Intern
ati
o
n
a
l
Jo
u
r
n
a
l
of
P
o
we
r El
ec
tr
on
i
c
s
an
d D
r
i
v
e
S
y
stem
(I
JPE
D
S)
V
o
l.
11
, N
o
. 2, Jun
e
20
20
, pp
. 59
4
~
60
4
I
SSN
:
208
8-8
6
9
4
, D
O
I:
10.
115
91
/i
jp
e
d
s.v
1
1
.i2
.
p
p59
4-6
04
5
94
Jo
urn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
: h
t
t
p
:/
/ijpe
d
s.
i
a
e
s
c
o
re.
c
o
m
Design and analysis of controll
ers for high
voltage ga
in DC-DC
converter for PV panel
S.
N
aga
r
a
j
1
, R.
R
a
nih
e
ma
ma
lini
2
, L.
Ra
j
a
j
i
3
1,
2
De
pa
r
t
me
n
t
of E
l
e
c
t
ri
ca
l a
n
d E
l
ec
t
r
o
n
ic
s
E
ngin
e
e
r
i
ng,
St.
Pe
t
e
r’s Insti
t
ut
e
of
H
i
gher
Educ
atio
n
an
d Res
e
arch
, In
dia
3
De
p
a
rtm
e
nt
of
El
ec
t
r
ic
a
l
a
nd Ele
c
t
ro
nic
s
E
n
g
i
nee
r
i
n
g, ARM,
Co
ll
e
g
e o
f
En
gi
nee
r
in
g a
n
d
Te
c
h
n
o
log
y
,
In
dia
A
r
ticle In
fo
A
B
S
T
RAC
T
A
r
tic
le
h
i
st
o
r
y:
Rec
e
i
v
ed
Se
p 9
,
20
19
Re
vise
d N
o
v
8
,
20
19
A
c
ce
p
t
ed
D
e
c
1
7
,
2
019
Bid
i
re
ction
a
l hi
gh
g
a
in
D
C
-DC
bu
ck
bo
ost
con
v
e
rter
is
a
virtu
a
l
in
terfac
e
amon
g
PV
s
o
u
r
ce and
inv
e
rte
r
fed
motor
driv
e. In
this
ar
ticle
,
a
P
V
p
a
n
e
l
in
teg
r
ating
a
n
on-iso
l
at
ed b
i
d
i
rect
ion
a
l
DC/D
C co
nver
t
er
th
at
h
a
s
h
i
gh
vo
ltag
e g
a
in
v
o
l
t
a
ge
and
a 3
ph
as
e thre
e
level D
C
/AC
in
verter
is
p
r
o
j
ec
ted
.
It
high
ligh
ts
th
e
c
o
m
p
aris
on
betw
een
pro
p
ort
i
onal
integr
al cont
r
o
l
l
er (PIC),
fra
c
tio
na
l orde
r pro
p
o
rt
io
n
a
l inte
g
r
al
de
riv
a
t
i
ve Con
t
ro
ll
e
r
(FOP
IDC) a
n
d
f
u
zzy
l
o
g
i
c
con
t
r
o
ll
er
(
F
LC
)
b
a
s
e
d B
i
d
i
r
e
c
t
io
na
l D
C
/
D
C
P
o
w
e
r
C
o
nv
er
te
r
Sy
st
e
m
(BDDP
C
S).
Th
e
de
si
gn,
m
o
d
e
l
a
nd simu
la
t
i
o
n
usin
g
SIMULINK
of
op
en loo
p
BDDP
CS
an
d clo
s
ed
lo
op P
I
C,
F
O
P
I
D
C
and
F
L
C bas
e
d
BD
DP
CS
are do
ne
and
th
e resu
lts are
discu
ssed
.
Th
e fin
d
ing
s
ind
i
cate h
i
g
h
e
r
perfo
rman
ce
for
FLC b
a
s
e
d
co
ntr
o
l of
BD
DP
CS
. The
prop
os
ed
B
D
DP
CS
has
meri
ts suc
h
as
bidi
rect
ional
power
tran
sfer
abi
lity,
l
e
sser
ha
rdware count
wit
h
enh
a
nc
ed d
y
n
a
mic r
e
sp
on
se. T
h
e hard
war
e
of
BD
DP
CS
is
tested an
d th
e
experiment
result is
com
p
ared
in
associ
at
i
o
n wi
th
si
mulation r
e
sul
t
s.
Ke
yw
ords:
Boost
c
o
nve
rt
e
r
F
u
zzy
log
i
c
con
t
ro
ll
er
Hi
g
h
vol
ta
ge
ga
i
n
Pv pa
nel
St
ea
dy
st
at
e
an
al
ysi
s
Th
is
is a
n
o
p
en
acces
s a
r
ticle
un
d
e
r the
C
C
B
Y
-SA
licens
e
.
Corres
p
o
n
din
g
A
u
t
h
or:
S.
Na
ga
ra
j
,
Re
search
Sc
ho
l
a
r,
Depa
rtme
n
t
of
El
ec
tric
al
a
n
d
El
ec
tro
n
ic
s
En
gi
neeri
n
g
,
St
.
Pet
e
r’s
In
st
it
ut
e o
f
Hi
g
h
er Ed
uca
t
ion
an
d R
e
se
arc
h
,
Ton
a
k
e
la
Camp
R
o
a
d
,
S
a
nk
ar N
a
g
a
r,
A
v
ad
i,
Ch
en
n
a
i,
Tamil
Na
du
60
005
4,
Ind
i
a
.
Emai
l:
naga
raj
s
ub
rama
ni
1
1
@
gma
i
l
.
co
m
1.
IN
TR
O
DUCTION
So
lar
p
a
n
e
ls
are
gather
i
ng
mo
re
pop
ular
it
y amon
g t
h
e g
r
o
w
in
g en
vir
o
n
m
en
t b
e
cau
s
e of
pol
lut
i
o
n
f
r
ee
nat
u
re
a
nd o
v
e
r
co
min
g
of
di
ffi
c
ul
t
y
i
n
depl
et
ion
of fue
l
s
[1
].
Usua
l
l
y, P
V
cel
l
s
are
c
o
nn
e
c
t
e
d i
n
se
ri
es
t
o
pro
v
i
d
e
hi
gh
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
(HV
)
e
s
se
nt
ia
l for
e
l
e
c
t
ri
c m
o
tor
dri
v
e
s
.
Ho
we
ve
r, t
h
e
vari
a
t
i
o
n
in
t
e
mpera
t
ure
g
r
adi
e
nt
and c
h
a
r
gi
ng
i
m
bal
a
nc
e bet
w
ee
n the
cel
l
s
ma
y
l
e
ad to
de
p
r
i
v
a
t
ion
of s
o
l
a
r c
e
l
l
l
i
fe
spa
n
[2
, 3
]
. Bi
di
rec
t
i
onal
DC
/D
C b
u
c
k
bo
ost i
s
ol
at
ed
po
we
r co
nv
ert
e
rs suc
h
as
ha
l
f
bri
dge a
n
d
ful
l
b
r
i
d
ge de
l
i
ver a b
e
t
t
e
r
g
a
in i
n
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
du
ri
ng st
epp
i
ng
u
p
a
s
w
e
ll a
s
ste
ppin
g
d
o
w
n
by
do
ing
ad
ju
stm
e
n
t
s
on
t
r
an
sfo
r
me
r
s
t
u
rns
r
a
t
i
o
bu
t
o
c
cu
rr
en
ce
o
f
le
ak
a
g
e
r
e
a
c
t
ance
o
n
th
e
t
r
an
sfo
r
me
r
cou
p
l
in
g
mi
gh
t le
ad
to
a h
a
z
a
r
d
o
u
s
HV
sp
ark
s
i
n
switc
h
e
s
at
swi
t
c
hi
n
g
t
r
a
n
sie
n
ts, h
uge
C
U
l
o
ss
a
n
d n
o
t muc
h
sui
t
a
b
l
e for l
a
rge
r
va
ri
at
ion
of
volt
a
ge
s
[4, 5
]
.
S
o
ft
swi
t
c
h
i
nnova
ti
o
n
o
n
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
rs c
r
ea
te
d
a
bet
t
e
r
wa
y
fo
r dec
r
ea
sin
g
t
h
e s
w
i
t
c
h
i
n
g l
o
sse
s
d
u
r
i
n
g
tra
n
si
ent
s
[6,
7].
On
a
o
t
h
e
r
h
a
nd
,
th
e n
u
mb
e
r
of
o
p
e
r
a
ting
sw
it
ch
e
s
in
cr
e
a
s
e
s
wh
ic
h l
e
a
d
s
to
th
e
in
cr
ea
se
i
n
co
ndu
c
tio
n lo
sse
s,
com
p
l
e
xi
ty
a
n
d c
o
st
[8]
.
S
w
i
t
c
h
ed
c
a
p
a
c
i
to
r
(S
C)
base
d
D
C
/
D
C
c
o
nve
r
t
e
r
c
oul
d
pr
o
m
i
s
e
for a
re
duc
t
i
on
i
n
si
ze
o
f
po
we
r co
nv
ert
e
r
an
d
po
sse
ss b
e
tt
er
po
w
e
r
densi
t
y
.
S
t
i
l
l
hi
gh ga
in
i
n
vol
t
a
ge
i
s
ne
c
e
ssary
whi
c
h
le
ad t
o
i
n
cre
a
se i
n
t
h
e si
ze of t
h
e SC
[9
, 1
0
].
O
n
t
h
e
ot
her e
n
d,
s
w
i
t
che
d
i
n
d
u
ct
o
r
(SL
)
can
han
d
l
e
l
a
rge
v
o
l
t
a
ge
ga
i
n
no
mat
t
e
r
o
n
w
h
i
c
h
q
u
ad
ra
nt it
is o
p
era
t
e
d
[1
1]
.
H
e
nce
,
DC
-D
C
po
we
r c
o
nv
erte
r t
h
at
ha
s hig
h
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
g
a
i
n
has
yie
l
d
man
y
re
sea
r
c
h
ers a
t
t
e
nt
i
o
n
.
Thi
s
a
r
t
i
c
l
e at
t
e
mpts t
o
rec
ogni
z
e
a bet
t
e
r
bi
di
rec
t
i
onal
DC
/D
C co
nv
e
r
t
e
r t
o
pol
og
y
fo
r
sol
a
r pa
n
e
l
fed
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
o
w
Elec &
Dri Sy
st
I
SSN
: 2
0
8
8
-8
69
4
De
sig
n
a
n
d
a
n
a
l
y
si
s of
c
o
nt
r
o
ll
e
r
s for
hi
gh
vol
t
a
ge
g
a
i
n
D
C
-DC
c
o
nvert
e
r f
o
r
PV pa
ne
l
(S
. Na
g
a
r
a
j
)
5
95
i
n
d
u
ct
i
o
n
mot
o
r wi
th
hi
gh
gai
n
i
n
v
o
l
t
a
g
e [
1
2,
13
]
.
Fi
r
s
t
,
t
h
e
e
x
ist
i
n
g
a
n
d
the
pr
o
pose
d
DC-
D
C bi
di
re
c
t
i
onal
co
nv
er
te
r
w
o
u
l
d
b
e
d
i
scu
s
sed.
I
t
el
a
b
or
a
t
e
s
,
w
h
ich
topo
l
ogy
can
o
f
f
e
r h
i
gh
p
o
w
e
r ou
t
p
ut.
Se
c
ond
, conv
e
r
t
e
r
a
n
d
c
ont
r
o
ll
e
r
desi
gns
a
r
e
di
s
c
l
o
se
d
as
a
n
o
v
er
vi
ew
a
n
d
th
i
r
d,
the
pr
o
pose
d
ci
rcui
t
an
d
it
s re
sul
t
s
obt
a
i
ne
d
i
n
MA
TLAB
-
S
i
mul
i
nk pl
at
f
o
r
m
are
i
n
vest
i
g
at
ed.
F
i
na
l
l
y
,
t
h
e ex
pe
ri
me
nt
a
l
set
up a
nd
t
h
e re
s
u
lt
s
o
b
t
a
i
n
ed a
r
e
di
scuss
e
d
.
I
n
t
h
i
s
pape
r c
h
a
p
t
e
r
I
I
d
e
sc
ri
be
t
h
e
pr
o
pos
ed
sy
st
em mode
ll
i
n
g
a
n
d
a
n
al
ysis.
C
h
a
p
t
e
r
II
I
de
l
i
ne
at
e
t
h
e si
mula
ti
o
n
ci
rc
uit
s
an
d r
e
sul
t
s
o
f
fi
ve l
e
ve
l,
el
eve
n
l
e
ve
l H
B
r
i
dge
a
nd T b
r
id
ge
i
nve
r
t
e
r
.
C
h
a
p
t
e
r
I
V
e
xpla
i
n
s
a
b
out
har
d
wa
re
i
m
p
l
e
m
e
n
ta
ti
o
n
of
t
h
e
pr
oje
c
t
a
n
d
THD
c
o
m
p
are
d
w
i
t
h
T
br
id
g
e
i
n
ver
t
er
.
F
i
na
l
l
y,
it
is con
c
lud
e
d in
C
h
ap
te
r
IV.
2.
PR
OPOS
E
D
SY
STE
M
MO
DEL
L
I
N
G
AN
D
A
N
A
L
YSIS
Fi
gu
re
1 r
e
p
r
e
s
ent
s
t
h
e
b
l
oc
k di
agr
a
m o
f
t
h
e con
v
e
n
t
i
onal
Z-so
u
r
c
e
co
nv
e
r
t
e
r sy
st
em. It
has u
n
i
q
u
e
i
m
peda
nc
e
i
n
X
s
h
ape
w
h
i
c
h uses
4 passi
ve
el
eme
n
t
s
. Al
l
t
h
e way
s
of p
o
we
r
c
o
nv
e
r
si
ons bet
w
ee
n
po
we
r
sour
ces and the main
ci
rc
uit
ca
n
be pe
r
f
o
r
m
ed e
f
fec
t
i
v
e
l
y [
1
4]
.
H
o
we
ve
r,
the
ma
jo
r
dr
aw
ba
c
k
i
s
ha
v
i
ng l
o
w
a
v
era
g
e p
o
w
e
r
con
v
e
r
si
o
n
r
a
t
e
an
d
t
o
t
a
l
ha
r
m
onic
di
sto
r
ti
o
n
(
T
H
D
)
u
n
d
er
low
e
r
b
oost
i
n
g ra
t
i
o ra
n
g
e
[1
5,
16
].
Fi
gu
re
1.
S
c
he
mat
i
c
rep
r
ese
n
t
a
t
i
on of
the
e
x
i
s
t
i
ng
s
y
ste
m
Thi
s
ca
n be e
f
f
ect
i
v
el
y
o
v
er
come by t
h
e
pr
oj
ec
t
e
d
s
y
st
em. T
h
e
sch
e
ma
t
i
c
re
p
r
ese
n
t
a
ti
on
o
f
t
h
e
ex
i
s
tin
g
sy
stem
is
d
e
p
i
c
t
e
d
in
Fi
gu
r
e
2
.
Th
e s
i
mu
la
ti
o
n
s
of
bo
t
h
th
e sy
st
e
m
s ar
e
p
e
r
f
orme
d
.
Z-
so
ur
c
e
D
C
-D
C
co
nv
er
te
r sy
s
t
e
m
con
f
i
g
u
r
e
rati
o
n
is co
mp
are
d
w
ith
no
n-
iso
l
at
ed
D
C
-
D
C
p
o
w
e
r
c
onv
e
r
t
e
r w
ith
h
i
gh
gai
n
in
vol
t
a
ge
s
y
st
em
ba
sed
on
t
h
e
vol
t
a
ge
b
oost
up
, p
o
we
r
ha
n
d
l
i
n
g
ca
pa
ci
ty
a
n
d
T
H
D.
T
h
is pape
r
dea
l
s w
i
t
h
t
h
e
st
ep-
u
p
mo
de
al
one
si
nce
t
h
e
an
a
l
ysi
s
is
me
ant
fo
r
E
V
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
on
bat
t
e
ry
t
o
dr
iv
e
ope
ra
t
i
o
n
[
1
7
]
.
T
h
e
f
u
t
u
r
e
a
n
al
ysis
is
pla
n
ned
f
o
r
st
ep
d
o
w
n
m
ode
a
l
so
.
Fi
gu
re
2.
B
l
oc
k di
ag
ra
m of
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
sed
s
y
st
e
m
Fi
gu
re
3
de
pi
c
t
s t
h
e
schema
ti
c
ci
rcui
t
di
ag
r
a
m of t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
se
d c
o
nve
rt
er
[1
3]
.
P
o
we
r
sw
it
che
s
ar
e
S1
an
d
S2
w
h
e
r
eas S3
and
S
4
act as activ
e
r
e
ctifier
s
[
18]
.
A
t
f
i
r
s
t,
S1
a
n
d
S2
po
w
e
r switch
e
s
ar
e tur
n
ed
on
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN
: 2
088
-86
94
I
n
t J
P
o
w
El
ec
&
D
r
i S
y
st
,
V
o
l
.
11,
N
o
.
2,
J
u
ne
20
2
0
:
5
94
– 60
4
59
6
Du
r
i
n
g
t
h
i
s
mo
de,
i
n
duct
o
r
L
1
ge
ts
ma
gnet
i
z
ed
b
y
t
h
e
cap
a
c
i
t
o
r’s
C
st
o
r
e
d
c
h
a
r
ge
s a
n
d l
o
w
vol
ta
ge
dc
sou
r
c
e
V
low
.
I
n
duc
t
o
r
L2 ge
ts e
n
er
g
y
fr
om the
l
o
w
vol
t
a
ge
dc
s
our
ce V
low
.
Fi
gu
re
3.
Sc
he
mat
i
c
ci
rcui
t
o
f
t
h
e pr
o
pose
d
s
y
ste
m
The
v
o
l
t
a
g
es al
ong i
nduc
t
o
r
s
L
1
an
d L
2
a
r
e
i
n
d
i
ca
te
d bel
o
w.
(1
)
(2
)
10
00
1
1
(3
)
In t
h
e
ne
xt
m
o
de,
S
3
a
nd
S
4
sw
it
ch
e
s
must b
e
tu
rn
e
d
on
w
h
ere
a
s
th
e o
t
h
e
r sw
i
t
ch
es
S
1
and
S
2
are
made
of
f.
T
h
e
st
ore
d
ene
r
gy
of L
1
i
nduc
t
o
r
and
l
o
w v
o
l
t
a
g
e
inp
u
t
V
low
is u
s
ed
to
o
ffe
r
h
i
gh
vo
lt
ag
e
ou
tpu
t
.
A
l
so
, th
e
stor
e
d
en
ergy
o
f
L
2
ind
u
c
t
o
r
a
n
d
l
o
w
vol
ta
ge
in
pu
t
V
lo
w
i
s
us
ed to
c
h
a
r
g
e
C capa
c
i
t
o
r
[19
]
.
Th
e i
n
du
c
t
or
L
1
and
L
2
v
o
lt
a
g
e
s
o
b
t
a
i
n
e
d
thi
s
m
ode
are
gi
v
e
n
bel
o
w.
(4
)
(5
)
0
1
10
1
1
(6
)
Her
e
,
10
00
an
d
1
1
0
1
10
an
d
1
1
∝
1
∝
(7
)
1
1
0
(8
)
∝
1
∝
(9
)
1
1
(
10)
01
0
(
11)
Her
e
V
low
a
nd
V
high
be t
h
e i
n
put a
n
d
out
put
vol
t
a
ge
a
f
t
e
r
st
eppi
ng u
p
,
V
1in
d
and
V
2ind
are
th
e
vo
lt
ag
e
mea
s
u
r
ed
al
o
n
g
t
h
e i
n
duc
t
o
rs
. V
ca
p
i
s
t
h
e
v
o
l
t
a
g
e acr
oss t
h
e
capa
c
i
t
o
r
,
α
b
e
du
ty
r
a
tio and
the
n
R
M
be
t
h
e
l
o
ad
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
o
w
Elec &
Dri Sy
st
I
SSN
: 2
0
8
8
-8
69
4
De
sig
n
a
n
d
a
n
a
l
y
si
s of
c
o
nt
r
o
ll
e
r
s for
hi
gh
vol
t
a
ge
g
a
i
n
D
C
-DC
c
o
nvert
e
r f
o
r
PV pa
ne
l
(S
. Na
g
a
r
a
j
)
5
97
re
sis
t
an
ce
.
By
u
s
ing
vo
l
t
-
s
ec p
r
i
n
c
i
p
l
e
of
b
a
l
a
n
c
in
g f
o
r
(
3
)
a
nd
(6),
vo
lta
g
e
g
a
in
du
ri
ng
ste
p
p
i
ng
up
mo
d
e
is
as pr
es
e
n
t
e
d
b
e
l
o
w
,
∝
(
12)
The
desi
g
n
e
q
u
a
t
i
ons
fo
r
fi
n
d
ing
the
va
lue
s
o
f
the
i
n
duct
o
rs
a
r
e
give
n
a
s
[
2
0]
.
∝
∝
∝
(
13)
∝
(
14)
3.
SIMU
LA
TI
ON
RESU
LTS A
N
D
D
I
SCUSS
I
ONS
Si
mula
t
i
o
n
re
s
u
lt
s of
e
x
i
s
t
i
ng a
n
d
pr
o
p
o
s
e
d
syst
em ar
e
pre
s
e
n
t
e
d
i
n
T
a
bl
e I
.
T
h
e
com
p
ar
is
on
i
ndi
cat
e
s
t
h
a
t
t
h
e p
r
op
ose
d
syst
em
pr
o
duc
e
s
hig
h
e
r
o
u
t
put
po
we
r wi
t
h
re
du
c
e
d T
H
D [
2
1
]
.
O
p
e
n
loo
p
B
DDP
C
S
m
o
del
wi
th
var
y
i
ng l
o
a
d
is as
depi
ct
ed i
n
F
i
gu
r
e
4. T
h
e si
mul
a
t
i
on
par
a
met
e
r
s
ar
e
giv
e
n
i
n
Ap
pe
ndi
x A.
Fi
gu
re
4.
O
p
e
n
l
o
o
p
B
D
DPC
S
sy
st
e
m
wi
th
var
y
i
n
g
l
o
ad
Ta
ble
1.
C
o
mp
a
r
i
s
on
of
o
u
t
p
u
t
vol
t
a
ge
,
p
o
we
r f
o
r e
x
ist
i
ng a
n
d
p
r
op
ose
d
sy
st
em
Con
verter S
y
stem Vin
V
o
O
u
t
p
ut curr
ent
THD
Out
p
ut Po
w
e
r
Ex
istin
g
100
V
36
0V
1
5
.0
7%
2
700
W
Pro
p
os
ed 100
V
40
0V
9
.
9
5
%
3
700
W
A
desi
gn
of
P
I
,
F
O
P
I
D
a
n
d
f
u
zzy
c
ont
r
o
l
l
e
r
we
re
per
f
o
r
me
d
f
o
r
t
h
e
b
oost
o
p
e
r
at
i
on
of
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
se
d
co
nv
er
te
r
to im
prov
e th
e
sy
ste
m
’
s
tr
an
sie
n
t ch
ar
a
c
t
e
r
i
st
ics
.
Li
n
e
a
r
c
o
nt
ro
l
te
c
h
no
l
o
g
i
e
s
u
s
e
a sma
ll s
i
gn
a
l
de
si
g
n
t
r
an
sf
e
r
f
u
nc
ti
on
whe
r
eas F
L
C
use
s
hu
man
be
in
g’
s
i
n
t
u
it
i
v
e
dec
i
si
ons
. C
l
o
s
e
d
lo
op
s
y
st
em
wi
t
h
P
I
C
.
s(
n)
(
a
ct
u
a
l spe
e
d
)
of BDD
C
IS
dr
iv
e
is id
e
n
ti
fi
ed
and
th
e
n
co
mp
are
d
with
sr
ef (se
t
spee
d
)
to ob
t
a
i
n
e(n)
(s
p
eed error
)
[2
2, 23
]. Th
is
is g
i
v
e
n to the PIC an
d th
e
co
rresp
o
n
d
i
ng ou
tp
u
t
fo
rm
t
h
e
co
n
t
r
o
ller is forw
ar
d
e
d
to
com
p
a
r
a
t
or
.
The
u
pdat
e
d
g
a
t
e
pul
se
fr
o
m
the
c
o
mpa
r
at
o
r
is
use
d
t
o
tr
ig
ge
r t
h
e
c
o
nt
rol
sw
it
che
s
i
n
c
o
nv
e
r
t
e
r
.
T
h
i
s
i
n
t
u
r
n
he
lps i
n
r
e
g
u
l
a
t
i
n
g
t
h
e
vol
ta
ge
a
n
d spee
d of
t
h
e d
r
ive
.
The
mot
o
r spe
e
d r
e
duce
s
fr
om 1
3
5
0
R
P
M
t
o
1
294
.7
R
P
M
an
d
th
e
To
rqu
e
se
ttl
es
a
t
4
N
-
m.
In
th
e c
onve
n
tio
n
a
l PID
c
o
n
t
ro
l
l
e
r
, t
h
e de
ri
v
a
t
i
v
e
a
s
w
e
ll
a
s
i
n
t
e
gra
t
or
or
de
r i
s
1 w
h
e
r
e
a
s
i
n
d
yna
mic
a
l
syst
em cal
l
e
d
FO
P
I
D
,
the
r
e
exi
s
t
s
a de
gr
e
e
of
fr
ee
do
m in t
h
e
de
ri
vat
i
ve
an
d
int
e
g
r
at
or
or
de
r
as sho
w
n
i
n
equa
ti
o
n
(
1
5)
.
A
l
so,
t
h
e
e
f
fi
ci
e
n
c
y
is fa
r
bet
t
e
r t
h
an c
o
nve
n
t
i
onal
mo
de.
It
was f
i
rst p
r
op
ose
d
by P
o
dl
u
b
n
y
i
n
t
h
e
yea
r
1
9
9
9
[
2
4
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN
: 2
088
-8
6
94
Int
J
P
o
w
Ele
c
& D
r
i
S
y
st, V
o
l
.
1
1
,
N
o
.
2, Ju
ne
20
2
0
:
5
9
4
–
604
59
8
(15)
Whe
r
e
u(s) =
C
ont
rol
si
gnal
e(
s) = Er
ror signal
The
c
l
ose
d
l
o
op
m
o
del
of
FO
P
I
DC
i
s
a
n
al
yze
d
ne
xt
.
T
h
e
PI
C
o
ntr
o
ll
er i
s
re
pl
ace
d
b
y
F
O
P
I
D
cont
rol
l
e
r.
T
h
e
mot
o
r sp
ee
d
i
s
1
3
00
RP
M a
n
d
t
h
e
torq
ue
deve
l
ope
d
is
is
4
N
-
m. R
i
se
t
i
me
is
re
d
u
ce
d
fr
om
0
.
6
t
o
0
.
45
s
e
c
.
Se
ttli
n
g
ti
me
is
d
e
c
r
e
a
sed
fr
om 2
.
3
to 1.
4 se
c. Th
e
p
eak
t
i
me c
h
a
n
ges
fr
om 0
.
51
to
0
.
53
seco
nd a
nd
e
r
ror i
s
mi
ni
miz
e
d
f
r
o
m
5.3 to
2.8
V
.
N
o
ma
t
h
e
m
at
ic
al
mo
d
e
l
l
i
ng is nece
ssa
ry for
F
L
C. It
c
a
n
ut
il
i
ze
the
ge
n
e
ral
k
n
o
w
n
k
n
o
wl
e
dge
o
f
t
h
e
pla
n
t.
F
u
z
z
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
on
(c
ri
s
p
to
fu
zzy
), l
i
n
g
u
ist
i
c
desc
ri
pti
v
e
rule
s
,
i
n
fere
nce
mec
h
ani
s
m (for c
hoosi
n
g
t
h
e
co
rrec
t
rul
e
for a
c
u
rre
n
t
pla
n
t
si
tua
t
ion
)
a
n
d
def
u
z
z
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
(fuz
z
y
t
o
c
r
i
s
p)
ar
e
t
h
e
m
a
j
o
r
f
our
com
p
o
n
e
n
t
s in
FLC [
2
5
]
. The
r
e
a
r
e
two
sp
e
c
if
ic i
n
pu
ts f
e
d
to
th
e
fu
z
z
y
con
t
ro
l
l
e
r
.
Err
o
r
i
n
m
o
t
o
r
RP
M (e
(
n
)
)
i
s
t
h
e fi
r
s
t
inp
u
t
g
i
ven i
n
(
1
6
)
a
nd s
u
cc
es
s
i
ve
e
r
ro
r di
ffe
renc
e
(
c
e
(
n
)) i
s
t
h
e s
e
con
d
i
nput
gi
ve
n
i
n
(17
)
. F
u
zz
y
co
n
t
rol
l
e
r
out
p
u
t
i
s
cha
n
ge
i
n
d
u
t
y
c
y
c
l
e
.
(16)
1
(17)
s
ref
–
Re
fere
nc
e
spee
d
s(n
)
–
mot
o
r
sp
ee
d
at
nth sam
p
le
.
e(n-1)
– error at
(
n
-1)
sample
C
l
ose
d
l
o
o
p
model
wi
t
h
FLC
i
s
as
de
pi
c
t
e
d
in
F
i
g
u
re
5
.
T
h
e
Inp
u
t
vari
a
b
l
e
1 &
2 a
r
e i
l
l
u
st
rat
e
d
i
n
Fi
gu
re
6
a
nd 7
res
p
ec
ti
vel
y
.
F
i
gu
re
8
den
o
t
e
s the
out
put
v
a
ri
abl
e
. T
h
e
F
u
z
z
y
R
u
le
s a
r
e
sum
m
a
r
i
z
e
d
T
a
ble
2
.
The
m
o
to
r sp
ee
d va
l
u
e
is
13
0
0
R
P
M. T
h
e
To
r
que
res
p
o
n
se
i
s
4
N-m.
The
t
i
me
domai
n
varia
b
l
e
s
a
r
e
com
p
are
d
f
o
r d
i
ffere
n
t
c
o
nt
rol
l
e
r
im
pl
ement
a
t
i
o
n
i
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Ta
bl
e
3
.
T
h
e
set
t
l
ing ti
me is
dec
r
ea
se
d fr
o
m
2.3
t
o
0
.
6
sec
o
n
d
s. Erro
r
i
s
mi
nim
i
zed from
5.3
t
o
0.
08
R
P
M.
The
F
i
gu
re 9 sho
w
s t
h
e
n
o
r
mal
i
zed tor
q
u
e
, spe
e
d
a
nd po
we
r
o
b
t
a
i
n
e
d
f
o
r di
ffere
nt
cont
rol
l
e
r
s
’
i
m
pl
eme
n
t
a
t
i
on. T
h
e bl
ue
cur
v
e in
di
ca
te
s
ope
n l
oop s
y
st
e
m
.
O
r
an
ge
and gree
n c
u
rve
s
re
pre
s
e
n
t
PI
an
d
FO
P
I
D
c
ont
rol
l
ed s
y
st
em
res
p
e
c
t
i
ve
l
y
. Fi
na
l
l
y, the
red
c
u
rve
s
re
prese
n
t t
h
e
FLC
ba
se
d
syst
em
de
si
gne
d. T
h
e
i
nve
rt
er out
put
cu
rre
n
t
i
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
i
g
u
re
1
0
fo
r di
ffe
re
nt
c
ont
roll
er
i
m
pl
e
m
e
n
ta
ti
o
n
.
Ta
ble
2.
R
u
le
Ta
ble
e/c
e
NL
N
M
NS
ZE
PS
PM PL
NL NL
NL NL
NL
N
M
NS
ZE
N
M
NL
NL
NL
N
M
NS
ZE
PS
NS NL
NL
N
M
NS
ZE
PS
PM
ZE NL
N
M
NS
ZE
P
S
PM
PL
PS N
M
NS
ZE
PS P
M
PL
P
L
PM
NS
ZE
P
S
PM
PL
P
L
PL
PL
ZE
P
S
PM
PL
PL
P
L
PL
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
o
w
Elec &
Dri Sy
st
I
SSN
: 2
0
8
8
-8
69
4
De
sig
n
a
n
d
a
n
a
l
y
si
s of
c
o
nt
r
o
ll
e
r
s for
hi
gh
vol
t
a
ge
g
a
i
n
D
C
-DC
c
o
nvert
e
r f
o
r
PV pa
ne
l
(S
. Na
g
a
r
a
j
)
5
99
Fi
gu
re
5.
C
l
ose
d
l
o
op B
D
D
I
C
syste
m
wi
t
h
F
L
Fi
gu
re
6.
I
n
p
u
t
va
ri
abl
e
1
Tabl
e
3. C
o
m
p
ari
s
o
n
of
t
i
me
do
ma
i
n
pa
r
a
m
e
t
e
rs wi
th
pi,
f
opi
d & fl
c
o
ntr
o
ll
er
Cont
r
o
l
l
e
r
T
r
Ts
Tp
E
ss
P
I
0.
60
2.
3
0.
51
5.
3
F
O
P
I
D
0.
35
1.
4
0.
43
2.
8
FLC
0.
3
0.
6 0.
46 0.
08
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN
: 2
088
-8
6
94
Int
J
P
o
w
Ele
c
& D
r
i
S
y
st, V
o
l
.
1
1
,
N
o
.
2, Ju
ne
20
2
0
:
5
9
4
–
604
60
0
F
i
gu
re 7.
I
nput
va
ri
abl
e
2
Fi
gu
re
8. O
u
tp
ut
va
ri
abl
e
Fi
g
u
re
9
.
M
o
t
o
r
c
h
aract
erist
i
c
s t
o
rq
ue
,
spe
e
d
a
n
d
po
we
r
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
o
w
Elec &
Dri Sy
st
I
SSN
: 2
0
8
8
-8
69
4
De
sig
n
a
n
d
a
n
a
l
y
si
s of
c
o
nt
r
o
ll
e
r
s for
hi
gh
vol
t
a
ge
g
a
i
n
D
C
-DC
c
o
nvert
e
r f
o
r
PV pa
ne
l
(S
. Na
g
a
r
a
j
)
6
01
Fi
gu
re
1
0
.
In
ve
r
t
e
r
out
put
c
u
rr
ent
f
o
r
FLC
,
F
O
P
I
D a
n
d
P
I
c
ont
rol
l
e
d
sy
ste
m
4.
EX
P
E
R
I
M
E
NT
A
L
RE
SU
LTS
The
fu
nc
ti
o
n
al
i
t
y of
t
h
e
pr
o
p
o
se
d co
n
v
er
te
r
is ver
i
f
i
e
d
e
x
p
e
ri
ment
al
l
y
w
i
t
h
the
de
si
gn
pa
r
a
met
e
rs a
s
gi
ve
n in Ta
bl
e 4. T
h
e
volt
a
ge
p
r
of
il
e
use
d
in t
h
e
si
m
u
la
ti
on is sc
al
ed
do
w
n
b
y
4
f
o
r
t
h
e ex
pe
r
i
ment
a
l
v
e
r
i
f
i
c
a
tion
.
Th
e h
a
rd
w
a
r
e
setu
p
in
cl
ud
es
th
e
pr
opo
sed
b
i
d
i
re
c
tion
a
l
co
nv
ert
e
r
,
th
re
e
ph
ase
thr
e
e
l
e
v
e
l
i
nve
r
t
e
r
a
n
d
t
h
re
e pha
se
s,
0.
5
H
P
,
40
0V
i
n
duc
t
i
on mot
o
r.
LV
si
de
o
f
bi
di
re
ct
i
onal
co
n
v
e
r
t
e
r i
s
s
u
p
p
li
ed
b
y
2
4
V
DC
su
ppl
y
w
h
i
c
h
is
boost
e
d t
o
8
0
V
DC
on
t
h
e
HV
si
de
.
A t
h
r
e
e-p
h
ase
in
duc
ti
on
mot
o
r
is c
o
n
n
ect
ed
a
s
lo
a
d
o
n
the
HV
si
de
vi
a i
n
ve
rt
e
r
.
F
i
g
u
re
1
1
d
e
pi
c
t
s
t
h
e pr
ot
ot
ype
s
e
t
u
p
of
t
h
e
pr
o
pos
ed
BD
DC
I
S
. The
P
I
C
mi
cr
o
c
ont
rol
l
e
r
PI
C1
6F
84A
i
s
use
d
t
o
o
ffe
r
t
h
e
fi
ri
n
g
p
u
l
se
s to t
h
e
po
w
e
r c
onv
e
r
t
e
r use
d
in th
e setu
p
.
Th
e inp
u
t
su
pp
l
y
vo
lt
ag
e c
o
n
s
i
d
e
r
ed to
t
e
st
th
e
h
a
r
d
war
e
is
24
V as
s
h
o
w
n
in Fi
g
u
r
e
12
.
Tabl
e
4. T
h
e
d
e
si
gn pa
r
a
met
e
rs
of
t
h
e e
x
pe
ri
me
nt
S
i
mulation com
p
on
e
n
t
s
s
p
ec
ifi
catio
ns
h
a
rdw
a
re
com
p
on
e
n
t
s
s
p
eci
f
ica
t
ions
V
in
10
0V
V
in
24
V
L
1
, L
2
10
mH
L
1
, L
2
2.
5mH
L
3
20
0mH
L
3
2m
H
C
1
64µ
F
C
1
2
200
µ
F
C
2
, C
3
1
200
µ
F
C
2
, C
3
2
200
µ
F
MO
SF
ET
(
IR
F840
)
50
0V/8
A
MOS
F
E
T
(
IRF840
)
500
V/8A
Di
od
e
23
0V/1
A
Di
od
e
2
3
0
V/1
A
V
0
80
V
Fi
gu
re
1
3
de
pi
c
t
s gat
i
n
g
p
u
l
s
es f
o
r
the
s
w
i
t
c
h
(
M
O
S
F
ET
(
I
RF
8
4
0
)
t
h
e BD
DCI
s
y
st
em.
I
n
put
vol
t
a
ge
o
f
2
4
V
i
s
b
o
o
st
ed
to 8
0
V
o
u
tp
ut
. The
e
x
peri
m
e
nt
al
ou
t
p
ut
vol
t
a
ge
i
s
sh
o
w
n i
n
+ 1
4
.
DC
/D
C
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
is co
nne
ct
e
d
t
o
th
r
e
e pha
se i
nve
rt
e
r
s.
T
h
e swi
t
c
hi
ng ga
t
e
p
u
l
s
e
s
fo
r t
h
e p
o
w
er
sw
it
che
s
in i
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
a
n
d
t
h
e
out
p
u
t
vol
t
a
ge
o
b
ta
i
n
e
d
i
n
i
n
ver
t
e
r
ar
e
as s
how
n
i
n
F
i
gu
r
e
1
6
a
n
d
17
re
spe
c
t
i
ve
l
y
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN
: 2
088
-8
6
94
Int
J
P
o
w
Ele
c
& D
r
i
S
y
st, V
o
l
.
1
1
,
N
o
.
2, Ju
ne
20
2
0
:
5
9
4
–
604
60
2
Fi
gu
re
1
1
. Te
st
B
e
nc
h fo
r BD
D
I
S
F
i
g
u
r
e
12
.
I
npu
t
vo
lt
ag
e
Fi
gu
re
1
3
.
Swi
t
chi
n
g
p
u
l
s
e
fo
r
S
1
&
S
2
of hi
gh
gai
n
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
Fi
gu
re 1
4
. O
u
tput
vol
t
a
ge
of hig
h
gai
n
c
onv
e
r
t
e
r
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J Po
w El
ec
&
Dr
i
S
y
st
IS
SN:
208
8-8
6
9
4
Desi
g
n
a
n
d
an
al
ysi
s
of
c
o
ntr
o
l
l
ers
f
o
r
hi
gh
vol
t
age
g
a
i
n
D
C
-DC c
o
nve
r
te
r
f
o
r PV pa
ne
l
(S
.
N
a
gar
aj
)
6
03
Fi
g
u
re
15
. Sw
itch
i
n
g pu
lse
s
for three phase
I
n
verte
r
Fi
gu
re
. 16.
O
u
t
put
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
of
t
h
re
e
pha
se i
n
v
e
rte
r
5.
CO
NCL
U
S
I
O
N
The
desi
gn
, mode
l a
n
d
a
n
al
y
s
is o
f
t
h
e
B
D
DPC
S
ha
s be
e
n
ca
rri
e
d
out
.
The
o
u
t
p
ut wa
vefor
m
s
o
f
B
D
D
P
C
S
are
co
mp
ar
ed
t
o
t
h
e b
i
d
i
re
c
tio
n
a
l
DC
/D
C p
o
w
e
r
c
o
nv
er
te
r
sy
stem.
Th
e
ch
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
st
ic
s of
B
DDP
CS
a
r
e
ob
ta
in
ed
t
o
b
e
b
e
tte
r th
an th
e
conv
e
n
ti
on
al
c
onv
e
r
t
e
r.
Th
e
BDD
P
CS
is e
x
am
in
ed
u
s
in
g
a step
input
f
o
r
lo
a
d
to
rqu
e
.
BDDP
CS
u
n
d
e
r
th
e
c
l
o
s
ed
lo
op c
o
n
d
iti
on
w
ith
PI
C
a
n
d
FLC
a
r
e
a
l
so
exp
l
ored
.
Se
tt
lin
g
time
fo
r
FLC
is dec
r
eas
e
d
t
o
0.
5
6
se
c a
nd e
r
ro
r
i
s
mi
nimi
zed t
o
0
.
0
8
R
P
M. He
nce
,
F
L
C
base
d B
D
D
P
C
S
i
s
bet
t
e
r
t
h
a
n
PIC
base
d syst
em. T
h
e e
x
peri
ment
resul
t
val
i
dat
e
s
t
h
e s
o
ft
ware
res
u
lt
s.
RE
FERE
NC
E
S
[1]
Jes
u
s
E. Va
ldez
-
R
ecend
e
z
,
Ab
ra
ham C
l
a
u
dio-S
a
nch
e
z
,
G
e
rard
o
V
.
G
u
errero-R
a
m
irez,
Carlo
s
A
guilar-C
as
tillo
,
Alejandro
Tapia
-
Hernandez
,
Jos
e
fa G
o
rdi
l
lo-
E
strad
a
, “In
t
erleav
e
d
H
i
g
h
-Gain
Bo
os
t Co
nv
erter w
ith Low
Inp
u
t
-
Current
R
i
ppl
e
For Fuel C
e
l
l
Ele
ct
ric
V
e
h
i
cl
e A
p
pl
ica
t
io
n
s
,”
Pro
ceed
in
g
o
f
Inter
n
a
tiona
l Conf
eren
c
e
on
Con
n
ect
ed
V
e
hic
l
es and
Exp
o
(IC
CVE),
La
s Ve
g
a
s,
US
A,
pp
.
8
1
2
-8
17
,
2
-
6
De
c 201
3.
[2]
M
.
J
a
ng
and
V.
G.
Agelid
is
,
“A
minimu
m p
o
w
e
r
-
proces
sing
-s
tag
e
fue
l
-
cell
energ
y
s
y
s
t
em b
a
sed
o
n
a bo
os
t-
invert
er with
a
b
i
dire
ction
a
l b
a
ck
up
bat
t
ery
storag
e,”
IEEE Tr
ans
.
Power
Elect
r
oni
cs
,
vo
l.
26
,
no
. 5
,
pp
. 1
5
6
8
-
15
77
, M
a
y
20
11
.
[3]
Yi-P
in
g
H
s
ieh,
Jian
n-F
u
h
Ch
en
, Lun
g
-S
h
e
n
g
Ya
ng
,
Ch
ang-Y
i
n
g
Wu,
We
i-S
h
ih
Liu,
“Hig
h-Co
nve
rs
io
n-Ratio
Bi
di
rec
t
i
ona
l
DC-DC Con
v
e
r
t
e
r wi
th
Cou
p
le
d
I
n
d
u
c
t
or,”
I
E
EE T
r
an
sactio
ns
on
I
n
d
u
s
t
r
i
a
l
Elec
tr
on
ics
,
vol
.
6
1
, no
.
1,
pp
. 2
1
0
-
222
, J
a
n 2
0
1
4
.
[4]
P
r
akas
h G
and
S
u
b
r
aman
i C
,
“S
p
ace
V
e
c
t
o
r
and
S
i
n
u
s
o
id
al
Pu
ls
e
Width
M
o
du
lati
on
of
Quas
i
Z-S
o
u
r
ce Inv
e
rt
er
for P
hotov
oltaic
S
y
stem,”
In
tern
atio
na
l Jo
ur
nal o
f
Pow
e
r El
e
c
tronics and Dr
iv
e
Systems
(IJPED
S
)
,
vol
. 7
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
60
1-6
09,
2016
.
[5]
T.
F
.
W
u
,
Y
.
C
.
C
h
en,
J
.
G.
Yan
g
,
C
.
L
.
kuo
,
“I
s
o
l
a
t
e
d
bidi
recti
o
nal
full
-bridg
e
dc–d
c
co
nv
e
r
ter
with
a
fly
b
a
c
k
sn
ub
ber,”
IEEE T
r
a
n
s
.
Power Electro
ni
cs
,
vol. 2
5
,
n
o
. 7,
p
p
.
1
915-1
9
2
2
,
Jul 20
10.
[6]
G.
M
a
,
W
.
Qu
,
G
.
Y
u
, Y
.
L
i
u
,
N.
L
i
ang
,
W.
Li
,
“
A
zer
o-
vo
ltag
e
s
witching
bidir
ectional
d
c
–dc
con
v
e
rter
w
i
th
s
t
at
e
analys
is
and
so
ft s
w
itch
in
g-
o
r
ien
t
ed d
e
sign
con
s
id
eration
,
”
IEEE T
r
an
s. In
du
strial
El
ectr
oni
cs
,
vo
l
.
5
6
,
no
. 6
,
pp
.
21
74
-21
8
4
,
Ju
n
200
9.
[7]
A. K. Ra
t
h
o
r
e
,
U.
R. Pra
s
a
n
na
,
“
A
na
l
y
sis,
d
e
sign,
a
n
d
e
x
p
e
rim
e
n
t
a
l
re
su
lt
s of
n
ove
l
sn
ub
be
r le
ss bi
di
rec
t
io
n
a
l
natura
lly
clamp
e
d
ZCS
/
ZV
S
curr
en
t
-fed hal
f-bri
d
g
e
D
C
/DC conv
ert
e
r
for fuel
cel
l
vehicles
,
”
IEEE
Trans
I
n
du
st
ri
al
El
e
c
tr
o
n
i
c
,
v
o
l.
6
0
, n
o
.1
0,
pp.
4
4
8
2
-
4491
,
Oc
t 20
13
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.