I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
P
o
w
er
E
lect
ro
nics
a
nd
Driv
e
Sy
s
t
e
m
(
I
J
P
E
DS
)
Vo
l.
9
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
1
8
,
p
p
.
1
9
3
7
~
1
9
4
3
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
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6
9
4
,
DOI
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0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/
i
j
p
ed
s
.
v9
.
i
4
.
pp
1
9
3
7
-
1
9
4
3
1937
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ia
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s
co
r
e.
co
m/jo
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ls
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ex
.
p
h
p
/
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JP
E
DS
Enha
ncing
t
he
P
e
rfor
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a
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ce of
PV
Panel Und
ergo
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ts
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o
na
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il Al
-
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derc
hi
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, K
.
So
pia
n
2
, T
.
Sa
la
m
eh
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, D
.
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h
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ng
4
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.
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ul
5
1,
3,
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n
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R
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p
r
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1
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cc
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2
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p
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tal
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n
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to
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ffe
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ts
o
f
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o
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d
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r
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s
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to
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l
taic
(
P
V
)
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n
e
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n
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re
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t
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ra
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te
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t
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a
d
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iro
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i
ti
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m
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n
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e
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r
b
y
p
a
s
s
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io
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e
s,
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se
rti
n
g
m
o
re
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y
p
a
ss
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e
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r
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r
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a
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a
n
re
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o
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p
to
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f
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s
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a
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a
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m
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t
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sh
a
d
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g
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o
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it
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s.
K
ey
w
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p
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ll
s
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ad
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MA
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A
B
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o
d
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n
g
P
V
s
o
lar
p
an
el
Sh
ad
i
n
g
Co
p
y
rig
h
t
©
201
8
In
s
t
it
u
te o
f
A
d
v
a
n
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e
d
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n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
S
c
ien
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e
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l
rig
h
ts
re
se
rv
e
d
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
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n
ad
h
il
A
l
-
c
h
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ch
i
,
Su
s
tain
ab
le
a
n
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en
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w
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n
er
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y
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n
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ee
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in
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Dep
ar
t
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e
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,
Un
i
v
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it
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h
ar
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ah
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ar
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ah
,
Un
ited
A
r
ab
E
m
ir
ate
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m
m
ail:
m
alch
ad
ir
c
h
y
@
s
h
ar
j
ah
.
ac
.
ae
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
P
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
(
P
V)
r
en
e
w
ab
le
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
te
m
s
ar
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w
id
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s
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d
as a
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r
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en
er
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b
ec
au
s
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it
s
ab
ilit
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to
co
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t
s
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lar
en
er
g
y
d
ir
ec
tly
to
elec
tr
ical
en
er
g
y
with
lo
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r
b
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f
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o
tp
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en
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t.
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m
at
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f
th
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tech
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o
lo
g
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es
en
ab
le
s
t
h
is
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r
ce
o
f
r
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e
w
ab
le
e
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er
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to
co
m
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ete
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o
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l
y
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th
tr
ad
itio
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s
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m
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ce
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s
y
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te
m
s
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s
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f
ec
ted
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r
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m
a
ticall
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b
y
s
h
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p
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en
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e
n
a,
w
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ca
n
b
e
s
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r
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t
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cir
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r
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d
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ax
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m
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r
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ctio
n
f
r
o
m
P
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p
an
els.
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ad
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ca
n
h
ap
p
en
f
o
r
d
if
f
er
en
t
r
ea
s
o
n
s
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
u
s
u
all
y
r
elate
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to
at
m
o
s
p
h
er
ic
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d
s
u
r
r
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u
n
d
in
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n
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as
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u
s
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s
h
ad
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s
d
u
e
to
tall
b
u
ild
in
g
s
,
tal
l
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
to
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er
s
,
p
lan
ts
,
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ir
d
s
,
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as
te
o
f
b
ir
d
s
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d
in
s
u
f
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n
t
s
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ac
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et
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t
h
e
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tr
in
g
s
o
f
P
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p
an
e
ls
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n
a
P
V
ar
r
a
y
.
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ad
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n
g
is
c
ateg
o
r
ized
in
to
t
w
o
m
ai
n
t
y
p
es
: (
i)
f
u
l
l s
h
ad
in
g
an
d
(
ii)
p
ar
tial sh
ad
in
g
.
A
d
d
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g
t
h
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s
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er
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i
g
h
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a
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t
to
en
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a
n
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te
m
p
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f
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n
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,
s
i
n
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tial
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g
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ap
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s
m
u
c
h
m
o
r
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o
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ten
t
h
an
f
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ll
s
h
ad
in
g
.
Si
m
u
latio
n
s
an
d
ex
p
er
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m
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n
t
s
t
u
d
ied
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
r
ep
o
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ted
u
s
in
g
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
m
o
d
els
to
s
tu
d
y
t
h
e
e
f
f
ec
t
o
f
p
ar
ti
al
s
h
ad
in
g
o
n
s
o
lar
ce
ll,
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V
m
o
d
u
le
a
n
d
ar
r
ay
i
n
o
r
d
er
to
m
iti
g
ate
th
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e
f
f
e
ct
o
f
p
ar
tial
s
h
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in
g
.
Fo
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
t
h
e
co
n
tr
o
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alg
o
r
ith
m
s
f
o
r
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
p
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we
r
p
o
in
t
tr
ac
k
in
g
(
MP
PT
)
ca
n
b
e
o
p
tim
ized
an
d
d
esig
n
ed
f
o
r
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
u
n
d
er
p
ar
tial sh
ad
i
n
g
[
1]
–
[
3
]
.
T
h
e
w
o
r
s
t c
ase
s
h
ad
i
n
g
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
f
o
r
a
m
icr
o
in
v
er
ter
s
y
s
te
m
w
er
e
p
r
esen
ted
b
y
s
t
u
d
y
o
f
[
4
]
.
I
n
th
is
s
t
u
d
y
a
t
w
o
-
s
ta
g
e
s
y
s
te
m
ar
ch
i
tectu
r
e
w
as
u
s
e
d
to
m
o
d
u
le
lev
el
p
ar
tial
s
h
ad
in
g
.
I
n
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
[
5
]
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
I
n
t J
P
o
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i
S
y
s
t
,
Vo
l.
9
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
1
8
:
1937
–
1
9
4
3
1938
th
e
au
t
h
o
r
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
s
i
m
u
lat
io
n
f
o
r
s
h
a
d
i
n
g
ef
f
ec
ts
i
n
ar
r
ay
s
w
it
h
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
s
tr
i
n
g
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
b
ased
o
n
s
o
lar
ce
ll.
A
g
e
n
er
alize
d
P
V
m
o
d
u
le
m
o
d
el
i
n
M
A
T
L
A
B
w
a
s
d
ev
elo
p
ed
b
ased
o
n
th
e
m
at
h
e
m
a
tical
eq
u
atio
n
o
f
P
V
ce
ll
[
6
]
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
el
is
u
s
ed
to
s
i
m
u
late
p
ar
tiall
y
s
h
a
d
ed
ce
lls
in
th
e
P
V
m
o
d
u
le
a
n
d
also
f
o
r
p
ar
tial
s
h
ad
ed
m
o
d
u
les
i
n
t
h
e
P
V
s
tr
in
g
u
n
d
er
v
ar
io
u
s
w
ea
t
h
er
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
I
n
t
h
e
s
t
u
d
y
[
7
]
,
th
e
b
eh
a
v
io
r
o
f
a
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
d
ev
ice
(
ce
ll
o
r
m
o
d
u
le)
u
n
d
er
p
ar
tial
s
h
ad
in
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
w
er
e
r
ev
ie
w
ed
a
n
d
an
al
y
ze
d
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
MA
T
L
A
B
.
I
n
t
h
e
s
t
u
d
y
[
8
]
,
MA
T
L
A
B
/S
i
m
u
li
n
k
w
as
u
s
e
d
to
d
esig
n
an
d
s
i
m
u
late
a
c
o
m
p
lete
o
f
f
-
g
r
id
P
V
m
o
d
u
le
b
ased
p
o
w
er
g
en
er
ati
o
n
s
y
s
te
m
.
T
h
e
v
al
u
e
o
f
s
ta
n
d
ar
d
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
ab
o
u
t
1
k
W
/
m
2
w
as
u
s
ed
f
o
r
B
an
g
lad
es
h
.
T
h
e
s
i
m
u
lat
io
n
m
o
d
el
w
as
e
x
a
m
i
n
ed
t
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
all
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
(
b
lo
ck
s
)
f
o
r
t
h
e
o
f
f
-
g
r
id
P
V
m
o
d
u
le
s
y
s
te
m
.
A
d
ap
ti
v
e
i
n
er
tial
w
e
ig
h
t
p
ar
ticle
s
w
ar
m
o
p
tim
izatio
n
(
A
I
W
P
SO)
alg
o
r
ith
m
w
a
s
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
to
s
o
lv
e
t
h
e
lo
w
co
n
v
er
g
e
n
ce
s
p
ee
d
an
d
s
ea
r
ch
ac
cu
r
ac
y
o
f
t
h
e
P
ar
ticle
s
w
ar
m
o
p
ti
m
iz
atio
n
(
P
SO)
u
n
d
er
p
ar
tiall
y
s
h
ad
i
n
g
b
y
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
o
f
[
9
]
.
I
n
t
h
e
s
t
u
d
y
o
f
[
1
0
]
,
f
ir
ef
l
y
a
lg
o
r
it
h
m
w
as
u
s
ed
to
r
ec
o
r
d
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
a
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
er
-
p
o
in
t
tr
ac
k
in
g
(
MP
PT
)
m
et
h
o
d
f
o
r
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
(
P
V)
s
y
s
te
m
s
u
n
d
er
p
ar
tiall
y
s
h
ad
ed
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
e
ef
f
ec
t o
f
in
s
o
latio
n
o
n
th
e
ar
r
ay
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
i
n
ter
m
s
o
f
u
n
i
f
o
r
m
it
y
a
n
d
a
m
o
u
n
t
w
er
e
s
tu
d
ied
b
y
[
1
1
]
,
[
1
2
]
.
I
n
th
e
s
t
u
d
y
o
f
[
1
1
]
,
th
e
I
–
V
an
d
P
–
V
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
t
ics
o
f
a
P
V
ar
r
a
y
u
n
d
er
a
n
o
n
-
u
n
i
f
o
r
m
in
s
o
latio
n
d
u
e
to
p
ar
tial
s
h
ad
i
n
g
w
er
e
p
r
esen
ted
b
a
s
ed
o
n
m
o
d
eli
n
g
a
n
d
s
i
m
u
latio
n
s
c
h
e
m
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
b
y
M
A
T
L
A
B
.
T
h
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
s
h
ad
in
g
o
n
ar
r
a
y
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
u
s
i
n
g
M
A
T
L
A
B
m
o
d
el
o
f
P
V
ar
r
a
y
w
er
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
b
y
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
o
f
[
1
2
]
.
Dif
f
er
e
n
t
i
n
s
o
la
tio
n
in
c
id
en
t
w
er
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
o
n
d
if
f
er
en
t
m
o
d
els.
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
t
h
e
M
A
T
L
A
B
m
o
d
el
w
it
h
th
e
th
eo
r
etica
l
v
al
u
es
w
a
s
co
m
p
ar
ed
.
T
h
e
g
o
al
o
f
th
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
is
to
d
esi
g
n
an
d
d
ev
elo
p
s
i
m
u
latio
n
o
f
s
o
lar
p
an
els
co
n
n
ec
ted
in
s
er
ies
in
te
g
r
ated
w
it
h
a
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
an
d
MP
P
T
alg
o
r
ith
m
tak
i
n
g
in
to
ac
co
u
n
t
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
s
o
f
p
ar
tial s
h
ad
in
g
.
A
n
o
v
el
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
y
w
as
p
r
o
p
o
s
es
b
y
[
1
3
]
,
in
w
h
ic
h
a
co
n
tr
o
l
s
y
s
te
m
allo
w
s
p
ar
tiall
y
s
h
ad
ed
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
p
o
w
er
p
lan
t
s
(
P
V
-
P
P
s
)
to
m
iti
g
ate
th
e
e
f
f
ec
ts
o
n
th
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
o
f
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
te
m
s
w
it
h
o
u
t
n
ee
d
an
e
n
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e.
An
o
th
er
s
t
u
d
y
f
o
r
t
h
e
to
p
o
lo
g
y
o
f
P
V
p
o
w
er
g
e
n
er
atio
n
s
y
s
te
m
w
a
s
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
b
y
[
1
4
]
,
w
h
er
e
t
h
e
P
V
m
o
d
u
le
co
n
n
e
cts
w
it
h
ca
p
ac
ito
r
in
ea
ch
s
u
b
-
m
o
d
u
le
o
f
a
m
o
d
u
lar
m
u
lt
ilev
el
co
n
v
er
ter
i
n
p
ar
allel,
w
it
h
t
h
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
er
ex
tr
ac
ted
b
y
r
eg
u
lati
n
g
t
h
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
v
o
lta
g
e
to
th
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
er
p
o
in
t
v
o
ltag
e
d
u
r
in
g
p
ar
tial
s
h
ad
i
n
g
.
I
n
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
[
1
5
]
d
io
d
e
w
as
r
ep
lace
d
w
it
h
a
n
ele
m
e
n
t
o
f
r
esis
ta
n
ce
i
n
t
h
e
s
i
m
u
lat
io
n
m
o
d
el.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
at
th
e
o
p
en
cir
c
u
it
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
th
e
P
V
m
o
d
u
le
w
i
th
a
d
am
a
g
ed
b
y
p
as
s
d
io
d
e
w
a
s
s
li
g
h
t
l
y
h
ig
h
er
t
h
an
t
h
at
o
f
a
P
V
m
o
d
u
le
u
n
d
er
s
h
ad
in
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
wh
ile
t
h
e
P
V
s
y
s
te
m
w
a
s
o
p
er
atin
g
.
So
m
e
r
esear
c
h
er
s
co
m
p
ar
ed
s
i
m
u
latio
n
w
it
h
e
x
p
er
i
m
e
n
tal
w
o
r
k
f
o
r
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
co
n
d
itio
n
s
in
o
r
d
er
to
v
alid
ate
t
h
eir
r
esu
l
ts
.
T
h
e
p
ar
tiall
y
s
h
ad
o
w
ed
s
i
m
u
latio
n
a
n
d
m
o
d
eli
n
g
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
f
o
r
b
o
th
s
o
lar
ce
lls
a
n
d
P
V
m
o
d
u
les
(
2
0
9
W
p
f
r
o
m
S
ili
k
en
)
w
er
e
p
r
ese
n
ted
b
y
P
-
s
p
ic
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
i
n
[
1
6
]
,
an
d
th
e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
w
er
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
w
it
h
r
ea
l
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
d
ata.
I
n
r
ef
er
en
ce
[
1
7
]
,
th
e
y
s
t
u
d
ied
th
e
i
m
p
ac
t
o
f
u
s
i
n
g
b
y
p
ass
d
io
d
es
o
n
th
e
s
o
lar
ce
ll
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
u
n
d
er
s
h
ad
in
g
at
a
m
o
d
u
le
lev
el
.
A
l
g
o
r
ith
m
b
ased
o
n
M
A
T
L
A
B
w
as
d
esi
g
n
ed
to
s
tu
d
y
th
e
e
f
f
ec
ts
o
f
n
o
n
-
o
v
er
l
ap
p
in
g
b
y
p
as
s
d
io
d
e
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
in
a
r
a
n
d
o
m
l
y
s
h
ad
ed
s
o
lar
m
o
d
u
le.
I
n
t
h
e
w
o
r
k
o
f
[
1
8
]
th
e
e
f
f
ec
t
o
f
p
ar
tial
s
h
ad
in
g
o
n
th
e
I
–
V
cu
r
v
e
an
d
th
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
er
p
o
in
t
(
MP
P
)
f
o
r
m
u
lti
-
cr
y
s
talli
n
e
P
V
m
o
d
u
le
s
(
m
c
-
S
i)
w
er
e
s
i
m
u
lated
b
y
P
-
Sp
ice,
T
h
e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
r
es
u
lt
s
u
s
ed
to
d
er
iv
e
g
en
er
alize
d
f
o
r
m
u
lae
f
o
r
ev
al
u
atio
n
v
o
lta
g
e
an
d
p
o
w
er
at
MPP
an
d
v
a
lid
ated
w
ith
e
x
p
er
i
m
e
n
tal
r
es
u
lts
.
I
n
t
h
e
w
o
r
k
o
f
[
1
9
]
,
b
ased
o
n
th
eir
s
i
m
u
la
tio
n
a
n
d
ex
p
er
i
m
e
n
tal
r
esu
lts
,
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
te
m
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
at
ed
th
e
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
en
h
a
n
ci
n
g
th
e
P
V
ar
r
a
y
’
s
e
x
tr
ac
ted
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
w
er
d
u
r
i
n
g
p
ar
tial
s
h
ad
in
g
.
Di
f
f
er
e
n
t
c
h
an
g
e
s
w
er
e
m
ad
e
to
th
e
in
ter
n
a
l
i
n
ter
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
o
f
th
e
s
o
lar
p
an
el
s
i
n
[
2
0
]
.
Var
io
u
s
tes
ts
w
er
e
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
u
n
d
er
d
if
f
er
en
t
ef
f
ec
t
s
o
f
s
h
ad
i
n
g
to
s
t
u
d
y
t
h
e
e
f
f
ec
t o
f
b
y
p
as
s
d
io
d
es o
n
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t p
o
w
er
o
f
t
h
e
s
o
lar
p
an
el.
Dif
f
er
en
t
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
r
elate
d
t
o
th
e
s
h
ad
in
g
p
h
e
n
o
m
e
n
a
s
u
ch
as
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
b
y
p
a
s
s
d
io
d
e,
t
y
p
e
o
f
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
(
s
er
ies
an
d
p
ar
allel)
an
d
th
e
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
c
h
e
m
e
w
er
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
l
y
i
n
v
est
ig
ated
.
Fo
r
ex
am
p
le
th
e
e
f
f
ec
t
o
f
i
m
p
le
m
en
t
in
g
a
n
en
h
an
ce
d
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
t
h
e
w
id
el
y
u
s
ed
s
i
n
g
le
-
d
io
d
e
w
as
s
t
u
d
ied
in
[
2
1
]
,
w
h
er
e
th
e
elec
tr
ical
r
esp
o
n
s
e
o
f
a
p
ar
tiall
y
s
h
ad
ed
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
(
P
V)
ar
r
ay
in
cl
u
d
i
n
g
s
e
v
er
al
s
tr
in
g
co
n
n
ec
ted
i
n
p
ar
allel
w
as
s
i
m
u
la
ted
.
I
n
[
2
2
]
,
[
2
3
]
,
th
ey
i
n
v
esti
g
ated
th
e
h
ar
m
f
u
l
ef
f
ec
t
s
o
f
p
ar
tial
s
h
ad
in
g
o
f
s
er
ies
a
n
d
p
ar
allel
co
n
n
ec
ted
P
V
m
o
d
u
l
es
an
d
co
m
p
ar
e
t
h
eir
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
I
n
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
o
f
[
2
4
]
,
th
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
b
y
p
as
s
d
io
d
es
an
d
th
e
v
ar
iatio
n
o
f
th
e
eq
u
i
v
ale
n
t
cir
c
u
it
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
w
it
h
r
esp
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to
o
p
er
atin
g
co
n
d
itio
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s
w
as
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s
id
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ed
in
th
e
m
o
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el.
I
n
s
t
u
d
y
o
f
[
2
5
]
,
f
ix
ed
i
n
ter
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
c
h
e
m
e
w
as
p
r
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r
P
V
ar
r
ay
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er
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n
ce
th
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P
V
p
o
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n
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er
d
if
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er
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s
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ad
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itio
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.
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x
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tal
w
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k
f
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r
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I
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V
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p
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r
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d
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e
in
[
2
6
]
f
o
r
t
w
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an
d
f
o
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r
b
y
p
as
s
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io
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es u
n
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er
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ce
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s
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a
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ed
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o
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le.
W
h
ile
t
h
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p
r
ev
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u
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l
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tio
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w
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e
f
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ec
t
o
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d
if
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er
e
n
t
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
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t
h
e
b
y
p
ass
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io
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es
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i.e
.
tw
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a
n
d
f
o
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r
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io
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o
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ce
lls
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n
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ted
i
n
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er
ies
(
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tr
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g
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in
a
m
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n
t
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el
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n
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e
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e
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ied
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y
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n
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t
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n
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r
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y
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a
s
s
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io
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es c
o
n
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ig
u
r
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.
A
P
V
an
al
y
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r
d
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ill b
e
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s
ed
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ea
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r
e
I
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a
n
d
p
o
w
er
cu
r
v
e
s
f
o
r
th
e
p
an
el.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
P
o
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i
S
y
s
t
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
E
n
h
a
n
ci
n
g
th
e
P
erfo
ma
n
ce
o
f
P
V
P
a
n
el
Un
d
erg
o
in
g
S
h
a
d
in
g
E
ffects (
Mo
n
a
d
h
il A
l
-
C
h
a
d
e
r
ch
i
)
1939
2.
SYST
E
M
M
O
DE
L
I
N
G
W
e
u
s
ed
a
m
o
d
if
ied
P
V
p
an
el
m
o
d
el
in
Sim
s
ca
p
e.
T
h
e
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
an
d
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
b
eh
av
io
r
o
f
ea
ch
o
f
th
e
P
V
b
lo
ck
is
d
escr
ib
ed
b
y
a
f
iv
e
p
ar
am
eter
m
o
d
el
u
s
in
g
a
cu
r
r
en
t
s
o
u
r
ce
,
d
io
d
e,
s
er
ies
r
esis
tan
ce
an
d
s
h
u
n
t
r
esi
s
tan
ce
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
s
h
o
w
s
o
n
e
o
f
o
u
r
m
o
d
els
w
ith
4
b
y
p
ass
d
io
d
es.
E
ac
h
b
y
p
ass
d
io
d
e
is
in
p
ar
allel
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
w
ith
o
n
e
s
tr
in
g
o
f
s
o
lar
ce
lls
(
r
ep
r
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ted
an
d
s
im
u
lated
b
y
a
b
asic
P
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m
o
d
u
le
in
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s
ca
p
e
w
ith
in
ter
n
ally
9
ce
lls
in
s
er
ies),
w
h
ich
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r
r
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o
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d
s
to
o
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r
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tu
al
ex
p
e
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etu
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th
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0
W
p
an
el
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s
in
g
4
d
io
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ar
tial
s
h
ad
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g
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f
d
if
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er
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t
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
ce
lls
in
th
e
3
0
W
p
an
el
w
as
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im
u
lated
b
y
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w
er
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g
th
e
ir
r
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ian
ce
in
p
u
t
to
th
e
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f
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ted
s
tr
in
g
(
s
)
to
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s
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all
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e
(
1
0
W
/m
2
)
,
w
h
ile
th
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
in
p
u
t
w
as
alw
ay
s
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ep
t
co
n
s
tan
t.
A
Sim
u
lin
k
o
u
tp
u
t
v
ec
to
r
w
as
u
s
ed
to
co
llect
an
d
d
is
p
lay
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
to
th
e
s
o
f
tw
ar
e
o
u
tp
u
t.
Fo
r
o
th
er
d
io
d
e
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
s
,
th
e
m
o
d
el
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
w
as
m
o
d
if
ied
ac
co
r
d
in
g
ly
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Sh
ad
ed
P
V
p
an
el
m
o
d
el
in
s
i
m
s
ca
p
e
w
it
h
4
b
y
p
a
s
s
d
io
d
es
3.
E
XP
E
R
I
M
E
NT
A
L
SE
T
UP
A
P
V
an
aly
ze
r
(
P
r
o
f
ites
t)
s
etu
p
w
as
u
s
ed
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
b
o
th
I
-
V
an
d
p
o
w
er
cu
r
v
es
f
o
r
th
e
P
V
p
an
el
as
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
e
elec
tr
ical
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
s
o
f
P
V
p
an
el
ar
e
s
h
o
w
n
in
T
ab
le
1
.
A
ll
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
ts
w
er
e
test
ed
u
n
d
er
th
e
r
ea
l
w
ea
th
er
co
n
d
itio
n
s
o
f
UA
E
(
i.e
.
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
(
W
/m
2
)
an
d
am
b
ien
t
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
(
C
)
.
T
h
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
f
u
lly
s
h
ad
in
g
o
n
th
e
ce
ll
w
as
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
b
y
u
s
in
g
ca
r
d
b
o
ar
d
w
ith
d
if
f
er
en
t
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
o
f
b
y
p
ass
d
io
d
es
b
ased
o
n
tw
o
an
d
f
o
u
r
d
io
d
es.
R
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
o
f
th
e
ex
p
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im
en
tal
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p
,
th
e
v
ar
y
in
g
ir
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ad
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ce
u
n
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er
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td
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o
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en
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ir
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n
m
en
t
as
w
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as
m
o
d
if
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in
g
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e
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d
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co
n
n
ec
tio
n
o
f
th
e
p
an
el
n
ee
d
to
b
e
tak
en
in
to
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
.
T
h
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
o
f
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
an
d
p
ea
k
p
o
w
er
w
er
e
±
K
an
d
5
%
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
,
I
t
w
o
r
th
to
m
en
tio
n
th
at,
th
is
ac
cu
r
ac
y
f
o
r
p
ea
k
p
o
w
er
ac
h
iev
ed
w
h
en
th
e
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
f
all
o
n
th
e
m
o
d
u
le
w
as
at
least
6
0
0
W
/m
2
an
d
th
e
f
lu
ctu
atin
g
o
f
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
n
o
t m
o
r
e
th
an
±
1
0
W
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
I
n
t J
P
o
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i
S
y
s
t
,
Vo
l.
9
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
1
8
:
1937
–
1
9
4
3
1940
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
e
P
V
P
an
el
Used
in
th
i
s
St
u
d
y
a
n
d
th
e
P
V
An
al
y
ze
r
(
Pro
f
ites
t)
Setu
p
f
o
r
M
ea
s
u
r
in
g
I
-
V
a
n
d
P
o
w
er
C
u
r
v
e
s
f
o
r
P
V
P
an
el
s
T
ab
le
1
.
E
lectr
ical
C
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
o
f
P
V
P
an
el
Used
in
th
e
T
esti
n
g
U
n
d
er
Stan
d
ar
d
T
est C
o
n
d
itio
n
(
ST
C
)
O
p
e
n
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
V
oc
)
2
2
.
5
V
S
h
o
r
t
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
(
I
sc
)
2
A
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
a
t
max
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
e
r
p
o
i
n
t
(V
mp
)
1
8
V
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
a
t
max
i
mu
m
p
o
w
e
r
p
o
i
n
t
(I
mp
)
1
.
6
7
A
M
a
x
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
e
r
(
P
mp
)
3
0
W
#
o
f
c
e
l
l
s a
n
d
t
y
p
e
3
6
M
o
n
o
c
r
y
st
a
l
l
i
n
e
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
f
u
ll
ce
ll
s
h
ad
i
n
g
w
as
f
ir
s
tl
y
e
x
p
er
i
m
e
n
tall
y
s
t
u
d
ied
o
n
a
3
0
W
P
V
p
an
el
w
i
th
ei
th
er
2
o
r
4
b
y
p
ass
d
io
d
es.
Fi
g
u
r
es
3
an
d
4
s
h
o
w
th
e
I
-
V
a
n
d
P
-
V
cu
r
v
e
s
o
f
t
h
e
3
0
W
p
an
el
w
i
th
2
b
y
p
as
s
d
io
d
es
u
n
d
er
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
t
co
n
d
it
io
n
s
o
f
f
u
ll
y
ce
ll
s
h
ad
i
n
g
in
c
lu
d
i
n
g
n
o
s
h
ad
in
g
a
n
d
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
ce
lls
s
h
ad
ed
.
Sin
ce
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
w
as
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
u
n
d
er
r
ea
l
o
p
er
atio
n
al
co
n
d
itio
n
s
w
it
h
ac
t
u
al
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
a
n
d
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e,
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
th
e
p
an
el
d
ev
iated
s
li
g
h
tl
y
f
r
o
m
th
e
r
ated
v
al
u
e
(
ST
C
)
.
Sin
ce
o
n
l
y
2
b
y
p
ass
d
io
d
es
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
p
a
n
el
(
d
iv
id
in
g
th
e
s
o
lar
ce
lls
ev
en
l
y
)
,
t
h
e
p
an
el
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
w
a
s
af
f
ec
ted
co
n
s
id
er
ab
l
y
b
y
s
h
ad
i
n
g
.
C
o
m
p
ar
ed
to
r
ef
er
en
ce
,
w
h
en
o
n
e
ce
ll
w
a
s
f
u
ll
y
s
h
ad
ed
,
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
th
e
p
o
w
er
o
f
t
h
e
p
an
el
d
r
o
p
p
ed
co
n
s
id
er
ab
ly
to
le
s
s
t
h
a
n
5
0
% o
f
t
h
e
u
n
s
h
ad
ed
o
u
tp
u
t.
Fo
r
th
e
ca
s
e
o
f
2
ce
ll
s
s
h
ad
ed
,
t
h
e
p
an
el
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
d
ep
en
d
ed
o
n
th
e
ce
ll
ar
r
an
g
e
m
e
n
t: i
f
t
h
e
t
w
o
s
h
ad
ed
ce
lls
b
elo
n
g
to
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
b
y
p
a
s
s
d
io
d
e
(
s
tr
in
g
)
,
th
e
p
an
el
o
u
tp
u
t
w
o
u
l
d
d
r
o
p
to
5
0
%
s
i
m
ilar
to
t
h
e
o
n
e
ce
ll
s
h
ad
ed
ca
s
e,
s
i
n
c
e
o
n
l
y
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n
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u
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u
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ai
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e.
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I
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ased
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u
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.
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Fig
u
r
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6
.
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r
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f
a
3
0
W
p
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4
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y
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n
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if
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o
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d
it
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s
o
f
f
u
ll c
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ll s
h
ad
i
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g
T
ab
le
2
.
Su
m
m
ar
y
o
f
t
h
e
3
0
W
P
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el
P
er
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a
n
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Gai
n
w
it
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r
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Tw
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ith
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m
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5.
CO
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O
NS
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R
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li
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ts
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J
.
Po
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[3
]
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,
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M
o
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d
,
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n
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In
t.
J
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Dr
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[4
]
M
.
El
li
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M
.
M
c
In
ty
re
,
J.
L
a
th
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.
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4
2
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d
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5
,
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p
.
1
–
5.
[5
]
M
.
C.
A
lo
n
so
-
G
a
rc
ía,
J.
M
.
Ru
i
z
,
a
n
d
W
.
He
rrm
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n
n
,
“
Co
m
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ter
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latio
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p
p
.
1
9
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–
1
9
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3
,
2
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0
6
.
[6
]
S. S. Mo
ha
m
m
e
d, D
. D
e
v
a
r
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j,
a
nd
T
. I
.
A
ha
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d, “
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, s
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oto
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.
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9
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.
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.
[7
]
O.
G
.
Ga
rc
ía,
J.
C.
He
rn
á
n
d
e
z
,
a
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d
F
.
Ju
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,
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A
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in
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if
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c
,
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1
,
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p
.
1
–
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[8
]
P
.
K.
M
a
h
a
n
ta,
K.
De
b
n
a
th
,
a
n
d
M
.
H.
Ra
h
m
a
n
,
“
M
o
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im
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latio
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V
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Ba
se
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P
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w
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S
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Us
in
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M
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LAB/S
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,
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Dh
a
k
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Un
iv.
J
.
S
c
i.
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l.
6
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,
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o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
2
7
–
1
3
2
,
2
0
1
5
.
[9
]
X
.
Yu
a
n
,
D.
Ya
n
g
,
a
n
d
H.
L
iu
,
“
M
P
P
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f
P
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in
Cy
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,
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.
[1
0
]
K.
S
u
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d
a
re
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ra
n
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.
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d
d
a
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ti
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d
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.
P
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la
n
i,
“
M
P
P
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V
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m
s
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rt
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c
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f
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ir
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li
e
s,”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.
E
n
e
rg
y
Co
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rs
.
,
v
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l
.
2
9
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2
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p
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4
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–
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4
.
[1
1
]
H.
P
a
tel
a
n
d
V
.
A
g
a
r
w
a
l,
“
M
ATLA
B
-
b
a
se
d
m
o
d
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li
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g
to
stu
d
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th
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P
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h
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ra
c
teristics
,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.
En
e
rg
y
Co
n
v
e
rs
.
,
v
o
l.
2
3
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
3
0
2
–
3
1
0
,
2
0
0
8
.
[1
2
]
A
.
Ku
m
a
r
a
n
d
K.
A
ro
ra
,
“
Eff
e
c
ts
Of
P
a
rti
a
l
S
h
a
d
in
g
On
P
V
A
rra
y
Ch
a
ra
c
teristics
Us
in
g
In
c
re
m
e
n
tal
Co
n
d
u
c
tan
c
e
M
e
th
o
d
,
”
In
t.
J
.
E
lec
tr.
El
e
c
tro
n
.
En
g
.
,
v
o
l.
8
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
.
9
4
8
,
Ju
n
.
2
0
1
6
.
[1
3
]
C.
Ra
h
m
a
n
n
,
V
.
V
it
tal
,
J.
A
sc
u
i,
a
n
d
J.
Ha
a
s,
“
M
it
ig
a
ti
o
n
c
o
n
tro
l
a
g
a
in
st
p
a
rti
a
l
sh
a
d
in
g
e
f
fe
c
ts
in
larg
e
-
sc
a
le
P
V
p
o
w
e
r
p
lan
ts,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.
S
u
st
a
in
.
E
n
e
rg
y
,
v
o
l.
7
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
7
3
–
1
8
0
,
2
0
1
6
.
[1
4
]
F
.
Ro
n
g
,
X
.
G
o
n
g
,
a
n
d
S
.
Hu
a
n
g
,
“
A
No
v
e
l
G
rid
-
Co
n
n
e
c
ted
P
V
S
y
ste
m
Ba
se
d
o
n
M
M
C
to
G
e
t
th
e
M
a
x
im
u
m
P
o
w
e
r
Un
d
e
rP
a
rti
a
l
S
h
a
d
in
g
Co
n
d
it
io
n
s,”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.
P
o
we
r E
lec
tro
n
.
,
v
o
l.
3
2
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
4
3
2
0
–
4
3
3
3
,
2
0
1
7
.
[
1
5
]
S
u
k
W
h
a
n
Ko
,
Yo
u
n
g
Ch
u
l
Ju
,
Hy
e
M
i
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n
g
,
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g
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o
,
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n
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n
g
,
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u
ng
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n
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o
n
g
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e
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e
u
n
S
o
n
g
,
S
o
o
-
Hy
u
n
Kim
,
G
i
H
wa
n
Ka
n
g
,
El
e
c
tri
c
a
n
d
t
h
e
rm
a
l
c
h
a
r
a
c
teristics
o
f
p
h
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t
o
v
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lt
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ic
m
o
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les
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n
d
e
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p
a
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d
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n
d
w
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d
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m
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g
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e
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En
e
rg
y
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l.
1
2
8
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p
.
2
3
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3
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[1
6
]
S
.
S
il
v
e
stre
,
A
.
Bo
ro
n
a
t,
a
n
d
A
.
Ch
o
u
d
e
r,
“
S
tu
d
y
o
f
b
y
p
a
ss
d
io
d
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s
c
o
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f
ig
u
ra
ti
o
n
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n
P
V
m
o
d
u
les
,
”
Ap
p
l.
En
e
rg
y
,
v
o
l.
8
6
,
n
o
.
9
,
p
p
.
1
6
3
2
–
1
6
4
0
,
2
0
0
9
.
[1
7
]
S
.
V
e
m
u
ru
,
P
.
S
in
g
h
,
a
n
d
M
.
Ni
a
m
a
t,
“
M
o
d
e
li
n
g
im
p
a
c
t
o
f
b
y
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a
ss
d
io
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s
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n
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h
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ll
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p
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a
l
sh
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d
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n
g
,
”
in
El
e
c
tro
/In
fo
r
ma
ti
o
n
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
(
EIT
),
2
0
1
2
I
EE
E
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
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l
C
o
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fer
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n
,
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