In
te
r
n
ation
a
l Jou
rn
al
o
f Po
we
r
Elec
tron
ic
s an
d
D
r
ive S
y
stem
(IJ
PED
S
)
V
o
l.
11, N
o.
1, Mar
ch 20
20,
p
p.
390~
3
9
7
IS
S
N
: 2088-
86
94,
D
O
I
:
10.11
59
1
/ij
ped
s
.
v11
.
i
1.pp
3
90-
39
7
390
Jou
rn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
:
ht
tp:
//
i
j
ped
s
.
i
ae
sc
ore.
c
o
m
Enhancement of real-time
IoT-based air qualit
y
monitori
ng syste
m
Wei J
i
an
N
g, Z
u
r
ain
i
D
ah
ari
S
c
h
o
o
l
of El
ectrical & Elect
roni
c
Engi
neering
,
Univer
s
i
ti S
a
i
n
s
M
a
l
ay
si
a En
g
i
neerin
g Cam
p
u
s
,
M
a
lay
s
ia
Art
i
cl
e In
fo
ABSTRACT
A
r
tic
le hist
o
r
y
:
R
e
c
e
i
v
e
d
Au
g
1
9
,
2
019
Re
vise
d O
c
t
2
8
,
20
1
9
A
c
c
e
pte
d
D
ec 1,
201
9
Ai
r po
ll
u
t
io
n
i
s
o
ne o
f
t
h
e b
i
gg
est
th
reat
f
o
r
th
e
env
iro
n
m
e
n
t
an
d t
h
e h
u
m
a
n’s
heal
th
.
The
mo
nit
o
ri
ng
o
f
air
po
ll
ution
based
on
s
everal
a
t
m
os
p
heri
c
po
ll
u
t
ants
i
s
b
ecom
i
ng
criti
ca
l
in
m
ost
countries
i
n
c
lu
d
i
ng
M
al
aysi
a.
T
his
pap
e
r
p
r
esent
s
a
d
evelo
p
m
e
n
t
a
nd
enh
a
ncem
ent
feat
ures
o
f
real-t
im
e
Internet
of
T
h
i
ngs
(Io
T
)
-based
e
nv
iron
ment
a
l
m
onit
o
rin
g
s
ystem
f
o
r
a
i
r
q
ual
i
ty.
The
proposed syste
m will be
b
eneficia
l to
m
onitor
the
real-t
i
m
e
dat
a fo
r a s
p
ecif
i
c
set
of
a
ir
q
u
a
lity
p
aram
eters
s
u
ch
a
s
tem
p
erat
ure,
h
u
m
id
ity
a
n
d
c
o
n
cen
trati
o
n
of
carbo
n
m
o
n
o
xi
de,
l
i
quifi
ed
p
et
rol
e
um
g
as
(
LPG
)
a
n
d
s
m
o
ke.
An
a
larm
sy
st
e
m
w
ill
b
e
trig
gered
i
f
t
he
c
oncen
trat
ion
of
carb
o
n
m
o
nox
id
e
ex
ce
eds
50
p
p
m
.
U
s
e
r
s
c
a
n
u
s
e
t
h
e
i
r
s
m
a
r
t
p
h
o
n
e
t
o
v
i
e
w
t
h
e
s
e
d
a
t
a
v
i
a
W
i
-
F
i
by
in
s
t
all
i
ng
a
n
appl
icatio
n
cal
led
“
A
irP
r
o
p
”.
B
as
ed
o
n
t
h
e
c
o
ll
ec
ted
dat
a
,
t
h
is
pap
e
r
als
o
a
n
a
ly
ses
oth
e
r
con
t
ri
bu
ti
ng
f
a
c
t
ors
su
ch
a
s
tim
e
an
d
t
ra
ff
i
c
con
d
i
t
i
on
o
n
t
he
t
em
p
e
rature,
hu
m
i
d
ity
a
nd
co
ncen
trati
o
n
o
f
p
o
l
lut
a
nt
g
ases
at
d
iff
e
ren
t
l
ocat
io
n
s
.
Th
e
ad
va
nt
age
o
f
t
h
e
r
ea
l-tim
e
s
ys
te
m
i
s
it
s
erv
e
s
as
th
e
dat
a
b
ase
p
l
at
fo
rm
t
o
s
t
o
r
e
dat
a
up
t
o
cert
a
in
d
urat
io
n
o
f
ti
me.
T
h
e
da
t
a
can
b
e
f
u
rther
an
alys
ed
a
n
d
l
ev
eraged
b
y
go
ver
n
men
t
s
an
d
res
e
ar
ch
ers
to
m
i
tig
ate
ai
r
po
lluti
on.
K
eyw
ord
s
:
A
i
r pol
l
u
ti
on
A
i
r qua
li
ty m
o
n
i
t
or
ing
R
e
a
l
tim
e m
o
n
itor
i
n
g
Th
is
is a
n
o
p
en acces
s a
r
ti
cle u
n
d
e
r t
h
e
CC
BY-S
A
li
cens
e
.
Corres
pon
d
i
n
g
Au
th
or:
Zuraini Dahari,
Sc
hoo
l
o
f
Ele
c
t
rica
l
&
Electr
o
n
i
c
En
g
i
ne
er
i
ng,
Un
iv
e
r
sit
i
Sai
ns M
al
ay
si
a Eng
i
n
e
erin
g
C
a
mp
u
s
,
14
3
00 N
i
bo
n
g
Teba
l
,
P
u
lau P
i
nan
g
,
M
a
la
ys
i
a
.
Em
ail:
eez
urai
ni
@
u
sm.
m
y
1.
I
N
TR
OD
U
C
TI
O
N
N
o
w
a
days,
cr
isis
r
ela
t
e
d
t
o
air
p
o
ll
ut
ion
i
s
g
e
t
t
i
ng
seri
o
u
s
w
h
ic
h
lea
d
t
o
alar
mi
ng
pr
oble
m
s
to
huma
n
h
ea
lt
h
and
e
n
v
i
r
o
nme
n
t.
S
om
e
o
f
t
h
e
c
om
mon
a
i
r
po
l
l
u
t
a
n
t
s
a
r
e
c
a
r
bo
n
m
o
no
xi
de
,
n
itr
oge
n
d
i
ox
ide
,
o
z
on
e
a
n
d
sul
f
u
r
d
i
o
xid
e
.
In
t
e
r
ms
o
f
hu
man
h
ealt
h
,
t
h
ese
po
llu
ta
n
t
s
c
a
use
h
i
ghe
r
ri
sk
f
or
a
sthm
a,
r
espir
a
tor
y
di
se
ases,
circu
l
ator
y
s
y
s
t
e
m
d
isea
ses,
h
i
g
h
i
n
ci
de
n
t
s
of
h
ea
rt
pro
b
l
e
m
,
dam
a
ge
o
f
im
mune
s
ys
tem
an
d
ot
hers
[1-4]
.
T
he
s
i
g
n
i
fica
nt
i
ncre
me
nt
i
n
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
ve
h
i
c
l
e
s
s
u
c
h
as
ca
rs
a
nd
m
o
tor
c
yc
les
o
n
m
ajor
r
oa
ds
i
n
m
o
st
deve
l
o
p
i
ng
a
n
d
d
e
v
e
l
ope
d
c
itie
s
ha
s
w
o
rsened
t
he
a
ir
p
oll
u
t
i
on
pr
o
b
le
m
[5-7].
P
roa
c
tive
ac
tio
ns
m
us
t
b
e
take
n
to
r
e
d
uc
e
a
nd
preve
n
t
t
h
e
air
p
o
llu
t
i
o
n
f
rom
ge
t
tin
g
m
o
re
s
erious.
The
a
i
r
qua
l
i
t
y
i
s
de
t
e
rm
i
n
e
d
b
ase
d
on
t
he
e
st
ima
tio
n
o
f
s
om
e
e
ssen
t
i
a
l
an
d
i
n
d
i
c
a
t
i
v
e
para
me
ters
s
uch
a
s
a
ir
t
em
per
a
tur
e
,
ra
d
i
a
t
i
on,
a
cti
v
i
t
y
leve
l,
a
ir
f
l
o
w
,
h
um
idi
t
y
an
d
pre
s
e
n
ce
o
f
a
t
mosp
her
i
c
part
icle
s
a
n
d
i
n
c
l
u
d
i
ng
f
o
r
e
x
a
mp
l
e
:
c
a
rb
on
m
on
oxi
de
(CO
)
,
ni
troge
n
di
ox
i
d
e
(NO
2
)
,
o
z
o
n
e
(
O
3
),
vola
til
e
orga
nic
com
p
o
u
nd
(V
O
C
),
a
nd
b
l
ac
k
car
bo
n
[8-1
2
]
.
Th
e
air
qua
lit
y
mon
i
t
o
ri
ng
proce
ss
is
c
r
i
tica
l
t
o
curb
t
he e
scala
t
i
ng a
i
r
p
o
l
l
ut
i
o
n iss
u
es.
A
surve
y
o
n
v
a
r
i
o
u
s
a
i
r
po
l
l
u
ti
on
m
o
n
i
t
or
ing
s
y
st
em
s
ha
s
bee
n
c
arri
ed
r
ec
e
n
tl
y
[13
]
.
So
me
o
f
th
e
moni
t
o
ri
ng
s
y
s
t
e
ms
a
re
I
oT
(
I
n
t
e
rne
t
o
f
Th
ings)
,
K
e
r
nel
Mo
de
ls
Te
chn
i
que
[
1
4
]
w
h
ic
h
desc
ri
b
e
d
th
e
a
r
ch
it
ec
tu
re
o
f
a
p
r
od
u
c
t
un
it
n
et
wo
rk
a
nd
e
v
olut
i
o
n
a
ry
l
ea
rn
in
g
a
l
gor
ithm
an
d
m
obi
l
e
s
ys
tem
w
h
ic
h
i
s
a
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
IS
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
En
hanc
em
e
n
t
of
re
al-t
im
e IoT
-
base
d
a
i
r
q
u
a
l
ity m
o
n
itor
i
n
g
system
(We
i
Jia
n
N
g
)
39
1
relia
ble
m
easu
r
e
m
ent
sys
t
em
.
B
e
side
s,
t
he
re
a
re
a
lso
an
a
ir
p
o
l
lu
ti
o
n
m
on
itori
n
g
s
ystem
usin
g
LabV
IE
W
t
h
a
t
di
sp
la
y
rea
l
t
i
m
e
da
ta
a
cqu
i
si
ti
o
n
a
n
d
m
oni
tor
i
ng
s
y
s
t
e
m
on
La
b
V
I
EW
i
nter
fac
e
[
15].
T
h
e
s
e
m
o
ni
tor
i
ng
syste
m
s
ha
v
e
t
heir
o
w
n
a
d
v
a
n
ta
ges
a
n
d
i
s
s
u
es.
IoT
tec
h
nol
o
gy
ha
s
e
m
e
r
ged
a
s
a
k
e
y
r
ole
i
n
I
n
dus
try
4.0
i
n
ma
ny
a
p
p
l
i
c
at
i
ons
t
o
impr
ove
huma
n
’s
life
[16,
1
7]
.
Wit
h
t
he
a
d
va
nc
e
d
p
rogress
o
f
I
oT
(
Interne
t
o
f
T
h
in
gs)
app
l
ica
t
i
o
n,
a
l
l
t
he
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
o
f
t
h
e
de
v
i
c
e
s
ca
n
be
c
o
nne
c
t
ed
t
o
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
c
l
ou
d
se
rv
er
f
or
c
o
llec
t
i
ng
a
n
d
shari
ng
the
da
t
a
[
1
8
].
I
n
201
6,
a
r
e
s
e
a
rc
h
on
mul
t
i-sens
or
s
y
s
t
em
f
or
e
n
v
ir
onm
en
t
re
g
a
rdi
ng
a
i
r
a
nd
w
a
t
e
r
qua
l
ity
m
on
ito
rin
g
i
s
car
rie
d
o
u
t
b
y
M.
S
imić
et
a
l
.
[
19].
A
low
-
c
o
st,
l
o
w
-
pow
er
a
nd
p
or
t
a
bl
e
se
nsor
s
yste
m
whic
h
powere
d
b
y
bat
t
ery
wit
h
s
o
l
ar
p
ane
l
-
b
ased
c
ha
rger
u
ni
t
is
d
ev
elop
e
d
t
o
mo
ni
t
o
r
th
e
ai
r
q
u
a
li
t
y
a
n
d
w
a
ter
qua
l
i
t
y
o
f
the
e
n
viro
n
m
ent.
U
sers
c
an
v
iew
the
real-ti
m
e
gra
p
h
of
p
ar
am
eter
a
nd
se
ns
or
r
ea
din
g
thr
o
u
g
h
t
he
w
ebpa
g
e
o
f
I
B
M
Wa
t
s
o
n
I
oT
p
la
tform.
A
runa
va
M
u
k
h
o
p
a
d
h
y
a
y
a
n
d
h
i
s
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
g
r
o
u
p
h
a
s
c
o
ndu
c
t
ed
a
p
ro
j
e
ct
o
n
ai
r
qu
al
it
y
me
t
e
r
an
d
ai
r
pol
l
u
ti
on
d
et
e
c
t
or
i
n
20
1
7
[
2
0
].
T
hey
de
ve
lope
d
an
I
o
T
t
e
c
hno
log
y
v
i
a
B
lu
et
oo
th
t
o
mo
n
ito
r
th
e
e
n
v
i
ro
n
m
e
n
t
.
T
he
d
at
a
f
rom
t
h
e
sens
ors is
t
he
n
se
n
t
t
o
a
c
o
m
p
uter or
sma
r
tph
one
f
o
r
r
ea
l
-
t
i
m
e
m
oni
tor
i
ng.
H
ow
eve
r
,
t
h
i
s
w
ork
ha
s
s
o
m
e
l
i
m
i
ta
t
i
o
n
s
s
u
ch
a
s
onl
y
o
n
e
de
v
i
c
e
can
be
c
o
nne
c
t
e
d
t
o
t
h
e
sys
t
em
t
o
v
i
ew
t
he
d
at
a
thro
u
gh
t
h
e
di
sp
la
y
d
e
v
ic
e
bec
a
use
Bl
ue
t
o
o
t
h
i
s
u
sed
a
s
t
he
com
m
unic
a
t
io
n
chan
ne
l
.
A
n
o
t
her
re
se
a
r
c
h
o
n
a
i
r
m
o
n
i
tor
i
n
g
s
yst
e
m
ba
sed
on
s
pac
e
-
bor
ne
ter
a
hertz
ra
di
om
eter
w
as
con
d
u
cte
d
by
R.
Y
ou,
Z
.
Lu,
Q
.
H
ou
an
d
T.
J
ian
g
[
2
1
].
B
y
obse
r
v
i
n
g
t
h
e
abs
o
rpt
i
on
p
e
a
k
,
the
ide
n
ti
ty
o
f
th
e
p
o
l
l
u
t
i
o
n
g
a
s
e
s
s
u
c
h
a
s
c
a
r
b
o
n
m
o
n
o
x
i
d
e
,
p
a
r
t
i
c
u
l
a
t
e
m
a
t
t
e
r
,
s
u
l
f
ur
d
i
o
xide
,
a
m
m
onia
a
n
d
h
y
d
ro
gen
s
u
l
f
ide
ca
n
be
d
ef
ine
d
b
e
c
a
u
se
d
iffe
rent
p
o
l
l
u
t
i
o
n
g
ases
h
a
v
e
d
i
ffer
e
nt
a
bs
orp
t
i
o
n
peak.
H
o
w
e
ver,
t
h
i
s
m
o
n
i
tor
i
ng
syste
m
d
oes
n
o
t
ha
ve
a
s
ys
t
e
ma
ti
c
ne
t
w
o
r
k
i
ng
m
oni
tor
i
n
g
w
hic
h
c
a
n
v
ie
w
the
re
al-t
ime
da
ta
b
y
usin
g
mobi
le
app
l
ica
t
i
o
n
v
i
a
Wi-F
i
.
S
a
h
a
a
nd
his
gro
up
p
r
op
osed
a
r
ese
a
rc
h
o
n
a
Ras
p
berr
y
P
i
c
o
n
t
ro
lle
d
c
l
ou
d-ba
se
d
a
i
r
and
s
o
u
n
d
p
ol
l
u
ti
on
m
oni
t
o
ri
ng
sys
t
em
w
it
h
tem
p
er
ature
a
n
d
hum
i
dit
y
s
e
n
s
i
n
g
[
22]
.
Thi
s
w
or
k
use
d
a
n
IoT-
base
d m
e
th
od t
o
m
on
itor the A
Q
I
and
N
o
i
s
e
D
e
nsi
t
y
o
f
an are
a
.
I
t
als
o
u
s
e
d A
n
om
aly
N
o
t
i
f
ica
t
io
n M
o
du
le
t
o
aler
t
s
the
user
by
se
n
d
i
ng
an
em
ail
a
n
d S
M
S
w
h
e
n
t
he c
o
n
d
iti
o
n
of e
nv
i
r
onm
en
t is u
nh
e
a
lt
hy.
H
o
w
ev
er,
the
r
e
ma
y
be
s
om
e
pe
o
p
l
e
fa
ile
d
to
c
heck
t
he
S
MS
a
n
d
e
ma
il
due
t
o
the
r
ea
s
ons
t
ha
t
the
y
d
o
not
h
a
v
e
e
l
e
c
tro
n
ic
dev
i
ce
s
or
t
he
d
e
v
i
c
e
is
n
o
t
a
va
ila
b
l
e
.
I
n
s
hor
t,
t
h
i
s
sys
t
e
m
d
oe
s
n
o
t
ha
ve
a
n
a
l
arm
such
a
s
buzz
e
r
to
b
e
ac
t
i
va
te
d
to g
i
v
e w
a
rnin
g t
o
t
he
p
eo
p
l
e
arou
nd
the
ar
ea.
The
a
d
vance
s
i
n
se
nsors,
I
o
T
p
l
a
tform
s
a
n
d
m
o
b
i
le
c
om
m
unica
t
i
o
n
s
t
e
c
hno
lo
g
i
es
h
a
v
e
le
d
t
o
t
he
deve
l
opm
en
t
o
f
s
m
a
l
l
er,
por
t
a
bl
e
,
l
ow
c
ost,
m
obi
l
e
-ena
b
l
e
d
s
e
n
s
or
s
t
h
at
c
an
m
e
a
sure
a
nd
r
e
por
t
a
i
r
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
i
n
n
e
ar
r
e
a
l
ti
me.
“B
i
g
D
a
t
a”
cap
a
b
il
iti
e
s
can
b
e
ap
pli
e
d
t
o
t
hi
s
da
ta
t
o
g
e
t
her
w
i
t
h
o
t
h
e
r
c
on
t
r
ibu
t
in
g
fact
ors
suc
h
a
s w
e
ather
and tra
ffic
ca
n be
furt
h
e
r
a
n
a
ly
se
d for
air
qua
l
i
t
y
m
o
n
i
t
o
ri
ng p
u
rp
oses
[
2
3
-2
5].
T
h
i
s
p
a
p
e
r
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
s
a
n
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
a
r
e
a
l
-
t
i
m
e
I
o
T
-
b
a
s
e
d
m
o
n
it
ori
n
g
sys
t
em
f
or
a
i
r
qua
l
i
t
y
.
T
h
is
ca
n
be
a
c
h
ie
v
e
d
by
d
es
i
g
n
i
ng
a
n
i
n
tegra
t
e
d
a
ir
q
ua
lit
y
m
oni
tor
i
ng
s
y
s
tem
.
T
he
h
a
r
dw
ar
e
pa
rt
o
f
the
air
quality
s
e
n
sing
system
c
ons
i
sts
of
s
ens
o
rs,
a
l
arm
and
warnin
g
i
n
d
ic
at
or.
A
n
A
ndro
i
d
a
p
p
l
ica
t
i
o
n
w
h
i
c
h
ca
n
moni
t
o
r
the
rea
l
-t
i
m
e
m
e
a
s
urem
ents
o
f
te
mpe
r
at
ure
,
humidi
t
y
a
n
d
c
o
n
ce
ntra
t
i
o
n
o
f
po
ll
uta
n
t
gases
v
i
a
Wi-F
i
is
d
eve
l
ope
d.
M
o
s
t
imp
o
rta
n
tl
y
is
t
he
d
e
v
el
opme
n
t
of
d
a
t
a
b
ase
t
o
m
o
n
i
t
o
r
t
h
e
pa
t
t
ern
of
a
i
r
p
ol
lu
ti
o
n
f
or
a
ce
rtai
n
spe
c
i
fie
d
t
i
m
e,
d
ate
an
d
per
i
od.
T
he
e
ffec
t
o
f
s
ever
al
f
a
c
t
o
r
s
su
ch
a
s
t
i
m
e
an
d
t
r
a
f
fi
c
con
d
i
t
i
on
o
n
t
h
e
tem
p
era
t
ur
e,
humid
i
t
y an
d
co
nce
n
t
r
at
ion
o
f
po
l
lu
ta
nt g
ase
s
a
re
al
so
i
nv
esti
g
a
t
e
d
.
The
ou
t
l
i
n
e
of
t
he
p
a
p
er
i
s
presen
ted
a
s
t
he
f
o
l
l
o
w
i
ng.
F
irst,
the
me
t
hod
ol
o
gy
to
d
eve
l
o
p
t
h
e
env
i
ro
nm
en
tal
moni
t
o
rin
g
s
y
s
tem
for
air
q
u
al
i
t
y
is
d
e
s
cri
b
ed.
T
he
n,
t
h
e
r
e
s
ult
s
o
bta
i
n
e
d
a
r
e
ana
l
yz
e
d
a
n
d
di
sc
usse
d.
F
ina
l
l
y
, som
e
concl
u
s
i
o
n
s
are
draw
n a
t
the e
n
d
o
f
th
e pa
per.
2.
RESEARCH
M
ETH
O
D
F
i
gure
1
sh
o
w
s
the
pr
o
j
e
c
t
m
e
t
ho
do
l
o
g
y
.
Ini
tia
l
l
y,
a
g
as
s
e
n
sor
M
Q
2
a
nd
a
hum
i
d
i
t
y
a
n
d
tem
p
era
t
ur
e
se
nsor,
D
H
T
11
w
ere
chose
n
t
o
deter
m
i
n
e
t
h
e
c
o
ncen
tr
a
t
i
o
n
of
c
arb
o
n
m
on
o
x
ide
,
s
m
oke
a
n
d
LP
G
as w
ell
a
s
t
he h
umid
i
t
y and tem
p
era
t
ur
e
of
e
n
v
i
r
onm
en
t,
. Th
ese senso
r
s
w
e
re conne
c
t
ed t
o Ra
sp
berry P
i
to
d
e
v
e
l
op
t
h
e
prot
oty
p
e
o
f
t
he
p
ro
jec
t
.
The
al
gor
it
h
m
o
f
the
p
roj
e
c
t
w
a
s
d
ev
el
op
ed
t
o
ini
t
i
a
t
e
th
e
com
m
unic
a
t
io
n
of ha
r
dw
ar
e a
nd s
o
ftw
a
r
e
.
A
pre
l
i
m
i
n
ary
expe
r
i
me
nt
w
a
s
c
arr
i
e
d
o
u
t
t
o
de
t
e
rm
i
n
e
the
f
unc
t
iona
lit
y
of
eac
h
se
nsor
.
MQ
2
i
n
c
o
ndi
ti
o
n
w
i
t
h
a
nd
w
it
ho
ut
t
h
e
p
res
e
n
c
e
of
c
a
r
bo
n
mono
xid
e
.
An
o
t
h
e
r
p
r
e
limi
n
ar
y
expe
r
i
me
nt
w
as
a
ls
o
c
o
ndu
c
t
ed
t
o
det
e
rmi
n
e
th
e
fu
n
c
ti
on
a
l
i
t
y
of
D
H
T
1
1
on
t
emp
e
rat
u
r
e
i
n
o
ut
door
a
n
d
i
n
d
oor
a
n
d
f
unc
t
i
ona
l
i
t
y
of
D
H
T
1
1
o
n
humi
d
ity
i
n
bat
h
ro
om
a
n
d
ki
tc
hen.
T
he
n,
a
p
e
r
for
m
a
n
ce
te
st
ing
o
f
t
he
e
nvir
o
n
m
ental
monitoring
s
yst
e
m
for
air
qualit
y
was
car
ried
o
ut
u
n
d
er
d
iffe
re
n
t
c
on
di
t
i
ons
s
uc
h
a
s
v
e
n
u
e
a
nd
t
im
e.
A
data
ba
se
w
as
c
re
ated
t
o
s
t
or
e
all
t
h
e
c
o
ll
e
c
ted
da
ta
f
r
o
m
senso
rs.
In
a
d
d
i
t
i
on,
a
n
A
n
d
r
oi
d
a
p
p
l
ica
tio
n
w
a
s
deve
l
ope
d
t
o
v
iew
the
r
eal-t
i
m
e
data
o
f
t
h
e
se
nsor
s
w
h
i
c
h
retri
eve
d
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
da
ta
ba
se
.
F
i
na
ll
y,
t
he
c
o
l
l
e
cte
d
data
w
as
r
etrieve
d
an
d
a
na
ly
z
e
d
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
I
nt
J
P
ow
Elec
& Dr
i
S
y
st V
ol.
11,
N
o.
1
, Ma
r
202
0
:
390
–
39
7
39
2
F
i
g
u
r
e
1
.
Pro
j
e
c
t
met
h
odol
ogy
2.1.
D
e
ve
lop
m
en
t of p
rotot
y
p
e
Th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
p
rot
o
t
y
p
e
c
on
si
st
s
of
s
ev
era
l
e
l
ect
ron
i
c
c
o
mp
on
en
t
s
s
u
ch
a
s
ga
s
se
nsor
M
Q
2
,
humi
d
it
y
a
n
d
tem
p
era
t
ure
se
n
s
or,
D
H
T
1
1
,
ana
l
o
g
t
o
di
g
i
t
a
l
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
M
C
P
3
0
0
8
,
b
u
z
z
e
r
,
L
C
D
a
n
d
po
te
nt
iom
e
ter
.
T
hese
c
om
p
o
ne
n
t
s
are
c
onne
cte
d
t
o
t
h
e
I
/
O
ports
of
t
h
e
m
i
c
ro
cont
ro
l
l
e
r,
R
as
pb
erry
P
i
3
Mo
de
l
B.
G
a
s
s
e
n
sor
MQ
2
a
n
d
humi
d
i
t
y
a
nd
tem
p
e
r
ature
se
ns
or
D
H
T
11
ar
e
u
s
ed
a
s
t
h
e
i
n
pu
t
t
o
mic
r
oco
n
tro
l
le
r
w
h
ile
b
uzz
e
r
and
LCD
di
sp
l
a
y
a
r
e
use
d
a
s
the
o
u
t
p
ut
o
f
m
i
croc
o
n
t
r
o
lle
r
.
F
igure
2
sh
o
w
s
the
overa
ll
b
loc
k
d
ia
gra
m
o
f
t
h
e
re
al-time
IoT-
based
e
n
v
i
r
onme
n
t
a
l
mon
i
t
o
ri
n
g
s
ys
tem
.
F
igure
3
s
h
o
w
s
the
circ
u
i
t
co
n
n
ect
io
n o
f
t
he c
om
po
ne
nts
w
i
t
h
R
asp
b
e
rry P
i 3 M
o
de
l
B.
An
A
ndro
i
d
a
p
p
lic
at
io
n
is
d
eve
l
o
p
e
d
t
o
o
b
se
rve
t
h
e
r
eal-
tim
e
m
e
a
s
ur
e
m
ent
o
f
t
he
h
um
id
ity
a
n
d
tem
p
era
t
ur
e
of
e
nv
iro
n
me
n
t
,
conce
n
t
r
at
ion
of
c
arb
o
n
m
on
o
x
i
d
e,
s
mo
ke
a
n
d
LPG.
T
h
e
c
on
c
e
nt
ra
t
i
o
n
of
ca
rbo
n
m
o
n
o
x
i
de
i
s
c
o
mpa
r
ed
w
i
t
h
a
thr
e
sho
l
d
va
lue
o
f
50
ppm.
A
b
u
z
ze
r
i
s
t
ri
gg
ered
a
n
d
a
wa
rn
i
n
g
me
ssage
i
s
d
i
s
p
l
a
ye
d
o
n
L
CD
s
cre
e
n
if
t
he
c
onc
e
n
trat
io
n
of
c
arb
on
m
ono
xide
e
x
c
eed
s
5
0
p
p
m
.
The
c
o
ncen
tra
tio
n
o
f
c
arb
o
n
m
ono
x
i
de
,
t
h
e
h
u
m
i
di
t
y
a
nd
t
em
per
a
t
u
r
e
of
e
n
v
i
r
on
ment
a
re
s
to
red
i
n
to
t
he
clo
u
d
da
t
a
b
ase
.
2.2.
Pre
lim
in
a
r
y e
x
per
i
men
t
s
Thr
ee
pr
eli
m
in
ary
e
x
perim
e
n
t
s
were
car
ried
o
u
t
t
o
ve
ri
fy
t
he
p
e
rf
orm
a
nce
of
s
en
si
n
g
s
ys
t
e
m
of
g
a
s
sens
or
M
Q
2
a
nd
hum
i
d
i
t
y
a
nd
tem
p
era
t
ur
e
se
nso
r
,
D
H
T1
1.
I
n
the
f
i
r
st
p
re
l
i
m
i
na
ry
e
xperim
e
n
t
,
t
h
e
ga
s
sens
or
M
Q
2
w
hi
c
h
can
d
ete
c
t
v
a
r
io
us
p
o
l
l
u
ta
nt
g
a
s
es
s
uc
h
a
s
car
b
on
m
o
n
o
x
i
de
,
smoke
a
nd
LP
G
w
a
s
pl
ac
ed
un
der
d
i
ffe
r
en
t
con
d
iti
on.
T
he
p
e
r
form
anc
e
o
f
MQ
2
w
i
t
h
a
n
d
w
ith
ou
t
th
e
prese
n
c
e
o
f
ca
rbo
n
mo
no
xid
e
w
e
r
e
c
o
mp
a
r
ed
.
Ta
bl
e
1
sho
w
s
t
h
e
c
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
ati
o
n
o
f
c
a
r
bon
m
ono
xid
e
,
s
m
oke
a
nd
LP
G
,
a
la
rm
c
on
di
ti
o
n
a
n
d
L
CD
di
sp
la
y
of t
he
sys
t
e
m
under
the
s
e
t
w
o
differ
e
n
t c
o
ndi
t
i
o
n
s.
Base
d
on
Tab
l
e
1,
t
he
c
onc
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
on
of
c
ar
bo
n
m
o
n
o
x
i
de
,
sm
oke
a
n
d
L
P
G
i
ncre
ased
r
api
d
ly
w
he
n
the ga
s sens
or MQ
2
w
a
s
exp
o
s
ed t
o
smoke
f
rom exha
ust pi
pe
of a
mo
to
rcy
c
l
e
.
Th
e
smart
al
erti
n
g
sy
st
e
m
wa
s
tri
ggere
d
b
y
a
cti
v
a
tin
g
t
h
e
a
l
a
r
m
a
nd
di
s
p
lay
i
n
g
t
he
a
ir
c
ondi
t
io
n
w
i
t
h
t
he
w
ord
of
“
da
n
g
er
ous”
o
n
t
he
L
CD
scre
en
w
he
n
t
h
e
c
onc
e
n
trat
i
o
n
o
f
c
a
r
b
o
n
m
ono
x
i
de
w
a
s
l
ar
ger
t
h
a
n
5
0
ppm
.
H
o
w
e
ver,
once
a
l
l
the
sm
oke
from
t
h
e
e
x
h
a
ust
p
i
pe
o
f
motorc
ycle
w
as
gone
o
r
t
h
e
a
i
r
o
f
s
urr
ou
ndi
ng
w
as
c
l
e
a
n
,
t
h
en
o
nly
lo
w
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
P
o
w
Elec
&
D
r
i
S
y
st
I
S
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
En
ha
nce
m
en
t
of re
al
-
t
i
m
e
I
o
T
-
based a
i
r q
u
a
li
ty m
o
n
i
t
o
r
i
ng system
(
W
e
i
Jia
n
N
g
)
39
3
c
once
n
tr
a
tio
n
o
f
c
ar
b
on
mo
n
o
x
i
de,
sm
ok
e
a
nd
LP
G
w
e
r
e
d
etec
ted.
A
s
a
r
e
s
u
l
t
,
t
h
e
a
l
a
r
m
w
a
s
d
e
a
c
t
i
v
a
t
e
d
.
The
cha
nges
i
n
t
he
c
onc
e
n
tr
at
io
n
va
l
u
e
i
n
t
w
o
s
i
t
ua
t
i
o
n
s
ver
i
f
i
e
d
t
he
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
of
t
he
g
as
s
e
n
sor
MQ
2
.
I
n
t
he
s
e
c
o
n
d
p
r
e
l
i
m
i
nar
y
e
x
p
er
im
en
t,
t
he
humi
d
it
y
an
d
t
e
m
p
er
at
ur
e
se
nsor
,
D
H
T11
w
a
s
plac
e
d
i
n
a
i
r
-
con
d
i
t
i
one
d
r
oom
a
nd
un
d
e
r
sunl
igh
t
r
espec
t
i
v
e
l
y.
T
he
m
ea
su
r
e
m
e
nt
o
f
D
H
T
1
1
o
n
te
mpe
r
at
ur
e
in
t
hes
e
two
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
plac
e
s
w
ere
compa
r
ed.
The
differe
nces
o
f
te
mpe
r
at
ur
e
in
t
he
se
t
w
o
p
l
a
ce
s
pr
ove
d
t
h
e
f
u
n
c
tio
na
li
ty
o
f
the
D
H
T11
s
e
ns
or
on
tem
p
e
r
a
t
ur
e.
I
n
t
he
t
h
i
r
d
p
r
e
l
i
m
i
nar
y
e
xpe
r
i
me
nt
,
t
h
e
hum
id
ity
a
nd
t
em
p
e
r
a
tu
r
e
s
e
n
s
o
r
,
D
H
T
11
w
a
s
p
l
ace
d
in
t
he
ki
tc
hen
a
n
d
ba
t
h
r
o
o
m
.
The
p
e
r
f
or
ma
nce
o
f
D
H
T
11
on
h
u
m
i
d
i
ty
i
n
t
he
se
d
if
f
e
r
e
nt
p
l
a
c
e
s
w
e
r
e
c
om
par
e
d.
Ta
b
l
e
2
s
how
s
the
hum
id
it
y
in
t
he
se
d
if
f
e
r
e
nt
p
lac
e
s.
I
n
t
h
e
ne
xt
s
ta
ge,
a
r
eal
t
e
s
t
has
bee
n
c
ar
r
i
e
d
o
u
t
t
o
obs
er
ve
t
he
c
h
a
nge
s
o
f
t
hese
m
ea
sur
e
m
e
nts
unde
r
d
i
f
f
e
r
en
t
con
d
i
ti
o
n
s,
w
h
i
c
h
a
re
l
o
cat
io
n
s
,
t
r
a
f
f
i
c
c
ond
it
i
on
a
nd
t
i
me
.
F
i
gur
e
2.
O
ver
a
ll
b
l
ock
d
i
a
g
r
a
m
of
t
he
r
eal-
t
im
e
I
o
T-
base
d
env
i
r
o
nm
en
tal
m
oni
t
o
r
i
ng
sys
t
e
m
f
or
a
ir
qua
l
ity
F
i
gur
e
3.
C
ir
cu
it
c
o
nne
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
he
c
omp
o
n
e
n
t
s
w
it
h
Ras
pb
er
r
y
P
i 3
2.
3.
Da
t
a
co
l
lection in
d
a
ta
ba
se
Fire
base
i
s
c
h
o
s
en
a
s
t
h
e
c
l
o
u
d
d
a
t
a
b
a
s
e
bec
a
use
t
h
e
NoS
Q
L
data
b
a
se
c
an
m
a
n
ag
e
th
e
un
st
ru
ctu
r
ed
bi
g
da
ta
e
f
f
ic
ien
t
ly
b
y
pr
o
v
i
d
ing
h
i
g
h
v
e
l
oc
i
t
y
i
n
s
t
o
r
i
n
g
a
n
d
re
t
r
ie
vin
g
t
he
d
a
t
a.
A
p
r
o
j
e
ct
n
am
ed
“
A
i
r
Poll
u
t
i
o
n
D
ata
”
h
as
b
ee
n
c
r
ea
ted
in
t
he
F
i
r
ebase
C
o
ns
ol
e
.
T
h
e
F
i
r
e
b
a
se
P
yt
ho
n
L
i
b
r
a
r
y
i
s
i
ns
t
a
ll
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
Ras
pber
r
y
Pi
3
.
The
h
t
tp
a
d
d
ress
o
f
F
ire
b
ase
is
d
ef
ine
d
i
n
the
P
y
t
h
o
n
S
c
r
i
p
t
.
T
h
e
s
e
n
s
e
d
d
a
t
a
i
s
t
h
e
n
r
e
c
e
i
v
e
d
by
R
a
sp
be
r
r
y
P
i
3
and
se
n
d
t
o
the
F
i
r
e
base
d
ata
b
ase
.
Tab
l
e
1.
C
on
c
e
n
tr
a
t
i
o
n
of
c
a
r
bo
n
m
o
n
o
x
i
de
,
sm
oke
a
nd
LP
G
,
a
la
r
m
c
ond
i
t
i
on
and
L
C
D
disp
la
y
of
t
he
s
ys
t
e
m
under
tw
o
d
i
f
f
e
r
ent
co
n
d
it
i
ons
C
h
a
nne
ls
C
once
n
tr
a
tion
(pp
m
)
A
l
a
r
m
C
O
Sm
oke
L
P
G
C
l
ea
n air
w
ithout
a
n
y
c
o
m
bus
tion
0.
0006
2
0.
0003
2
0.
0006
8
D
e
a
c
t
i
v
a
t
e
d
Sm
oke
f
r
o
m
e
x
h
a
ust
pipe
o
f a
mo
t
o
r
c
y
c
l
e
542.
25
24.
293
23.
345
A
c
tiva
t
e
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
I
nt
J
P
ow
Elec
& Dr
i
S
y
st V
ol.
11,
N
o.
1
, Ma
r
202
0
:
390
–
39
7
39
4
Tab
l
e
2.
H
umidi
t
y
in tw
o
di
f
fe
rent
p
l
a
ces
P
l
ac
e
H
u
m
i
dity
(
%)
Kitc
he
n
56
Ba
throom
7
8
2.4.
Data
ret
rieva
l
an
a
l
y
s
i
s
A
pr
oj
e
c
t
h
as
b
een
c
rea
t
e
d
i
n
A
n
dr
oid
S
t
ud
i
o
w
h
i
ch
i
s
na
me
d
as
“
A
irP
r
op”
(
A
i
r
P
r
oper
t
i
e
s).
“
A
irP
r
op”
i
s
use
d
t
o
m
oni
tor
the
rea
l
-t
i
m
e
da
t
a
o
f
the
e
n
vi
r
o
n
m
en
t
i
n
c
l
ud
ing
the
c
o
n
c
e
n
tra
t
i
o
n
o
f
c
arbo
n
mono
x
i
de,
sm
oke
a
nd
LP
G
as
w
ell
as
t
he
hum
id
ity
a
n
d
t
e
m
pera
tu
r
e
.
T
h
e
F
i
r
e
b
a
s
e
A
P
I
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
i
m
p
o
r
t
e
d
i
n
the
ap
p
pro
j
ec
t
so
t
hat
t
h
e
ap
pl
i
c
a
t
io
n
a
b
l
e
t
o
re
t
r
i
e
ve
d
a
t
a
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
“
A
irP
o
ll
ut
i
o
n
D
a
t
a”
da
t
a
base
i
n
F
i
r
e
ba
se
.
There
a
r
e
five
G
U
I
i
n
t
h
e
pr
ojec
t
w
h
ic
h
ha
ve
t
he
i
r
o
w
n
f
unc
t
i
o
n
s
.
T
a
b
l
e
3
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
d
e
t
a
i
l
s
o
f
e
a
c
h
G
U
I
ac
t
i
v
i
ty
.
The
d
a
ta
c
ol
lec
t
e
d
f
rom
the
se
n
s
or
s
are
th
e
n
s
tor
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
r
eal-t
ime
Fire
base
d
ata
b
ase
in
J
S
O
N
form
at.
The
da
ta
ba
se
i
s
e
x
p
o
rte
d
o
ut
i
n
JS
O
N
f
orm
a
t
a
nd
c
o
n
v
ert
e
d
i
nt
o
CSV
file
v
ia
o
nli
n
e
JS
O
N
to
C
SV
con
v
er
t
e
r.
The
r
esul
ts ar
e
ta
bula
t
e
d
a
nd
ana
l
y
z
ed.
Ta
bl
e
3
.
Det
a
i
l
s
o
f
ea
ch
GUI
a
ct
ivit
y
G
U
I
a
cti
v
ity
F
unc
tion
We
a
t
h
e
r
T
o
m
onitor
the
r
e
a
l
-tim
e
d
a
t
a
on
t
e
mpe
r
a
t
ur
e
a
nd
hu
m
i
di
ty
o
f
the
e
nvir
onm
e
n
t.
Air Qua
lit
y
P
o
lluta
nts
T
o
m
onitor
the
r
e
al-tim
e
d
a
ta
on c
onc
e
n
tr
a
t
ion
of
c
a
r
bon m
onoxi
de
,
s
m
o
k
e
a
nd
L
P
G.
T
o
v
ie
w
t
h
e
inform
ation a
bout
pollu
ta
nts
g
a
s
e
s
su
c
h
a
s
ca
rbo
n
m
onoxide
,
s
m
oke a
nd
L
P
G.
His
t
o
r
y
T
o
c
hec
k
t
h
e
a
v
e
rage
o
f
t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
ur
e
,
hum
idity a
nd c
onc
e
n
trati
o
n
of
the
ca
r
bon
m
onoxide
,
s
m
oke
a
nd L
P
G
of
a
c
hose
n
d
a
t
e
.
R
e
port
T
o
ma
k
e
r
e
port to the
a
uthoritie
s r
e
g
a
r
d
in
g a
ny i
ssue
s
r
el
a
t
e
d
t
o e
nvironm
ent.
3.
RESULT
S
A
N
D
DISCU
SSIO
N
Th
e
t
e
st
h
as
b
een
c
a
r
ri
ed
o
ut
a
t
t
w
o
di
ffe
rent
l
o
c
at
ion
s
,
wh
i
c
h
a
r
e
U
S
M
E
E
s
c
h
o
o
l
p
ar
ki
ng l
o
t
a
n
d at
K
u
l
i
m
H
i
-Tec
h
P
a
r
k
.
These
t
w
o
loc
a
t
i
ons
h
ave
bee
n
s
e
l
ec
te
d
ba
se
d
on
t
he
t
raf
f
i
c
c
o
ndi
ti
on
s.
K
ul
i
m
H
i-Te
c
h
Pa
rk
i
s
an
i
n
d
u
stry
a
r
ea
whi
c
h
has
m
o
derate
t
raffic
during
w
eek
da
y
w
h
ile
U
S
M
E
lec
t
r
onic
a
n
d
E
l
ec
trica
l
(EE)
S
c
h
o
o
l
pa
rk
i
n
g
lot
i
s
a
n
are
a
w
hi
ch
h
a
s
l
i
ght
t
ra
f
f
ic
d
u
r
i
ng
w
eek
da
y.
T
he
d
a
t
a
w
e
r
e
c
ol
l
e
ct
ed
i
n
t
h
e
mo
rn
i
n
g
(7
:
00-8
:
0
0
a
m),
af
t
e
rn
oon
(
12:
00
-1:0
0p
m),
ev
e
n
i
n
g
(5:0
0
-
6
:
00p
m
)
a
nd
ni
g
h
t
(9:0
0-
1
0
:
0
0pm
)
i
n
t
he
ti
m
e
i
n
t
erva
l
o
f
1
m
in
u
t
e
a
t
t
he
se
t
w
o
d
iffe
re
nt
v
e
nue
s.
T
he
c
o
nce
n
t
r
at
i
on
o
f
c
arb
o
n
m
ono
x
i
de,
L
P
G
and
smoke
a
s
w
e
ll
a
s
t
he
t
em
pera
tu
r
e
a
nd
h
umid
i
t
y
o
f
t
he
e
n
v
ir
onm
en
t
a
t
d
if
fere
n
t
t
ime
in
time
i
n
terva
l
o
f
1
minu
te
i
n
d
i
ffe
r
ent tra
f
fic
co
n
d
i
tio
n
are
a
ha
s
bee
n re
corde
d
in
this
tes
t
.
The
a
v
e
r
age
t
e
m
p
era
t
ur
e,
humid
i
t
y
a
n
d
c
onc
e
n
trat
io
n
o
f
c
arbo
n
m
ono
xid
e
,
LPG
a
n
d
smok
e
are
ca
l
c
u
l
a
t
e
d
.
In
o
r
d
er
t
o
c
o
m
p
are
the
a
v
era
g
e
co
nce
n
t
r
at
io
n
o
f
c
a
r
b
o
n
m
o
n
o
x
i
d
e
,
L
P
G
a
n
d
s
m
o
k
e
,
t
h
r
e
e
l
i
n
e
cha
r
ts
a
re
p
l
o
tt
ed
a
s
s
how
n
in
F
i
gur
e
4(a)
-(c)
show
t
he
c
o
m
pari
so
n
be
tw
ee
n
a
v
era
g
e
co
nce
n
trat
i
on
of
c
arbo
n
mono
x
i
de,
LP
G
and
sm
oke
i
n
U
S
M
EE
schoo
l
pa
rk
i
ng.
A
s
expe
c
t
e
d
,
F
i
gur
e
4
show
s
th
a
t
t
he
ove
ral
l
a
ver
a
g
e
conc
e
n
trat
io
n
of
c
a
r
b
o
n
m
on
ox
i
d
e,
L
P
G
a
nd
sm
oke
i
n
t
h
e
K
u
l
i
m
H
i
-Tec
h
P
a
rk
i
s
hi
g
h
e
r
t
ha
n
tha
t
o
f
a
t
U
S
M
EE
sch
o
o
l
par
k
i
n
g
lo
t.
T
he
r
e
i
s
a
l
a
rge
d
i
ffere
n
ce
i
n
t
he
a
vera
ge
c
onc
entra
t
i
o
n
o
f
c
a
r
bo
n
m
o
n
o
x
id
e
an
d
smoke
be
t
w
e
en U
S
M
EE
schoo
l par
k
i
ng
lo
t a
nd K
u
lim
H
i-Tec
h
P
ark.
Base
d
on
F
i
gu
re
4
(a
),
t
he
h
ig
he
st
a
vera
ge
c
onc
e
n
trat
io
n
o
f
c
a
r
b
o
n
mo
noxi
d
e
a
n
d
s
mok
e
a
re
s
h
o
w
n
at m
orni
ng a
n
d
eve
n
in
g
have
i
n
K
u
l
i
m
H
i
-
T
e
c
h
P
a
rk due
to the
pe
a
k
h
our of traff
i
c.
A
i
r
Q
u
a
l
i
t
y
I
n
d
ex
(
A
Q
I
)
i
s
t
he
s
ta
n
d
ard
m
e
a
s
ur
em
ent
of
t
he
a
ir
c
l
e
a
nn
ess
i
n
t
h
e
e
nvi
ron
m
en
t
w
h
i
c
h
is
c
omm
o
n
l
y
u
s
e
d
i
n
m
oni
tor
i
ng
t
he
a
ir
q
ua
l
ity.
A
low
A
Q
I
v
al
ue
s
h
o
w
s
t
he
a
ir
qua
l
ity
i
s
go
o
d
.
The
h
i
ghe
st
ave
r
age
c
o
nce
n
tra
t
i
o
n
of
car
bo
n
m
o
n
o
x
i
de
o
b
t
a
i
ne
d
fr
om
t
he
p
er
f
orm
a
nc
e
te
st
in
g
i
s
4
.4
29
p
pm
a
t
K
u
li
m
H
i
-
Tec
h
P
a
r
k
d
u
r
i
ng
eve
n
in
g.
F
rom
t
h
i
s
va
l
ue
,
t
h
e
A
Q
I
for
carbo
n
m
on
ox
i
d
e c
a
n
be c
alc
u
la
t
e
d
as in
(1).
.
.
4
.
5
5
1
5
0
(
1
)
Where
I
i
s
t
h
e
in
d
e
x
fo
r
ca
rb
on
m
ono
xid
e
,
C
p
i
s
t
h
e
c
o
n
c
e
n
tra
t
i
o
n
of
c
a
r
bo
n
mo
no
x
i
de.
T
he
A
Q
I
ob
ta
ine
d
i
s
5
0
.
T
he
A
Q
I
v
a
l
ue
i
s
in
t
he
r
ange
o
f
go
o
d
l
evel
o
n
ai
r
quality.
T
herefore,
the
air
quality
i
s
sat
i
sfac
t
o
ry
a
n
d
c
auses
no
ri
sk
o
n
he
a
l
t
h
o
f
hu
m
a
n
.
O
n
t
h
e
o
t
he
r
ha
nd,
t
he
re
i
s
n
o
o
bv
i
o
u
s
d
iffer
e
nce
in
ave
r
age
c
o
n
c
e
n
tra
t
i
o
n
of
car
b
o
n
m
o
n
oxi
de,
LP
G
and
smo
k
e
in
t
he
mo
rn
ing
,
a
ft
e
r
no
on
,
e
v
e
n
i
n
g
and
ni
g
h
t
ti
m
e
i
n U
S
M
EE sc
h
o
ol
p
ar
ki
ng l
o
t.
The
c
o
lle
cte
d
d
ata
ar
e
stor
ed
i
n
t
h
e
“
A
irP
o
l
l
u
t
i
onD
ata”
d
a
ta
ba
s
e
i
n
F
i
r
ebase
c
o
nsole
.
F
igure
5(a
)
show
s
the
e
x
a
m
ples
o
f
da
ta
t
ha
t
co
l
l
ec
te
d
fr
om
s
e
n
sors
i
n
da
t
a
b
a
s
e.
T
he
m
obi
le
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
ti
o
n
“
A
i
rP
rop”
h
as
bee
n
c
re
a
t
ed
t
o
o
b
se
rve
t
h
e
r
eal-tim
e
da
ta
o
f
tem
p
e
r
at
ure
and
h
um
idi
t
y
o
f
e
n
vir
onm
e
n
t,
c
o
n
ce
n
t
ra
t
i
on
o
f
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
P
o
w
Elec
&
D
r
i
S
y
st
I
S
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
En
ha
nce
m
en
t
of re
al
-
t
i
m
e
I
o
T
-
based a
i
r q
u
a
li
ty m
o
n
i
t
o
r
i
ng system
(
W
e
i
Jia
n
N
g
)
39
5
ca
rb
on
m
on
oxid
e
,
LP
G
an
d
smo
k
e
.
Th
es
e
val
u
e
s
a
re
a
bl
e
t
o
s
ho
w
o
n
the
sc
ree
n
o
f
m
o
bil
e
p
hon
e
i
f
u
se
rs
ha
ve
i
ns
ta
l
l
ed
t
he
a
pp
on
the
i
r
mobi
le
p
ho
n
e
s.
F
i
gur
e
5(
b)
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
w
e
a
t
h
e
r
pa
ge
i
n
“
A
irP
r
op”
w
ith
t
he
m
e
a
s
ur
em
ent
of
t
e
m
pe
r
a
t
u
r
e
,
hum
id
ity,
ca
r
b
o
n
m
onox
ide
,
s
m
oke
a
n
d
LPG.
T
h
e
m
o
b
i
l
e
a
ppl
ic
ati
on
“
A
i
r
Pr
o
p
”
i
s
a
ls
o
c
a
pa
b
l
e
t
o
r
eview
t
h
e
a
v
e
r
age
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e
and
h
umi
d
it
y
a
s
w
e
ll
as
t
he
c
o
n
ce
ntr
a
tion
of
c
a
r
b
o
n
m
on
oxi
de
,
LP
G
a
nd
sm
oke
o
n
a
cho
s
e
n
d
a
t
e.
U
se
r
s
can
a
lso
v
iew
the
m
o
re
d
e
t
ai
l
inform
ati
on
o
n
t
he
ch
os
en
d
at
e
by
u
s
in
g
d
a
t
e
p
i
c
k
e
r.
A
m
o
r
e
de
t
a
il
ed
t
e
m
p
e
rat
u
re
a
n
d
hum
i
d
i
t
y
a
s
w
el
l
as
t
he
c
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n
f
o
c
a
r
b
o
n
m
on
o
x
i
d
e,
L
P
G
a
nd
sm
oke
o
f
t
h
e
w
h
o
l
e
da
y
ca
n
b
e
r
eview
e
d
i
n
a
list
vi
e
w
.
F
i
gur
e
6(
a)
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
da
t
e
p
ic
ke
r
in A
ndr
o
i
d
a
p
p
lic
a
tio
n,
F
i
g
ur
e
6
(
b)
s
how
s t
h
e H
i
st
o
r
y
pa
g
e o
f
“
A
i
r
P
r
op”
w
hi
le
F
i
g
ur
e
6(
c
)
s
how
s
the
mor
e
d
eta
i
l
e
d
in
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
of
t
he
p
as
t
da
t
a
i
n
li
st
v
i
e
w
.
(a)
(
b
)
(c)
F
i
gur
e
4.
C
om
par
i
s
on
be
tw
ee
n
ave
r
age
co
nc
entr
a
t
i
o
n
of
(
a
)
c
ar
bo
n
mo
no
xi
d
e
,
(b
)
LP
G,
a
nd
(
c
)
smoke
i
n
U
S
M
EE
scho
o
l
p
ar
kin
g
l
ot
a
n
d
K
ul
im
H
i-
Te
ch
Pa
r
k
a
t
di
ffere
n
t
tim
es
(a)
(b
)
Fi
g
u
r
e 5
.
(a)
Da
t
a
c
o
ll
ect
ed
f
ro
m sen
s
o
r
s
i
n
d
a
t
ab
ase
(b
) We
at
h
er and
Air
Q
u
a
lit
y
pa
ge
i
n
“
A
irP
r
op”
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
I
nt
J
P
ow
Elec
& Dr
i
S
y
st V
ol.
11,
N
o.
1
, Ma
r
202
0
:
390
–
39
7
39
6
I
n
a
d
d
iti
on,
“
A
i
rP
r
o
p
”
h
as
a
n
o
t
h
er
f
ea
tur
e
i
n
w
h
i
c
h
a
no
t
i
fi
c
a
t
ion
w
ill
b
e
p
u
s
h
ed
t
o
th
e
n
o
t
i
f
ic
a
t
ion
bar
of
t
he
A
n
d
ro
id
m
o
b
i
l
e
ph
o
n
e.
T
his
n
o
t
i
fi
c
a
t
ion
i
s
p
urp
o
sel
y
c
re
at
ed
t
o
re
mind
users
t
o
c
hec
k
t
he
a
ir
qua
l
ity o
f the
e
nvir
onm
en
t fre
que
n
tly.
F
u
rthe
rm
ore
,
a
w
arning
m
essage
w
ill be
d
i
s
p
l
a
y
ed o
n the sc
ree
n
o
f
th
e
mobi
le
p
ho
n
e
w
he
n t
h
e
conc
e
n
t
r
a
tio
n
of c
arbo
n
mon
o
x
i
de
e
xce
e
d
s
50
p
p
m
.
(a)
(
b
)
(c)
F
i
gure
6.
(
a)
D
ate
pic
k
er
in A
ndr
o
i
d
ap
pl
i
c
a
t
ion
(b)
H
i
stor
y
pa
ge
of
“
A
irP
r
op”
a
n
d
(
c)
D
e
tai
l
ed
i
n
f
or
ma
ti
o
n
o
f the
p
a
st da
t
a
in l
is
t
view
4.
CONCL
U
S
ION
The
re
al-t
ime
I
o
T-based
e
n
v
i
ro
nm
enta
l
m
o
ni
tori
ng
sys
t
e
m
f
or
a
ir
q
ua
lit
y
ha
s
bee
n
s
ucc
e
ss
fu
l
l
y
deve
l
ope
d
a
n
d
me
t
the
ou
t
line
d
o
bj
e
c
t
ives
.
The
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
a
l
a
i
r
q
u
a
lit
y
sen
s
i
n
g
sy
stem
w
it
h
alar
m
and
w
a
r
n
i
n
g
ind
i
c
a
t
or
w
hic
h
c
an
d
e
t
erm
i
ne
t
he
t
em
per
a
t
u
re,
hum
id
ity
a
n
d
c
once
n
tra
tio
n
o
f
t
he
p
o
l
l
u
ta
nt
g
ases
has
be
e
n
d
e
s
i
g
ned.
T
he
d
e
v
el
ope
d
a
p
plic
a
t
ion
i
s
c
ap
a
b
le
t
o
mo
ni
t
o
r
r
eal
-tim
e
m
e
a
s
ur
em
ent
of
t
e
m
pe
rature
,
humi
d
it
y
an
d
conce
n
t
r
at
i
o
n
of
p
o
l
l
u
tan
t
g
a
s
e
s
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
suc
cess
f
u
l
ly
d
e
v
e
l
ope
d.
B
e
s
i
d
es
a
w
eb
pa
ge
o
r
iO
S
app
l
ica
t
i
o
n
is
a
lso
de
vel
o
ped
to
m
on
itor
the
rea
l
-
t
im
e
da
ta
a
nd
v
ie
w
the
pre
v
io
us
d
a
t
a
of
t
he
e
nv
i
r
on
m
e
nta
l
air
qu
al
i
t
y
.
T
h
e
m
a
i
n
c
o
n
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
on
i
n
t
his
p
a
per
i
s
t
he
a
v
a
ila
b
il
i
t
y
of
t
he
d
a
t
ab
a
s
e
fo
r
f
u
rth
e
r
an
aly
s
i
s
a
nd
moni
t
o
ri
ng p
u
rpos
e.
ACKNOW
LEDG
E
MEN
T
S
The
a
u
t
hor
s
w
o
u
l
d
li
ke
t
o
e
xpre
s
s
th
eir
t
h
ank
s
t
o
S
c
h
o
o
l
o
f
E
l
e
ct
ri
ca
l
&
El
e
c
t
r
oni
c
En
g
i
n
e
erin
g
,
Un
iv
e
r
sit
i
Sai
ns M
al
ay
si
a.
REFE
RENCES
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a
i
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l
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,
"
A
revi
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w
of the
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u
re on
t
h
e e
f
f
ect
s of ambi
e
n
t
air
pol
lut
i
on
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n
f
e
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,
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t
y
i
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L
a
n
z
ho
u,
a
m
aj
or
i
n
d
u
s
tri
a
l
city
i
n
Ch
ina:
C
h
a
r
acteris
ti
cs
o
f
a
i
r
po
llu
t
i
o
n
an
d
revi
ew
o
f
exi
s
t
i
ng
e
vi
den
ce
f
r
om
a
i
r
poll
u
tion
an
d
h
ealth
s
tu
d
i
es
,
"
Wa
te
r,
A
i
r,
And
So
il
Po
llut
i
on
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187
,
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J.
L
e
l
ievel
d
,
et a
l
.
,
"The
c
on
tribut
io
n
of
outd
o
o
r
a
ir
p
ollu
ti
on
sources
t
o
prem
at
u
r
e
m
o
rt
ali
t
y
on
a
g
l
ob
al
s
cale,"
N
a
tu
r
e
I
n
te
rn
at
i
o
na
l
J
o
ur
n
a
l
o
f
S
c
ie
nc
e
,
v
ol
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71
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015
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[4]
K
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H
K
i
,
et a
l
.
,
"A
r
ev
iew
o
n
t
he
h
um
an
h
ealth
i
m
p
act
o
f
a
i
rb
orne
p
art
i
cu
late
matter,"
E
n
vironment In
t
e
rnationa
l
,
vo
l.
74,
p
p
.
1
36
-143
,
2
01
5.
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E.
U
.
Etim,
"Ai
r
p
ollu
ti
on
e
m
issio
n
i
n
v
ent
o
ry
a
long
a
m
a
jo
r
tra
ff
ic
r
o
u
te
w
it
h
i
n
Ibad
an
M
etrop
o
l
i
s
,
S
ou
th
w
e
st
ern
Ni
geriam,
"
Afric
a
n
Jo
ur
nal o
f
E
n
vir
o
n
m
en
tal S
c
ience
and
T
echn
o
l
ogy
,
vo
l.
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No
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N.
L
A
bd
Rani
et al
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"Air
p
olluti
on
i
n
d
e
x
tren
d
an
alys
is
i
n
M
a
l
a
ys
ia,
20
10
-15,
"
P
o
lish
Journal of E
n
vi
ron
m
ental
S
t
u
d
i
e
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D. B.
Ped
e
n
et a
l
., "Th
e
un
e
xp
ec
t
e
d h
ealt
h
ef
f
ects o
f
air p
ollu
ti
on
,
"
No
rt
h Ca
ro
li
n
a
M
e
di
cal
Jou
r
nal
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v
o
l.
79
,
N
o.
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09-3
1
1
,
2
0
1
8.
[8]
A.
C
aval
iere
et al
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,
"
D
e
v
e
l
op
me
n
t
o
f
lo
w-
c
o
st
a
ir
q
u
a
li
ty
s
t
a
t
i
o
n
s
f
or
n
e
x
t
ge
n
e
r
ati
o
n
m
o
ni
t
o
ri
ng
n
e
t
works:
cali
b
rati
on
and
v
a
l
i
d
a
ti
on
o
f
p
m
2.
5
and
pm
10
se
n
so
rs,"
S
e
ns
ors (
B
asel)
,
vo
l. 1
8
,
N
o
.
9
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.
2
84
3
,
2
01
8.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
P
o
w
Elec
&
D
r
i
S
y
st
I
S
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
En
ha
nce
m
en
t
of re
al
-
t
i
m
e
I
o
T
-
based a
i
r q
u
a
li
ty m
o
n
i
t
o
r
i
ng system
(
W
e
i
Jia
n
N
g
)
39
7
[9]
L.
S
p
i
ne
l
l
e
et
a
l
.
,
"F
iel
d
cali
b
rati
on
o
f
a
clu
s
t
e
r
o
f
l
ow
-cost
com
m
ercially
a
vai
la
ble
se
nso
r
s
for
a
i
r
qu
a
l
i
t
y
m
o
ni
t
o
ri
ng
.
P
a
rt
B
:
N
O
,
C
O
a
n
d
C
O
2
,
"
Se
n
s
. Ac
tu
ato
r
s
B Che
m
.,
v
o
l
.
2
3
8
,
p
p.
706-71
5,
201
7.
[10]
R
Piedrahita
et al
.
,
"
T
he
n
ext
generation
of
l
ow-c
os
t
personal
a
ir
q
uality
s
ensors
f
or
q
uantitat
i
ve
e
xposure
monitor
i
ng,"
At
mo
s. M
e
as
.
T
ech.
,
vol.
7
,
pp.
3
32
5
-
33
36
,
2
0
1
4
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[11]
L
.
S
p
i
nelle
et
al.
,
"
R
e
v
i
e
w
o
f
p
o
r
t
a
b
l
e
a
n
d
l
o
w
-
c
o
s
t
s
e
n
s
o
r
s
f
o
r
t
h
e
a
m
b
i
e
n
t
a
i
r
m
o
n
i
to
rin
g
o
f
b
e
n
zen
e
and
ot
he
r
vo
la
t
i
le
or
g
a
n
ic
c
o
m
po
un
ds,"
S
e
nsors
, vo
l
. 1
7,
p
p
.
1
5
2
0
, 2
01
7.
[12]
J.
J
C
a
u
b
e
l
et a
l
.
,
"
A
n
ew
b
la
ck
carbon
senso
r
f
or
d
ense
a
i
r
q
uality
m
on
itori
ng
n
et
wo
rks,
"
Sens
or
s
,
vo
l.
1
8,
pp
.
7
3
8
,
20
18
.
[13]
R.
K
ho
t
and
V.
Chit
r
e,
"S
u
rv
ey o
n ai
r po
ll
u
t
io
n
m
o
nitori
ng
sy
s
t
em
s,"
i
n
In
ter
n
a
t
iona
l
Co
nf
eren
ce on
Inn
o
va
ti
ons
in
In
fo
rmati
o
n
,
Emb
e
d
d
ed
an
d Co
mm
un
icatio
n S
y
st
e
m
s
(
I
CIIECS
)
, p
p. 1-
4
,
20
17
.
[14]
P
.
V
i
d
n
e
r
o
v
á
a
n
d
R
.
N
e
r
u
d
a
,
"
S
e
n
sor
data
a
ir
p
ol
lu
tion
predicti
on
b
y
k
e
rne
l
m
o
d
e
l
s,
"
i
n
16
t
h
I
EEE
/A
CM
In
ter
natio
nal S
y
mp
os
iu
m
on Cl
u
s
t
e
r,
Clo
ud
an
d
G
r
i
d
Co
mputi
ng
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C
CGrid)
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S.
B
e
d
ou
i
et
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l
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,
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r
p
ol
lutio
n
m
o
n
i
t
o
ri
ng
sy
st
em
u
si
ng
L
a
b
V
IEW
,"
in IEEE
12t
h
Inter
na
tional Multi-Confer
ence
o
n
S
y
st
ems,
S
i
gnal
s
&
D
evices
(
S
S
D
1
5
)
, pp
.
1
-6
,
2
0
1
5
.
[16]
Y
.
L
u
,
"
Ind
u
st
ry
4
.0:
A
s
u
rvey
o
n
tech
nol
ogies
,
app
l
i
c
a
tio
ns
a
n
d
open
researc
h
i
ss
ues
,
"
Jo
ur
n
a
l of Ind
u
strial
In
fo
rmati
o
n
In
t
e
gr
ation
,
vo
l. 6
, p
p 1-1
B
, 20
1
7
.
[17]
K
Zh
ou
,
"
I
n
d
u
s
try
4.0
:
T
owa
r
d
s
f
u
t
ure
in
du
st
ria
l
o
pp
ortun
i
tie
s
and
ch
all
e
n
g
e
s
,"
i
n
20
15
12th In
tern
atio
na
l
Co
nf
e
r
ence o
n
Fuz
z
y S
y
st
ems
and Kn
owl
e
d
g
e
Dis
c
over
y (
F
S
K
D)
,
20
15
.
[18]
A
l
-S
harg
abi
and
O
.
S
abri
,
"
I
n
t
ern
e
t
of
t
h
i
n
g
s:
A
n
exp
l
o
r
atio
n
s
tudy
of
o
pportunitie
s
and
challenges,"
in
20
17
In
ter
natio
nal
Conf
erence on Engin
eeri
n
g
&
M
I
S
(
I
CEM
I
S)
, pp
.
1
-
4
, 2
01
7.
[19]
M.
S
imić
et al.
,
"
M
ulti-
s
e
n
sor
syst
e
m
f
or
r
emot
e
envi
ronmental
(air
a
nd
w
at
er
)
qu
a
l
ity
mo
nito
r
i
n
g
,"
in
24
t
h
Tel
ecommunications Forum
(
T
ELFO
R)
,
p
p
.
1-4,
20
1
6
.
[20]
A.
M
uk
ho
pa
d
h
y
a
y
et a
l
,
"
D
esi
g
n
o
f
a
i
r
q
ual
i
t
y
m
eter
a
nd
p
o
ll
u
tio
n
det
ector
,
"
in
8th
Ann
u
a
l
Indus
tri
a
l
A
u
t
o
m
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
El
ectro
mech
an
ical
En
g
i
neer
in
g Co
nfer
ence
(
I
EM
E
C
ON)
,
p
p
.
38
1-38
4,
2
0
17.
[21]
R.
Y
o
u
,
Z.
L
u,
Q
.
Ho
u,
a
nd
T.
J
i
a
ng,
"
S
t
ud
y
of
p
ol
lutio
n
air
mo
ni
tori
ng
s
y
s
t
e
m
b
a
s
e
d
on
s
p
a
c
e
-b
orn
e
t
erah
ertz
ra
diom
e
t
e
r
,"
i
n
10t
h
UK-Eu
r
o
p
e-Ch
in
a W
o
r
k
shop
on
M
illi
m
etre W
a
ves
a
nd
T
e
ra
her
t
z T
echn
o
log
i
es (
U
CM
M
T
)
,
pp
.
1
-
4
, 2
01
7.
[22]
A.
K
.
Sa
h
a
et al
.
,
"
A
r
as
pb
erry
p
i
con
t
ro
ll
ed
c
lou
d
b
as
ed
a
ir
a
nd
s
ou
nd
p
oll
u
tio
n
mo
n
i
to
r
i
ng
s
ys
te
m
wi
th
t
e
m
p
eratu
r
e
and
h
u
m
i
dit
y
s
ens
i
ng,"
i
n
IE
EE
8t
h Ann
u
a
l
Co
mp
u
t
in
g a
n
d
Com
m
u
n
i
c
ati
o
n
W
o
rks
hop a
n
d
Con
f
er
enc
e
(
C
CW
C)
, p
p.
60
7
-61
1
, 20
1
8
.
[23]
Z
.
I
d
r
ees
et
al.
,
"Edg
e
co
m
p
u
tin
g
bas
e
d
IoT
archit
ectu
r
e
f
o
r
lo
w
c
o
st
a
i
r
poll
u
tio
n
moni
to
rin
g
s
ystems
:
a
co
m
p
rehen
s
i
v
e
s
y
s
t
em
a
nal
y
s
i
s,
d
esig
n
co
n
s
iderat
io
n
s
&
d
ev
elo
pme
n
t,"
S
e
ns
or
s (
B
a
s
el)
,
vo
l.
1
8,
N
o
.
9
,
pp
.
3
0
2
1
. 2
01
8.
[24]
J.
K
im
et al
.,
"S
ens
o
r-bas
ed
o
p
t
imi
zatio
n
m
o
de
l
f
o
r
ai
r
qu
ali
t
y
im
p
r
ovem
e
n
t
i
n
hom
e
Io
T,
"
S
e
ns
ors
(
B
a
s
e
l
)
,
Vo
l
.
1
8,
No
.
4
, p
p
.
9
59
,
2
0
1
8
.
[25]
S
.
K
a
i
vo
nen
et al
.,
"
Real
-time
air
po
ll
ution
m
oni
to
ring
w
it
h
se
n
s
ors
o
n
c
it
y
bu
s
,"
D
i
git
a
l Commu
nica
ti
on
s an
d
Net
w
orks
,
20
19
BIOGRAPHI
E
S
OF
AUT
HORS
Ng
W
e
i
J
ia
n
wa
s
bo
rn
i
n
Bu
k
it
M
e
rta
j
a
m
,
Pe
na
n
g
i
n
19
94
.
He
h
a
s
finis
h
ed
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
i
n
Hw
a
Min
P
r
ima
r
y
S
c
ho
ol
i
n
2
0
0
6
,
Lu
na
s
Se
c
o
n
d
a
r
y
Sc
hool
i
n
2
0
1
1
a
nd
K
u
l
i
m
Seco
nd
ary
S
c
h
o
o
l
i
n
20
13.
H
e
has
grad
uated
f
r
o
m
U
niv
e
rs
iti
Sains
M
a
l
a
ysi
a
,
N
i
b
o
n
g
T
ebal
,
P
e
n
ang
in
2
018
w
it
h
a
Bachelo
r
o
f
Mech
atro
nic
Engi
neerin
g
(Ho
n
ou
rs)
deg
r
ee
.
C
u
rren
t
l
y
,
he
i
s
wo
rk
in
g
a
s
a
p
ro
du
c
t
e
n
g
ine
e
r
in
Mi
cron
S
emico
n
d
u
ct
or
A
si
a
Pt
e.
L
td.,
Sing
apo
r
e.
H
e
i
s
r
e
s
po
n
s
ib
l
e
i
n
validati
ng
the
f
u
nctional
i
ty
o
f
the
manuf
act
ur
ing
f
i
r
m
ware
f
or
S
S
D
(
Solid
S
t
a
te
D
rive).
H
e
is
i
nt
eres
ted
i
n
l
earni
ng
a
nd
g
aini
ng
new
kno
wl
edg
e
th
a
t
are
rel
a
ted
to
t
ech
no
log
y
a
nd
engi
neeri
n
g
fi
el
d.
Zurai
n
i
Dah
a
ri
w
as
b
o
r
n
in
P
erak,
M
a
laysia
i
n
1975
.
Sh
e
recei
ve
d
her
B,
E
ng
(Ho
n
s
)
i
n
Electrical
&
Elect
ronic
Engineeri
ng
and
M.
S
c
f
r
om
U
n
i
versiti
Sains
Mal
a
ysia
,
i
n
1
9
9
9
and
20
03,
r
espect
iv
ely.
Sh
e
ob
tai
n
ed
h
e
r
P
h.
D
deg
r
ee
i
n
El
ec
t
r
ical
E
n
g
i
n
eerin
g
f
r
om
R
M
I
T
(Royal
M
elbourne
I
nstitute
o
f
Te
c
h
no
lo
g
y
)
Un
iv
e
r
sity
i
n
20
08
.
In
2
0
0
8
,
sh
e
jo
in
e
d
t
he
S
c
h
oo
l
of
E
l
ectrical
&
E
lectro
ni
c
Eng
i
n
eering,
U
ni
vers
iti
Sai
n
s
Mal
a
y
s
i
a
a
s
a
s
e
ni
or
l
ectu
r
er.
H
e
r
current
r
es
earch
int
e
rest
s
incl
ude
e
n
ergy
h
a
r
v
e
st
in
g,
m
ag
net
i
c
m
a
t
e
rial
s,
m
ec
h
a
tro
n
i
c
s
en
gi
neerin
g
a
nd
e
ng
in
eeri
n
g
ed
ucati
o
n
.
D
r
Zu
ra
in
i
Da
ha
ri
i
s
a
se
nior
m
e
m
b
e
r
of
I
EEE
,
m
e
m
be
r
of
I
EM
(Insit
it
u
t
io
n
of
E
ngin
eers
M
a
lay
s
i
a
)
a
nd
B
E
M
(Boa
rd
o
f
En
gine
e
r
s
M
a
la
y
s
ia
S
h
e
h
a
s
p
ub
li
sh
e
d
a
ro
un
d
50
r
e
sear
ch
a
rti
c
les
i
n
l
eadi
n
g
jo
urn
a
ls
,
c
o
n
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
p
r
oc
ee
d
i
ng
s
a
n
d c
h
a
p
te
r of b
oo
ks.
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