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
w
o
r
k
i
n
g
d
ir
ec
t
(
d
c)
v
o
ltag
e;
f
o
r
E
V
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
t
h
i
s
v
o
ltag
e
is
i
n
th
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
2
0
0
–
5
0
0
V,
d
e
p
en
d
in
g
u
p
o
n
t
h
e
t
y
p
e
o
f
E
V.
T
o
in
cr
ea
s
e
t
h
e
ar
r
a
y
p
o
w
er
,
s
e
v
e
r
al
s
er
ies
s
tr
i
n
g
s
ar
e
co
n
n
ec
te
d
in
p
ar
allel.
T
h
e
m
ai
n
i
m
p
etu
s
f
o
r
th
e
P
V
–
b
ased
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
s
tatio
n
is
t
h
e
co
n
s
is
t
en
t
d
r
o
p
in
th
e
m
o
d
u
le
p
r
ice.
T
h
is
ca
n
b
e
r
elate
d
to
th
e
f
ac
t
th
at
i
n
a
t
y
p
ical
P
V
p
r
o
j
ec
t,
th
e
m
o
d
u
le
co
m
p
r
is
e
s
ap
p
r
o
x
i
m
atel
y
6
0
–
7
0
%
o
f
t
h
e
to
tal
i
n
v
est
m
e
n
t;
t
h
u
s
,
t
h
e
o
v
er
all
co
s
t
is
v
er
y
v
u
l
n
er
ab
le
to
th
e
p
r
ice
o
f
th
i
s
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t.
4.
PV
–
EV
CH
AR
G
I
N
G
AP
P
R
O
ACH
E
S
I
n
t
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
,
t
w
o
P
V
ch
ar
g
in
g
co
n
ce
p
ts
,
n
a
m
el
y
t
h
e
(
1
)
P
V
–
g
r
id
an
d
(
2
)
P
V
–
s
tan
d
alo
n
e,
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
.
T
h
e
P
V
–
g
r
id
ch
ar
g
in
g
h
a
s
t
h
e
ad
v
a
n
ta
g
e
t
h
at
d
u
r
in
g
in
s
u
f
f
icie
n
t
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
,
th
e
E
V
ca
n
b
e
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
l
y
c
h
ar
g
ed
b
y
m
ea
n
s
o
f
th
e
u
tili
t
y
(
g
r
id
)
s
u
p
p
l
y
[
1
7
]
.
I
t is also
m
o
r
e
f
lex
ib
le
b
ec
au
s
e
in
t
h
e
ab
s
en
ce
o
f
E
V
(
to
b
e
ch
ar
g
ed
)
th
e
P
V
p
o
w
er
ca
n
b
e
in
j
ec
ted
t
o
th
e
g
r
id
.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
th
e
P
V
–
s
tan
d
alo
n
e
is
m
o
r
e
b
en
ef
icia
l
in
r
e
m
o
te
ar
ea
s
f
o
r
ex
a
m
p
le
i
s
la
n
d
s
o
r
d
eser
ts
w
h
er
e
u
tili
t
y
s
u
p
p
l
y
i
s
n
o
t
a
v
aila
b
le
o
r
to
o
c
o
s
tl
y
[
1
8
,
19]
.
I
t
s
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
is
s
i
m
p
l
er
d
u
e
to
less
p
o
w
er
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
s
ta
g
es
n
ee
d
ed
.
4
.
1
.
PV
–
G
rid C
ha
rg
ing
4
.
1
.
1
.
G
ener
a
l
I
n
v
ar
iab
l
y
,
E
V
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
i
m
p
o
s
es a
n
ad
d
itio
n
al
lo
ad
in
g
to
th
e
elec
tr
icit
y
g
r
id
[
2
0
-
22]
.
T
h
is
is
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
d
r
a
w
n
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
g
r
id
,
p
a
r
ticu
lar
l
y
f
o
r
f
ast
c
h
ar
g
in
g
E
V,
ca
n
b
e
v
er
y
lar
g
e.
Fu
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e,
if
th
e
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
tak
e
s
p
lace
d
u
r
in
g
p
e
ak
h
o
u
r
s
,
th
e
o
w
n
er
m
a
y
h
av
e
to
p
ay
a
h
i
g
h
p
r
e
m
iu
m
f
o
r
th
e
tar
if
f
.
B
ec
au
s
e
th
e
g
r
id
is
th
e
p
r
in
cip
al
d
y
n
a
m
ic
en
tit
y
in
a
n
y
elec
tr
ical
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
te
m
a
n
d
h
e
n
ce
its
b
u
r
d
en
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
co
n
tr
o
lled
b
y
p
r
o
p
er
w
a
y
[
2
3
,
2
4
]
.
T
o
o
f
f
s
et
t
h
i
s
b
u
r
d
en
,
a
P
V
–
g
r
id
c
h
ar
g
i
n
g
s
y
s
te
m
i
s
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
[
2
5
]
.
Fro
m
t
h
e
g
r
id
o
p
er
ato
r
’
s
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e,
th
e
av
ailab
ilit
y
o
f
P
V
p
o
w
er
tr
a
n
s
la
tes
to
r
ed
u
ce
d
s
p
in
n
in
g
r
eser
v
e
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
t
s
an
d
g
r
ea
ter
g
r
id
s
tab
il
it
y
[
2
6
]
.
Du
e
to
its
m
u
lti
–
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
,
t
h
e
PV
–
g
r
id
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
tat
io
n
s
ar
e
attr
ac
ti
n
g
m
o
r
e
i
n
ter
est
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
E
V
co
m
m
u
n
it
y
[
2
7
]
.
A
t
y
p
ical
P
V
–
g
r
id
E
V
c
h
ar
g
i
n
g
s
y
s
te
m
(
ex
c
lu
d
i
n
g
th
e
P
V
ar
r
ay
a
n
d
u
tili
t
y
g
r
id
)
h
as
t
h
r
ee
m
ai
n
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
,
n
a
m
e
l
y
(
1
)
an
M
P
PT
d
c
–
d
c
co
n
v
er
ter
(
i.e
.
d
c
t
o
d
c
p
o
w
er
co
n
v
er
ter
w
it
h
a
b
u
ilt
–
i
n
MP
PT)
,
(
2
)
a
bi
–
d
ir
ec
tio
n
al
d
c
ch
ar
g
er
an
d
(
3
)
a
b
i
–
d
ir
ec
tio
n
al
in
v
er
ter
.
A
t
y
p
ical
s
et
–
u
p
f
o
r
th
is
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
i
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
2
[
2
8
]
.
T
h
e
d
c
co
m
m
o
n
b
u
s
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
co
n
v
e
n
ie
n
t
p
o
i
n
t
f
o
r
th
e
i
n
te
g
r
atio
n
o
f
all
a
s
s
o
ciate
d
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
[
2
9
]
.
I
ts
v
o
ltag
e
v
ar
ies
f
o
r
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
s
y
s
te
m
s
,
b
u
t
2
0
0
–
4
0
0
V
r
an
g
e
is
t
y
p
ical.
T
h
e
MP
PT
d
c
–
d
c
co
n
v
er
ter
,
w
h
ic
h
is
u
s
u
all
y
b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
b
u
ck
–
b
o
o
s
t
o
r
b
o
o
s
t
to
p
o
lo
g
y
,
is
u
s
ed
to
h
ar
v
e
s
t
t
h
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
er
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
P
V
ar
r
ay
.
T
h
e
P
V
v
o
ltag
e
is
f
u
r
th
er
co
n
d
itio
n
ed
s
o
th
at
it
c
an
b
e
tr
an
s
f
er
r
ed
ef
f
icie
n
tl
y
to
th
e
d
c
b
u
s
.
T
h
e
d
c
ch
ar
g
er
i
s
u
s
ed
to
co
n
tr
o
l
t
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
c
u
r
r
en
t
s
o
t
h
at
it
s
u
it
s
t
h
e
E
V
t
h
at
i
s
b
ein
g
c
h
ar
g
ed
.
I
t
also
h
as
b
i
–
d
ir
ec
tio
n
al
p
o
w
er
f
lo
w
ca
p
ab
il
it
y
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
IJ
PEDS
Vo
l.
7
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
2
0
1
6
:
1
1
4
–
123
117
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
e
P
V
–
g
r
id
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
s
y
s
te
m
f
o
r
E
V
[
2
9
,
3
0
]
T
h
e
b
i
–
d
ir
ec
tio
n
al
in
v
er
ter
h
as
d
u
al
f
u
n
ct
io
n
s
:
if
t
h
e
p
o
w
er
o
n
th
e
d
c
b
u
s
is
to
b
e
f
ed
b
ac
k
t
o
th
e
g
r
id
,
it
b
eh
av
es
as
a
d
c
–
ac
co
n
v
er
te
r
(
i.e
.
in
in
v
er
s
io
n
m
o
d
e)
.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
a
n
d
,
if
p
o
w
er
n
ee
d
s
to
b
e
d
r
aw
n
f
r
o
m
g
r
id
to
ch
ar
g
e
th
e
d
c
b
u
s
,
it h
a
s
to
b
e
co
n
f
ig
u
r
ed
as a
n
ac
–
d
c
co
n
v
er
ter
(
r
ec
tif
icatio
n
m
o
d
e)
[
3
1
]
.
4
.
1
.
2
.
P
ra
ct
ic
a
l P
V
–
G
rid C
h
a
rg
ing
S
y
s
t
e
m
s
Wi
th
t
h
e
n
e
w
f
ea
tu
r
es
ad
o
p
ted
b
y
v
ar
io
u
s
r
esear
c
h
er
s
i
n
c
h
ar
g
in
g
s
ch
e
m
e
s
,
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
b
ec
o
m
es
m
o
r
e
f
le
x
ib
le
an
d
is
ab
le
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
b
atter
y
li
f
eti
m
e
[
3
2
]
.
T
h
is
i
s
ac
h
ie
v
ed
b
y
i
n
tr
o
d
u
cin
g
t
h
e
b
atter
y
m
an
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
s
y
s
te
m
,
w
h
ich
is
n
ec
e
s
s
ar
y
to
av
o
id
th
e
b
atter
y
f
r
o
m
o
v
er
ch
ar
g
in
g
an
d
h
en
ce
i
n
cr
ea
s
in
g
b
atter
y
lif
e.
Fu
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e,
w
it
h
t
h
e
e
x
p
ec
ted
p
r
o
lif
er
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
s
m
ar
t
g
r
i
d
to
p
o
lo
g
ies
[
1
]
,
th
e
ch
ar
g
er
is
ad
ap
tab
le
an
d
ca
n
b
e
in
teg
r
ated
in
th
e
u
t
ilit
y
s
y
s
te
m
s
q
u
ite
r
ea
d
il
y
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
also
ef
f
o
r
ts
to
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
th
e
v
eh
ic
le
–
to
–
v
eh
icl
e
(
V2
V)
an
d
v
eh
icle
–
to
–
g
r
id
(
V2
G)
co
n
ce
p
ts
,
as m
en
tio
n
ed
in
[
3
3
-
35]
;
w
h
ils
t
it m
a
y
b
e
u
s
ef
u
l
f
o
r
i
m
m
ed
iate
o
r
e
m
er
g
e
n
c
y
c
h
ar
g
i
n
g
,
ca
u
t
io
n
s
h
av
e
to
b
e
ex
er
cise
d
w
it
h
r
eg
a
r
d
s
to
th
e
p
o
s
s
ib
le
s
h
o
r
ten
ed
b
att
er
y
lif
e.
A
d
d
i
n
g
an
ad
d
itio
n
al
b
atter
y
s
to
r
ag
e
u
n
i
t
in
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
[
1
7
,
1
9
]
is
also
b
en
ef
icial
to
r
ed
u
ce
g
r
i
d
b
u
r
d
en
,
b
u
t
at
th
e
ex
p
en
s
e
o
f
in
i
tial i
n
v
e
s
t
m
en
t a
n
d
m
ai
n
te
n
an
ce
.
I
n
[
3
6
,
3
7
]
,
th
e
au
th
o
r
s
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
y
s
te
m
w
h
er
e
a
dc
–
d
c
ch
ar
g
er
tr
an
s
f
er
s
t
h
e
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
o
f
E
V
f
r
o
m
P
V
to
g
r
id
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
las
t
2
0
–
3
0
%
o
f
th
e
c
h
ar
g
i
n
g
p
h
ase
to
a
v
o
id
th
e
b
atter
y
f
r
o
m
e
x
p
er
ien
ci
n
g
u
n
e
x
p
ec
ted
P
V
o
u
tp
u
t v
ar
iatio
n
s
.
An
o
th
er
w
o
r
k
in
[
2
]
,
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
a
n
ex
te
n
d
ab
le
s
y
s
te
m
h
av
i
n
g
m
u
lt
ip
le
ch
ar
g
in
g
p
o
r
ts
w
it
h
d
if
f
er
en
t
lev
els
(
v
ar
iab
le)
o
f
v
o
ltag
e
o
u
tp
u
t.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
it
ca
n
ac
co
m
m
o
d
ate
d
if
f
er
en
t
t
y
p
es
o
f
E
Vs
.
T
h
e
p
o
w
er
co
n
tr
o
l
is
d
o
n
e
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
d
c
–
d
c
co
n
v
er
ter
an
d
th
e
alg
o
r
it
h
m
u
n
li
k
e
[
3
7
]
,
w
h
ich
u
s
e
s
s
o
lid
s
tate
r
ela
y
s
f
o
r
th
e
s
a
m
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
.
Gr
id
tied
d
c
–
ac
in
v
er
ter
an
d
ac
–
d
c
r
ec
tif
ier
ar
e
u
s
ed
in
s
tead
o
f
u
s
i
n
g
b
i
–
d
ir
ec
tio
n
al
in
v
er
ter
[3
8]
.
On
o
th
er
p
lace
i
n
[
3
0
]
,
th
e
a
u
th
o
r
s
u
se
d
bi
–
d
ir
ec
tio
n
al
d
c
–
d
c
ch
ar
g
er
ca
p
ab
le
o
f
o
p
er
atin
g
in
th
r
ee
m
o
d
e
s
.
(
1
)
m
o
d
e
1
:
to
ch
ar
g
e
E
V
b
atter
y
o
n
l
y
,
(
2
)
m
o
d
e
2
:
to
ch
ar
g
e
b
atter
y
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
g
r
id
to
c
o
n
tr
o
l
an
y
v
ar
iatio
n
in
in
v
er
ter
’
s
o
u
tp
u
t
a
n
d
(
3
)
m
o
d
e
3
:
w
h
e
n
b
atter
y
i
s
f
u
ll
y
c
h
ar
g
ed
,
t
h
e
c
h
ar
g
er
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
to
g
r
id
to
s
tab
le
in
v
er
ter
o
u
tp
u
t.
Au
t
h
o
r
s
u
s
ed
s
i
n
g
le
b
i
–
d
ir
ec
ti
o
n
al
in
v
er
ter
u
n
li
k
e
u
s
i
n
g
t
w
o
co
n
v
er
ter
s
as
in
[
2
]
.
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
in
[
3
3
,
3
4
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
n
in
tell
ig
e
n
t
f
u
zz
y
lo
g
ic
b
ased
s
m
ar
t
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
y
s
te
m
f
o
r
p
ar
k
in
g
lo
ts
.
I
t
m
a
n
a
g
es
en
er
g
y
i
n
r
ea
l
ti
m
e
u
s
i
n
g
f
o
r
ec
asti
n
g
m
o
d
el
s
f
o
r
P
V
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
w
er
an
d
E
V
p
o
w
er
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
e
n
t.
Fo
r
ac
cu
r
ate
p
r
ed
ictio
n
,
h
o
u
r
ly
d
ata,
w
h
ic
h
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
co
lle
cted
o
v
er
1
5
y
ea
r
s
,
ar
e
u
s
ed
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
s
et
s
th
e
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
p
r
io
r
ities
an
d
th
e
r
ate
o
f
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
.
T
h
e
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
p
r
io
r
ities
d
ep
en
d
u
p
o
n
ch
ar
g
in
g
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
e
n
ts
o
f
th
e
E
V
lik
e
SOC
a
n
d
ti
m
e
o
f
s
ta
y
etc.
W
h
ile
th
e
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
r
ates
d
ep
en
d
u
p
o
n
p
r
ed
icted
P
V
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
w
er
,
E
V
p
o
w
er
d
em
a
n
d
an
d
g
r
id
e
n
er
g
y
p
r
ice.
T
h
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
[
3
9
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
d
c
m
icr
o
-
g
r
id
co
n
s
is
t
s
o
f
th
e
P
V,
th
ea
n
d
b
atter
y
b
an
k
,
an
d
t
h
e
g
r
id
.
I
n
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
te
m
,
t
h
e
PV
is
co
u
p
led
d
ir
ec
tl
y
to
t
h
e
d
c
lin
k
w
it
h
o
u
t
a
s
tatic
co
n
v
er
ter
to
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
co
m
p
le
x
it
y
.
Als
o
,
a
r
ea
l
-
ti
m
e
r
u
le
-
b
ased
alg
o
r
it
h
m
i
s
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
to
m
an
a
g
e
p
o
w
er
a
m
o
n
g
th
e
PV
,
th
e
b
atter
y
an
d
th
e
g
r
id
.
Her
e
g
r
id
is
ta
k
e
n
as
a
b
ac
k
u
p
an
d
g
i
v
en
la
s
t p
r
io
r
ity
to
ch
ar
g
e
t
h
e
E
V.
4
.2
.
PV
–
St
a
nd
a
lo
ne
Cha
rg
ing
Sy
s
t
e
m
s
T
h
e
P
V
–
s
tan
d
alo
n
e
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
r
ef
er
s
to
t
h
e
c
h
ar
g
in
g
o
f
t
h
e
E
V
s
o
lel
y
b
y
t
h
e
P
V
p
o
w
er
,
i.e
.
with
o
u
t
t
h
e
in
v
o
l
v
e
m
en
t
o
f
u
tili
t
y
(
g
r
id
)
[
4
0
,
4
1
]
.
I
t
is
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ic
ien
t
d
u
e
to
f
e
w
er
p
o
w
er
co
n
v
er
s
i
o
n
s
tag
es
[
3
7
,
4
2
]
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
th
e
P
V
ar
r
a
y
m
u
s
t
b
e
lar
g
e
en
o
u
g
h
to
f
u
l
f
i
l
th
e
c
h
ar
g
in
g
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
t
f
o
r
t
h
e
d
esig
n
ated
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
E
Vs
[
4
3
]
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
tw
o
w
a
y
s
to
ac
h
iev
e
t
h
e
c
h
ar
g
i
n
g
g
o
als:
(
1
)
d
ir
ec
t
P
V
t
o
th
e
E
V
an
d
(
2
)
w
it
h
a
n
in
ter
m
ed
iate
b
atter
y
b
an
k
,
p
lace
d
in
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
P
V
an
d
t
h
e
E
V.
T
h
e
b
lo
ck
d
iag
r
am
s
f
o
r
th
ese
t
w
o
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
ar
e
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
s
3
(
a)
an
d
(
b
)
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
B
o
th
n
ee
d
a
d
c
ch
ar
g
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
a
t
th
e
v
o
lta
g
e
s
u
it
s
t
h
e
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
e
n
ts
o
f
t
h
e
E
V.
I
n
th
e
f
ir
s
t
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
th
e
p
o
w
er
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
P
V
ar
r
ay
is
u
s
ed
d
ir
ec
tl
y
to
ch
ar
g
e
t
h
e
E
V
b
atter
y
.
C
lear
l
y
,
th
e
d
is
ad
v
an
ta
g
e
is
w
h
en
t
h
e
P
V
co
u
ld
n
o
t su
p
p
ly
e
n
o
u
g
h
p
o
w
er
to
ch
ar
g
e
th
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
A
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eh
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s
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Ove
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view o
f
E
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eh
icle
C
h
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g
in
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in
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R
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b
le
E
n
erg
y
(
Za
in
a
l
S
a
la
m
)
118
E
V,
an
d
th
en
t
h
e
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
i
s
co
m
p
r
o
m
is
ed
.
Desp
ite
th
is
f
ac
t
,
th
e
s
et
–
u
p
is
s
i
m
p
le;
o
n
l
y
o
n
e
ch
ar
g
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
is
n
ee
d
ed
–
w
h
ic
h
is
s
i
m
ilar
t
o
th
e
s
ta
n
d
–
alo
n
e
P
V
s
y
s
te
m
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
.
O
n
th
e
o
t
h
er
h
a
n
d
,
th
e
i
n
ter
m
ed
iate
s
to
r
ag
e
b
atter
y
b
an
k
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
en
ab
les
t
h
e
ex
ce
s
s
en
er
g
y
to
b
e
s
to
r
ed
an
d
to
b
e
u
tili
ze
d
later
w
h
e
n
th
e
P
V
p
o
w
er
is
u
n
av
ai
lab
le
b
ec
au
s
e
elec
tr
ic
al
e
n
er
g
y
i
s
th
e
li
f
eli
n
e
o
f
d
o
m
est
ic,
in
d
u
s
tr
ial,
ag
r
ic
u
lt
u
r
al
an
d
ap
p
r
o
x
i
m
atel
y
ev
er
y
f
ield
o
f
l
if
e
a
n
d
s
h
o
u
ld
n
o
t
b
e
w
a
s
ted
b
y
a
n
y
co
s
t
[
1
9
,
4
4
,
4
5
]
.
A
lth
o
u
g
h
t
h
is
is
m
o
r
e
ad
v
an
ta
g
eo
u
s
,
th
e
in
itial
in
v
es
t
m
e
n
t
co
s
t
f
o
r
th
e
b
atter
y
b
a
n
k
m
a
y
n
o
t
b
e
f
ea
s
i
b
le.
I
n
ce
r
tain
ca
s
e
s
,
b
atter
y
s
t
o
r
ag
e
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
in
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
P
V
an
d
th
e
E
V
to
f
ilter
th
e
ab
r
u
p
t c
h
a
n
g
e
s
in
t
h
e
P
V
o
u
tp
u
t p
o
w
er
[
46]
.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
P
V
–
s
tan
d
alo
n
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
y
s
te
m
(
a)
w
it
h
o
u
t b
atter
y
,
(
b
)
w
it
h
b
atter
y
4
.
2
.
1
.
Cha
rg
ing
O
pera
t
io
n
T
h
e
m
ai
n
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
o
f
t
h
e
s
t
an
d
alo
n
e
P
V
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
s
y
s
te
m
is
th
e
c
h
ar
g
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
.
B
asic
all
y
it
is
a
dc
–
d
c
c
o
n
v
er
ter
w
ith
MP
P
T
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
,
w
ith
a
s
p
ec
ial
r
o
le
to
r
eg
u
late
th
e
P
V
v
o
lta
g
e
s
o
as
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
c
u
r
r
en
t
i
s
o
p
ti
m
ized
[
4
7
-
50]
.
W
h
ils
t
d
if
f
er
en
t
r
esea
r
ch
er
s
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
v
ar
io
u
s
t
y
p
e
s
o
f
c
h
ar
g
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
cir
cu
its
,
th
e
p
r
i
m
ar
y
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
ar
e
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
4
[
5
1
]
.
I
t
co
m
p
r
is
es
o
f
t
w
o
p
ar
ts
:
(
1
)
a
v
o
ltag
e
co
m
p
ar
ato
r
w
h
ic
h
d
eter
m
i
n
es
th
e
m
a
g
n
itu
d
e
o
f
cu
r
r
en
t t
h
at
i
s
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iat
e
f
o
r
a
p
r
o
p
er
ch
a
r
g
in
g
o
p
er
ati
o
n
[
5
2
]
an
d
(
2
)
th
e
MP
PT
b
l
o
ck
to
ex
tr
ac
t
t
h
e
m
ax
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
er
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
P
V.
T
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
r
e
f
er
en
ce
g
en
er
a
ted
b
y
th
e
v
o
lta
g
e
co
n
tr
o
l lo
o
p
is
d
y
n
a
m
ical
l
y
li
m
ited
to
h
a
v
e
an
u
p
p
er
v
alu
e
e
q
u
als to
th
e
MP
P
cu
r
r
en
t.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Ma
in
b
u
ild
in
g
b
lo
ck
o
f
a
P
V
–
s
tan
d
alo
n
e
ch
ar
g
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
T
h
e
d
c
–
d
c
c
o
n
v
er
ter
ca
n
b
e
th
o
u
g
h
t
o
f
as
a
co
n
tr
o
lled
cu
r
r
en
t
s
o
u
r
ce
th
a
t
in
j
ec
ts
a
g
iv
e
n
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
cu
r
r
en
t
i
i
n
to
th
e
b
atter
y
.
T
h
e
in
j
ec
tio
n
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
t
h
e
d
ev
iatio
n
i
n
th
e
b
atter
y
v
o
lta
g
e
f
r
o
m
a
s
et
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
v
alu
e
V
batt,
ref
.
T
h
e
MP
P
cu
r
r
e
n
t
r
ef
er
r
ed
to
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
(
in
d
u
cto
r
)
s
id
e
o
f
t
h
e
d
c
–
d
c
co
n
v
er
ter
is
d
y
n
a
m
ica
ll
y
ca
lcu
lated
b
y
th
e
MP
PT
alg
o
r
ith
m
a
s
a
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
th
e
in
s
tan
ta
n
eo
u
s
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
,
te
m
p
e
r
atu
r
e
an
d
b
atter
y
v
o
ltag
e.
I
t
is
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
to
n
o
t
e
th
at
th
e
v
o
lta
g
e
co
n
tr
o
l
lo
o
p
w
ill
p
r
o
d
u
ce
a
lar
g
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
cu
r
r
en
t
d
u
e
to
th
e
accu
m
u
lat
io
n
o
f
er
r
o
r
at
n
o
r
m
al
o
p
er
atio
n
u
n
d
er
MP
PT
d
u
e
to
its
in
te
g
r
al
ac
tio
n
.
T
o
p
r
ev
en
t
o
u
tp
u
t
w
i
n
d
u
p
w
h
e
n
th
e
o
v
er
–
v
o
ltag
e
co
n
tr
o
l a
ctio
n
s
tar
t
s
,
an
a
n
ti
–
w
i
n
d
u
p
is
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
ted
to
r
eset t
h
e
in
t
eg
r
al
o
u
tp
u
t.
Fo
r
a
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
IJ
PEDS
Vo
l.
7
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
2
0
1
6
:
1
1
4
–
123
119
m
o
r
e
s
o
p
h
i
s
ticated
ch
ar
g
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
,
in
tel
li
g
en
t
b
atter
y
m
an
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
s
y
s
te
m
is
in
c
lu
d
ed
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
t
h
e
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
.
4
.
2
.
2
P
ra
ct
ica
l P
V
–
Sta
nd
a
lo
ne
Cha
rg
ing
Sy
s
t
e
m
s
T
o
av
o
id
th
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
y
s
te
m
f
r
o
m
o
v
er
lo
ad
in
g
an
d
to
s
y
n
c
h
r
o
n
ize
t
h
e
c
h
ar
g
i
n
g
lo
ad
w
it
h
t
h
e
av
ailab
ilit
y
o
f
P
V
en
er
g
y
,
t
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
in
[
5
3
]
,
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
f
ir
s
t
–
in
–
f
ir
s
t
–
o
u
t
(
FIFO)
alg
o
r
it
h
m
to
m
a
n
a
g
e
th
e
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
q
u
e
u
e
i
n
t
h
e
p
ar
k
i
n
g
lo
t.
I
n
a
n
o
th
er
w
o
r
k
[
5
4
]
,
th
e
au
th
o
r
s
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
an
ad
ap
tiv
e
P
V
–
s
tan
d
alo
n
e
s
y
s
te
m
to
u
til
ize
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
a
v
ailab
le
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
.
T
o
co
m
p
e
n
s
ate
f
o
r
t
h
e
p
ar
tial
s
h
ad
in
g
a
n
d
to
av
o
id
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
s
ar
is
i
n
g
f
r
o
m
i
t,
th
e
y
u
s
e
f
lex
ib
le
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
m
atr
ix
(
FS
M)
,
Flex
ib
le
S
tr
in
g
(
FS
T
)
,
Flex
ib
le
P
V
Mo
d
u
le
(
FP
VM
)
an
d
A
d
ap
tiv
e
Strin
g
(
A
ST
)
.
T
h
e
s
w
itc
h
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
ar
e
c
o
n
tr
o
lled
b
y
an
in
te
llig
e
n
t
s
y
s
te
m
th
a
t
d
y
n
a
m
icall
y
ch
a
n
g
es t
h
e
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
o
f
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
b
y
s
en
s
i
n
g
th
e
s
h
a
d
i
n
g
co
n
d
it
io
n
s
o
n
th
e
P
V
ar
r
ay
.
I
n
[
1
8
]
an
ad
d
i
tio
n
al
b
atter
y
b
an
k
is
in
c
lu
d
ed
in
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
s
i
m
ilar
to
th
e
o
n
e
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fi
g
.
3
(
b
)
.
T
h
is
b
an
k
co
n
s
is
t
s
o
f
a
s
ec
o
n
d
–
h
a
n
d
p
ar
tially
d
e
g
r
ad
ed
lith
i
u
m
b
atter
ies.
T
h
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
u
s
i
n
g
s
ec
o
n
d
lif
e
b
atter
ie
s
is
to
k
ee
p
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
’
s
co
s
t
lo
w
er
.
T
o
m
ak
e
p
r
o
p
er
an
d
o
p
ti
m
al
u
s
e
o
f
th
ese
s
ec
o
n
d
lif
e
b
atter
ies,
a
B
atter
y
Ma
n
ag
e
m
e
n
t S
y
s
te
m
(
B
MS)
i
s
also
in
cl
u
d
ed
.
T
h
e
r
o
les o
f
B
MS
s
h
a
ll b
e
d
escr
ib
ed
in
th
e
n
ex
t sectio
n
.
A
n
in
n
o
v
ati
v
e
E
V
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
s
y
s
te
m
u
s
in
g
h
y
b
r
id
en
er
g
y
s
t
o
r
ag
es
is
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
i
n
[
2
1
]
.
I
t
in
clu
d
es
b
atter
ies,
s
u
p
er
–
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
an
d
f
u
e
l
ce
lls
.
B
y
u
til
izin
g
m
o
r
e
e
n
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
th
e
a
v
ailab
ilit
y
o
f
en
er
g
y
a
n
d
th
u
s
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
ca
n
b
e
i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
[
1
8
,
5
5
]
.
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
u
s
e
d
t
w
o
co
n
tr
o
l
al
g
o
r
ith
m
s
;
th
e
f
ir
s
t
i
s
u
s
ed
to
in
ter
f
ac
e
b
et
w
ee
n
b
atter
ies
an
d
f
u
el
ce
lls
,
w
h
ile
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
m
an
a
g
e
s
th
e
p
o
w
er
b
et
w
ee
n
s
u
p
er
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
an
d
b
atter
ies.
5.
B
AT
T
E
RY
M
ANAG
E
M
E
N
T
SYS
T
E
M
(
B
M
S)
W
h
en
a
n
E
V
is
p
lu
g
g
ed
–
in
f
o
r
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
,
i
ts
b
atter
y
’
s
SO
C
is
ch
ec
k
ed
an
d
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
l
y
m
o
n
ito
r
ed
to
av
o
id
o
v
er
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
.
T
h
is
is
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
b
y
th
e
b
atter
y
m
a
n
ag
e
m
en
t
s
y
s
te
m
(
B
MS)
.
I
f
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
y
s
te
m
h
as
V2
G
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
[
3
3
,
3
4
]
,
th
en
o
v
er
–
d
is
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
is
also
m
o
n
ito
r
ed
u
s
i
n
g
B
MS.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
t
h
e
S
OC
d
ata
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
to
f
o
r
ec
ast
th
e
r
e
m
ai
n
i
n
g
b
att
e
r
y
ca
p
ac
it
y
;
t
h
e
r
es
u
lt
s
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
p
r
ed
ict
th
e
d
is
tan
ce
t
h
a
t
ca
n
b
e
co
v
er
ed
b
y
th
e
E
V.
I
n
t
h
e
P
V
–
g
r
id
c
h
ar
g
i
n
g
s
y
s
te
m
,
t
h
e
B
MS
co
n
tr
o
ls
t
h
e
s
w
itc
h
in
g
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
g
r
id
an
d
th
e
b
atter
y
b
a
n
k
f
o
r
ch
ar
g
in
g
th
e
E
V
w
h
e
n
th
e
P
V
h
as
in
s
u
f
f
icie
n
t
p
o
w
er
as
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
b
y
[
1
7
,
5
6
]
.
I
n
th
e
P
V
–
s
tan
d
alo
n
e
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
,
th
e
B
MS
ca
n
b
e
u
s
e
d
to
r
eg
u
late
th
e
b
atter
y
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
to
d
is
co
n
n
ec
t
th
e
b
atter
y
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
P
V
w
h
en
th
e
latter
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
cu
r
r
en
t
m
o
r
e
th
an
allo
w
ab
le
m
ax
i
m
u
m
c
h
ar
g
i
n
g
cu
r
r
en
t
[
1
8
,
5
7
]
.
Ob
v
io
u
s
l
y
,
th
e
e
n
er
g
y
ca
p
ac
it
y
o
f
a
s
i
n
g
le
b
atter
y
ce
ll
is
i
n
a
d
eq
u
ate
to
d
r
iv
e
t
h
e
tr
ac
tio
n
m
o
to
r
.
T
h
e
E
V
b
atter
y
co
m
m
o
n
l
y
n
ee
d
s
th
o
u
s
a
n
d
s
o
f
s
i
n
g
le
ce
lls
,
p
ac
k
ed
in
s
er
ies/
p
ar
allel
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
,
to
f
o
r
m
a
b
atter
y
m
o
d
u
le
[
5
8
]
.
Sin
c
e
th
e
L
i
–
io
n
ce
lls
ar
e
s
en
s
iti
v
e
to
ch
ar
g
e
an
d
d
is
ch
ar
g
e,
th
e
y
ca
n
n
eit
h
er
b
e
o
v
er
ch
ar
g
ed
n
o
r
o
v
er
d
is
ch
ar
g
ed
.
Ov
er
c
h
ar
g
i
n
g
o
f
b
atter
ies
ca
u
s
es
th
e
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
o
f
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
ce
lls
to
r
is
e
u
n
e
v
e
n
l
y
w
h
ic
h
lead
s
to
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
o
f
v
o
l
tag
e
a
m
o
n
g
ea
ch
ce
ll
(
ce
ll
im
b
a
lan
ce
)
.
T
h
is
in
cr
ea
s
es
it
s
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e.
I
f
n
o
t
co
n
tr
o
lled
,
th
e
a
v
ailab
le
ca
p
a
cit
y
o
f
b
atter
y
is
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
a
n
d
its
li
f
e
–
ti
m
e
is
s
h
o
r
ten
ed
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
lo
ca
tio
n
o
f
th
e
B
MS
i
n
th
e
E
V
s
y
s
te
m
a
n
d
its
k
e
y
o
p
er
atio
n
al
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
.
T
h
e
v
o
lta
g
e,
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
a
n
d
th
e
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
ar
e
th
e
k
e
y
o
p
er
atio
n
al
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
t
h
at
ar
e
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
l
y
m
o
n
ito
r
ed
to
p
r
o
tec
t
th
e
ce
lls
[
5
9
,
6
0
]
.
T
h
e
B
MS
co
m
p
r
is
es o
f
s
en
s
o
r
s
,
s
w
itc
h
es a
n
d
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Ke
y
o
p
er
atio
n
al
p
ar
am
eter
s
i
n
B
MS
T
h
e
m
icr
o
co
n
tr
o
ller
alg
o
r
ith
m
ex
ec
u
tes
v
ar
io
u
s
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
,
n
a
m
el
y
(
1
)
to
d
eter
m
in
e
t
h
e
b
atter
y
’
s
SOC
,
(
2
)
to
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
ce
ll
b
ala
n
ci
n
g
an
d
(
3
)
th
er
m
al
m
an
a
g
e
m
en
t
.
An
ac
cu
r
ate
e
s
ti
m
atio
n
o
f
SO
C
is
v
er
y
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
to
p
r
ev
en
t
f
r
o
m
u
n
i
n
ten
tio
n
al
d
ep
letio
n
[
6
1
]
.
T
h
e
ex
tr
em
e
l
y
h
ig
h
o
r
lo
w
SOC
m
a
y
lead
to
p
er
m
a
n
e
n
t
d
a
m
a
g
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
PEDS
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
A
C
o
mp
r
eh
en
s
ive
Ove
r
view o
f
E
lectric V
eh
icle
C
h
a
r
g
in
g
u
s
in
g
R
en
ewa
b
le
E
n
erg
y
(
Za
in
a
l
S
a
la
m
)
120
in
t
h
e
b
atter
y
.
Si
n
ce
n
o
d
ir
ec
t
m
et
h
o
d
is
a
v
ailab
le
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
SOC
,
i
t
is
esti
m
ated
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t,
t
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
th
e
te
m
p
er
at
u
r
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
ts
[
6
1
]
.
Sev
er
al
al
g
o
r
ith
m
s
ar
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
th
e
e
s
ti
m
atio
n
,
n
a
m
el
y
t
h
e
Op
e
n
C
ir
cu
it
Vo
lta
g
e
(
OC
V)
[
6
2
]
,
C
o
u
lo
m
b
–
co
u
n
tin
g
(
o
r
A
–
h
co
u
n
tin
g
)
,
B
atter
y
Mo
d
el
–
B
ased
[
6
3
]
,
Neu
r
al
n
et
w
o
r
k
a
n
d
Kal
m
a
n
f
ilter
i
n
g
m
et
h
o
d
s
[
6
4
]
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
b
lem
o
f
i
m
b
alan
ce
a
m
o
n
g
t
h
e
ce
ll
s
w
o
r
s
en
s
w
it
h
ti
m
e
as
th
e
w
ea
k
ce
l
ls
c
h
ar
g
e
le
s
s
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
l
y
w
h
ile
t
h
e
s
tr
o
n
g
er
ce
ll
s
ch
ar
g
e
f
aster
[
6
5
]
.
T
h
e
ce
ll
–
b
alan
cin
g
o
f
t
h
e
B
MS
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
to
p
r
o
tect
th
e
ce
lls
b
y
p
er
f
o
r
m
in
g
c
h
ar
g
e
eq
u
a
lizatio
n
a
m
o
n
g
th
e
ce
lls
.
T
h
e
m
o
s
t
c
o
m
m
o
n
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
to
in
ter
r
u
p
t
th
e
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
a
n
d
d
is
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
i
n
o
r
d
er
to
av
o
id
th
e
b
atter
y
ce
l
l
f
r
o
m
r
ea
ch
in
g
its
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
an
d
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
a
llo
w
ab
le
s
tate
o
f
c
h
ar
g
e.
T
h
e
th
r
ee
m
a
in
m
e
th
o
d
s
ar
e
(
1
)
E
n
d
o
f
ch
ar
g
e
m
et
h
o
d
,
(
2
)
A
ctiv
e
m
et
h
o
d
an
d
(
3
)
P
ass
iv
e
m
et
h
o
d
.
T
h
e
ce
ll
i
m
b
alan
ce
p
h
en
o
m
en
o
n
an
d
th
e
o
p
en
cir
c
u
it
v
o
l
tag
e
o
f
ce
lls
ar
e
u
s
u
all
y
v
ar
ie
d
in
a
cc
o
r
d
an
ce
to
th
e
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
ce
.
Hen
ce
,
t
h
e
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
o
f
t
h
e
b
atter
y
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
co
n
t
in
u
o
u
s
l
y
m
o
n
ito
r
ed
an
d
r
eg
u
lated
to
p
r
ev
en
t
t
h
e
d
a
m
a
g
e
o
f
t
h
e
ce
lls
.
6.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
AND
F
U
T
U
RE
WO
RK
T
h
is
p
ap
er
is
w
r
itte
n
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
an
o
v
er
v
ie
w
o
n
th
e
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
th
e
o
p
er
atio
n
an
d
th
e
s
t
atu
s
o
f
t
h
e
av
ailab
le
P
V
ch
ar
g
in
g
m
e
th
o
d
s
.
W
ith
th
e
ex
p
ec
ted
h
i
g
h
i
n
cu
r
s
io
n
o
f
E
V
in
to
th
e
g
r
id
s
y
s
te
m
,
th
e
is
s
u
e
o
f
P
V
–
g
r
id
in
te
g
r
atio
n
w
it
h
t
h
e
c
h
ar
g
er
w
ill
b
e
m
o
r
e
d
e
m
a
n
d
in
g
.
I
t
is
e
n
v
is
a
g
ed
th
a
t
m
o
r
e
s
o
p
h
is
ticated
e
n
er
g
y
m
an
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
s
y
s
te
m
is
r
eq
u
ir
e
d
to
m
an
a
g
e
t
h
e
c
h
ar
g
in
g
s
tati
o
n
s
f
o
r
lar
g
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
E
Vs.
T
h
e
m
ain
is
s
u
e
is
to
av
o
id
g
r
id
i
n
ter
r
u
p
tio
n
s
w
h
e
n
s
ev
er
al
E
V
s
ar
e
s
i
m
u
lta
n
eo
u
s
l
y
p
lu
g
g
ed
in
to
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
d
u
r
i
n
g
v
er
y
s
h
o
r
t
p
er
io
d
o
f
ti
m
e
.
At
th
e
s
a
m
e
t
i
m
e,
it
i
s
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
to
o
p
ti
m
ize
t
h
e
E
V
c
h
ar
g
i
n
g
b
ased
o
n
th
e
a
v
ailab
ili
t
y
o
f
t
h
e
P
V
p
o
w
er
,
r
ea
l
ti
m
e
elec
tr
icit
y
d
e
m
a
n
d
an
d
tar
if
f
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
es.
F
u
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e,
t
h
e
s
af
e
c
h
ar
g
in
g
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es
u
s
i
n
g
b
atter
y
m
an
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
s
y
s
te
m
n
ee
d
to
b
e
m
a
in
ta
in
ed
t
o
en
s
u
r
e
lo
n
g
li
f
e
o
f
th
e
E
V
b
atter
ies.
T
h
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
v
ar
io
u
s
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
(
b
esid
es
th
e
P
V)
,
f
o
r
ex
a
m
p
le
f
u
el
ce
l
l,
w
in
d
tu
r
b
in
es a
n
d
s
tan
d
–
b
y
b
atter
y
to
th
e
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
is
also
a
p
o
s
s
ib
le
ar
ea
to
b
e
in
v
es
tig
ated
.
A
lt
h
o
u
g
h
th
i
s
in
te
g
r
ati
o
n
in
cr
ea
s
es
th
e
ca
p
ital
co
s
t,
it
m
a
y
b
e
ec
o
n
o
m
ical
w
h
e
n
lo
n
g
ter
m
r
u
n
n
i
n
g
co
s
t
i
s
co
n
s
id
er
ed
.
T
h
ese
ar
e
in
ter
e
s
tin
g
to
p
ics
t
h
at
p
r
o
v
id
e
e
x
citi
n
g
f
u
r
th
er
r
esear
c
h
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
itie
s
in
t
h
i
s
ar
ea
.
ACK
NO
WL
E
D
G
E
M
E
NT
S
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
w
o
u
ld
li
k
e
to
th
a
n
k
U
n
iv
er
s
iti
T
ek
n
o
lo
g
i
Ma
la
y
s
ia
an
d
t
h
e
Mi
n
is
tr
y
o
f
Hig
h
er
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
,
Ma
la
y
s
ia
f
o
r
p
r
o
v
id
i
n
g
th
e
f
a
cilities
a
n
d
f
i
n
an
cia
l
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
(
R
esear
ch
Un
i
v
er
s
i
t
y
Gr
an
t
N
o
.
2
4
0
9
.
0
3
G
1
1
)
to
co
n
d
u
ct
th
is
r
esear
ch
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
F
.
L
o
c
m
e
n
t,
M
.
S
e
c
h
il
a
ri
u
,
a
n
d
C.
F
o
rg
e
z
.
El
e
c
tric
v
e
h
icle
c
h
a
r
g
in
g
sy
ste
m
wit
h
PV
Gr
i
d
-
c
o
n
n
e
c
ted
c
o
n
fi
g
u
ra
t
io
n
.
i
n
2
0
1
0
IE
EE
V
e
h
i
c
le P
o
w
e
r
a
n
d
P
ro
p
u
lsi
o
n
Co
n
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
(VPP
C)
.
2
0
1
0
;
p
p
.
1
-
6.
[2
]
G
.
Ga
m
b
o
a
,
C.
Ha
m
il
to
n
,
R.
Ke
r
le
y
,
S
.
El
m
e
s,
A
.
A
ria
s,
J.
S
h
e
n
,
e
t
a
l.
Co
n
tro
l
st
ra
teg
y
o
f
a
mu
lt
i
-
p
o
rt,
g
ri
d
c
o
n
n
e
c
ted
,
d
ire
c
t
-
DC
PV
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
sta
ti
o
n
f
o
r
p
l
u
g
-
i
n
e
lec
tric
v
e
h
icle
s
.
in
2
0
1
0
IEE
E
E
n
e
rg
y
Co
n
v
e
rsio
n
Co
n
g
re
ss
a
n
d
Ex
p
o
siti
o
n
(ECC
E)
2
0
1
0
;
p
p
.
1
1
7
3
-
1
1
7
7
.
[3
]
K.
Bra
n
k
e
r,
M
.
J.
M
.
P
a
t
h
a
k
,
a
n
d
J.
M
.
P
e
a
rc
e
.
A
re
v
ie
w
o
f
so
l
a
r
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic
lev
e
li
z
e
d
c
o
st
o
f
e
lec
tri
c
it
y
.
Ren
e
wa
b
le
a
n
d
S
u
sta
in
a
b
le E
n
e
rg
y
Rev
iews
.
2
0
1
1
;
1
5
(9
)
:
4
4
7
0
-
4
4
8
2
.
[4
]
A
.
Iq
b
a
l,
M
.
S
.
B.
A
rif
,
S
.
M
.
Ay
o
b
,
a
n
d
K.
S
i
d
d
iq
u
i.
A
n
a
ly
sis
o
f
a
so
lar
P
V
/b
a
tt
e
ry
/DG
se
t
-
b
a
s
e
d
h
y
b
rid
sy
ste
m
f
o
r
a
t
y
p
ica
l
tele
c
o
m
lo
a
d
:
a
c
a
se
stu
d
y
.
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
S
u
sta
i
n
a
b
le E
n
e
rg
y
.
2
0
1
5
:
1
-
18.
[5
]
R.
L
iaq
a
t
a
n
d
A
.
R.
Bh
a
tt
i.
M
a
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
a
n
d
c
o
n
se
rv
a
ti
o
n
o
f
e
lec
trica
l
e
n
e
rg
y
in
i
n
d
u
stria
l
u
n
i
ts
.
in
P
r
o
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
e
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
P
o
w
e
r
G
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
S
y
ste
m
s T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
.
2
0
1
1
.
[6
]
h
tt
p
:/
/www.
sc
o
p
u
s.c
o
m/
[
a
c
c
e
ss
e
d
2
0
.
0
9
.
1
5
]
.
[7
]
S
.
J.
Ch
ian
g
,
S
.
Hs
in
-
Ja
n
g
,
a
n
d
C.
M
i
n
g
-
Ch
ieh
.
M
o
d
e
li
n
g
a
n
d
Co
n
tr
o
l
o
f
P
V
Ch
a
rg
e
r
S
y
ste
m
W
it
h
S
E
P
I
C
Co
n
v
e
rter.
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
In
d
u
stria
l
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
.
2
0
0
9
;
5
6
(1
1
):
4
3
4
4
-
4
3
5
3
.
[8
]
M
.
A
lo
n
s
o
A
b
e
ll
a
,
M
.
A
.
F
.
C
h
e
n
lo
A
b
e
ll
a
,
a
n
d
F
.
C
h
e
n
l
o
.
P
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic c
h
a
rg
in
g
st
a
ti
o
n
fo
r
e
lec
trica
l
v
e
h
icle
s
.
in
P
r
o
c
e
e
d
in
g
s o
f
3
rd
W
o
rld
C
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
P
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic E
n
e
rg
y
Co
n
v
e
rsio
n
.
2
0
0
3
;
p
p
.
2
2
8
0
-
2
2
8
3
.
[9
]
S
.
L
i
a
n
d
C.
Zh
a
n
g
.
S
tu
d
y
o
n
B
a
t
ter
y
M
a
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
S
y
ste
m
a
n
d
L
it
h
iu
m
-
io
n
Ba
tt
e
ry
.
in
I
n
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
C
o
m
p
u
ter an
d
A
u
to
m
a
ti
o
n
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
.
2
0
0
9
;
p
p
.
2
1
8
-
2
2
2
.
[1
0
]
C.
C.
Ch
a
n
.
A
n
o
v
e
rv
iew
o
f
e
l
e
c
t
ric v
e
h
icle
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
.
Pro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
o
f
t
h
e
IEE
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Dr
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IJ
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121
[1
2
]
V
.
J.
C
h
i
n
,
Z.
S
a
lam
,
a
n
d
K.
Ish
a
q
u
e
.
C
e
ll
m
o
d
e
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g
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n
d
m
o
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e
l
p
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ra
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m
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h
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iq
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f
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p
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to
v
o
lt
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ic sim
u
lato
r
a
p
p
li
c
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ti
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n
:
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re
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.
Ap
p
li
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d
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e
rg
y
.
2
0
1
5
;
1
5
4
:
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0
0
-
5
1
9
.
[1
3
]
A
.
H.
F
a
n
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e
y
,
B.
P
.
Do
u
g
h
e
rty
,
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d
M
.
W
.
Da
v
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S
h
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rt
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e
rm
Ch
a
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o
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Bu
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In
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P
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v
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J
o
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rn
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o
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E
n
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i
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g
.
2
0
0
3
;
1
2
5
(1
):
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3
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0
.
[1
4
]
J.
-
H.
S
o
n
g
,
Y.
-
S
.
A
n
,
S
.
-
G
.
Kim
,
S
.
-
J.
L
e
e
,
J.
-
H.
Yo
o
n
,
a
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Y.
-
K.
Ch
o
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.
P
o
w
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p
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t
a
n
a
ly
sis
o
f
tran
sp
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re
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in
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f
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m
o
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le
in
b
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d
i
n
g
in
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g
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ted
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic
sy
ste
m
(BIP
V
).
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e
rg
y
a
n
d
B
u
il
d
in
g
s.
2
0
0
8
;
4
0
(
1
1
):
2
0
6
7
-
2
0
7
5
.
[1
5
]
O.
V
e
tt
e
rl,
F
.
F
in
g
e
r,
R.
Ca
riu
s
,
P
.
Ha
p
k
e
,
L
.
Ho
u
b
e
n
,
O.
Klu
th
,
e
t
a
l.
I
n
tri
n
sic
m
icro
c
r
y
st
a
ll
in
e
sili
c
o
n
:
A
n
e
w
m
a
teria
l
f
o
r
p
h
o
to
v
o
lt
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ics
.
S
o
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a
r
En
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y
M
a
ter
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ls
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n
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S
o
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r Ce
ll
s.
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0
0
0
;
6
2
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1
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2
):
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7
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0
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.
[1
6
]
M
.
Ya
m
a
g
u
c
h
i,
T
.
T
a
k
a
m
o
to
,
K.
A
ra
k
i,
a
n
d
N.
Ek
in
s
-
Da
u
k
e
s.
M
u
lt
i
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j
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n
c
ti
o
n
III
–
V
so
lar
c
e
ll
s:
c
u
rre
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t
sta
tu
s
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d
f
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p
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r E
n
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rg
y
.
2
0
0
5
;
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9
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:
7
8
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85.
[1
7
]
G
.
P
re
e
th
a
m
a
n
d
W
.
S
h
iree
n
.
P
h
o
to
v
o
lt
a
ic
c
h
a
rg
i
n
g
st
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ti
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Pl
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I
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Hy
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s
in
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in
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rid
T
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lo
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ies
(IS
G
T
).
2
0
1
2
;
p
p
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1
-
8.
[1
8
]
S
.
J.
T
o
n
g
,
A
.
S
a
m
e
,
M
.
A
.
Ko
o
tstra,
a
n
d
J
.
W
.
P
a
rk
.
Of
f
-
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rid
p
h
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o
v
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ic
v
e
h
icle
c
h
a
rg
e
u
sin
g
se
c
o
n
d
li
f
e
li
th
i
u
m
b
a
tt
e
ri
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s: A
n
e
x
p
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ri
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e
n
tal
a
n
d
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u
m
e
rica
l
in
v
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ti
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.
A
p
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E
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.
2
0
1
3
;
1
0
4
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0
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0
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5
0
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[1
9
]
S
.
M
e
se
n
tea
n
,
W
.
F
e
u
c
h
t
,
H.
G
.
Ku
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H.
F
ra
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S
ma
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o
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c
ted
p
h
o
to
v
o
lt
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ic
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sy
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ms
.
in
2
0
1
0
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tern
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ti
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l
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(E
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n
).
2
0
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0
;
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p
.
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3
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7
8
.
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0
]
M
.
D.
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a
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s
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s
(
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)
.
in
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En
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y
2
0
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0
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c
e
.
2
0
0
8
;
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p
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1
-
8.
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1
]
M
.
Be
n
a
o
u
a
d
j,
A
.
A
b
o
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b
o
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,
M
.
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c
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rif
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Rec
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g
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2
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F
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e
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y
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2
0
1
2
;
p
p
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1
6
1
-
1
6
6
.
[2
2
]
A
.
R.
Bh
a
tt
i,
Z.
S
a
lam
,
M
.
J.
B.
A.
A
z
iz,
a
n
d
K.
P
.
Ye
e
.
A
c
rit
ica
l
r
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v
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w
o
f
e
le
c
tri
c
v
e
h
icle
c
h
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rg
in
g
u
sin
g
so
lar
p
h
o
to
v
o
lt
a
ic.
In
ter
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a
ti
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a
l
J
o
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rn
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l
o
f
En
e
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Res
e
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rc
h
.
2
0
1
5
;
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0
(4
):
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-
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6
1
.
[2
3
]
A
.
R.
Bh
a
tt
i,
Y.
S
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lee
m
,
A
.
G
.
B
h
a
tt
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F
.
Ha
y
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a
n
d
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.
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r.
On
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in
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Op
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ra
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Da
tab
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m
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o
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rn
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F
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c
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g
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&
T
e
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h
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o
lo
g
y
.
2
0
1
3
;
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0
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1
):
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-
62.
[2
4
]
A
.
R.
Bh
a
tt
i,
A
.
G
.
Bh
a
tt
i,
R.
L
ia
q
a
t,
S
.
No
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n
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Re
h
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sis
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Be
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r
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h
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e
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ter
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ti
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l
J
o
u
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l
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f
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e
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trica
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a
n
d
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tro
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2
0
1
3
;
1
1
8
(I):
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6
0
-
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6
5
.
[2
5
]
C.
Ha
m
il
to
n
,
G
.
Ga
m
b
o
a
,
J.
El
m
e
s,
R.
Ke
rle
y
,
A
.
A
ria
s,
M
.
P
e
p
p
e
r
,
e
t
a
l.
S
y
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m
a
rc
h
it
e
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tu
re
o
f
a
mo
d
u
la
r
d
ire
c
t
-
DC P
V
c
h
a
rg
in
g
sta
t
io
n
fo
r p
lu
g
-
in
e
lec
tric v
e
h
icle
s
.
in
IEC
ON
2
0
1
0
-
3
6
t
h
A
n
n
u
a
l
C
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
IEE
E
In
d
u
strial
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
S
o
c
iet
y
.
2
0
1
0
;
p
p
.
2
5
1
6
-
2
5
2
0
.
[2
6
]
M
a
k
e
n
a
Co
ffm
a
n
,
P
a
u
l
Be
rn
ste
i
n
,
a
n
d
A
.
M
a
n
n
,
"
S
tate
w
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El
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tri
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Clea
n
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y
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ies
,
"
2
0
1
2
.
[2
7
]
N.
Na
g
h
iza
d
e
h
a
n
d
S
.
S
.
W
il
li
a
m
so
n
.
A
c
o
m
p
re
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n
siv
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v
iew
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f
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o
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c
o
n
v
e
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r
to
p
o
l
o
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ies
t
o
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ra
te
p
h
o
to
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l
ta
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(
PV
),
A
C
g
ri
d
,
a
n
d
e
lec
tric
v
e
h
icle
s
.
i
n
2
0
1
3
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sp
o
rtati
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n
El
e
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tri
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Co
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f
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a
n
d
Ex
p
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(
IT
EC)
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0
1
3
;
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p
.
1
-
6.
[2
8
]
A
.
R.
Bh
a
tt
i
a
n
d
Z.
S
a
lam
.
Ph
o
to
v
o
lt
a
ic
(
PV
)
Ch
a
rg
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n
g
o
f
El
e
c
tric
V
e
h
icle
(
EV
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.
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tri
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a
l
En
g
in
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rin
g
Re
se
a
rc
h
Co
ll
o
q
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iu
m
F
o
r
E
lec
tro
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ics
,
P
o
w
e
r,
In
stru
m
e
n
tatio
n
&
Co
n
tr
o
l
A
n
d
C
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
(E
ERC
-
2
0
1
3
)
.
2
0
1
3
;
1
;
1
0
2
-
1
0
3
.
[2
9
]
J.
T
ra
u
b
e
,
L
.
F
e
n
g
lo
n
g
,
a
n
d
D.
M
a
k
si
m
o
v
ic.
El
e
c
tric
v
e
h
icle
DC
c
h
a
rg
e
r
in
teg
r
a
ted
wi
th
i
n
a
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic
p
o
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r
sy
ste
m
.
in
Tw
e
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t
y
-
S
e
v
e
n
th
A
n
n
u
a
l
IEE
E
A
p
p
li
e
d
P
o
w
e
r
El
e
c
tro
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Co
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
a
n
d
Ex
p
o
sit
io
n
.
2
0
1
2
;
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p
.
3
5
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H.
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D.
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(S
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m
s:
a
re
v
ie
w
.
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ter
n
a
ti
o
n
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l
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o
u
rn
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l
o
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e
rg
y
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e
a
rc
h
.
2
0
1
5
;
3
9
(
9
):
1
1
5
3
-
1
1
7
8
.
[5
1
]
S
.
G
.
T
e
s
fa
h
u
n
e
g
n
,
O.
Ulleb
e
rg
,
T
.
M
.
Un
d
e
lan
d
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a
n
d
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.
J
.
S
.
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ie
.
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simp
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b
a
tt
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h
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re
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se
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ti
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p
p
li
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s
.
in
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n
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e
c
tri
c
a
l
P
o
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r
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,
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0
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1
In
tern
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ti
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l
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1
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p
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.
[5
2
]
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n
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ic S
p
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e
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2
0
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p
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[5
3
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P
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Ka
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o
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3
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p
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7
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4
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M
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d
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r
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trica
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icle
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[
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BS
fo
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EV
]
.
i
n
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0
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1
IE
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o
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0
1
1
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p
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1
-
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[5
5
]
D.
M
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a
li
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o
,
G
.
Ku
m
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r,
L
.
O.
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C
h
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jan
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sig
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ll
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in
2
0
0
9
In
ter
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2
0
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9
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5
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6
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[5
6
]
P
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p
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Ren
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2
0
1
4
;
6
6
(
0
):
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8
0
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8
7
.
[5
7
]
P
.
Ra
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M
u
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S
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s in
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2
0
1
2
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6
(5
):
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3
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0
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3
3
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5
.
[5
8
]
L
.
L
u
,
X
.
Ha
n
,
J.
L
i,
J.
Hu
a
,
a
n
d
M
.
Ou
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.
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k
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m
a
n
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g
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m
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o
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rn
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s.
2
0
1
3
;
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2
6
(
0
):
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7
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8
8
.
[5
9
]
El
e
c
tro
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e
d
ia.
Ba
tt
e
ry
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
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m
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S
).
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o
o
d
b
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k
C
o
mm
u
n
ic
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s L
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d
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UK.
2
0
0
5
.
[6
0
]
R.
P
a
ss
a
re
ll
a
,
A
.
F
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li
las
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a
n
d
T
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sin
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rre
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M
e
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w
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h
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ic
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a
1
6
.
In
ter
n
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ti
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a
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J
o
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a
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o
f
Po
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r
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e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Dr
ive
S
y
ste
ms
(
IJ
PE
DS
).
2
0
1
4
;
5
(
2
):
1
6
6
-
1
7
5
.
[6
1
]
B.
P
.
Div
a
k
a
r,
K.
W
.
E.
Ch
e
n
g
,
H.
J.
W
u
,
J.
Xu
,
H.
B.
M
a
,
W
.
T
in
g
,
e
t
a
l.
B
a
tt
e
ry
ma
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
sy
ste
m
a
n
d
c
o
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tro
l
stra
teg
y
fo
r
h
y
b
ri
d
a
n
d
e
l
e
c
tric
v
e
h
icle
.
in
3
rd
I
n
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
P
o
w
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El
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c
tro
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S
y
ste
m
s
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A
p
p
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c
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ti
o
n
s.
2
0
0
9
;
p
p
.
1
-
6.
[6
2
]
M
.
Du
b
a
rry
,
V
.
S
v
o
b
o
d
a
,
R.
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u
,
a
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d
B.
Y.
L
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w
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p
a
c
it
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lo
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in
re
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h
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iu
m
c
e
ll
s d
u
rin
g
c
y
c
le l
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ti
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g
:
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h
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p
o
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ter
m
in
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te
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of
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c
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rg
e
.
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o
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rn
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r S
o
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s.
2
0
0
7
;
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(2
):
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[6
3
]
G
.
L
ij
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n
,
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.
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iu
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a
n
d
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A
.
Do
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g
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y
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Co
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ies
.
2
0
0
2
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3
):
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9
5
-
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0
5
.
[6
4
]
P
.
S
in
g
h
,
R.
V
in
jam
u
ri,
X.
W
a
n
g
,
a
n
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D.
Re
isn
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De
sig
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n
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;
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.
[6
5
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C.
P
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P
.
T
.
Kre
in
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S
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Co
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c
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d
Ex
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n
.
1
9
9
7
;
p
p
.
8
4
8
-
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5
4
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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IJ
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Vo
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7
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No
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1
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Ma
r
ch
2
0
1
6
:
1
1
4
–
123
123
B
I
O
G
RAP
H
I
E
S
O
F
AUTH
O
RS
A
b
d
u
l
Ra
u
f
Bh
a
tt
i
re
c
e
iv
e
d
th
e
B.
S
c
.
a
n
d
M
.
S
c
.
d
e
g
re
e
s
in
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
f
ro
m
th
e
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
(UE
T
),
Lah
o
re
,
P
a
k
istan
,
i
n
2
0
0
4
a
n
d
2
0
0
8
,
re
sp
e
c
ti
v
e
l
y
.
H
e
is
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
p
u
rsu
in
g
h
is
P
h
.
D.
d
e
g
re
e
in
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
f
ro
m
Un
iv
e
rsiti
T
e
k
n
o
lo
g
i
M
a
lay
sia
(U
T
M
),
Jo
h
o
r
Ba
h
ru
,
M
a
lay
sia
.
He
w
a
s
a
L
e
c
tu
re
r
a
t
G
o
v
e
rn
m
e
n
t
Co
ll
e
g
e
Un
iv
e
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y
F
a
isa
lab
a
d
,
P
a
k
istan
,
f
o
r
9
y
e
a
rs.
He
g
o
t
b
e
st
tea
c
h
e
r
a
wa
rd
f
o
r
th
e
y
e
a
rs
2
0
0
9
-
2
0
1
0
.
His
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
in
c
lu
d
e
P
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic
(
P
V
)
p
re
d
ictio
n
m
o
d
e
li
n
g
,
e
n
e
rg
y
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
w
it
h
sp
e
c
ial
f
o
c
u
s
o
f
c
h
a
r
g
in
g
th
e
e
lec
tri
c
v
e
h
icle
s
(
EV
)
,
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
m
a
c
h
in
e
s,
M
a
tl
a
b
sim
u
latio
n
s a
n
d
i
n
telli
g
e
n
t
c
o
n
tr
o
l.
Zain
a
l
S
a
lam
re
c
e
i
v
e
d
th
e
B.
S
c
.
d
e
g
re
e
in
e
lec
tro
n
ics
e
n
g
in
e
e
ri
n
g
f
ro
m
th
e
Ca
li
f
o
rn
ia
S
tate
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
,
Ch
ico
,
CA
,
USA
,
th
e
M
.
E.
E
.
d
e
g
re
e
in
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
f
ro
m
th
e
Un
iv
e
rsiti
T
e
k
n
o
lo
g
i
M
a
lay
si
a
(UT
M
),
Jo
h
o
r
Ba
h
r
u
,
M
a
lay
sia
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
P
h
.
D.
d
e
g
re
e
in
p
o
w
e
r
e
lec
tr
o
n
ics
,
f
ro
m
th
e
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
Bir
m
in
g
h
a
m
,
Bir
m
in
g
h
a
m
,
U.K.,
in
1
9
8
5
,
1
9
8
9
,
a
n
d
1
9
9
7
,
re
sp
e
c
ti
v
e
ly
.
He
is
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c
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ics
.
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