In
te
r
n
ation
a
l Jou
rn
al
o
f Po
we
r
Elec
tron
ic
s an
d
D
r
ive S
y
stem
(IJ
PED
S
)
V
o
l.
10, N
o.
3, S
ep 2019,
pp.
1
3
8
2
~1
3
8
8
ISSN: 2088-
8694,
DOI
:
10.11591
/ijpeds.
v10.
i
3.pp1382-1388
1382
Jou
rn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
:
ht
tp:
//i
a
e
score
.
com
/
j
o
u
r
na
l
s
/
i
n
d
e
x
.
p
hp/IJ
PED
S
Concept
u
al
study on grid-to-
veh
i
cle (G2V) wireless
power
transfer usi
n
g single-
phase matrix converter
Muh
a
mmad
Qu
sya
i
r
i
Iq
b
a
l
Moh
d Z
a
man
i
, R
ah
imi B
a
h
a
r
o
m,
D
ali
n
a Joh
ar
i
Facul
t
y o
f
E
lect
r
i
cal
Engi
n
eer
ing
,
U
niversiti T
e
knol
ogi MARA
,
M
alay
si
a
Art
i
cl
e In
fo
ABSTRACT
A
r
tic
le hist
o
r
y
:
R
e
c
e
i
v
e
d
Sep
2
7
,
2
018
Re
vise
d F
e
b 2,
201
9
Ac
ce
p
t
ed
M
ar 2
4
,
2
019
Th
is
p
aper
p
resen
t
s
t
h
e
co
ncep
tu
al
s
tu
dy
o
n
grid-to
-
elect
ric
v
e
hi
cle
(G2V
)
wi
reless
p
o
w
e
r
tran
sf
er
(
W
P
T)
u
si
ng
Sin
g
le
P
has
e
M
atrix
Co
nv
e
r
t
er
(S
P
M
C).
In
t
h
i
s
work
,
th
e
S
P
MC
i
s
us
ed
a
s
a
d
i
rect
A
C
to
A
C
con
ve
rte
r
t
o
con
v
ert
t
h
e
in
pu
t
su
ppl
y
volt
a
ge
a
t
50
H
z
f
r
e
q
ue
n
c
y
to
t
he
o
u
t
p
ut
o
f
2
0
k
H
z
to
m
ee
t
the
WPT
sw
i
t
chi
ng
freque
ncy
operati
on
o
f
the
transmitte
r
and
receiv
e
r
co
ils
.
Th
e
h
i
gh
freq
u
en
cy
A
C
voltag
e
o
f
t
h
e
receiver
c
oi
l
is
t
hen
recti
f
ied
to
a
D
C
f
o
rm
by
using
S
P
M
C
.
Th
rou
g
h
th
e
pro
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
t
em
,
t
h
e
bat
t
ery
o
f
a
n
el
ectri
c
car
can
b
e
cha
r
g
e
d
wi
reless
ly,
th
u
s
r
em
o
ving
t
he
ann
o
y
i
ng
w
i
r
es
o
f
the
co
nv
ent
i
on
al
e
l
ectric
v
e
hi
cle
charg
i
n
g
s
y
st
em.
The
redu
cti
on
i
n
s
ize
o
f
t
he
c
har
g
in
g
sy
st
em
,
p
o
w
e
r
l
o
s
s
es
a
n
d
o
p
t
i
mum
ef
fici
ency
a
re
a
mo
ng
t
he
a
dv
ant
a
ges
o
f
t
he
p
rop
o
s
e
d
sy
st
em.
M
A
TLAB/
Sim
u
lin
k
(MLS
)
h
a
s
b
een
u
sed
to
s
im
ul
a
t
e
t
h
e
prop
os
ed
m
o
del
.
S
e
lect
ed sim
u
l
ati
o
n
result are pr
es
ented
to v
erif
y the
prop
os
ed
wo
r
k.
K
eyw
ord
s
:
Elec
tric
V
ehic
le
P
u
lse
Wid
t
h
M
odu
lat
i
o
n
S
i
ng
le-P
hase
M
a
t
rix
Co
n
v
erter
Wire
l
e
ss
P
ow
e
r
Tr
a
nsfe
r
Co
pyri
gh
t © 2
019 In
stit
u
t
e
of Advanced
En
gi
neeri
n
g
an
d
S
c
ien
ce.
All
rights
res
e
rv
ed.
Corres
pon
d
i
n
g
Au
th
or:
R
a
h
i
mi
B
ah
arom,
Fa
cult
y
o
f
E
l
e
c
t
rica
l
En
gine
erin
g,
Un
iv
e
r
sit
i
Tekn
o
lo
gi
M
A
R
A,
4
045
0
Sh
ah
Alam,
S
el
an
go
r,
M
ALAYS
I
A
.
Em
ail:
rahim
i
6
5
7
9
@
sala
m.
uit
m
.edu.
my
1.
I
N
TR
OD
U
C
TI
O
N
The
WP
T
tec
h
nol
og
y
is
a
m
oder
n
pow
e
r
t
ra
nsfer
t
o
p
o
l
o
g
y
f
i
r
st
i
n
tr
od
uc
e
d
b
y
N
i
k
o
l
a
Te
sl
a
s
m
ore
tha
n
1
0
0
y
e
a
rs
a
go
[1-7]
w
h
i
c
h
re
fer
s
t
o
t
h
e
tra
n
sm
itt
i
ng
of
e
l
ectri
c
a
l
p
o
w
e
r
thro
ug
h
air.
T
he
m
ost
po
p
u
lar
appr
oa
ch
t
o
WP
T
em
pl
oys
a
n
elec
t
r
oma
gne
t
i
c
fie
l
d
(E
MF
)
of
s
om
e
freque
nc
y
as
a
m
e
a
ns
b
y
w
h
ich
the
elec
tr
ical
pow
er
w
as
t
rans
m
i
tte
d
[1].
T
he
W
P
T
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
og
y
i
n
vo
lv
es
t
h
e
p
ro
c
e
ss
of
e
l
e
ct
ri
cal
e
n
e
rgy
transm
i
s
s
i
on
from
a
pow
e
r
s
ource
t
o
a
n
e
lec
t
r
i
c
a
l
l
o
ad
a
c
r
oss
a
n
a
i
r
ga
p
w
ith
ou
t
us
i
n
g
a
ny
w
i
r
e
s
or
connec
tors [8,
9
].
The key
e
lem
e
nts of a
W
P
T
system
ar
e the
tra
nsm
itter
a
n
d
re
cei
ver
coi
l
s.
A
n
e
lec
t
r
i
c
ve
hic
l
e
(EV
)
c
o
u
ld
b
e
a
ve
hic
l
e
f
u
e
l
l
e
d
b
y
a
n
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
en
gi
ne
i
nst
e
a
d
o
f
an
i
n
t
e
r
na
l
com
b
u
s
ti
on
m
o
tor
an
d
t
h
e
eng
i
ne
e
mpl
o
ys
b
a
t
tery
c
o
n
tr
ol
[
1
0
,
1
1
].
M
o
d
e
r
n
im
p
r
ovem
e
n
t
s
i
n
b
at
ter
y
in
nova
tio
n,
f
ra
me
w
o
rk
i
n
t
e
g
ra
tio
n,
o
ptim
al
d
e
s
i
g
n,
i
n
v
e
stiga
t
io
n
a
n
d
im
prov
em
ent
by
ma
jor
v
e
hic
l
e
pro
duce
r
s ha
ve
drive
n
to t
he
g
e
n
era
t
i
o
n
of e
le
ctric
ve
hic
l
es
o
n
t
he r
oads o
f
the c
ity
[
12].
The
WP
T inn
o
v
a
t
i
on, w
hic
h
c
an d
i
s
pose of all the t
r
o
u
b
l
e
s
om
e ch
a
r
gi
n
g
, i
s
des
irab
le for EV
ow
ners
i
n
c
o
m
p
a
ri
so
n
wi
t
h
c
on
v
e
nt
ion
a
l
ch
a
r
g
i
ng
[
13
].
B
y
e
x
c
h
angi
ng
vi
t
a
l
i
t
y
w
i
r
e
l
e
s
s
l
y
t
o
t
h
e
E
V
,
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
g
e
t
s
t
o
be the
m
os
t
s
t
raig
h
t
forw
a
r
d
t
a
sk.
The
driv
er
s
as i
t
w
e
r
e
got
t
o
s
top t
h
eir c
a
r
and t
a
ke off for a sta
t
i
ona
ry
W
P
T
fra
m
e
w
ork.
F
or
a
dynam
i
c
WP
T
fra
m
e
w
ork,
w
hic
h
s
ug
ge
sts
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
E
V
ca
n
be
d
r
i
ven
;
t
he
E
V
c
a
n
run
wi
t
h
out
a
s
top
u
n
ti
l
th
e
e
n
d
o
f
t
i
m
e
[14
]
.
I
n
e
xp
an
sion
,
t
h
e
b
a
t
t
ery
ca
p
a
cit
y
o
f
rem
o
t
e
c
harg
in
g
EV
can
b
e
dimi
n
i
she
d
t
o 20
perc
e
n
t or
l
ess tha
n
in
co
n
duc
t
i
ve c
h
a
rgi
ng EV
[
15
-
2
5
]
.
F
i
gure
1
sh
ow
s
t
h
e
ty
pica
l
c
onc
e
p
t
o
f
W
P
T
f
o
r
a
n
EV
s
ys
tem
w
h
i
c
h
c
ons
is
t
s
o
f
se
ve
ra
l
sta
g
es
t
o
w
i
rele
ss
ly
t
ra
nsfer
pow
er
fro
m
the
sup
p
l
y
to
t
he
l
oad.
I
t
u
s
es
A
C
pow
e
r
a
s
a
sourc
e
a
n
d
c
ha
nge
it
to
a
D
C
form
w
i
t
h
po
w
e
r
fac
t
or
c
orrec
tion
(P
F
C
).
T
he
m
a
i
n
pa
rts
o
f
t
he
W
P
T
sy
st
e
m
c
o
u
ld
b
e
su
mmari
z
ed
a
s
fo
l
l
ow
s
:
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int.
J
. P
o
w.
E
lec.
& D
ri. S
y
st.
IS
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
C
once
p
tu
a
l
stu
d
y
on g
r
id-
t
o-
vehic
le
(G
2V)
wi
re
l
e
ss
p
o
we
r … (M
uh
am
m
a
d Q
u
sya
i
r
i
Iqb
a
l M
o
h
d
Z
a
m
a
ni)
1
383
The
loose
l
y
co
up
le
d tra
n
sm
i
t
tin
g a
n
d re
ceiv
i
ng c
o
ils.
The
com
p
e
n
sa
t
i
o
n
ne
t
work.
The
p
o
wer
elec
t
r
o
n
i
c
s co
n
v
e
r
ters
a
nd c
o
nt
r
o
l
elec
tron
ic
s.
The
m
a
in
d
i
ffe
renc
e
betw
ee
n
the
pro
p
o
se
d
w
i
reless
charg
e
r
a
nd
t
he
c
on
ven
t
iona
l
w
i
rel
e
ss
c
har
g
er
s
y
s
t
e
m
i
s
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
t
w
o
p
o
w
e
r
e
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
s
(
A
C
t
o
D
C
a
nd
D
C
t
o A
C
)
is
r
eplac
e
d
by
a
SP
MC
c
irc
u
it
to
pol
o
gy
a
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
re
2
.
In
t
h
i
s
w
o
r
k
,
the
S
P
MC
i
s
ut
iliz
e
d
t
o
o
p
e
r
a
t
e
a
s
a
d
i
r
e
c
t
A
C
t
o
A
C
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
to
i
nc
rea
s
e
the
o
p
era
t
i
o
n
fr
eq
uenc
y
from
5
0
H
z
t
o
20
kH
z,
t
hus
remo
vi
ng
th
e
co
nv
en
tion
a
l
t
w
o
s
t
a
g
e
A
C
t
o
D
C
a
n
d
D
C
t
o
A
C
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
s
.
T
h
i
s
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
d
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
t
o
p
o
l
o
g
y
c
o
u
l
d
le
a
d
t
o
t
h
e
r
e
duc
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
num
ber
of
d
e
vi
c
e
s
,
a
nd
h
e
n
ce
,
red
u
c
ing
t
h
e
t
o
t
a
l
lo
sse
s
f
ro
m
t
h
e
de
v
i
ces
a
nd
impr
o
v
i
n
g
t
h
e
p
o
w
e
r
de
nsit
y
of
t
he
pro
pose
d
w
i
r
el
ess c
h
argi
n
g
sy
s
tem
.
2.
T
H
E PROPO
S
ED GRID TO VEHIC
LE WPT
The
pro
pose
d
g
rid-
to-
v
eh
ic
l
e
(
G
2
V
)
w
ir
e
l
ess
p
o
w
e
r
transfer
(
WP
T
)
ba
tter
y
c
ha
r
g
er
s
yste
m
schem
a
t
i
c
cir
c
ui
t
i
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
i
gure
3.
I
n
th
e
transm
itte
r
si
de
,
t
h
e
S
P
M
C
1
i
s
u
sed
to
c
rea
t
e
a
hi
gh-
fre
q
uenc
y
ou
tpu
t
A
C
vo
l
t
age
.
B
y
em
p
l
oy
ing
t
h
e
LC
c
om
pen
s
at
i
on
netw
ork,
a
con
s
ta
nt
h
i
g
h
fre
q
uenc
y
c
u
rre
nt
c
a
n
b
e
ma
int
a
ine
d
i
n
the
tra
n
smi
t
t
e
r
coi
l
.
Simi
lar
t
o
t
he
t
ra
nsm
i
t
t
e
r
si
de
,
the
pa
ral
l
el
c
om
pe
nsa
t
ion
i
s
a
l
s
o
a
d
o
p
t
ed
i
n
the
rec
e
i
ver
s
i
de
.
Wi
t
h
c
ons
t
a
nt
p
rima
ry
c
o
i
l
c
u
rr
en
t
a
n
d
par
a
l
l
e
l
sec
onda
ry
s
i
d
e
co
mpen
s
a
t
i
o
n
,
t
h
e
o
u
t
pu
t
ac
t
s
l
i
k
e
a
c
u
rre
nt
s
ource
.
A
t
a
c
erta
in
c
o
u
p
lin
g,
t
he
c
u
rre
n
t
in
t
he
r
e
c
e
i
ve
r
c
o
il
is
a
l
m
os
t
co
ns
ta
nt.
By
cha
n
g
i
n
g
t
he
d
ut
y ra
t
i
o
o
f
S
PM
C2, the
o
u
t
put
p
o
w
er
c
ou
ld
be
con
tr
ol
le
d.
Th
e
swit
chi
n
g
a
l
go
rit
h
m
for
the
proposed
G
2V
W
PT
b
attery
c
harge
r
sy
ste
m
w
as
d
e
v
el
op
ed
b
a
s
ed
on
the
sw
it
c
h
i
n
g
a
l
gor
ithm
of
A
C
t
o
A
C
co
n
v
erte
r
w
i
t
h
s
a
f
e
-
com
m
utat
i
on
tec
h
ni
q
u
e.
T
he
S
P
M
C1
i
s
con
t
ro
l
l
ed
t
o
o
p
era
t
e
as
a
d
ire
c
t
AC
t
o
A
C
c
on
ver
t
e
r
w
ith
t
he
s
w
itc
hi
n
g
f
re
q
u
enc
y
o
f
20
kH
z
,
w
hi
lst,
t
he
SP
MC
2
i
s
c
o
n
t
rolle
d t
o
o
per
a
t
e
a
s a
n
A
C to D
C
con
v
erte
r.
F
i
gure
3.
T
he pr
o
po
se
d gri
d
t
o ve
hi
cl
e
(G
2
V
)
w
i
re
l
e
s
s
p
o
w
e
r
t
r
a
ns
fer
(W
P
T
)
2.1.
AC t
o
AC
conve
r
te
r
o
p
er
ation
Th
e
p
r
opo
sed
swi
t
c
hi
ng
s
t
r
ate
g
i
e
s
a
s
t
ab
ulat
ed
i
n
Tabl
e
1
are
d
i
v
i
d
e
d
i
n
t
o
four
d
iffe
re
nt
m
ode
s
ca
l
l
e
d
M
ode
s
1,
2
,
3
and
4
f
o
r
di
ffere
n
t
d
i
r
ecti
o
n
o
f
out
p
u
t
A
C
v
olt
a
ge
.
Fo
u
r
d
i
f
f
e
re
nt
s
wi
t
c
hing
s
t
a
t
e
s
a
r
e
deve
l
ope
d
to
d
efi
n
e
c
o
mp
le
t
e
poss
i
b
l
e
o
p
e
r
ati
on
dur
i
n
g
pos
i
tive
a
n
d
n
eg
a
t
i
v
e
c
y
cl
e
.
T
h
e
f
ol
lo
w
i
ng
se
t
of
rules is
t
he
n de
fine
d;
Mo
de
1
:
A
t
t
h
i
s
ti
m
e
,
bo
t
h
s
w
itc
he
s
S
1
a
a
n
d
S
2b
ar
e
turn
ed
‘
O
N
’
a
s
show
n
i
n
F
ig
ure
4(a).
Then,
S
4
a
i
s
tur
n
ed
‘
O
N
’
(
a
f
t
e
r
de
l
a
y
t
i
m
e
)
w
ith
t
he
P
WM
s
w
i
tch
i
ng
p
a
tter
n
(
prov
i
d
ing
o
v
e
r
lap
pe
rio
d
).
D
uring
t
h
is
sta
g
e,
c
urre
nt
i
s
fl
ow
i
ng
i
n
t
he
i
n
duc
t
a
nce
(e
nergiz
e
d
)
t
h
ro
ug
h
S
4a
a
nd
de-
e
ne
r
g
i
z
ed
(
c
o
mm
uta
t
io
n
opera
tio
n)
t
hro
u
g
h
t
he
S
1a
a
nd
S
2b due
t
o S
4
a ‘
O
F
F
’
.
Mo
de
2
:
D
u
r
i
n
g
t
his
t
i
me
,
S
4
a
is
c
om
ple
t
e
l
y
turne
d
‘
O
F
F’
a
nd
th
e
in
du
c
tive
loa
d
i
s
d
e
-ene
rgize
d
d
u
e
t
o
over
l
a
p
p
er
i
o
d
of
S
3a
a
nd
S
4b
as
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
i
g
u
re
4
(
b
).
T
hus,
S
1
b
is
t
ur
ne
d
‘O
N
’
w
ith
t
he
P
WM
sw
it
c
h
i
n
g
pa
tte
rn.
Mo
de
3
:
S
i
mi
l
a
r
to
M
ode
1
,
dur
in
g
po
sit
i
ve
c
yc
le
o
per
a
t
i
o
n
,
b
o
t
h
sw
itc
h
e
s
S
3
a
an
d
S
4
b
a
r
e
t
u
rne
d
‘
O
N
’
as
s
how
n
i
n
F
ig
u
r
e
4(c)
.
Th
en,
S
2
a
is
t
urn
e
d
‘
O
N
’
(
aft
e
r
de
lay
tim
e)
w
it
h
t
h
e
PW
M
sw
it
c
h
i
n
g
pa
tt
ern
(prov
i
d
i
ng o
v
e
r
l
a
p per
i
od)
.
Mo
de
4
:
A
t
t
his
t
i
me
,
S
2
a
is
c
om
p
l
ete
l
y
tur
n
ed
‘
O
F
F
’
a
nd
t
he
i
n
du
cti
v
e
lo
ad
i
s
d
e
-e
n
e
rg
i
zed
d
u
e
t
o
over
l
a
p
p
er
i
o
d
of
S
1a
a
nd
S
2b
as
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
i
g
u
re
4
(
d
).
T
hus,
S
3
b
is
t
ur
ne
d
‘O
N
’
w
ith
t
he
P
WM
sw
it
c
h
i
n
g
pa
tte
rn.
A
com
p
l
e
t
e
d pe
riod
is
e
n
d
e
d
as show
n
in
F
igu
re 4(d)
.
Tab
l
e
1.
S
w
itc
hi
n
g
alg
ori
t
hm
f
or
A
C
to A
C c
onve
rter
a
t S
P
M
C
1
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N: 2
0
8
8
-
86
94
I
n
t
.
J
.
P
o
w
.
E
le
c.
&
D
r
i
.
S
y
st.
V
o
l.
10,
N
o.
3
,
S
e
p
2019
:
1
3
8
2
–
138
8
1
384
Inp
u
t cyc
l
e
Out
p
ut
cyc
le
S
ta
te
s
PWM Swit
c
h
e
s
C
o
mmuta
ti
o
n
S
wi
t
c
h
es
Posi
tive
P
o
sitive
1
S4a
S
1
a
a
nd S
2
b
Ne
g
a
ti
v
e
2
S
2a
S
3a
a
nd S
4
b
Ne
g
a
tive
P
o
sitive
3
S
3
b
S
1
a
a
nd S
2
b
Ne
g
a
ti
v
e
4
S
1b
S
3a
a
nd S
4
b
(a)
(b
)
(c)
(d
)
F
i
gur
e
4.
S
tates
of
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
oper
a
tio
ns
w
ith
s
afe
-
com
m
ut
a
t
i
o
n
tech
niq
u
e
s
(a)
Mo
d
e
1
(
p
o
s
itiv
e
cy
c
le)
, (
b
)
Mo
de
2
(ne
ga
t
i
v
e c
y
cle)
, (
c) Mo
d
e 3
(po
s
it
i
v
e
cycle
)
,
(d) Mode
4
(nega
t
i
v
e
cyc
l
e
)
2.
2.
A
C
t
o D
C
c
o
n
v
er
t
e
r
o
p
erat
i
on
B
y
r
e
f
e
r
r
i
ng
t
o
F
i
gur
e
5(
a
)
f
or
p
os
it
ive
c
y
c
l
e
oper
a
ti
on,
s
w
itc
h
S
1
a
is
c
on
t
r
o
lle
d
b
y
P
W
M
s
igna
l,
w
h
i
l
s
t
s
w
itc
he
s
S
4
a
a
nd
S
3b
a
r
e
alw
a
ys
t
ur
ned
‘
O
N
’
p
r
i
or
t
o
an
y
s
w
itc
h
i
ng
f
u
nct
i
o
n
s
.
A
sim
i
l
a
r
ar
r
a
ngem
e
nt
is
d
eve
l
ope
d
for
the
nega
ti
ve
c
yc
le
i
m
p
l
e
m
e
nta
t
i
o
n
,
w
he
r
e
s
w
itc
h
S
3b
is
c
o
n
tr
o
l
l
e
d
b
y
P
WM
s
igna
l,
whi
l
s
t
s
wit
c
he
s
S1a
and
S2b
ar
e
always
i
n
the
‘ON’
s
tat
e
p
rior
t
o
a
ny
s
wi
t
c
hi
ng
f
un
ct
ion
as
ill
u
s
t
r
a
t
ed
i
n
Fi
g
u
re
5
(
b
)
.
S1
a
S1
b
S2
a
S2
b
S3
a
S3
b
S
4
a
S4
b
R
L
V
out
+
-
V
s
(p
w
m
)
(
on)
(
o
n)
S1
a
S1
b
S2
a
S2
b
S3
a
S3
b
S4
a
S4
b
R
L
V
ou
t
+
-
V
s
(
on)
(
on)
(p
w
m
)
(a)
(b
)
Figure
5.
Co
n
tr
ol
le
d
AC
t
o DC (a
)
Positive
cyc
l
e
o
p
er
at
i
on,
(
b)
Ne
g
ati
v
e
cycle
o
p
era
t
ion
3.
COMPU
T
ER S
IMULAT
ION MO
D
E
L
F
i
gur
e
6(
a
)
s
h
o
w
s
t
he
t
o
p
l
e
v
e
l
m
a
i
n
mo
de
l
o
f
t
he
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
gr
i
d
-
t
o-
ve
h
i
cle
(
G
2V
)
w
i
rele
ss
pow
e
r
t
r
a
n
s
f
e
r
(
W
P
T
)
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
c
h
a
r
g
e
r
s
y
s
t
e
m
.
T
a
b
l
e
3
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
p
a
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
s
u
se
d
i
n
t
he
m
o
d
e
lli
n
g
o
f
t
h
e
pr
o
pos
ed
g
r
id
-to
-
v
e
hi
c
l
e
(G2
V
)
wireles
s
p
o
w
er
t
ran
s
fer
(W
P
T
)
b
a
ttery
ch
a
r
g
er
s
ys
t
e
m.
A
s
ubsy
s
te
m
is use
d i
n
o
r
d
e
r
t
o
op
t
i
mize
t
h
e
l
ar
ge
m
ode
l
b
y
br
eak
i
ng
in
to
a
h
i
e
r
a
r
c
hica
l
set
o
f
s
ma
ll
e
r
m
o
d
e
l
fo
r
e
a
s
e
in
i
mp
l
e
me
nt
a
tio
n.
F
i
g
u
r
e
s
6(
b)
t
o
6(
f)
a
r
e
a
mon
g
t
h
e
m
ai
n
sub
s
ys
tem
s
r
e
p
r
e
se
nte
d
by
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
d
u
n
i
t
m
odel
of
A
C
t
o
A
C
ope
r
a
ti
o
n
,
A
C
t
o
D
C
o
p
er
at
i
o
n
and
P
W
M
ge
ner
a
t
o
r
m
odel.
The
m
o
d
e
l
lin
g
of
S
P
M
C
ar
r
a
ngem
e
n
t
i
n
M
L
S
is
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
i
gur
e
6(
b
),
w
h
ils
t
F
i
gu
re
6
(
c
)
sh
o
w
s
th
e
mo
d
e
lli
ng
o
f
c
o
mmo
n
emit
t
e
r
an
ti
-p
ara
l
l
e
l
IGB
T
,
wi
th
d
iod
e
p
a
i
r
.
The
c
o
n
t
ro
ll
er
u
n
i
t
implem
en
ts
t
h
e
ope
r
a
ti
o
n
o
f
r
e
qu
ir
e
d
s
w
itc
h
i
ng
st
a
t
e
as
p
r
e
se
n
t
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
p
r
e
v
i
ous
s
ec
ti
on
.
I
t
w
a
s
d
iv
i
d
e
d
i
n
t
o
two
o
p
e
r
a
tion
s
e
i
t
h
e
r
t
o
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
the
A
C
t
o
A
C
oper
a
tio
n
or
A
C
t
o
D
C
oper
a
tio
n
as
s
how
n
i
n
F
igur
e
6(
d)
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int.
J
. P
o
w.
E
lec.
& D
ri. S
y
st.
IS
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
C
once
p
tu
a
l
stu
d
y
on g
r
id-
t
o-
vehic
le
(G
2V)
wi
re
l
e
ss
p
o
we
r … (M
uh
am
m
a
d Q
u
sya
i
r
i
Iqb
a
l M
o
h
d
Z
a
m
a
ni)
1
385
Tabl
e 2
.
Pa
r
am
et
ers o
f
th
e
G2
V
W
PT b
at
t
e
ry ch
a
rg
er sy
s
t
e
m
Pa
r
a
m
e
te
rs
V
a
l
ue
s
I
n
p
u
t
volt
a
ge,
V
s
100
V
,
50
Hz
(
Single
ph
a
s
e
)
M
odula
t
i
o
n
Inde
x
0.
5
Loa
d
s
R
e
sist
or =
50 Ω
,
L =
5
m
H
Sw
it
c
h
ing
f
r
e
que
ncy
,
f
s
20
kH
z
Output
fre
que
n
c
y
20
kH
z
(SP
M
C
1
) a
nd
50
Hz
(
SP
M
C
2)
F
i
gure
6.
(
a) Top
l
e
ve
l m
a
in m
ode
l,
(b) SPM
C
circu
it m
o
del,
(
c
)
Bi
d
i
r
ec
ti
o
n
al sw
i
tc
h,
a
nd
(d)
P
W
M
gene
ra
tor
4.
RESULT
S
A
N
D
DISCU
SSIO
N
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
Int.
J
. P
o
w.
E
lec.
&
D
ri. S
y
st. V
ol
.
10,
N
o.
3,
S
e
p 2019 :
13
8
2 –
1
388
1
386
Thi
s
s
ect
ion
p
r
ese
n
t
s
t
h
e
s
el
ect
ed
s
i
m
u
l
a
t
ion
re
sul
t
s
o
n
t
h
e
o
p
er
a
t
i
on
o
f
t
he
p
ro
po
sed
g
r
i
d
-
t
o-
ve
hic
l
e
(G2V)
w
i
r
e
less
power
trans
f
er
(
W
P
T)
b
attery
c
harger
s
y
s
tem
.
T
he
f
u
n
ct
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
p
ro
pose
d
o
pera
tio
n
i
n
clu
d
e
s;
a
)
c
o
n
t
ro
ll
ed
A
C
t
o
A
C
op
era
t
i
o
n
wi
th
s
afe
co
mmu
t
at
io
n
s
t
r
a
te
gie
s
,
a
n
d
b)
w
ir
eless
pow
er
t
ra
nsf
e
r
fu
nc
ti
o
n
,
and
c)
A
C
to
D
C
ope
ra
ti
on.
S
imula
t
i
on
st
u
d
i
e
s
w
e
re
p
e
rfo
r
m
e
d
usi
ng
M
A
TLA
B/S
i
m
u
l
i
n
k
t
o
e
v
al
u
a
t
e
th
e
o
pe
rat
i
o
n
of t
he
p
ro
po
s
e
d
co
nv
ert
e
r.
F
i
gures
7
(
a
)
a
nd
7(b)
s
how
t
he
s
im
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
re
sul
t
s
o
f
t
h
e
s
up
pl
y
v
o
lta
ge
a
n
d
c
urre
nt
w
a
v
eforms
w
h
i
l
s
t
F
ig
ures
8
(
a)
a
nd
8
(
b
)
show
the
r
esu
l
ts
o
f ou
tpu
t
A
C
to
A
C
c
o
nvert
er
t
hat is
f
e
d
t
o
the
transm
i
t
te
r
c
o
il
of
t
he
WP
T
fu
n
c
t
ion.
A
m
odu
l
a
tio
n
in
de
x
of
0
.5
w
as
u
se
d
t
o
i
l
l
u
s
trate
sa
mp
l
e
r
e
s
ul
ts
f
or
a
c
a
s
e
of
i
nd
uc
t
i
ve
l
oad
a
t
a
swi
t
c
h
i
n
g
f
r
equ
e
n
c
y
of
2
0
kHz
.
A
si
n
u
s
oi
da
l
in
put
vol
t
a
ge
o
f
10
0V
(pk-pk) at 50 H
z
a
nd a r
e
sist
ive-
ind
u
c
t
i
v
e
loa
d
o
f 50 o
h
m
a
nd 5 m
H
w
ere
in
i
tia
l
l
y use
d
in t
h
is
s
t
a
ge.
F
i
gures
9
(
a)
a
nd
9
(b)
i
l
l
u
s
t
rate
t
he
r
esu
l
t
s
o
b
t
a
i
ne
d
fr
om
S
P
M
C
2
whi
c
h
i
s
c
ont
ro
ll
e
d
t
o
op
e
r
a
t
e
as
an
A
C
t
o
D
C
con
v
er
ter
w
i
t
h
p
ur
e
re
sis
tive
loa
d
.
It
c
l
e
a
r
ly
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
at
t
he
o
u
t
pu
t
vo
l
t
a
g
e
a
n
d
c
u
r
r
ent
w
a
ve
form
s
ar
e
i
n
D
C
form
s.
T
he
i
ntr
o
d
u
c
t
i
on
o
f
c
apac
iti
v
e
l
oa
d
pr
o
duce
s
r
esu
l
t
s
a
s
sh
ow
n
in
F
i
g
ure
10.
I
t
w
a
s
obse
r
ve
d
tha
t
u
n
d
es
irab
le
r
ipp
l
e
s
a
s
sho
w
n in F
i
g
ur
e 9
(a),
were succ
essfu
l
l
y
m
i
n
im
ise
d
.
(a)
(b)
F
i
gure
7.
Wa
v
efor
m
of (
a)
i
npu
t
vol
ta
ge
(
V
in
);
(
b
)
i
n
put
c
ur
r
e
n
t
(
I
in
)
(a)
(b)
F
i
gure
8.
(a
)
Tr
a
nsm
i
t
t
er
c
ur
rent w
a
v
e
f
or
m
(I
p
)
, (b)
t
r
a
nsm
i
tter
v
o
l
t
a
g
e w
a
vefor
m
.
(a)
(b)
F
i
gure
9.
(a
)
Tr
a
nsm
i
t
t
er
c
ur
rent w
a
v
e
f
or
m
(I
p
)
, (b)
t
r
a
nsm
i
tter
v
o
l
t
a
g
e w
a
vefor
m
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
.
J
.
P
o
w
.
E
le
c.
&
D
r
i
.
S
y
st.
I
S
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
Conc
e
p
tu
al st
u
d
y
on
g
r
i
d
-
t
o-
ve
hic
l
e (
G
2V)
w
i
re
less
p
o
we
r …
(
M
uh
am
m
a
d Q
u
sya
i
r
i
I
q
b
a
l
M
o
h
d
Z
a
m
a
ni)
1
387
F
i
gur
e
1
0
.
O
u
t
p
u
t
vol
ta
ge
(
V
o
)
w
a
vefor
m
w
it
h
R
C
l
oa
d
5.
CONCLUSION
I
n
t
hi
s
pape
r
,
t
he
d
e
s
i
g
n
a
n
d
oper
a
tio
ns
o
f
t
h
e
c
once
p
tua
l
s
t
u
d
y
on
g
r
i
d-
t
o
-
v
e
h
ic
le
(
G
2
V
)
w
ir
eless
pow
e
r
t
r
a
nsf
e
r
us
in
g
si
n
g
l
e
pha
se
m
a
t
r
i
x
c
o
n
v
er
te
r
has
be
e
n
p
r
e
sen
t
ed.
Tw
o
ty
pe
s
o
f
ope
r
a
t
i
o
n
w
e
r
e
in
ves
t
iga
t
e
d
;
a
)
c
ontro
l
l
ed
A
C
t
o
A
C
wit
h
s
a
f
e
com
m
u
t
a
tio
n
st
r
a
teg
i
es,
a
nd
b)
A
C
to
D
C
with
c
a
p
a
c
it
i
v
e
loa
d
.
I
n
p
a
r
t
i
c
u
lar
,
t
h
e
v
ar
i
a
tio
n
of
m
od
u
l
a
t
io
n
i
n
d
e
x
b
y
u
sing
p
u
l
se
w
i
d
t
h
m
o
dul
ati
o
n
(
P
W
M
)
t
ech
niq
u
e
t
o
syn
t
hes
i
ze
r
e
le
va
nt
o
u
t
p
u
t
A
C
a
n
d
D
C
w
av
e
f
or
m
s
h
as
b
ee
n
c
onsi
d
e
r
e
d
.
S
y
s
te
m
s
i
m
u
la
ti
o
n
s
w
e
r
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
e
d
us
in
g
MA
TLA
B
/
S
i
mul
i
n
k
t
o
a
sc
er
tai
n
b
a
s
i
c
p
ow
e
r
c
i
r
cu
it
beha
v
i
o
u
r
a
n
d
pos
sib
l
e
inacc
ur
ac
i
e
s.
I
t
has
be
en
show
n
t
h
a
t
t
he
u
se
o
f
S
P
MC
c
an
b
e
use
d
t
o
pe
r
f
or
m
d
i
r
e
c
t
A
C
to
A
C
c
o
n
v
er
te
r
,
r
e
m
ovi
ng
the
com
p
l
e
xit
y
o
f
the
c
o
n
v
en
t
i
o
n
a
l
A
C
-
D
C
-
A
C
c
o
nver
t
er
,
a
nd
th
us,
r
e
duc
i
ng
t
h
e
to
t
a
l
l
o
s
s
e
s
o
f
d
e
v
i
c
e
s
a
n
d
i
m
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
t
h
e
p
o
w
er d
en
si
t
y
o
f th
e
p
r
op
osed
wi
r
el
e
ss c
h
arg
i
ng
sy
s
t
e
m.
ACKNOWLEDGE
ME
N
T
S
A
u
t
hor
s
gr
a
t
e
f
ul
l
y
a
c
k
now
l
e
dge
t
he
f
i
n
a
n
c
i
a
l
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
r
o
m
I
n
st
i
t
u
te
o
f
Resea
r
c
h
Man
a
ge
me
nt
a
n
d
I
nnova
tio
n
(
I
R
MI
)
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
ti
Te
k
n
o
l
og
i
M
A
RA
G
r
a
nt
N
o:
6
0
0
-
I
R
MI
/
M
y
RA 5
/3/BES
TARI (
0
2
9
/
201
7).
REFERE
NC
E
S
[1]
D
.
M
.
Kesler,
“Hig
hl
y
Res
o
n
a
nt
W
i
r
eles
s
P
o
wer
Trans
f
er:
S
a
f
e
,
E
ffi
cient,
a
n
d
o
v
e
r
Di
stance,”
WiT
r
ic
i
t
y
Corporat
i
o
n
, 20
1
3.
[2]
W
.
Z
h
o
n
g
a
n
d
S
.
Y
.
R
.
H
u
i
,
“
A
u
x
i
l
i
a
r
y
C
i
r
c
u
i
t
s
f
o
r
P
o
w
e
r
F
l
o
w
C
o
n
t
r
ol
i
n
Mu
lt
if
req
u
ency
W
i
r
eless
P
o
we
r
T
r
ansf
er
S
yst
e
ms
w
ith
M
u
lti
p
l
e
Recei
vers
,”
IEEE Tran
s
a
ctions
on P
o
wer
E
l
ect
r
o
ni
cs
,
v
o
l
.
3
0
,
n
o
.
1
0
,
O
c
t
2
0
1
5
,
pp
.
5
9
0
2
-
59
10
.
[3]
L
.
P. Wheel
er, “Tes
la'
s
C
o
n
t
r
ib
u
tio
n t
o
H
ig
h
F
r
equency
,
”
E
l
ectrica
l E
n
g
i
n
eerin
g
,
vo
l.
62,
n
o
.
8
,
p
p
.
3
55
-35
7
,
194
3.
[4]
S
.
Y
.
Hui,
“
Planar
W
i
r
e
l
ess
Charg
i
n
g
T
echn
o
l
o
g
y
f
o
r
P
o
r
tabl
e
E
l
ectro
n
i
c
P
r
oduct
s
a
n
d
Q
i
,
”
Proceed
in
gs
of
t
h
e
IE
E
E
, v
ol
.
1
0
1
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
1
2
9
0
-
1
30
1, Jun
e 20
13
.
[5]
S
.
Y
.
R.
H
u
i
,
W
.
Z
ho
ng,
a
nd
C
.
K.
L
ee,
“
A
Cri
t
i
cal
R
ev
iew
of
R
e
cent
P
r
og
ress
in
M
id
-Rang
e
W
i
r
eles
s
P
o
wer
T
r
ansf
er,
”
IEE
E
T
r
ans
actio
ns
on
Po
wer E
l
ectron
i
cs
, vo
l
.
2
9
,
no
. 9
,
p
p
. 4
50
0-4
5
1
1
, Sep
t 2
0
1
4
.
[6]
M
.
E
tt
orre
a
nd
A
.
Grb
i
c
,
“
A
Trans
pon
der-Bas
ed
,
No
nrad
iati
ve
W
ir
eles
s
P
o
w
e
r
Trans
f
er,”
IEE
E
An
tenn
as
and
W
i
r
e
less
Pr
op
agat
ion
L
e
t
t
ers
, vo
l
.
11
,
pp
. 1
15
0-
1
1
5
3
,
2
01
2
.
[7]
H
.
H
oan
g
,
S
.
L
e
e
,
Y
.
K
im
,
Y.
C
hoi
,
a
n
d
F
.
B
i
e
n,
“
An
A
d
a
pt
ive
Te
ch
ni
que
t
o
Im
pro
v
e
W
i
rel
e
ss
P
o
w
er
T
ransf
e
r
f
o
r
Co
ns
um
er El
ectro
ni
cs,”
I
E
E
E
Tr
an
sa
c
t
io
n
s
on
Cons
um
er
E
l
ectronics
,
v
o
l.
58,
n
o
.
2
,
pp
.
32
7-3
32,
M
ay
2
01
2.
[8]
A
.
G
.
J.
T
ai
ber,
“
A
Literat
u
re
R
eview
i
n
D
y
n
am
ic
W
i
r
eles
s
P
o
w
e
r
T
ran
s
f
e
r
f
o
r
Electric
Veh
i
cl
es:
T
e
ch
no
lo
gy
a
n
d
Inf
r
astruc
ture Integrati
on Challe
ng
es,
”
J.
W. A.
S
. R.
T
r
u
f
in,
E
d
.
Sp
r
i
n
g
e
r
I
n
t
e
r
n
at
io
n
a
l
P
u
b
l
i
s
hi
n
g
,
20
14
.
[9]
J
.
A
.
Ru
sser and
P
.
Ru
ss
er,
“
D
esig
n cons
id
eratio
n
s
f
or
a
m
ovin
g
f
ield
i
ndu
cti
v
e
p
o
w
e
r
t
r
an
sf
er system
,
”
20
13 IEE
E
Wire
l
.
Po
w
e
r Tr
an
sf
.
W
P
T
20
13
, p
p. 1
47
–1
50
,
2
0
13
.
[10]
C.
M
a
i
ni,
K.
G
opal
,
a
nd
R.
P
rak
a
sh,
“M
ak
in
g
o
f
a
n
‘al
l
r
easo
n
’
elect
ric
Veh
i
c
l
e,”
20
13
Wo
rld
E
l
e
c
t
r.
Ve
h. S
y
mp
.
E
x
hi
b. EVS 20
14
, pp
.
1–
4
,
20
14
.
[11]
B.
F
ri
esk
e
,
M
.
K
loet
zke,
a
n
d
F
.
M
a
user,
“
T
rends
i
n
v
e
hi
cle
co
n
c
ept
and
key
tech
no
log
y
d
evel
opmen
t
f
o
r
hy
bri
d
an
d b
a
tt
ery el
ec
tric
v
ehi
c
les,”
Wo
rl
d
Elect
r. Veh. J.
,
v
o
l
. 6
, no
.
1
,
pp
.
9
–
2
0
, 2
01
3.
[12]
H
.
W
eiss,
T
.
W
i
n
k
ler,
a
nd
H
.
Z
iegerh
of
er,
“
L
arge
L
i
t
h
i
u
m
-Io
n
Ba
tt
ery-P
o
wered
E
l
ectri
c
Veh
i
cles
-
F
rom
Idea
t
o
Real
ity,”
20
18
ELEK
TRO
, pp
.
1
–
5
, 20
1
8
.
[13]
L
.
W
an
g
,
J
.
Liang
,
G
.
Xu
,
K.
X
u
,
a
n
d
Z
.
Son
g
,
“A
n
ov
el
b
at
t
e
ry
ch
arger
fo
r
p
l
u
g
-in
h
y
b
r
id
e
lect
ric
vehi
cles
,”
2
012
IE
E
E
In
t
.
Conf. I
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f
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ICI
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2012
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I
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8694
Int.
J
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w.
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&
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g,
N
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,
B.
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,
and
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Pan
, “Stu
d
y
o
f
w
i
reless c
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r el
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s
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W.
J
i
a
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,
N
.
L
i
,
Z.
L
in
,
and
B.
W
.
Wi
ll
i
a
ms
,
“Wire
l
ess
p
ow
er
c
harg
er
f
or
l
i
g
h
t
e
lectri
c
v
e
hi
cles,
”
Pr
oc. Int
.
Conf. P
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wer El
e
c
tr
on. Drive Syst.
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l
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1
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Z.
C
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,
L
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C
.
Chen
,
a
n
d
W
.
W
ang,
“
A
Pr
o
m
o
t
ed
D
esign
f
o
r
P
r
im
ary
Coi
l
i
n
Roadw
a
y-
Pow
e
re
d System,”
IEEE Tra
n
s.
M
agn
.
,
v
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l. 51
, n
o. 1
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8
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G.
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J.
E
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tt,
G
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A.
C
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D
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Kacp
rzak,
and
J.
T
.
Bo
ys
,
“
A
ne
w
co
ncept
:
A
sym
m
e
tri
c
a
l
p
ick
-
up
s
fo
r
i
n
d
u
cti
v
el
y
cou
p
l
e
d p
o
wer
trans
f
er m
on
orail s
y
st
e
m
s
,
”
IEEE T
r
a
n
s.
M
agn.
,
v
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l
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2,
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B
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y
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L
.
G
.
K
i
s
s
i
n
,
a
n
d
H
.
G
.
L
u
,
“
A
t
h
r
e
e-ph
ase
in
duct
i
v
e
p
ow
er
t
ra
ns
f
e
r
s
y
s
t
e
m
f
or
ro
a
d
wa
y
-
po
we
re
d ve
h
i
c
l
e
s
,”
IEEE
Trans.
Ind
.
Elect
ron.
,
v
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l
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4
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3
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7.
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M
e
ng
Y
ao
L
i,
X
i
a
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Yuan
C
h
e
n,
Q
i
n
H
uan
g
,
Gu
a
n
N
an
B
ai,
Ji
an
H
ui
Lian
g,
L
i
Na
W
an
g,
“
Con
ceptu
al
D
esign
an
d
Characteri
s
t
i
c
Anal
ys
is o
f a Rota
ry
-Ty
p
e S
u
percon
du
ctin
g Wirel
e
ss
P
ow
er
T
ransfer
Syste
m
U
sing
ReBCO
P
r
i
m
a
ry
at 5
0 Hz”,
IEE
E
Tran
sac
t
io
ns
on
Ap
pl
ie
d
Su
p
e
rc
o
n
d
u
c
tiv
ity
, Volu
m
e:
2
9
,
Issue: 2
, Year:
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19
.
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Zh
eng
c
h
a
o
Yan
,
B
aow
e
i
S
ong,
Y
imi
ng
Z
h
ang
,
K
ehan
Z
hang
,
Zhao
yo
ng
M
ao,
Y
u
li
Hu,
“
A
R
otation-Free
Wi
reless
Power
Transf
er
S
yste
m
W
i
t
h
S
tabl
e
Output
P
o
w
er
a
nd
E
ff
ic
i
e
ncy
f
or
A
ut
onom
ou
s
U
n
d
e
rwater
V
ehi
c
les”,
IEE
E
T
r
a
n
sa
cti
o
n
s
o
n
P
o
wer
El
ectr
onics
,
vol.
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4
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Yo
ng
bin
Jian
g,
L
ail
i
W
ang,
Y
ue
W
ang
,
J
unwen
L
i
u
,
Xian
g
Li
,
Gaid
i
Ning
,
“A
nalys
i
s,
D
es
ig
n
,
a
nd
I
m
p
l
e
men
t
a
t
ion
of
A
ccur
a
t
e
Z
VS
An
g
l
e
C
on
t
r
o
l
f
o
r
EV
Ba
tt
ery
Ch
argin
g
i
n Wire
l
e
ss
H
i
g
h
-
P
o
w
e
r Transf
er”,
IEE
E
T
r
a
n
sac
t
io
ns
on
Ind
u
s
t
r
i
a
l
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0
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[22]
Al
bert
T
i
n
g
Leung
L
ee,
W
eijian
J
i
n,
S
iew
-
Ch
ong
Tan,
S
.
Y
.
(
Ro
n)
H
ui
,
“Buck-
Boost
S
i
ng
le-Inductor
M
ultiple-
Ou
tp
u
t
H
ig
h-F
r
eq
uency
Inv
e
rters
f
o
r
M
e
dium
-P
ow
e
r
W
irel
ess
Po
wer
T
rans
f
e
r”,
IEE
E
T
r
an
s
a
c
t
io
ns o
n
Pow
e
r
El
ectro
n
i
cs
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4
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4
5
7–3
47
3,
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Z
h
a
n
g
H
a
i
S
h
i
,
Z
h
o
n
g
C
a
i
Q
i
u
,
X
i
a
o
Y
u
a
n
C
h
e
n
,
M
e
n
g
Y
a
o
L
i
,
“
M
o
d
e
ling
a
n
d
Experimenta
l
V
erificat
ion
o
f
Bid
i
recti
o
n
a
l W
i
rel
e
ss
P
o
wer
Tra
n
s
f
er”,
IEE
E
Tr
a
n
sa
ctio
n
s
on A
p
pl
ied
Su
per
c
onduct
i
vity
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, 2
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[24]
Zh
en
Z
h
a
ng
,
Ho
ng
lian
g
P
an
g
Ap
os
to
los
Georgi
adis,
Carlo
C
ecati,
“Wire
l
ess
P
o
wer
T
r
ansfer—A
n
Ov
ervi
ew”,
IEEE Transac
t
i
ons
on Indu
st
ria
l
E
l
ectronics
, v
o
l
. 6
6, n
o
. 2
, pp
.
1
0
4
4
–
1
0
5
8
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01
9.
[25]
K
e
J
i
n
,
W
e
i
y
a
n
g
Z
h
o
u
k
,
“
W
i
r
e
l
e
s
s
L
a
s
e
r
P
o
w
e
r
T
r
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
:
A
R
e
view
o
f
Recen
t
P
r
ogres
s”,
IEE
E
T
r
a
n
sa
c
t
i
ons
on
Po
wer
Elect
r
o
n
i
cs
,
v
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l.
34,
no.
4
,
p
p
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3
8
42–
3
8
59
,
2
019
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.