In
te
r
n
ation
a
l Jou
rn
al
o
f Po
we
r
Elec
tron
ic
s an
d
D
r
ive S
y
stem
(IJ
PED
S
)
V
o
l.
9
, N
o. 1, Mar
ch
201
8,
pp.
180~
1
8
8
IS
S
N
: 2088-
86
94,
D
O
I
:
10.11
59
1
/ij
ped
s
.
v9
.i
1.
pp
1
8
0
-
18
8
180
Jou
rn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
:
ht
tp:
//i
a
escore
.
com
/
j
o
u
r
na
l
s
/
i
n
d
e
x.
p
hp/IJ
PED
S
Design, C
o
ntrol
and
Monitori
ng of an Off
line Mobile Batte
ry
Energy Storag
e System for a T
ypical Malaysian H
ousehold
Load Using PLC
N
a
b
i
l
Moh
a
m
m
e
d
,
Ku
mer
e
s
an
A
. D
an
ap
alas
in
g
a
m,
A
hme
d
M
aje
d
F
acult
y
of
Electri
cal E
ng
in
e
eri
ng,
U
n
i
v
ersi
t
i
Tek
n
o
l
og
i
Mal
aysi
a
Art
i
cl
e In
fo
ABSTRACT
A
r
tic
le hist
o
r
y
:
R
e
c
e
i
v
e
d
Dec
9
, 2
0
17
Re
vise
d Jan
1
3
, 2018
Ac
ce
p
t
ed
J
an
31
,
2
0
18
Batt
ery
energy
s
to
rage
s
ys
tem
(BESS
)
i
s
used
i
n
m
a
n
y
p
ract
ical
app
l
i
catio
n
s
in
clu
d
i
ng
u
n
i
n
-terrupt
ib
le
p
o
w
er
s
up
pli
e
s
(UP
S
),
p
o
r
t
a
bl
e
devi
c
e
s,
el
ectrical
veh
i
cl
es
a
nd
re
new
a
bl
e
en
erg
y
sy
st
e
ms
.
T
o
utilize
BES
S
e
ffec
t
iv
e
l
y,
a
n
ef
fici
en
t
con
t
ro
l
o
p
erati
o
n
is
r
eq
uired
.
V
arious
c
on-
t
rollers
ha
ve
be
e
n
in
tro
duced
i
n
the
op
e
n
l
i
t
eratu
r
e
.
H
o
w
ev
er,
th
ey
a
re
n
o
t
c
o
n
s
i
d
ered
t
h
e
b
est
fit
due
t
o
th
eir
l
i
m
i
t
ati
on
s.
T
his
in
clud
es
t
heir
i
nc
apab
il
it
y
o
f
h
andl
in
g
h
i
gh
-
po
wer
ratin
g
BES
S
,
l
ow
n
oise
i
m
m
unit
y
,
sh
ort
lif
e
c
y
c
le
a
nd
lim
it
ed
numb
e
r
of
i
n
p
u
t
a
nd
o
u
tp
ut
i
n
t
erfaces
.
In
t
his
pap
e
r,
t
he
p
ro
gram
mabl
e
l
ogi
c
c
o
ntrol
l
e
r
(
P
L
C)
i
s
u
s
e
d
t
o
c
o
n
t
ro
l
a
n
d
mo
nitor
a
15
8.8
kWh
o
f
f
li
n
e
B
E
S
S
f
o
r
a
typical
M
a
l
ays
i
an
h
ous
eho
l
d
.
T
IA
p
o
r
tal
V
1
3
soft
-
ware
b
y
S
i
e
m
e
n
s
i
s
us
ed
t
o
p
r
ogram
t
h
e
p
ro
po
sed
P
L
C
con
t
ro
l.
H
um
an
m
ach
in
e
i
n
terf
a
ce
(HM
I
)
sy
st
e
m
i
s
u
s
ed
t
o
m
o
n
i
t
o
r
and
sim
u
la
t
e
t
he
c
o
n
tro
l
p
erf
o
rm
ance.
T
h
e
r
e
s
u
l
t
s
sh
ow
t
hat
t
h
e
PLC
app
r
oach
p
rov
i
des
an
e
fficie
n
t
and
re
liab
l
e
c
ontrol
o
f
the
BESS
i
n which
a
com
p
act
p
rot
e
ctio
n again
s
t
t
h
e
b
a
tt
ery
o
v
erchar
ging
,
u
nd
e
r
-
di
sch
argin
g
an
d
overh
eati
ng
is
achi
e
v
ed.
K
eyw
ord
:
Ba
tt
e
r
y e
n
ergy
s
tora
ge
s
ys
te
m
Li
t
h
i
u
m
-
io
n ba
tter
y
Of
fl
in
e
UP
S
PLC & S
C
AD
A
TIA Portal
Co
pyri
gh
t © 2
018 In
stit
u
t
e
of Advanced
En
gi
neeri
n
g
an
d
S
c
ien
ce.
All
rights
res
e
rv
ed.
Corres
pon
d
i
n
g
Au
th
or:
N
abi
l M
oham
m
ed
F
a
cult
y
o
f
E
l
e
c
t
rica
l
En
gine
erin
g,
U
nivers
it
i
Tek
n
o
l
og
i
Ma
l
ays
i
a 81
3
10
Jo
hor
Ba
h
ru,
Mal
ays
ia
81
3
10 Jo
h
o
r B
a
hru,
Ma
l
a
y
sia
Em
ail:
nab
i
l
.
ye
m
@gma
il
.
com
1.
I
N
TR
OD
U
C
TI
O
N
Ele
c
trica
l
en
er
gy
s
t
o
rage
is
t
h
e
proce
s
s
t
h
rou
g
h
w
h
ic
h
th
e
e
l
e
c
trica
l
e
n
e
rgy
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
nver
ted
i
nto
any
ot
her
form
o
f
ener
gy
for
stor
in
g
p
u
rpos
es,
t
h
e
n
co
nve
r
ted
b
a
c
k
t
o
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
f
o
r
m
w
h
e
n
n
e
e
d
e
d
[
1
]
.
S
e
vera
l
tec
h
n
o
lo
gie
s
f
or
e
n
ergy
s
tor
age
ha
ve
b
ee
n
de
ve
lo
pe
d
acr
o
s
s
t
h
e
d
i
sc
ip
li
n
es;
s
uc
h
as
e
l
ectric
a
l
,
elec
tr
ochem
ica
l
,
ther
m
a
l
a
n
d
m
ec
hani
cal
t
e
c
hn
o
log
ie
s.
C
a
p
ac
itor
s,
r
e
cha
rgea
ble
bat
terie
s
and
flyw
he
e
l
s
ar
e
the
mos
t
f
am
ous
d
e
v
ice
s
f
or
s
t
o
rin
g
e
ne
rgy
in
e
le
ctr
ic
al
ene
r
g
y
,
ele
c
t
r
o
c
h
em
ical
a
nd
me
cha
n
ica
l
f
or
ms
re
sp
ec
ti
v
ely
[
2]-[
4
]
.
St
o
r
e
d
e
l
e
ct
r
i
ca
l
en
e
r
gy
c
an
b
e
u
s
e
d
in
s
e
v
era
l
a
p
p
l
i
ca
tio
ns
s
uc
h
as
u
nin
t
er
ru
pti
b
l
e
pow
er
s
up
p
l
y
(U
PS
),
p
or
t
a
b
le
de
v
ices,
t
r
an
s
por
t
v
e
h
ic
les,
a
n
d
a
l
te
r
n
at
i
ve
ener
g
y
sys
tem
s,
and
impr
o
v
ing
the
st
a
b
il
it
y an
d
relia
b
i
l
i
t
y
o
f ne
tw
or
k grid [
5].
Ba
ttery
ener
gy
stora
g
e
s
y
st
em
(
BES
S
)
i
s
t
h
e
te
c
h
n
o
lo
gy
o
f
stor
i
n
g
t
h
e
e
l
ectric
a
l
ene
rg
y
int
o
rec
h
arge
ab
le
b
a
tte
ries.
Bas
e
d
o
n
t
he
o
p
era
t
i
ng
princ
i
ple
s
an
d
c
o
n
fig
u
rat
i
on
of
BES
S
s
,
they
ca
n
b
e
ca
t
e
g
o
rize
d
in
t
o
d
iffere
nt
t
y
p
e
s
such
a
s
o
n
li
ne
B
ES
S
and
offli
n
e
BE
S
S
[6].
T
he
m
a
i
n
adva
n
t
age
s
of
onl
i
ne
BE
S
S
a
r
e:
e
nsur
ing
the
q
ua
l
i
t
y
of
t
h
e
p
ow
er
s
uppl
y
t
o
t
he
l
oa
d,
s
u
p
p
l
y
i
n
g
t
h
e
c
r
i
t
i
c
a
l
l
o
a
d
s
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
m
a
i
n
fa
il
ure
o
f
t
he
m
ain
pow
er
s
u
p
p
ly
[7]
.
I
t
i
s
i
mporta
nt
t
o
n
o
te
t
hat
the
offl
ine
BES
S
w
ork
s
al
o
ne
to
prov
ide
the
requ
ire
d
e
ner
g
y
t
o
t
he
l
oa
d
s
.
F
u
r
t
he
rm
ore,
o
ffl
i
n
e
BES
S
i
s
c
r
uc
ia
l
for
a
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
a
p
p
l
i
c
at
i
o
n
s
,
su
ch
a
s
sup
p
l
y
i
n
g t
h
e i
s
o
l
ate
d
ar
eas (e.
g. isla
nds an
d
v
il
la
ges); an
d a
u
ton
om
ou
s sys
tem
s,
such as elec
t
r
ic
ve
hi
c
l
e
s
a
n
d
rob
o
ts [8],
[
9].
A
m
ong
a
l
l
r
ec
h
a
r
gea
b
le
b
a
tt
eries
s
uc
h
as
n
icke
l
c
a
d
m
ium
a
nd
l
e
a
d
a
ci
d
,
li
t
h
ium
-
io
n
ba
tter
ie
s
h
a
v
e
b
e
co
me
a
n
ex
ce
l
l
ent
al
t
ern
at
iv
e
en
e
r
gy
s
to
ra
g
e
t
e
ch
nol
ogy
b
e
cau
s
e
o
f
s
e
v
e
r
a
l
r
e
a
s
o
n
s
,
n
a
m
e
l
y
:
t
h
e
i
r
h
i
g
h
e
r
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
El
e
c &
D
ri S
yst
I
S
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
De
si
gn,
Control and
Monitor
i
ng of
an
Offline M
obile B
a
tte
ry
Energy
Stor
age Sy
ste
m
...
(N
abil M
oham
m
ed)
18
1
ene
r
g
y
d
e
n
s
i
t
y
,
v
o
l
u
m
etric
p
ow
er
,
relia
bi
l
ity,
pr
ecise
o
per
at
i
o
n
c
o
ndi
ti
o
n
s
a
n
d
dire
c
t
e
ner
g
y
st
orage
.
There
f
ore
,
the
y
can
b
e
u
til
iz
ed
ei
t
h
er
f
or
a
la
r
ge
en
er
gy
s
t
ora
ge
s
ystem
s
u
c
h
a
s
BES
S
a
nd
e
l
e
c
tric
ve
h
icle
s
o
r
ot
her
var
i
o
u
s
app
l
i
c
a
t
i
ons.
Thi
s
i
nc
lude
s
m
o
b
i
l
e
s,
l
a
p
t
o
ps
,
ba
c
ku
p
e
n
e
r
g
y
d
e
vi
c
e
s,
a
nd
hy
b
r
id
e
l
ect
ric
and
elec
tr
ic
v
e
h
i
c
le
s
[1
0
]
. H
o
w
eve
r, ac
cordi
ng t
o
[1
1
], li
t
h
i
um
-ion
ba
tter
i
e
s
ar
e
com
ple
x
e
le
ctr
oc
he
m
ica
l
d
evice
s
.
Th
is
com
p
l
e
x
ity
s
tem
s
f
rom
the
n
o
n
l
i
n
ear
r
ela
tio
ns
b
e-
tw
een
v
a
ri
ous
b
at
tery
p
a
r
am
ete
r
s,
t
he
s
i
g
n
i
fica
nt
cha
nge
o
f
ba
t
te
r
y
cha
r
ac
t
e
r
is
t
ic
s
o
v
er
its
ti
m
e
cyc
l
e
due
to
a
g
i
n
g
a
nd
de
gra
d
a
ti
on,
a
n
d
th
e
d
e
p
e
nde
nc
e
of
t
he
bat
tery
be
ha
v
i
or
on
var
i
o
u
s
e
x
t
e
r
n
al
a
nd
i
n
ter
n
a
l
co
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
s,
l
i
k
e
c
u
rre
n
t
,
vol
t
-
a
ge
,
tem
p
era
t
ure
a
nd
bat
t
ery
i
m
p
ed
an
c
e.
T
he
ref
o
re
,
e
v
e
r
y
B
E
SS
r
eq
ui
re
s
an
e
f
f
ecti
v
e
con
t
ro
l
an
d
ca
ref
u
l
mon
i
tor
i
n
g
t
o
gua
ra
ntee
e
fficie
n
t
a
n
d
s
a
f
e
op
e
rati
ng
c
on
dit
i
on
s [
12
]
.
Ma
ny
rese
arc
h
es
w
ith
d
i
ffe
r
ent
c
on
tro
l
ap
p
roa
c
h
es
h
a
v
e
been
car
ri
e
d
o
ut
r
e
g
a
r
di
ng
c
o
nt
r
ol
a
nd
moni
t
o
ri
ng
of
b
a
t
t
e
ry
s
t
o
ra
ge
s
yste
m
in
d
iffere
nt
a
pp
lica
t
ions,
e
sp
ec
i
a
ll
y
i
n
r
en
e
wab
l
e
e
n
e
rgy
sy
st
ems,
s
ma
rt
gri
d
,
an
d
e
l
e
c
t
ric
ve
h
i
cle
s
.
A
ma
nagem
en
t
s
ys
t
e
m
w
a
s
d
e
signe
d
f
or
m
oni
t
o
ri
ng
an
d
b
alanc
i
ng
a
m
u
ltic
e
ll
bat
t
ery base
d o
n
t
he mic
ro
c
o
n
t
r
oller
A
V
R [13]. H
o
w
e
ver,
a
n
ad
d
it
i
o
na
l
c
o
s
t ad
d
ed for u
si
ng a mu
lt
ipl
e
xe
r
to
han
d
l
e
the
lac
k
o
f
i
npu
ts
p
er
i
p
he
rals
o
f
t
h
e
A
V
R.
F
u
rtherm
ore
,
i
n
[
14
],
A
Tmeg
a
1
6
was
u
s
e
d
f
o
r
c
on
tro
lli
ng
t
h
e
ch
a
r
gi
n
g
pro
c
ess
of
lit
hiu
m
-i
on
b
a
t
t
e
ri
es.
PLC
i
s
u
sed
e
ffe
c
t
iv
el
y
i
n
B
ESS.
P
LC
f
o
r
m
an
a
g
e
m
en
t
and
con
tro
l
o
f
d
is
tr
i
b
ute
d
ene
r
g
y
prod
uc
t
i
o
n
co
n
s
i
ste
d
o
f
thr
e
e
un
i
ts,
nam
el
y
p
hot
ov
o
l
t
a
ic
s
un
i
t
,
w
i
nd
u
n
i
t
a
nd
bi
oma
s
s
un
i
t
,
and
ba
t
t
er
y
[1
5].
A
l
so,
P
L
C
w
a
s
use
d
f
or
c
on
t
r
o
l
h
yb
r
i
d
e
ner
g
y
s
t
or
a
ge
sys
tem
,
w
hic
h
w
a
s
a
pow
er
s
ys
tem
con
s
is
ts of
a
s
ta
nd-a
lo
ne
p
h
otov
o
lta
ic,
p
um
p
ed
w
at
er
e
ne
rg
y
st
ora
g
e
a
nd ba
tt
e
r
y
pa
c
k
h
as
b
e
e
n
deve
l
ope
d
for
a
vi
l
l
a
ge
[16].
P
L
C
w
a
s
u
til
iz
e
d
f
or
c
o
n
t
r
ol
bat
t
ery
e
n
e
r
g
y
s
t
o
ra
ge
s
ystem
i
n
te
gr
ate
d
w
i
t
h
s
o
lar
s
y
s
t
e
m
[
1
7
]
,
P
L
C
f
o
r
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
d
i
s
c
h
a
r
g
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
[
1
8
]
,
a
n
d,
f
ina
ll
y
,
a
n
o
n
l
i
n
e
h
i
gh-
pow
er
r
a
tin
g
has
bee
n
co
n
t
ro
lle
d a
nd m
o
n
itore
d by e
x
p
l
o
i
t
i
ng
t
he a
dva
n
t
a
g
e
s
o
f t
he
P
LC S
7 12
0
0
[1
9
].
Th
is
w
ork i
n
tr
od
uce
s
t
he
u
se
of P
L
C
f
o
r co
n
t
ro
l
l
i
ng
a
n
d
m
o
n
itor
in
g a
n
o
f
f
l
ine
B
ES
S
for
su
pp
l
y
in
g a
ty
pic
al
Ma
lay
s
ia
n
l
o
ad
f
or
a
w
e
ek
time
.
T
he
P
LC
c
o
n
t
r
olle
r
op
er
at
es
b
ase
d
on
a
centra
l
i
z
e
d
c
on
t
r
o
l
a
r
ch
it
ec
tu
re
w
h
i
ch
allo
w
s
fo
r
th
e
sy
st
em
c
omp
l
e
x
it
y
an
d
co
st
t
o
b
e
red
u
c
e
d.
F
irst,
a
c
o
m
p
re
hens
ive
d
e
sign
o
f
the
BES
S
i
s
disc
u
sse
d
t
o
d
e
t
e
r
m
i
ne
t
he
o
p
tim
al
s
izi
n
g
of
B
ES
S
.
F
o
r
contro
ll
ing
a
nd
m
o
n
i
t
o
r
i
n
g
t
he
BES
S,
a
P
L
C
S
7
-
120
0
a
nd
s
uper
v
i
s
ory
c
ontro
l
a
n
d
data
a
cq
u
is
i
t
i
o
n
(S
CA
D
A
)/
H
MI
a
re
u
se
d
re
spec
ti
ve
ly.
T
h
e
pa
per
st
a
r
ts
by
g
iv
in
g
a
ge
ne
r
al
de
s
i
gn
of
t
he
B
E
S
S,
f
oll
ow
e
d
b
y
a
de
s
i
gn
of
a
n
o
f
fl
ine
m
o
b
ile
1
5
8
.8
k
Wh
B
ES
S
base
d
o
n
s
tan
d
ar
d
Mala
ys
ia
n
loa
d
.
A
f
ter
tha
t
,
the
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
an
d
s
i
m
u
l
atio
n
o
f
the
p
rop
o
sed
c
o
ntr
o
l
a
r
e
di
sc
usse
d.
F
ina
l
l
y
, a
c
oncl
u
sio
n
is
d
r
aw
n.
2.
RESEARCH
METH
OD
The
m
eth
o
d
o
log
y
o
f
t
he
p
a
p
er
s
tar
ts
by
g
i
v
i
n
g
g
e
n
era
l
d
esi
gn
s
t
e
p
s
of
the
B
ES
S
.
T
hen,
a
n
offl
i
n
e
mobi
le
B
ES
S
w
ith
a
t
ota
l
cap
a
cit
y o
f
158.
8 kW
h
is des
i
g
n
ed
b
a
se
d on
a
sta
n
d
a
rd
M
a
l
a
y
sia
n
ho
u
se
ho
l
d
load.
2.1.
Batt
ery
E
n
er
gy stora
g
e
d
esign
D
u
r
i
n
g
l
as
t
de
ca
de,
the
ne
ed
f
or
b
a
tter
y
e
n
ergy
st
orage
sys
t
em
s
h
a
s
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
e
d
r
a
p
i
d
l
y
d
u
e
t
o
t
h
e
dec
r
ea
se
i
n
t
h
e
pr
i
c
e
o
f
the
b
a
t
te
r
ies
a
n
d
the
re
cen
t
i
m
provem
e
n
t
i
n
the
i
r
p
e
rfor
ma
nce.
T
her
e
for
e
,
a
com
p
rehe
nsive
de
scri
p
tio
n
of
t
he
m
a
in
s
tep
s
to
d
e
s
i
g
n
a
BE
S
S
is
n
eed
e
d
t
o
ens
u
re
t
he
c
or
rec
t
ne
ss
of
t
h
e
des
i
g
n
. H
ow
ever
,
t
h
e
desi
g
n
c
an be
di
v
i
de
d i
n
t
o
four
ste
ps a
s
f
o
llo
ws
:
2.1.
1. Det
ermining
th
e maximu
m
p
o
w
e
r,
c
urren
t
, and t
h
e d
a
i
l
y
e
nerg
y
dema
n
d o
f th
e lo
a
d
2.1.
1.1.
T
he
m
a
x
imum
lo
a
d
p
o
w
e
r
(
P
)
The
i
s
t
h
e
s
u
m
o
f
t
h
e
r
a
t
e
d
p
o
w
e
r
o
f
e
a
c
h
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
d
e
v
i
c
e
(
).
If
n
i
s
t
he
t
ota
l
numbe
r of t
he
e
lec
t
r
i
c
a
l a
p
pl
i
a
nc
es,
th
e
n
:
(1)
More
over,
the ma
x
imum
load
curr
ent (
) is ca
lc
u
la
t
e
d base
d on the
pow
e
r
factor of the
loa
d
(
),
load
v
o
lta
g
e
(
)
a
nd
type
o
f
the
system
w
he
t
h
e
r
i
t
is
a
s
ing
l
e-
p
h
a
s
e
or
a
t
hre
e
-
phase
s
ys
tem
.
T
he
(
for
sin
g
l
e
-
pha
se
s
yst
e
m
is
o
b
t
a
i
ne
d us
in
g t
h
e
fol
low
i
ng e
q
uat
i
o
n:
∗
(2)
H
o
w
ever,
w
he
n
t
h
e
syste
m
i
s
a
3-
phase
s
ys
t
em
,
t
he
i
s
the
line-t
o
-l
i
n
e
vo
lt
a
g
e.
T
here
for
e
,
the
equa
t
i
o
n
t
o o
b
t
ain
t
he
w
i
l
l be
:
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
I
nt
J
P
ow
Elec & D
r
i
Syst, V
ol
. 9,
No. 1,
Mar
c
h 2018
:
180 –
1
88
18
2
√
3
∗
∗
(3)
2.2.
2.2.
T
he
d
ail
y
ene
rg
y de
ma
nd(
E
)
ba
se
d
on
the
a
nd
dail
y
av
era
g
e
usage
hours
(
ℎ
),
t
he
of
t
he
l
oa
d
ca
n
be
c
a
l
c
ul
a
t
ed
as
f
o
llo
ws:
E
∗
ℎ
ℎ
(4)
2.1.
2.
In
ve
rter S
elec
t
ion
The
,
,
and
de
sire
d
D
C
b
u
s
volta
ge
(
)
a
r
e
mai
n
ly
t
h
r
ee
co
n
s
i
d
ere
d
c
r
i
t
e
ri
a
fo
r
i
nve
r
t
er
s
s
e
l
e
cti
on a
s
f
o
l
lo
w
:
.
.
(5)
Th
e
r
efo
r
e, t
h
e
i
nv
e
r
t
e
r i
nput
p
o
we
r
ca
n be
ca
l
c
u
la
te
d ba
se
d on
the
i
nver
t
er
efficie
nc
y (
):
(6)
S
i
m
i
la
rl
y, the
dai
l
y
e
nerg
y d
e
ma
nds (
i
s ca
l
c
u
l
at
ed
a
s fol
l
ows:
ℎ
(7)
In som
e
ca
se
s, t
he
ab
o
v
e
ca
lc
ula
t
ions
are
dis
pen
s
ab
le
w
hen
c
o
st
um
er
s
provi
de BES
S
s
de
s
i
gne
rs d
irec
tly
w
i
t
h
or
eve
n
esp
e
ci
al
ly
i
n
t
h
e DC sy
s
t
e
ms
.
2.1.
3. Designin
g
t
h
e
b
at
t
ery
p
ac
k
capaci
t
y
(k
W
h)
Thi
s
s
e
cti
on
h
el
ps
t
h
e
d
esign
er
t
o
opt
i
m
i
z
e
th
e
si
z
e
o
f
t
h
e
b
at
t
e
ry
p
ac
k
o
f
t
he
d
e
s
ig
ne
d
BES
S
b
ase
d
on t
h
e
B
E
S
S
s
p
e
ci
fica
ti
on
s suc
h
as
loa
d
an
d
b
ack
u
p
t
im
e
[2
0].
1.
Ba
tt
e
r
y pa
ck
c
apa
ci
ty
ℎ
The
c
a
n
be
c
a
l
c
u
l
a
te
d
by
c
on
s
i
der
ing
t
h
e
E
DC
and
da
ys
of
a
u
ton
om
y
(
.
The
da
ys
of
aut
o
nomy
i
s
t
he
p
eri
o
d
req
u
i
re
d
for
t
h
e
B
E
S
S
t
o
c
o
n
t
i
n
uo
usl
y
s
u
p
p
ly
ele
ctr
ici
t
y
to
the
loa
d
b
e
f
ore
be
i
n
g
rec
h
arge
d.
T
he
e
qua
tio
n
use
d
to de
t
e
rm
i
n
e
t
h
e
capa
ci
t
y o
f
t
he
b
a
t
te
r
y
pac
k
is:
∗
ℎ
/
(8)
2.
Ba
tt
e
r
y pa
ck
c
apa
ci
ty
ℎ
ℎ
/
ℎ
/
(9)
3.
M
i
n
i
m
u
m
bat
t
ery
capa
ci
t
y i
n
ea
ch
se
ries
ℎ
by
c
ons
ide
r
i
n
g
the
m
axim
u
m
des
i
re
d
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
pa
ralle
l
strin
g
s
N
,
t
e
mp
era
t
u
r
e
fa
ct
o
r
T
,
a
nd
de
pth
of
di
sc
harge
(
DO
D
)
f
a
c
t
o
r
o
f
t
h
e
b
a
t
t
e
r
i
e
s
.
T
a
nd
DOD
can
b
e
set
at
t
he
v
a
lu
e
o
f
1
t
o
f
i
n
d
t
h
e
i
n
it
ia
l
minim
u
m
b
a
tt
e
r
y
c
a
p
acity
a
s f
o
ll
o
w
[
21]:
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
El
e
c &
D
ri S
yst
I
S
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
De
si
gn,
Control and
Monitor
i
ng of
an
Offline M
obile B
a
tte
ry
Energy
Stor
age Sy
ste
m
...
(N
abil M
oham
m
ed)
18
3
C
batte
ry
/
∗
∗
ℎ
(10)
The
n,
usin
g
t
h
e
in
for
m
a
tio
n
of
and
V
DC
−
bu
s
,
a
re
al
b
at
te
ry
i
s
c
h
ose
n
b
y
rou
n
d
i
n
g
u
p
t
h
i
s
val
u
e
to
n
e
ar st
a
nd
ard
ca
p
a
ci
ty
(
)
wi
th
a
batt
e
r
y
r
ated voltage (
).
4.
Ma
ximum
nu
m
b
er
of
batt
eri
es
i
n
eac
h ser
i
e
s
strin
g (
N
)
N
s
(11)
5.
To
tal n
u
m
b
er
o
f ba
tte
ries i
n t
h
e
BESS
(
N
total
∗
(12)
2.1.
4. Rectifier S
elect
i
o
n
Sp
ec
i
f
i
c
a
t
ion
s
o
f
t
h
e
sel
e
c
t
ed
r
e
c
t
i
fi
er
(
b
a
tt
ery
ch
a
r
g
e
r),
s
u
c
h
a
s
out
p
ut
vo
lt
a
g
e
(
)
and
c
h
a
rgi
ng
curr
ent
(
)
,
t
o
ta
l
l
y
de
pe
n
d
o
n
the
battery
s
p
e
ci
fica
ti
on
s
such
as
,
and
ba
t
t
e
r
y
m
a
xi
m
u
m
cha
r
g
i
ng
curr
ent (
I
c
−
ma
x
). The
n,
a
c
harge
r
w
i
t
h
p
r
o
p
er
s
p
e
c
i
fica
t
i
o
n
s c
a
n
be
c
hose
n
.
2.2.
A
n
offline
mob
i
le
b
e
s
s for
a t
y
p
i
cal m
a
l
a
ys
ian
h
o
u
s
e
h
old
In
t
h
i
s
se
c
t
io
n,
B
ES
S
is
d
es
i
g
ned
for
a
s
p
ec
i
f
ic
l
oa
d
(Ma
l
a
y
s
i
a
n
t
ypic
a
l
h
ous
eh
o
ld).
The
n
the
P
LC
i
s
harne
s
se
d
for
con
trol
li
ng
a
nd
m
o
n
i
t
o
ri
ng
the
B
ES
S
.
W
h
i
l
e
t
he
la
st
s
e
c
ti
o
n
p
resent
s
the
me
asu
r
em
ent
ac
quis
i
tio
n
system
.
2.2.
1. Rectifi
er selection
An
o
f
f
l
i
ne
m
o
b
i
l
e
BESS
,
wher
e
t
h
e
BES
S
i
s
cha
r
ged in
o
n
e
p
lace
a
nd
di
s
char
g
e
d
i
n
an
o
t
her
o
n
ce,
i
s
d
e
si
gn
ed
t
o
sup
ply
a
s
i
ngl
e
ph
as
e t
ypi
c
a
l
Mal
aysi
a
n
h
ou
seh
old
l
oa
d.
F
ur
t
h
e
r
m
o
re,
this BES
S
is de
s
i
g
ned w
it
h
a
w
e
ekl
y
e
nerg
y
c
apa
c
i
t
y
(
N
d
=
7
da
ys)
base
d
o
n
t
h
e
r
a
t
e
d
pow
e
r
o
f
e
ac
h
ele
ctr
ical
d
e
v
ic
e
and
da
i
ly
a
v
era
g
e
usa
g
e
dur
i
n
g
w
e
ekda
ys
a
n
d
w
eeke
n
ds
[
22]
.
Table
1
sh
ow
s,
in
de
t
a
il,
t
he
p
roce
ss
o
f
det
erm
ini
ng
t
h
e
w
ee
k
ly
ene
r
g
y dem
and
.
Tab
l
e
1. kWh re
s
ide
n
tia
l
co
ns
umpt
i
on for
a
typ
i
c
a
l
Ma
l
ay
si
an
h
o
use
h
old
El
ectr
i
cal L
o
a
d
No
. o
f
Ap
pli
a
n
ces
Po
wer
(
W
)
D
a
i
l
y
Av
er
ag
e
U
s
a
g
e
(
h
)
T
o
t
a
l
H
o
u
r
s
p
er
W
eek
E
n
e
r
gy
Dem
a
nd
(
k
W
h
)
We
e
k
da
y
s
W
e
e
ke
n
d
s
Air
C
onditi
one
r
1
750
5.
05
4.
75
34.
75
26.
06
T
v
1
150
5.
7
8.
15
44.
8
6.
72
Iron
1
1000
0.
53
0.
46
3.
57
3.
57
R
e
fr
i
ge
r
a
t
or
1
1200
8.
11
8.
11
56.
77
68.
12
Wa
shing
Mac
hin
e
1
850
1.
04
1.
04
7.
28
6.
18
L
i
ghting
5
180
5.
67
5.
45
39.
25
7.
06
Sta
nding
F
a
n
1
75
11.
55
12.
04
81.
83
6.
14
R
i
c
e C
ooke
r
1
730
0.
72
0.
73
5.
06
3.
69
K
ett
l
e
1
850
0.
48
0.
44
3.
28
2.
79
T
oa
s
t
e
r
1
800
0.
16
0.
14
1.
08
0.
86
B
l
e
nd
e
r
1
300
0.
26
0.
19
1.
68
0.
50
H
a
ir
D
rye
r
1
1125
0.
09
0.
05
0.
55
0.
62
O
t
he
r
De
vi
c
e
s
300
3
5
25
7.
5
T
ota
l
Powe
r
8310
Re
quire
d
T
o
ta
l W
e
e
k
ly
E
ne
r
gy
Re
quire
d
139.
81
A
v
er
ag
e
D
a
i
l
y
E
ne
r
gy
Re
quire
d
19.
973
The
BES
S
i
s
des
i
gne
d
w
ith
a
t
ot
a
l
c
a
paci
t
y
of
=1
58.
8
76
kWh
base
d
on
the
a
f
t
e
r
con
s
i
d
eri
ng a
2
0
% sa
f
et
y fac
t
or
,
a
nd the d
ai
ly ene
r
g
y
de
m
a
nd,
= 1
9
.9
73
k
W
h,
and
η
.
A
sum
m
a
r
y
of
t
he
d
es
ign
r
e
sults,
a
sugges
ted
off-shelf
i
nver
t
er,
recti
f
ie
r
a
nd
l
ith
i
u
m-
i
o
n
ba
tte
ries
a
r
e
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Ta
ble
2
w
ith
r
espec
t
t
o
th
e
=
2
4
0
V
(
si
ngle
p
h
a
s
e
of
d
is
t
r
ibu
t
io
n
n
e
tw
ork
in
Ma
l
a
y
sia)
,
V
DC
−
bus
=
48
V
and
=1.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
I
nt
J
P
ow
Elec & D
r
i
Syst, V
ol
. 9,
No. 1,
Mar
c
h 2018
:
180 –
1
88
18
4
Tab
l
e
2.
T
he
d
esigne
d off
l
i
n
e
mobile
B
ES
S
spec
ifica
tio
ns
B
a
t
t
er
y
P
ack
Sp
e
c
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
Type
(
kW
)
(
kW
h
/
days
)
(
kA
h/
da
ys
)
(
V)
O
f
fline
22.
269
158.
876
3.
3099
48
12
12
L
ithiu
m
-ion Ba
tt
e
r
i
e
s S
p
eci
f
i
ca
tions
Mo
de
l
C
ra
ted
(
Ah
)
V
ra
te
d
(
V)
(
V)
(
V)
T
m
D
OD
SB
48300
300
48
64
40
1
1
Inve
rte
r
a
nd
R
ec
tif
ie
r
Sp
e
c
i
f
i
c
a
t
ions
T
y
p
e
M
ode
l
(k
W
)
η
(
V)
(V
)
Inve
rte
r
PIC
O
G
LF
10KW
4
8V240V
S
10
0.
88
48
240
Rec
tifi
e
r
SC
-M
AK
Se
ri
e
s
Swi
t
c
h
14.
4
0.
92
400±1
5
48
F
igure
1 sh
ow
s
the b
loc
k dia
g
ram
of
the
BE
S
S
,
i
nc
lud
i
ng i
nve
r
t
e
r,
b
atter
y
pac
k, rec
tifie
r
a
nd
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
a
n
d
mo
nit
o
ring
unit
as
a
n
i
nt
e
g
r
a
t
e
d
m
obile
un
i
t
.
T
h
e
re
fo
re
,
at
a
n
y
op
e
r
a
tion
c
o
nd
i
t
ion,
the
B
ES
S
c
a
n
be
con
n
ec
ted e
i
t
h
er
to the
gri
d
o
r
to the
l
oa
d.
2.2.
2.
PLC
Progr
amm
i
n
g
The
m
ai
n
ad
v
a
n
t
a
ges
of
P
LC
in
a
d
d
it
i
o
n
to
it
s
low
pow
e
r
c
onsum
p
ti
on
,
a
r
e
t
h
e
h
igh
r
e
l
i
abi
li
ty
and
hi
gh
i
n
terf
ere
n
c
e
i
mm
uni
ty.
A
centra
liz
ed
a
rc
hitec
t
ure,
u
si
ng
o
ne
P
LC,
h
a
ve
b
e
e
n
u
se
d
t
o
c
on
tro
l
t
he
s
ystem
w
h
ic
h
resu
l
t
s
i
n
a
c
he
a
p
e
r
,
mor
e
c
om
pact
s
et
u
p
.
H
e
nce
,
it
m
a
kes
t
he
s
ys
tem
i
ns
t
a
l
l
a
t
i
o
n
m
or
e
c
on
ven
ie
nt
.
F
u
r
t
he
r,
the
i
n
tegr
a
ti
on
o
f
t
he
P
LC
a
nd
H
MI
is
ac
c
o
m
p
lis
hed
for
m
on
itor
i
n
g
t
he
p
ar
am
eters
of
B
ES
S
an
d
facilitating
t
he
t
roubles
h
ooting
and
diagnostic
o
f
t
he
s
ys
t
e
m.
PLC
S
7
-1
200
C
PU
1
21
5
DC/
D
C/
D
C
a
nd
K
T
P
700
Ba
sic
H
MI
pa
ne
l
a
r
e
pr
o
g
r
am
m
ed
u
s
i
ng
S
iem
ens
sof
t
w
a
re,
t
o
t
all
y
i
nt
eg
ra
te
d
automation
(TI
A
)
por
tal
V
1
3.
A
ll
f
unc
t
ions
h
a
v
e
be
en
c
on
tro
l
l
e
d
a
u
tom
a
tica
lly
s
u
ch
a
s
st
a
r
t
/
s
t
op
op
e
ra
ti
ng
s
e
qu
e
n
c
es,
en
e
r
gy
fl
ow
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
to
a
nd fr
om
the
b
a
t
ter
i
e
s
a
n
d
en
s
ure
t
he c
om
m
un
ica
tio
n t
a
s
k
s be
tw
ee
n t
h
e BES
S
and H
MI of t
he
des
i
g
n
e
d
BES
S
.
The
pr
o
g
ram
m
in
g
a
lg
o
r
ithm
of
t
he
P
LC
is
ill
us
t
r
ate
d
i
n
F
i
gur
e
2
.
Fi
rst
,
t
h
e
VDC
−bus
a
nd
bat
ter
y
pac
k
t
em
pera
t
u
re
a
re
m
oni
tor
e
d.
T
he
BE
SS
w
ill
be
s
h
u
t
d
o
w
n
i
mm
e
dia
te
l
y
if
o
n
e
o
f
these
par
am
eters
exc
eed
s
t
h
e
al
l
o
w
ab
le
va
l
u
e
s
t
o
pre
v
e
n
t
th
e
overc
hargi
n
g
o
r
und
er
d
ischa
r
gi
ng
a
n
d
o
v
e
r
h
ea
tin
g
c
ases.
T
he
n,
eit
h
er
i
n
c
h
arg
i
ng
o
r
d
isc
h
a
r
g
i
ng
m
o
d
e,
t
he
l
ith
i
u
m-
i
o
n
ba
tt
ery
p
ar
am
eters
(S
OC
(
i
)
a
nd
c
h
arg
i
n
g
c
urre
n
t
I
c
(
i)
or disc
h
a
r
gi
n
g
cur
rent I
d(
i)) are
m
onitore
d t
o
pr
o
te
c
t
e
ac
h
bat
t
e
r
y
i
n
th
e
b
a
tt
e
r
y
p
a
c
k
from the occurr
ence
o
f a
po
te
nt
i
a
lly
d
a
m
a
g
ing
o
v
erc
h
argi
ng or
un
d
e
r
d
isc
h
arg
i
ng e
v
en
ts.
F
i
g
u
r
e
1
.
Bl
oc
k dia
g
r
am
of
t
h
e de
s
igne
d
offl
ine
mob
i
le
BES
S
Figure
2.
P
LC flow
char
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
El
e
c &
D
ri S
yst
I
S
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
De
si
gn,
Control and
Monitor
i
ng of
an
Offline M
obile B
a
tte
ry
Energy
Stor
age Sy
ste
m
...
(N
abil M
oham
m
ed)
18
5
2.2.
3. Meas
u
remen
t
acqu
i
sition
system
T
o
a
c
h
i
e
v
e
a
n
a
c
c
u
r
a
t
e
a
n
d
p
r
e
c
i
s
e
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
o
f
t
h
e
B
E
S
S
,
a
l
l
s
y
s
te
m
par
a
m
eters
a
re
m
oni
tore
d
usin
g
di
ffe
re
nt
t
y
p
es
o
f sens
ors,
i
n w
h
ic
h
the
se
l
e
cted
se
n
sors a
r
e c
h
o
se
n w
i
t
h
a
n ou
t
p
u
t
0
t
o1
0 vo
l
t
s t
o
e
stab
li
sh t
he
con
nec
tio
n
w
i
t
h
a
nal
o
g
i
np
u
t
m
od
ul
e
s
of
the
P
L
C.
T
he
data
ac
qu
i
s
i
tion
s
y
s
tem
for
t
h
e
d
e
si
gn
ed
B
ESS
con
s
is
t
s
o
f
26
sens
ors
w
h
ic
h
a
r
e
V
DC
−
bus
s
e
n
s
o
r
,
t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
s
e
n
s
o
r
,
1
2
D
C
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
s
e
n
s
o
r
s
a
n
d
1
2
S
O
C
sens
ors a
r
e
use
d
to
co
n
t
ro
l an
d
moni
t
o
r the
BE
S
S
, a
s show
n in F
ig
ure
3a.
D
u
e
t
o
t
he
h
i
g
h
c
o
s
t
o
f
l
ith
i
u
m-
i
on
ba
tter
i
e
s
f
or
1
58.8
kWh
BES
S,
i
n
wh
i
ch
12
b
att
e
ri
e
s
are
n
eed
ed
w
ith
3
0
0
A
h
rati
ng,
t
he
r
ea
l
im
plem
en
ta
ti
o
n
i
s
d
i
ffi
cu
l
t.
T
here
fore
,
to
t
e
s
t
the
o
p
e
r
ati
o
n
of
t
h
e
s
ys
tem
,
alter
na
ti
vel
y,
p
ote
n
ti
ome
t
e
r
s w
it
h va
r
io
us o
ut
put
from
0
t
o 1
0
vol
ts
a
re
f
ai
rly
us
ed
to
re
pres
en
t
th
e
re
al
o
utp
ut
of
the
B
ES
S
se
nsor
s.
F
i
g
ure
3b
s
h
ow
s
the
da
ta
a
c
q
ui
sit
io
n
s
ys
te
m
duri
ng
t
h
e
ca
se
o
f
u
s
i
n
g
fo
ur
po
te
nt
iom
eter
s
;
the
y
r
e
p
resen
t
t
he
v
o
l
ta
ge
s
e
n
sors,
tem
p
er
at
ure
an
d
c
urre
nt sens
o
r an
d S
O
C
se
ns
or o
f t
h
e
fi
r
s
t
bat
tery.
In
add
i
tio
n,
P
LC
i
s
connec
t
e
d
to
the
la
pt
op
us
i
n
g
Ethe
rnet.
Inver
t
e
r
S
elec
tion
3.
RESULT
S
A
N
D
DISCU
SSIO
N
I
n
t
h
i
s
w
o
rk,
bes
i
des
pro
g
ra
mm
ing
t
h
e
P
L
C,
K
TP
700
Ba
sic
H
M
I
pa
n
el
t
ouc
h
sc
ree
n
s
ha
ve
b
e
e
n
bu
ilt
to
ac
h
ie
ve
co
n
ti
n
uous
m
onit
o
rin
g
o
f
the
de
si
gne
d
off
lin
e
BES
S
u
si
n
g
T
IA
porta
l
b
a
s
i
c
V
1
3
S
P
1
Wi
n
CC.
F
or
s
afe
oper
at
i
o
n
o
f
the
B
E
S
S
,
t
h
r
ee
iss
u
es
w
er
e
cons
i
d
ere
d
(
1)
v
ol
ta
ge
p
rote
c
tio
n,
t
he
b
at
tery
vo
lta
ge
r
an
ge
i
s
40
to
6
4
V
,
w
hic
h
r
e
p
rese
nts
the
m
i
nim
u
m
and
m
axi
m
um
c
ut-off
v
o
lta
ge
,
r
e
spec
tive
l
y.
2
)
over
h
e
at
i
n
g
p
r
ote
c
tio
n,
the
b
a
tte
ry
t
e
m
p
e
rature
s
h
o
u
l
d
n
o
t
exc
e
e
d
70
C.
3
)
ove
rc
hargi
ng
a
n
d
un
d
e
r
di
sc
harg
i
ng
pr
otec
tio
n,
b
y
d
isc
o
n
n
e
c
t
in
g
t
h
e
bat
terie
s
w
h
en
t
he
y
a
r
e
ei
the
r
f
u
l
ly
d
isc
h
arge
d
(S
O
C
=
0
%)
o
r
f
ull
y
c
h
a
r
g
e
d
(=
100
%
)).
Th
e
fi
ndi
ng
r
e
s
u
l
t
c
a
n
b
e
di
vide
d
i
nto
tw
o
m
a
in
ca
se
s
base
d
o
n
the
o
pera
tin
g
c
o
ndi
ti
o
n
s.
(a)
(b)
F
igure
3.
a)
The
se
nsors of
t
he
de
s
i
gne
d
BE
S
S
a
nd
b) D
a
t
a
a
c
qui
si
ti
on
syst
e
m
3
.
1
.
B
E
SS un
d
er
sa
fe
o
pera
ting
c
o
n
ditio
n
s
I
n
t
h
i
s
ca
se,
the
pro
pose
d
c
on
tro
l
u
nder
sa
fe
opera
t
i
o
n
m
ode
o
f
t
he
B
ES
S
ha
s
be
e
n
tes
ted.
T
he
SCADA
h
a
s
b
een
u
sed
t
o
d
e
mo
n
s
t
r
at
e
t
h
e
o
p
e
ra
t
i
on
.
Th
e
p
o
w
er
c
on
tr
ol
s
c
r
ee
n
is
u
se
d
t
o
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
the
p
ow
er
fl
ow
ei
ther
d
u
r
in
g
c
har
g
in
g
o
r
d
isch
ar
gin
g
m
ode,
F
i
gur
e
4a
s
h
o
w
s
the
s
c
ree
n
dur
i
n
g
c
h
a
r
g
in
g
m
ode.
S
eve
ral
fu
nc
ti
o
n
s
a
r
e
c
ontr
o
l
led
b
y
sc
ree
n
n
am
el
y
:
s
to
p
c
h
arg
in
g
o
r
di
s
c
h
arg
i
ng
us
i
ng
st
o
p
b
u
tto
n,
s
h
u
t
d
ow
n
th
e
w
h
o
le
s
y
ste
m
f
r
o
m
the
e
m
e
r
genc
y
bu
t
to
n
a
nd,
d
uri
n
g
in
it
i
al
sta
g
e,
i
nsert
i
ng
spe
c
i
fica
tio
ns
o
f
the
l
i
t
h
i
u
m-ion
bat
t
eries
(ra
t
e
d
c
apac
ity,
m
axi
mum
c
u
t
-
off
v
o
lta
ge
a
nd m
i
n
i
m
u
m
c
u
t
-
of
f vo
lt
a
g
e
)
.
Ba
tteri
e
s
i
nterfa
ce
g
i
v
es
i
n
f
orm
a
tion
ab
o
u
t
the
BESS
s
ta
tu
s
par
amet
ers,
w
h
i
ch
a
re
t
h
e
to
t
al
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
curr
ent,
t
o
t
a
l
l
oa
d
c
u
rre
n
t
,
p
o
w
e
r
del
i
ver
y
,
V
DC
−
bus
an
d
t
em
pera
ture.
F
i
gure
4
b
s
how
s
t
h
e
ba
t
t
e
r
ie
s
inte
rfac
e
dur
in
g
cha
r
gi
n
g
m
o
de
.
T
he
t
ota
l
c
hargi
n
g
c
ur
r
ent
is
3
60
0
A
,
s
in
ce
t
he
out
p
u
t
va
lue
s
o
f
the
c
u
rr
ent
se
nsors
(
p
o
t
e
n
t
i
o
m
e
t
e
r
s
)
o
f
e
a
c
h
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
a
r
e
s
e
t
a
t
1
0
V
w
h
i
c
h
i
s
e
q
u
i
v
ale
n
t
to
3
0
0
A
.
Similar
l
y,
the
V
DC
−
bus
s
e
n
s
o
r
and
the
tem
p
er
ature se
ns
or of
ba
t
ter
y pac
k
a
re set
a
t
4.8 V
a
n
d
5
V
, the
s
e i
n
i
tia
l
i
z
a
ti
ons are
e
qu
iva
l
e
n
t
to
4
8V
and
50
C re
spe
cti
ve
ly.
More
over,
ba
t
t
er
i
e
s
in
t
erface
inc
l
ude
s fo
ur sub-
in
ter
f
ac
e sc
ree
ns for m
onit
o
ri
ng the c
u
rr
ent a
nd S
O
C
of
t
he
1
2
li
th
i
u
m
-
ion
ba
t
t
erie
s.
E
ac
h
thre
e
ba
tter
i
e
s
a
re
g
ro
u
p
e
d
i
n
o
n
e
s
u
b
-
scr
een
(first
g
r
ou
p:
Ba
t
t
e
r
i
es
1
,
2
and
3
;
g
r
o
u
p
2
:
Bat
t
e
r
ies
4,
5
,
a
n
d
6
;
g
r
o
u
p
3
:
Ba
t
terie
s
7
,
8
,
and
9
;
a
nd
gro
up
4
:
B
a
t
te
ries
1
0,
11,
a
nd
12)
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
208
8-
8
6
9
4
I
nt
J
P
ow
E
lec
&
D
r
i
S
yst,
Vol.
9,
N
o.
1,
Ma
r
ch
20
18
:
180
–
1
88
18
6
F
i
gur
e
4c
s
h
o
w
s
Ba
tter
ies
1
,
2
an
d
3
i
n
t
e
r
f
a
ce
d
u
r
i
ng
c
ha
r
g
ing
m
ode
.
Th
i
s
inter
fac
e
p
r
o
v
i
de
s
t
h
e
H
M
I
oper
a
tor
w
i
t
h
t
he
n
ec
essar
y
i
nf
or
m
a
ti
on
ab
ou
t
the
ba
t
ter
y
ch
ar
g
ing
or
d
i
s
ch
ar
ging
cur
r
en
t
a
n
d
S
O
C.
(a
)
(
b
)
(c
)
F
igur
e
4.
H
MI
in
ter
f
a
c
e
s
o
f
(
a)
P
ow
er
c
ontr
o
l,
(
b)
B
a
tte
r
ies
p
a
ne
l
an
d
(
c)
Batter
ies
1
,
2
an
d
3
3
.
2
.
B
E
SS un
sa
f
e
o
p
era
t
i
n
g
co
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
s
PLC
o
ffe
rs
a
t
t
h
e
sa
me
t
im
e
a
fu
l
l
an
d
a
u
to
m
a
t
ic
p
r
o
t
e
c
t
io
n
t
o
eac
h
bat
t
e
r
y
as
w
el
l
as
the
w
h
o
l
e
the
ba
tter
y
p
ac
k.
T
ab
le
3
s
umm
ar
i
z
es
t
h
e
ma
i
n
ca
u
se
s
o
f
t
he
unsa
f
e
ope
r
a
ti
n
g
c
on
di
t
i
ons
of
the
B
E
S
S
and
the
r
e
spo
n
se
o
f
t
h
e
P
L
C
contr
o
l
a
ppr
oac
h
t
o
ea
ch
case
.
In
b
ri
e
f
,
a
re
l
i
a
b
l
e
a
n
d
e
f
fi
ci
en
t
co
nt
rol
l
i
ng
w
as
a
c
h
i
e
v
e
d
us
i
ng
t
he
pr
op
os
ed
P
LC c
o
ntr
ol
a
ppr
oa
c
h
f
or
B
ES
S
.
A
m
ong
t
he
m
e
r
i
ts
o
f
t
h
i
s
a
ppr
oa
ch
a
r
e
c
om
pact
pr
o
tec
t
i
on
a
ga
i
ns
t
the
ba
tte
ry
o
v
e
rc
ha
rgi
n
g,
u
n
d
er-
di
schar
g
ing
a
n
d
o
v
er
he
a
tin
g.
T
h
i
s
is
s
u
p
er
i
o
r
to
t
he
c
o
n
v
e
n
t
ion
a
l
c
on
t
r
o
l
t
ec
h
n
i
q
ue
s
(
us
i
n
g
m
i
cr
oc
on
t
r
oller
s
[1
4]
,
[15]
)
in
w
hic
h
t
he
l
imi
t
a
ti
o
n
s
o
f
r
e
s
t
r
ic
ted
i
n
p
u
t
a
n
d
ou
tpu
t
p
or
ts,
noi
se
i
m
m
un
it
y
a
nd
s
h
or
tage
l
i
f
e
s
pa
n
a
r
e
e
f
f
ect
ive
l
y
over
com
e.
T
her
e
ar
e
s
om
e
w
o
r
k
s
on
t
h
e
P
L
C
im
pl
e
men
t
ati
on
an
d
c
o
nt
rol
fo
r
bat
t
er
y
a
ppl
ica
t
i
o
ns
[
1
6
]
-
[1
9]
.
H
o
w
e
ve
r
,
th
is
w
o
r
k
h
as
d
is
tinc
tly
c
ons
i
der
ed
the
who
le
sy
stem
d
es
ig
n
a
nd
prese
n
t
e
d
the
P
L
C
c
o
ntr
o
l
un
der
seve
r
al
c
i
r
cum
sta
n
c
es.
H
e
n
ce,
it
pr
o
v
i
d
e
s
a
de
t
a
ile
d
a
nd
th
or
ou
g
h
u
nder
s
ta
ndi
ng
of
us
in
g
P
L
C
i
n
BES
S
system
.
I
n
ad
d
i
tio
n,
t
he
f
u
ll
i
n
cl
us
ion
o
f
S
C
ADA
f
o
r
sy
s
t
em
m
o
n
ito
r
ing
in
t
his
wo
r
k
re
sults i
n
h
i
g
h
con
tro
lla
b
ili
ty,
obser
va
bi
li
ty
a
nd re
lia
bi
li
ty
o
f
t
h
e
BESS
.
Ta
ble
3.
S
ummar
y
o
f
the
u
n
sa
fe
oper
at
i
o
n
ca
se
s
and
t
h
e
r
espo
n
se
of th
e
PLC
P
a
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
s
C
h
a
rging
O
pe
r
a
tio
n
Ca
s
e
D
i
s
c
h
a
r
ging
O
pe
r
a
tion
Ca
s
e
C
ontro
l
l
e
r
A
c
tion
(PLC
)
Tem
p
e
r
a
t
ure
T >
70º
ove
rhe
a
tin
g
shutdow
n
B
E
S
S
D
C
-bus
V
olta
ge
V
>
64
V
o
ve
r
c
ha
rgi
ng
v
olta
ge
V
<
40
V
u
n
de
r
d
isc
h
a
rgin
g
v
o
lta
ge
s
h
u
tdow
n
B
E
SS
B
a
tt
e
r
y
C
ur
r
e
nt
I >
3
0
0
A
ove
r
c
ha
rgi
n
g
c
u
rre
nt
I
<
30
0
A
di
sc
ha
rg
i
ng
c
u
rre
nt
d
isc
o
n
n
e
c
t
t
his
ba
tter
y
a
nd
sh
ut
dow
n
B
E
SS
a
f
te
r
d
i
s
c
o
n
n
e
c
ting a
ll
b
a
tte
r
ie
s
B
a
tt
e
r
y
S
O
C
SOC
=
100 %
SOC
=
0
%
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
El
e
c &
D
ri S
yst
I
S
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
De
si
gn,
Control and
Monitor
i
ng of
an
Offline M
obile B
a
tte
ry
Energy
Stor
age Sy
ste
m
...
(N
abil M
oham
m
ed)
18
7
4.
CONCL
U
SION
I
n
t
h
i
s
w
o
rk,
a
P
LC
con
t
ro
l
sc
hem
e
i
s
i
n
t
r
od
uce
d
f
or
a
h
i
g
h-p
o
w
er
o
ffl
i
n
e
B
E
S
S
.
The
pro
p
o
se
d
con
t
ro
l
has
t
h
e
adva
nta
g
e
s
o
f
han
d
l
i
ng
h
i
g
h
-
po
w
er
r
atin
g
BES
S
a
nd
pro
v
i
d
i
n
g
a
ful
l
y
aut
om
ate
d
p
ro
t
ec
tio
n
from
u
nde
si
r
e
d
v
o
lta
ge
,
curr
ent
a
n
d
tem
p
er
a
t
ure
le
vel
s
.
Th
e
pro
po
se
d
co
nt
rol
me
th
od
i
s
t
arg
e
t
e
d
f
o
r
a
typ
i
c
a
l
Ma
lays
ia
n
resi
den
t
ial
l
o
ad
w
i
t
h
a
c
a
p
ac
ity
o
f
1
58.
8
k
W
h.
B
ase
d
o
n
t
he
d
esi
gn,
s
u
itab
l
e
of
f-t
h
e-she
l
f
de
vice
s
tha
t
i
nc
lu
de
a
n
i
nver
t
e
r
,
r
ecti
f
ier
,
a
nd
12
l
i
t
h
ium
-
io
n
ba
tter
i
e
s
(
3
0
0
A
h
e
a
c
h
)
a
r
e
s
e
l
e
c
t
e
d
.
T
o
t
e
s
t
t
h
e
perform
ance
o
f
t
h
e
P
L
C
c
o
ntr
o
l,
P
LC
S
7
-
12
00
an
d
K
T
P
700
B
a
s
ic
H
M
I
pa
ne
l
are
pr
o
g
ram
m
e
d
u
sin
g
Siem
ens
so
ft
w
a
re,
TIA
porta
l
V
13.
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
e
ffec
t
i
v
e
n
ess
is
t
es
t
ed
b
y
chan
g
in
g
t
he
out
pu
t
va
lue
s
(
usin
g
po
te
nt
iom
eter
s
)
of
t
he
2
6
se
nsors,
t
em
pera
t
u
r
e,
V
DC
−
bus
,
cur
r
ent
le
ve
ls
o
f
t
h
e
1
2
b
at
t
e
ries
a
n
d
1
2
SO
C
sens
ors.
T
he
r
e
s
ults
s
h
o
w
a
g
o
o
d
p
erfor
m
a
n
ce
of
t
he
P
L
C
con
tro
l
a
l
g
o
r
ith
m
du
rin
g
t
h
e
ch
a
r
gi
ng
,
di
scha
rg
i
n
g
and
over
h
e
at
i
n
g
of
t
he
b
at
teri
es.
Thi
s
i
s
imp
o
rta
n
t
to
en
s
ur
e
pr
oper
a
nd
sa
fe
BEES
o
pe
rati
o
n
an
d
t
o
pr
olo
n
g
bat
t
ery
li
fe
t
i
m
e.
ACKNOW
LEDG
E
MEN
T
S
The
au
th
ors
w
o
u
l
d
l
i
ke
t
o
ex
press
the
i
r
sin
c
ere
gra
t
it
u
d
e
t
o
U
n
ive
r
siti
T
e
kn
o
l
o
g
i
M
a
l
a
y
s
i
a
(U
TM)
for
the te
c
h
n
i
c
a
l su
pp
ort gr
an
ted d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
i
s r
e
sea
r
ch.
REFE
RENCES
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Chen
H
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ng
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N,
Yan
g
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an
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i
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i
t
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c
i
al
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f
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l
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EE
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lectri
cal
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S
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n
In
telli
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P
ow
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anag
emen
t
In
ves
tig
a
t
i
o
n
f
o
r
S
t
an
d-A
l
on
e
Hy
brid
S
y
s
te
m
U
s
ing
Sho
r
t-
Ti
me
En
ergy
Storag
e. In
t
ernat
i
o
n
al Jo
u
rn
a
l
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ct
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ve
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S
cho
enun
g
S
M
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C
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ti
cs
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echn
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l
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g
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es
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g
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ni
ted
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00
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Rajan
n
a
BV,
La
l
i
t
h
a
SV,
Rao
GJ,
S
hri
v
astava
S
K.
S
o
l
ar
P
hoto
v
o
l
t
a
i
c
Generat
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rs
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ith
M
PPT
a
nd
Batt
ery
Sto
r
ag
e
in
M
icro
grids. In
t
ernati
on
al J
ou
rn
al
o
f
P
o
wer E
l
ectro
ni
cs
an
d
D
rive
S
ystem
s
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16;
7
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p
p
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Zha
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g
C,
G
u
e
rre
ro
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M,
V
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s
qu
e
z
JC.
A
simp
li
fi
e
d
c
on
trol
a
r
c
hite
c
tu
re
f
or
t
hree-
ph
ase
inv
e
rters
in
m
od
ul
ar
U
P
S
appli
c
at
ion
with
s
hunt
active
po
wer
filter
embedde
d
.
9th
Intern
atio
nal
Conf
erence
o
n
P
ower
E
l
ectron
i
cs
a
nd
E
CCE
Asia (IC
PE-
E
C
C
E As
i
a
). 2
01
5
;
p
p
.
4
13
-4
20
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[7]
Sh
i
K,
L
i
H,
H
u
C,
X
u
D
.
T
o
po
l
og
y
o
f
s
up
e
r
u
nin
t
e
rru
ptib
le
po
w
e
r
s
upp
ly
w
it
h
m
u
lti
p
l
e
en
ergy
s
ou
rces
.
9
t
h
Int
e
rnati
o
n
a
l Conf
erence
on
P
o
w
e
r
Elect
ronics
a
n
d
E
CCE As
i
a
(IC
P
E
-E
CCE
Asia
)
.
20
15;
p
p
.
1742-1
7
4
9
.
[8]
Dh
armi
redd
y
G
,
M
oo
rt
hi
S
,
Han
u
m
a
nt
hak
a
ri
S
.
A
vo
ltag
e
c
on
trol
le
r
i
n
p
hot
o-vol
ta
i
c
s
ys
tem
with
b
at
tery
s
to
rag
e
f
o
r s
t
an
d-alo
n
e
a
ppl
icatio
ns
.
In
te
rn
a
t
io
na
l
Jo
urn
a
l
o
f
P
owe
r
E
l
ect
r
o
n
i
cs and
D
rive
S
y
s
tems. 2
01
2
;2(
1
):
p
p
. 9
.
[9]
Buk
h
ari
S
S
,
A
tiq
S
,
K
w
on
BI.
E
l
imi
n
a
t
io
n
o
f
t
he
i
n
r
us
h
curren
t
ph
enom
en
on
a
s
s
o
ciated
with
s
in
gl
e-p
h
as
e
of
fline
UPS
sy
stems. E
nerg
i
e
s. 20
1
6
;
9
(
2
): pp
.
9
6
.
[10]
F
a
rm
ann
A
,
W
a
a
g
W,
M
aro
n
g
i
u
A
,
S
auer
DU.
C
ri
ti
cal
r
evi
e
w
of
o
n
-
bo
ard
capaci
ty
es
t
imation
tech
ni
qu
e
s
f
or
lithium-
i
o
n ba
t
t
e
ri
e
s
i
n
el
ectr
i
c
a
n
d hybri
d
el
ectri
c
vehi
cles.
Jou
rn
al o
f
Po
wer So
ur
ces. 20
1
5
;
v
ol
.
2
8
1:
p
p
.
1
14
-
30
.
[11]
W
aag
W
,
Fl
eis
c
her
C,
S
a
u
er
DU.
C
ritical
r
ev
ie
w
o
f
t
he
m
eth
ods
f
or
m
onitor
ing
o
f
lithium-
ion
b
a
t
teries
i
n
e
lect
r
ic
and
hy
bri
d
v
ehic
l
e
s.
J
o
u
rnal
o
f
Pow
e
r
S
ources
.
2014
;
vo
l
.
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58
:
p
p
.
3
21
-3
9.
[12]
Andrea D. Ba
t
t
e
ry man
agement
syst
e
m
s
f
o
r
large lithium-
i
on batt
ery
pack
s. A
rtech
ho
u
s
e
; 2
010
.
[13]
Borg
ersen
O
J
.
M
u
lti
cell
Ba
ttery
m
onito
rin
g
a
n
d
b
al
ancin
g
w
it
h
A
VR.
Mas
t
er’s
t
hes
i
s,
Ins
titutt
f
o
r
elektronikk
og
tel
e
komm
u
ni
kasj
on
.
2
00
9
[14]
Passare
l
la
R
,
Ok
l
i
las
AF
,
Mathilda
T
.
L
i
t
hi
u
m
-
i
o
n
B
at
tery
C
harg
i
ng
S
y
st
e
m
u
si
ng
Co
ns
tant
-Curren
t
M
eth
od
w
i
t
h
F
u
zzy
Lo
g
ic
B
a
s
ed
A
Tm
eg
a16
. Int
ernat
i
on
al J
ou
rnal
o
f
P
o
wer E
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
cs and
Dri
ve Sy
s
tems. 2
01
4; 5(2
)
:
p
p
. 16
6
.
[15]
F
i
g
u
eired
o
J
M.
P
LC
b
as
ed
s
t
r
uct
u
re
f
o
r
man
agem
ent
an
d
con
t
ro
l
o
f
d
i
st
ributed
e
n
e
rgy
p
r
od
ucti
on
u
ni
ts.
In
Tech
i
n
P
r
og
ramm
ab
le
L
og
ic
C
o
n
troll
e
r.
2
010
.
[16]
M
a
no
lako
s
D
,
P
apadak
is
G
,
P
a
p
a
n
t
o
n
i
s
D
,
K
y
rits
is
S
.
A
s
t
and
-
alo
ne
p
ho
to
vo
ltai
c
p
o
w
e
r
sy
st
em
f
or
r
e
m
o
t
e
villag
e
s
us
in
g
p
u
m
p
ed
water
energ
y
s
t
o
r
age.
E
nerg
y.
2
004;
2
9
(
1):
pp.
5
7-
69
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[17]
A
l
-
K
a
n
d
a
r
i
A
,
G
i
l
a
n
y
M
,
S
h
a
l
t
o
u
t
A
.
A
P
L
C
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
for
o
p
t
i
m
u
m
o
p
e
r
a
t
io
n
o
f
p
h
o
to
vo
l
t
a
ic
-
b
a
t
te
r
y
sy
st
e
m
. Larg
e
En
g
i
n
eerin
g S
y
st
e
m
s
Co
n
f
erence o
n
P
o
wer E
ngineeri
ng
.
2
0
06;
p
p
.
11
2
-1
18.
[18]
Li
J
,
Y
i
n
g
C
,
Su
n
Y,
S
un
J
.
A
n
e
w
de
sign
o
f
ba
t
t
e
r
y
c
o
nsta
nt
c
u
rre
nt
d
isc
h
a
r
g
e
s
yste
m
.
2
n
d
I
nte
r
na
tion
a
l
Con
f
e
r-
ence on Artificia
l
Intel
l
igence
, Man
agem
ent
S
c
ien
ce and
El
ectro
n
i
c
Co
m
m
erc
e
(AIM
S
E
C).
2
01
1
;
p
p
.
6
50
9-65
12
.
[19]
M
o
h
a
mm
ed
N
,
D
a
napal
a
si
ng
am
K
A
.
D
esi
g
n
and
Co
nt
rol
of
O
nlin
e
Bat
te
ry
E
ne
rg
y
Stora
g
e
Sy
ste
m
U
s
i
ng
P
ro
-
gram
m
a
bl
e
Lo
gic
Con
t
ro
ll
e
r
.
In
ternat
ion
a
l
Co
n
f
e
r
en
ce
of
R
el
iabl
e
In
f
o
rm
a
t
i
on
and
Comm
u
n
i
c
atio
n
Techn
o
l
ogy
,
S
p
ri
nger,
C
ham
.
2
01
7;
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p
.
4
96
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.
[20]
Aam
i
r M,
K
alwa
r KA,
M
ekh
ile
f
S
.
U
ninterru
ptible
p
ow
e
r
su
p
p
l
y (
u
ps
)
s
y
st
e
m
.
Ren
e
wabl
e
and
s
u
st
ain
a
ble en-
erg
y
revi
ews.
20
16;
vol
.
5
8:
pp.
13
95
-
41
0.
[21]
Al
-S
a
l
aym
e
h
A,
A
l-H
a
mam
r
e
Z,
S
haraf
F,
A
bdelk
ader
M
R.
T
ec
h
n
i
cal
an
d
eco
n
o
m
i
cal
as
s
essment
of
t
he
u
til
i
za-
ti
on
o
f
p
h
o
t
o
voltai
c
s
ystem
s
i
n
resi
dentia
l
buildings:
The
case
of
Jo
rda
n
.
Ene
r
g
y
c
on
ve
rsion
an
d
m
a
na
g
e
me
n
t
.
20
10
;
5
1(8):
p
p
.
1
71
9-2
6.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
I
nt
J
P
ow
Elec & D
r
i
Syst, V
ol
. 9,
No. 1,
Mar
c
h 2018
:
180 –
1
88
18
8
[22]
Saidur
R,
Masj
u
k
i
HH,
Jama
lud
d
in
M
Y
,
A
h
m
e
d
S
.
E
n
e
r
g
y
a
n
d
a
s
s
o
c
i
a
t
e
d
g
re
e
nho
use
g
a
s
e
m
is
sion
s
from
h
o
u
se
-
ho
ld
a
pp
li
a
n
ces
i
n
Mal
a
ysia.
E
nerg
y
P
o
li
cy.
2
0
0
7
;
35
(3):
p
p
.
1
6
48-57.
B
I
OGRAPHIES
OF AUTHO
RS
N
abil
M
oh
a
m
m
ed
w
as
bo
r
n
i
n
T
a
i
z,
Y
e
m
en
,
in
1
988
.
He
obt
ain
ed
h
i
s
Bach
elo
r
deg
ree
i
n
el
ectrical
p
ow
er
e
n
g
i
n
eerin
g
f
r
o
m
T
i
s
h
r
een
U
niv
e
rs
it
y
and
M.En
g
.(Electri
cal-Mechat
ron
i
cs
&
Automat
i
c
C
o
nt
rol
)
d
egree
f
r
om
U
ni
versiti
Teknolog
i
M
a
l
a
ysia
(UT
M
),
i
n
20
13
a
nd
2
0
1
7
,
res
p
ect
ivel
y.
H
i
s
r
es
earch
i
nt
erests
i
nclu
d
e
b
at
tery
man
a
g
e
m
e
nt
s
ystem
s
,
renew
a
ble
en
ergy,
p
o
w
er
e
l
ectron
i
cs,
ap
plicati
o
n
of
c
on
tro
l
t
heo
r
y
t
o
p
ow
e
r
s
yste
m
,
a
nd
a
utom
a
t
io
n
and SCAD
A
s
y
stem
s.
K
u
m
e
resan
A
.
D
anapal
asi
n
g
a
m
was
b
o
rn
i
n
K
u
ala
Lu
m
pur,
M
a
la
y
s
i
a
i
n
198
1.
He
r
e
ceiv
ed
h
i
s
B.E
ng.
(
El
e
c
tri
cal-
M
ech
atron
i
cs
)
and
M
.
Eng
.
(El
ectrical
-Mec
hatroni
c
s
&
Automatic
Co
ntro
l)
d
eg
rees
f
rom
Universi
ti
T
ek
no
logi
M
alay
sia
(UT
M
)in
20
0
3
a
n
d
20
06
,
res
p
ecti
v
el
y.
I
n
201
0,
h
e
was
aw
arded
a
P
h
.D.
(E
lect
rical
&
E
le
ctro
n
i
c)
b
y
A
a
lbo
r
g
U
n
iv
ersi
ty,
D
e
n
m
ark.
A
t
pres
e
n
t,
h
e
is
a
S
eni
o
r
L
e
c
t
urer
a
t
t
h
e
D
epartm
en
t
of
C
on
tro
l
&
M
echat
ron
i
cs
E
n
g
in
eerin
g,
F
acu
lty
o
f
Elect
rical
E
n
g
in
eerin
g
,
U
T
M
.
H
is
r
esearch
i
n
t
erests
i
n
clu
d
e
c
o
nt
ro
l
eng
i
n
eering
,
a
u
t
o
nom
o
u
s
helico
pters
,
a
rtif
ic
ial
i
n
t
ell
i
g
e
nce
an
d
h
yb
r
i
d
el
ectric
vehi
cles. F
u
rt
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