Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of
P
ower E
le
ctr
on
i
cs a
n
d
Drive
S
ystem
s
(
IJ
PEDS
)
Vo
l.
12
,
No.
1
,
M
a
r 202
1
, p
p.
51
1
~
5
19
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8694
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ij
peds
.
v12.i
1
.
pp
51
1
-
5
19
511
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
pe
ds
.i
aescore.c
om
Effect of
blade pi
tch angl
e on t
he aer
odyn
amic c
haracterist
ics of
a twist
ed blade h
or
i
zontal
axis win
d turbin
e based
on num
eric
al
simulati
ons
Rajendr
a R
oul
, Awadhesh
Kum
ar
Depa
rtment
o
f
C
ivi
l Engi
n
ee
ring
,
Nati
on
al Insti
tu
t
e
of Te
chnol
ogy
Rourkel
a
,
Rourk
el
a
,
Ind
ia
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
A
ug
2
7
, 20
20
Re
vised
Jan
2
2
, 20
21
Accepte
d
Fe
b
4
, 2
0
21
The
pre
sen
t
work
inc
lud
es
a
stu
dy
of
the
im
p
act
of
var
ying
pi
tc
h
angl
es
and
angul
ar
v
el
oc
it
y
on
th
e
per
for
m
anc
e
p
arame
t
ers
of
a
ho
riz
on
ta
l
ax
is
wind
turbi
ne
using
c
omput
ationa
l
fl
uid
dynam
i
cs.
Simul
ations
hav
e
bee
n
ma
d
e
using
com
m
erci
al
Ans
ys
15
software
.
Seven
p
it
ch
angles
are
chose
n
for
study,
i.
e
.
,
0
°
,
5
°
,
10
°
,
15
°
,
20
°
,
2
5
°
,
and
28
°,
and
two
angu
la
r
velocit
y
va
lues
of
1.
57
r
ad/
se
c
and
2
.
22
rad
/sec
are
used
for
simul
a
ti
on
.
Th
e
turbulenc
e
mode
l
used
is
shea
r
stress
trans
port
(SS
T)
K
-
ω.
A
de
ta
i
le
d
study
of
the
infl
uen
ce
of
pitch
angl
e
on
th
e
ae
rodyn
am
i
c
ch
aracteristics
o
f
th
e
wind
turbi
ne
is
highli
ghte
d.
Perform
a
nce
p
ara
m
eters
l
ike
torqu
e
and
power
have
bee
n
found
to
e
xhibi
t
r
andom
v
ari
ab
il
i
ty
with
a
cha
nge
in
wind
vel
oc
it
y
and
pit
ch
angle.
Th
e
ver
ifica
t
ion
of
c
omput
ationa
l
f
lu
id
dyna
mi
cs
(CFD
)
with
the
sta
ndar
d
em
p
iric
al
formula
is
h
i
ghli
ghte
d
.
Th
e
b
est
pi
tc
h
ang
le
i
s
note
d
for
the
b
est
power
c
oef
ficien
t
.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Com
pu
ta
ti
onal
f
lui
d dynamic
s
pitch a
ng
le
Win
d powe
r
Win
d
tu
r
bin
e
bl
ade
This
is an
open
acc
ess arti
cl
e
un
der
the
CC
BY
-
SA
l
ic
ense
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Ra
je
nd
ra
Ro
ul
Dep
a
rtme
nt of
Ci
vil Eng
i
neer
i
ng,
Nati
on
al
I
ns
ti
tute o
f
Tec
hnol
ogy, Ro
urkela
Pin
-
7690
08, O
dish
a
, In
dia
Emai
l:
r
aj
en
draroulnit
@
gm
ai
l.com
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
The
us
e
a
nd
s
upply
of
fo
s
sil
f
uels
ha
ve
be
en
decli
ni
ng
over
the
la
st
te
n
yea
rs
du
e
to
t
heir
ad
ve
rse
eff
ect
s
on
t
he
e
nv
i
ronme
nt, w
hich
in t
urn
rai
ses the d
e
man
d for
re
new
a
ble
energ
y
sou
rces
[
1]. Su
ppor
t
f
or
t
he
us
e
of
ren
e
wa
ble
e
nergy
s
ources
has
bee
n
enh
a
nce
d,
not
by
im
prov
i
ng
powe
r
e
ff
ic
ie
nc
y,
but
by
mai
ntainin
g
the
cl
imat
e
ta
r
get
crit
eria
[2]
and
th
us
i
ncr
ea
sing
the
de
penden
c
y
of
the
re
new
a
ble
e
nerg
y
s
ource
as
a
me
an
s
of
mit
igati
ng
t
he
tra
diti
on
al
way
of
ge
ner
at
ing
e
nerg
y
on
the
en
vir
onme
nt
.
Ele
ct
rici
ty
is
no
t
on
l
y
an
es
sentia
l
factor
for
hum
an
so
ci
et
y's
grow
t
h
a
nd
a
dva
nceme
nt
but
al
so
pla
ys
a
c
ruci
al
ro
le
in
ec
onom
ic
an
d
product
pro
du
ct
io
n
in
t
he
in
du
st
rial
sect
or
[
3].
Be
cau
se
of
t
hat,
pow
er
sho
uld
be
avail
able
to
an
y
corner
of
t
he
planet
.
On
e
wa
y
of
ge
ner
at
in
g
el
ect
ri
ci
ty
is
to
use
wind
as
a
s
our
ce
of
re
new
a
bl
e
energ
y
a
nd
use
it
throu
gh
a
wind
tur
bin
e
that
ca
n
c
onve
rt
the
ki
netic
ene
r
gy
i
n
t
he
wi
nd
int
o
mea
ningf
ul
e
le
ct
rici
ty
[
4].
Anothe
r
wa
y
i
s
to
us
e
the
ph
otovo
lt
ai
c
cel
l,
w
her
e
the
producti
on
of
powe
r
is
ca
r
ried
out
by
c
onve
rtin
g
the
sol
ar
ra
diati
on
t
hro
ugh
the
photo
el
ect
rical
ef
fect
process.
Des
pite
the
m
or
e
ou
t
sta
nd
i
ng
performa
nce
a
nd
c
os
t
-
e
ff
ect
ive
ne
ss
of
phot
ov
oltai
c
pa
nel
te
ch
nolo
gy,
t
he
us
e
of
wind
powe
r
ha
s
inc
reased
in
rece
nt
year
s
.
In
20
17,
for
e
xam
ple,
34% o
f
w
in
d
tur
bin
e
g
r
ow
t
h was
obse
rv
e
d
in Europe
in
c
ompa
rison
t
o
20
16
[5]. Win
d
t
urbine
te
ch
nology
ha
s
become
a
popula
r
fiel
d
of
re
search
beca
us
e
of
increa
sin
g
dema
nd.
T
he
us
a
ge
of
wind
tur
bin
es
is
no
t
on
l
y
fu
lfil
li
ng
t
he
ne
ed
of
the
e
ne
rgy
in
dustry
but
al
so
bec
ome
s
an
imp
ort
ant
area
of
res
earchi
ng
t
he
va
rio
us
academic
fiel
d
.
N
ow
a
da
ys
re
searche
rs
a
re
f
ocusi
ng
on
de
velo
ping
micr
o
wi
nd
tur
bine
s
instal
le
d
in
va
rio
us
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
1
,
Ma
rch
20
21
:
5
11
–
5
19
512
app
li
cat
io
ns
li
ke
i
n
bicycle
as
a
portable
c
harger
[
6],
i
n
-
home,
an
d
buil
din
g
as
a
s
ource
of
el
ect
rici
ty
[
7].
Var
i
ou
s
c
on
tr
ol
te
ch
niques
ha
ve
bee
n
c
onduct
ed
to
i
ncr
e
ase
power
eff
ic
ie
ncy
[
8
]
-
[
17]
an
d
m
on
it
o
r
aero
el
ast
ic
it
y
s
tructu
ral
dama
ge
[
18
]
,
[
19
].
Also
,
man
y
res
earch
project
s
hav
e
fo
c
us
e
d
on
intensi
fy
i
ng
t
he
us
e
of
wind
tur
bi
nes
in
a
tu
rbu
le
nce
en
vir
onment
an
d
bec
ause
of
this,
c
ompu
ta
ti
onal
te
chn
i
qu
e
s
ha
ve
been
ut
il
iz
ed
in
wi
nd
po
wer
pro
du
ct
ion
platfo
rm
that
involves
s
ign
ific
a
nt
rese
arch
a
reas
s
uc
h
as
mic
ro
-
loc
at
ion
s,
wind
sim
ulati
on,
f
or
eca
sti
ng,
an
d
bla
de
opti
miza
ti
on
[20
].
Fe
w
re
searc
her
s
ha
ve
use
d
the
Bl
ade
el
ement
method
(BE
M)
c
ode
in
wi
nd
tu
rb
i
ne
ap
plica
ti
on
s
to
op
e
ra
te
to
it
s
m
axi
mu
m
powe
r
c
oeffici
ents
[
21].
T
hey
fou
nd
an
ideal
ro
ta
ti
onal
spe
e
d
that
pro
vid
es
opti
mal
pow
er
f
or
a
s
pecified
streaml
ini
ng
s
peed.
In
ad
diti
on
to
it
,
an
update
d
BEM
the
ory
ha
s
al
so
bee
n
us
ed
to
sim
ulate
forces
on
la
r
ge
-
scal
e
wind
tu
r
b
ines
to
si
mu
la
te
the
dynamic
mode
l.
It
has
bee
n
f
ound
that
t
his
dynamic
mode
l
was
m
os
t
a
ppr
opriat
e
f
or
e
ng
i
neer
i
ng
pur
po
s
es
[22].
D
ue
t
o
t
he
rise
in
de
ma
nd
for
BE
M
it
s
a
pp
li
cat
ion
i
s
inc
rease
d
fro
m
desig
ning
a
horizo
ntal
a
xis
wi
nd
tur
bin
e
bla
de
to
de
velo
pi
ng
a
mat
hemati
cal
model
[23
].
H
ow
e
ve
r,
the
B
EM
met
hod
fa
il
ed
to
sim
ulate
the
whole
flo
w
fiel
d.
Due
to
this
dr
a
wback
of
the
B
EM
method,
se
veral
inv
est
igat
ors
ha
ve
e
m
ployed
the
com
pu
ta
ti
onal
fluid
dy
nami
cs
(CF
D)
te
c
hniq
ue
in
mode
li
ng
the
Nati
onal
Re
ne
wab
le
E
ne
rgy
La
bo
ratory
(N
REL
)
tu
rb
i
ne
s
by
s
olv
i
ng
Nav
ie
r
stoc
ks
equ
at
io
ns
[24
]
-
[
26].
T
he
wi
nd
t
urbine
is
c
ompose
d
of
va
rio
us
par
ts
li
ke
bla
de
s,
t
ow
e
r,
gea
rbo
x,
ge
ne
rato
r,
co
ntr
oller
a
nd
man
y
m
ore
thi
ng
s
a
nd
e
very
pa
rt
ha
ve
their
importa
nce
but
amo
ng
al
l
othe
r
pa
rts,
bla
de
plays
an
im
por
ta
nt
r
ole
in
det
ermini
ng
the
e
ff
ic
ie
nc
y
of
th
e
wind
tur
bin
e.
S
o,
f
or
an
ef
fici
ent
wi
nd
t
urbine
,
a
study o
n
t
he
bla
de
is
necessa
r
y
to
get
the
opti
mu
m r
es
ults,
and
f
or
this,
the
idea of
twist
an
gle
a
nd
p
it
ch
a
ngle
is
necessar
y.
R
esea
rch
e
rs
us
e
d
the u
n
-
twist
e
d
bla
de
to g
et
the
be
st
ang
le
of
at
ta
ck
by
c
onduct
ing
se
ver
al
simula
ti
on
s
f
or
var
i
ous
wi
nd
s
pee
ds.
T
he
te
st
par
a
mete
rs
inclu
de
d
five
-
pitch
an
gles
a
nd
fou
r
wind
sp
ee
ds
.
T
he
re
su
lt
s
obta
ined
from
the
CF
D
An
al
ys
is
we
r
e
com
par
e
d
w
it
h
t
he
exp
e
rime
ntal
r
esults
from
the
NRE
L
[27
].
M
ore
ov
e
r,
fe
w
aut
hors
al
so
ha
ve
e
xa
mine
d
NREL
P
hase
VI
small
-
siz
ed
wi
nd
tu
r
bin
es
f
or
c
omp
reh
e
ndin
g
their
aerod
ynamic
beh
a
vior
us
in
g
the
CF
D
te
ch
nique.
To
exec
ute
th
e
analysis,
the
y
consi
der
e
d
fi
ve
wi
nd
s
peeds
and
a
co
ns
ta
nt
pitch
a
ngle
a
nd
for
m
od
el
in
g
tur
bule
nce
,
t
he
S
hear
stress
t
ran
s
port
(
SST
)
k
-
w
m
odel
was
co
ns
i
de
red.
The
y
f
ou
nd
th
e
sta
ll
at
the
bla
de
r
oo
t
a
t
7
m/s
[
28]
.
S
om
e
of
the
resea
rc
her
s
al
so
use
d
co
de
cal
le
d
CFD
Sh
i
p
-
Iow
a
4.5,
w
hic
h
i
s
dy
namic
a
nd
us
es
the
pro
pe
rty
of
incomp
ressible
to
chec
k
the
pe
rformance
pa
rameter
of
NR
EL
phase
VI.
Using
these
co
de
tw
o
ob
je
ct
ives
of
the
NRE
L
phase
V
I
wind
t
urbine
are
co
mp
le
te
d.
On
e
is
perf
or
mi
ng
analysis
by
fixing
pitch
a
ng
le
an
d
varyin
g
wind
s
peed
an
d
the
s
econd
is
pe
rfo
r
ming
an
al
ys
is
by
fi
xing
wind
sp
ee
d
a
nd
varyin
g
pitch
a
ngle
.
I
n
bo
t
h
the
ca
se,
ro
t
or
ro
ta
ti
onal
sp
ee
d
ha
s
be
e
n
ta
ke
n
as
7.5
3
rad
/se
c
.
He
re
detache
d
e
ddy
simulat
ion
has
bee
n
us
e
d
as
a
tu
rbulence
model.
The
ex
per
i
me
ntal
res
ults
va
li
dated
va
rio
us
pe
rform
ance
par
a
mete
rs,
suc
h
as
powe
r,
t
hrust, a
nd press
ur
e
varia
ti
on
s a
r
ound the
airf
oil [
29]
.
As
prop
e
r
m
onit
or
i
ng
of
th
e
blade
pitch
mecha
nism
i
s
require
d,
t
he
re
ha
ve
al
s
o
been
a
fe
w
su
ggest
io
ns
for
minimi
zi
ng
wear
in
t
he
wi
nd
t
urbine
pitch
dri
ve
[
30]
.
Also
,
seve
ral
value
d
lo
gics
su
c
h
as
fu
zz
y
lo
gic
is
util
iz
ed
and
op
ti
miza
ti
on
pro
cesses
su
c
h
as
gen
et
ic
al
gorit
hm
s
,
meta
-
heuresti
c,
cuc
koo
search
al
gorithm
a
nd
Pa
rtic
le
S
wa
rm
O
ptimi
zat
ion
(P
S
O)
ha
ve
bee
n
use
d
to
m
onit
or
the
pitch
an
gl
e
by
accomm
odat
in
g
nonlinea
ri
ty,
wh
ic
h
furthe
r
l
eads
t
o
sta
bili
ty
i
n
t
he
wind
tur
bin
e
s
ys
te
m
by
re
duci
ng
ch
arg
i
ng
eff
ect
s
on
a
wi
nd
t
urbine
bla
de
[31
]
-
[
40]
.
He
nce
f
r
om
the
previ
ou
s
li
te
rat
ure,
it
is
cl
ear
th
at
pitch
an
gle
plays
a
vital
ro
le
in
determi
ning
th
e
wind
tur
bin
e
performa
nce.
So
,
t
he
pur
pos
e
of
this
resear
ch
is
to
exa
mine
th
e
influ
e
nce
of
a
pitch
a
ng
le
on
the
pe
rformanc
e
facto
r
of
the
horizo
ntal
axis
wind
tu
rb
i
ne
blade
by
co
ns
i
der
i
ng
diff
e
re
nt
pitch
an
gles
an
d
ro
ta
ti
on
al
s
peed
at
d
iffe
re
nt
wi
nd sp
ee
ds
. Th
is re
search
can
gi
ve
t
he
researc
he
r
da
ta
to
desi
gn
an
d
op
ti
mize
the
bl
ade
ef
fecti
vel
y
by
ide
ntify
i
ng
the
opti
mal
pitch
a
ngle
f
or
t
he
c
orres
pondin
g
sp
ee
d.
F
or
the
numerical
sim
ulati
on
of
the
wind
tu
rb
i
ne,
aerod
yn
a
mic
a
nalysis
for
different
pitch
a
ngle
an
d
wind s
pee
d wa
s car
ried
out us
ing
t
he Ansys
Fluen
t
15 CF
D
simulat
io
n [41
].
The n
ov
el
ty
of
this pa
per is
de
scribe
d
as
foll
ows:
•
In
the
pr
e
vious
li
te
ratur
e, eit
he
r
lowe
r
-
fideli
ty m
od
el
in
g
or
a few
pitch angle values
were i
nv
est
igate
d
f
or
it
s
impact
on H
A
WT
ef
fici
ency. To
bette
r
u
nde
rstan
d
t
he
eff
ect
ive
ness
of p
it
ch
an
gle on
t
urbine
out
put
it
is
necessar
y
to
con
si
der
more
pitch
an
gles,
a
s
a
resu
lt
,
a
c
omplet
e
unde
rst
and
i
ng
of
tur
bi
ne
pe
rfo
rma
nc
e
is
la
cking
wit
h
the
i
nvolv
e
ment
of
few
pitch
a
ng
le
s.
The
pr
ese
nt
re
search
is
co
m
plementa
ry
to
the
existi
ng kn
ow
l
edg
e
by usi
ng
highly
preci
se
CFD me
asu
re
ments a
nd the
associat
ion o
f mo
re
pitch a
ngle
s.
•
The
w
orkin
g
conditi
ons
e
xa
mined
incl
ud
e
seve
n
-
pitch
a
ng
le
s
,
tw
o
dif
fer
e
nt
r
otati
on
al
sp
ee
ds
,
a
nd
seve
nteen
dif
fe
ren
t win
d
s
pee
ds
.
I
n
previ
ous
li
te
ratur
e,
this
k
in
d
of w
or
king
e
nviro
nme
nt
w
as not use
d
t
o
pro
vid
e a
m
or
e
co
m
prehe
ns
iv
e v
ie
w
of
how
the aer
odynam
ic
eff
ic
ie
nc
y v
aries at
the
n
e
xt
p
it
ch
a
ng
le
s
.
This
pa
per
is
orga
nized
a
s
f
ollows:
Sect
io
n
2
re
pr
ese
nts
a
met
hodolo
gy,
w
hich
co
m
pr
ise
s
th
ree
-
com
p
one
nt,
i.e
.,
wind
tu
rb
i
ne
model,
domai
n
a
nd
mes
hing
,
an
d
phys
ic
s
s
et
up
.
Sect
io
n
3
pr
e
sents
res
ults
an
d
discuss
i
ons
fo
l
lowe
d by the c
on
cl
us
io
n
i
n
se
ct
ion
4.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
&
D
ri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Eff
ect
o
f bla
de pit
ch angle
on
the a
e
rody
nam
ic
ch
aract
eri
sti
cs o
f
a
tw
ist
ed bla
de
…
(
R
ajend
r
a Ro
ul
)
513
2.
METHO
D
The
meth
od
is
div
ide
d
int
o
t
hree
par
ts
,
first
is
the
sel
ect
ion
of
ai
rfoil
a
nd
blade
de
sig
n
f
or
the
wind
tur
bin
e.
Sec
on
d
is
the
f
ormat
ion
of
c
omp
utati
on
al
domain
an
d
mes
hing,
and
the
fi
nal
is
the
sel
ect
ion
of
the
al
gorithm
f
or
phys
ic
s
setu
p.
2.1.
Wind turbi
ne
mod
el
Figu
re
1(
a
)
dis
plays
t
he
wi
nd
tur
bin
e
m
odel
consi
der
e
d
in
this
arti
cl
e.
Th
e
three
-
dime
nsi
on
al
wi
nd
tur
bin
e
blade
i
s
co
ns
tr
ucted
with
the
ge
ome
tric
al
par
amet
ers
s
uggeste
d
in
the
re
port
[
42]
.
T
his
bla
de
inclu
de
s
3
t
yp
e
of
ai
rfoi
ls
that
a
re
mou
nted
f
rom
root
to
ti
p
s
how
n
i
n
Fig
ur
e
1(b
).
The
bla
de
a
nd
ro
t
or
pa
ramete
rs
a
re
def
i
ned
in
T
ab
le
1.
For
a
n
e
f
fecti
ve
desig
n
of
the
wind
t
urbine
r
oto
r
,
it
is
man
dato
r
y
to
know
the
str
uc
tural
and
aer
odyna
mic
re
qu
ire
me
nts.
F
r
om
a
n
a
erod
yn
a
mic
sta
n
dp
oin
t,
a
thi
n
ai
r
fo
il
m
us
t
be
pr
e
ferred
to
get
a
higher
li
ft.
F
rom
a
str
uctu
ral
po
i
nt
of
view
,
dense
ai
rfoil
s
mu
st
be
c
hose
n
f
or
high
rigi
di
ty,
a
nd
fail
ure
s
du
e
t
o
bendin
g
must
be
el
imi
nate
d.
In
t
he
desig
n
proces
s,
me
et
in
g
these
tw
o
r
e
qu
i
reme
nts
is
of
utm
os
t
im
porta
nce.
To
sat
isfy
bot
h
ae
rod
yn
a
mic
an
d
struct
ur
al
de
man
ds
,
var
i
ou
s
ai
r
fo
il
s
m
us
t
be
mou
nted
at
a
se
par
at
e
sect
ion
of
the
blade
.
A
thick
ai
rfoil
is
us
ed
on
the
r
oot
of
t
his
pa
pe
r
an
d
a
thin
ai
r
fo
il
on
the
ti
p
sect
ion
is
mou
nted.
This
a
rtic
le
ta
ke
s
one
mete
r
a
dd
it
io
nally
t
o
s
how
t
he
blade
at
ta
ched
t
o
a
hub
an
d
co
mp
e
ns
at
es
for
t
he
blade
root
by 1 mete
r
f
r
om t
he r
otati
on ax
is
. T
his
pa
per d
oes n
ot involve
the
hub.
(a)
(b)
Figure
1. (a
) 3
D win
d
tu
r
bin
e
b
la
de
, (b
) NR
EL airf
oils
Table
1.
Im
por
ta
nt sp
eci
ficat
i
on
s
of t
he win
d
tu
r
bin
e
Im
p
o
rtant f
acto
rs
v
alu
e
Un
it
Po
wer
1
.5
MW
Nu
m
b
er
o
f
blad
es
NB
3
No
t App
licab
le
Ro
to
r
Rad
iu
s R
4
3
.25
Metr
e
Ro
tatio
n
al velo
cities
1
.57
,2.2
2
rad/s
ec
Pitch
ang
le
0
,5,1
0
,15
,20
,2
5
,28
Deg
ree
Velo
cities
8
,9,1
0
,11
,12
,1
3
,14,
1
5
,16
,17
,18
,1
9
,20,
2
1
,22
,23
,24
m
/s
2.2.
Do
m
ain
and
meshing
The
model
will
us
e
a
per
i
odic
it
y
bo
unda
r
y
c
onditi
on.
ANSY
S
bu
il
ds
eq
uatio
ns
th
at
make
t
he
so
luti
on
on
t
he
0°
a
nd
120°
pl
anes
e
qual
.
W
hen
the
re
su
lt
s
are
ex
pa
nd
e
d,
the
240°
plan
e
will
hav
e
the
same
values
as
the
0°
a
nd
120°
pl
anes.
The
val
ue
s
on
t
he
60°
pla
ne
will
be
t
he
sa
me
as
t
he
value
s
on
the
180°
plane
a
fter
t
he
res
ults
are
e
xpan
de
d.
T
he
width
bet
ween
the
dom
ai
n
in
le
t
and
outl
et
is
270
m.
The
global
or
i
gin
is
place
d
in
the
mi
dd
le
of
the
blade
root
w
hen
c
onstr
ucting
t
he
dom
ai
n.
The
distan
ce
from
the
blad
e
t
o
the v
el
oc
it
y
inl
et
an
d
t
he
pres
su
re
outl
et
is sh
ow
n
in
Fi
gure
2.
T
he uppe
r
portio
n of
t
he
c
ompu
ta
ti
onal
domain
is
co
ns
ide
red
as
to
p
velocit
y
an
d
is
gi
ve
n
t
he
sa
me
i
nput
as
i
nlet
vel
oc
it
y.
T
he
ra
diu
s
at
inlet
a
nd
outl
et
s
ta
ken
as
120°
degree
an
d
24
0°
de
gr
e
e.
Th
e
co
mputat
iona
l
domain
a
nd
bo
undary
co
ndit
ion
s
f
or
the
wi
nd
tur
bin
e
m
odel
are
de
picte
d
i
n
Fig
ur
e
2.
This
pa
per
us
es
str
uctu
red
gri
ds
wh
ic
h
are
sym
bo
li
zed
by
te
tr
ahedral
el
ements
i
n
3D.
Th
us,
t
he
mesh
of
the
fl
uid
domai
n
refl
ect
s
te
trahedr
al
form
,
as
see
n
i
n
Fig
ur
e
3.
Also
,
the
pr
ismat
ic
in
flat
ion
la
ye
r
is
add
e
d
f
or
outw
ard
flo
w
to
tra
p
the
bounda
r
y
la
ye
r
on
an
entit
y.
T
he
sphere
of
influ
e
nce
was
us
e
d
with
a
ra
diu
s
of
30
m
a
nd
a
n
el
eme
nt
siz
e
of
2m
t
o
e
sta
blish
f
ur
t
her
pr
eci
si
on
al
ong
th
e
ci
rcu
m
fer
e
nce
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
1
,
Ma
rch
20
21
:
5
11
–
5
19
514
Figure
2
.
Com
pu
ta
ti
onal
dom
ai
n
with
bo
unda
ry
conditi
ons
Figure
3
.
M
e
sh o
f
the
comp
ut
at
ion
al
do
main
2.3.
Physi
cs set
up
In
this
pap
e
r,
a
pr
ess
ure
-
bas
ed
ste
ad
y
-
sta
te
CFD
simulat
ion
has
been
pe
rformed
.
The
turbulence
model
use
d
f
or
this
stu
dy
is k
-
om
e
ga
S
ST.
I
n
so
l
ution
meth
od
s
, p
res
sure
-
ve
locit
y
c
ouplin
g
was
im
pleme
nted,
and
al
go
rithms
use
d
to
cal
cu
la
te
gr
a
dients
and
pr
es
sur
e
a
re
t
he
le
ast
-
squares
cel
l
-
base
d
al
gorithm
a
nd
t
he
sta
nd
a
rd
al
go
rithm.
Mo
reove
r
,
f
or
e
valuati
ng
t
he
moment
um
eq
uatio
n
s
econd
-
orde
r
upwi
nd
al
go
rith
m
a
nd
for
tu
rbulent
kin
et
ic
ene
rgy
,
an
d
s
pecific
dissipati
on
ra
te
first
-
order
upwind
al
gorithm
wer
e
ta
ke
n.
T
he
resid
uals are
m
on
it
ore
d
to
15
00 it
erati
on to
r
e
ach th
e
con
vergen
ce
.
3.
RESU
LT
S
A
ND D
I
SCUS
S
ION
S
3.1.
Estima
tion
of
to
r
que
As
the
bla
de
i
s
gen
e
rall
y
des
ign
e
d
f
or
ma
ny
pitches
a
nd
wind
velocit
ie
s,
t
he
opti
mum
pitch
an
gle
will
be
act
ivate
d
to
a
n
aut
oma
te
d
co
ntr
ol
mecha
nism
f
or
a
par
ti
cular
w
ind
velocit
y
to
gen
e
rate
ma
xi
mu
m
tor
qu
e
.
T
orq
ue
ge
nerat
ion
by
the
bla
de
not
only
dep
e
nds
on
the
vel
ocity
of
inc
om
i
ng
ai
rf
l
ow,
but
i
t
al
so
dep
e
nds
on
t
he
rate
of
c
ha
ng
e
of
mome
ntu
m
,
as
the
f
rontal
area
c
ha
ng
es
f
or
di
ff
e
ren
t
pit
ches,
w
hic
h
i
n
resu
lt
giv
es
the
m
od
i
fied
rate
of
fl
ow
a
nd
le
ad
s
to
tor
que
ge
ner
at
ion
.
H
ere
Fig
ure
4
(a)
an
d
Figure
4(b
)
s
ho
ws
t
hat
wh
e
n
the
pitch
an
gle
25
°
an
d
28
°
ar
e
co
ns
ide
re
d,
a
nd
the
fl
ow
ve
locit
y
var
ie
s
f
r
om
8
m/s
to
24
m/s,
t
orq
ue
decr
ease
s
mon
otonica
ll
y.
I
n
con
t
rast
to
othe
r
pitch
an
gles
init
ia
ll
y
it
f
al
ls
a
nd
the
n
inc
r
eases.
The
ma
ximum
tor
qu
e
obta
ine
d
is
co
rr
e
spo
ndin
g
to
a
28
°
pi
tc
h
an
gle
f
or
a
wind
velocit
y
of
8
m/s.
From
Fi
gure
s
4(
a)
an
d
Figure
4(b
),
it
has
bee
n
ob
se
r
ved
that
as
the
ro
ta
ti
onal
vel
oc
it
y
increa
ses,
tor
qu
e
ge
nerat
ion
by
a
wi
nd
tur
bin
e
rises
c
orres
pondin
g
t
o
al
l
pitches
a
nd
wind
velocit
ie
s.
It
is
to
be
note
d
w
hen
ω=
1.5
7
ra
d/sec
a
nd
pitch
an
gle
0°
is
c
onside
red
for
t
he
a
nal
ys
is,
t
he
g
ra
ph
of
to
rque
sho
ws
an
i
ncr
easi
ng
t
rend.
But,
wh
e
n
ω=2
.22
ra
d/s
ec
and
a
pitch
a
ngle
0°
is
co
ns
i
der
e
d
the
re
is
a
fall
i
n
tor
que
val
ue
w
he
n
ve
locit
y
c
ha
ng
e
s
f
r
om
8m/
s
t
o
10
m/s,
and after
that,
it
r
ise
s
with a
n
i
ncr
ease
in win
d
s
pee
d.
(a)
(b)
Figure
4
T
orq
ue
v
a
riat
ion
c
ur
ve
at
diff
e
re
nt
pitch a
ng
le
for
(a)
ω =
1.5
7 ra
d/sec,
(b) ω =
2.22 ra
d/sec
3.2.
Estima
tion
of
power
The
numerical
powe
r
can
be
easi
ly
cal
culat
ed
usi
ng
the
f
ol
lowing
eq
uati
on
a
fter
the
t
orqu
e
value
is
receive
d
f
r
om
t
he
CF
D
sim
ula
ti
on
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
&
D
ri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Eff
ect
o
f bla
de pit
ch angle
on
the a
e
rody
nam
ic
ch
aract
eri
sti
cs o
f
a
tw
ist
ed bla
de
…
(
R
ajend
r
a Ro
ul
)
515
=
×
(1)
wh
e
re
,
=
(
)
=
(
−
)
=
(
/
)
The
var
ia
ti
on
of
t
he
powe
r
c
urve
s
how
n
i
n
Fig
ur
e
5(a)
a
nd
Fig
ur
e
5(
b)
is
the
sa
me
as
Fig
ur
e
4(a)
and
Fig
ur
e
4(b
).
Her
e
in
Fig
ur
e
5(
a
),
pitch
ang
le
25
°
an
d
28
°
sho
ws
the
decr
easi
ng
tre
nd,
an
d
it
ha
ppen
s
in
su
c
h
a w
a
y
tha
t fr
om vel
ocity
8
m/s to
16 m/
s,
the curve sh
ow
s
flat
f
al
l, but after
16
m/s
,
it
d
ecreased s
harply
.
But
in
Fig
ur
e
5(b
),
w
he
n
t
he
blade
is
gi
ven
p
it
ch
a
ng
le
25
°
an
d
28
°
,
the
c
urve
s
hows
flat
dec
reme
nt
consi
ste
ntly
irr
especti
ve
of
w
ind
s
pee
d.
I
n
bo
t
h
the
a
bove
cases,
des
pit
e
the
dec
reasing
tr
en
d,
it
ha
s
bee
n
ob
s
er
ved that
powe
r
is c
om
in
g
to
be
more
th
an
e
xp
ect
e
d
f
or 25
°
a
nd
28
°
pi
tc
h
an
gles,
w
hich
are
m
or
e t
ha
n
the
rated
p
ower
ou
tpu
t
val
ue
sho
wn
i
n
ta
ble
1,
it
is
sh
ow
i
ng
be
cause
los
ses
li
ke
mecha
nical
losses,
ro
t
or
c
on
t
ro
l
sy
ste
m
losses
,
pitch
c
ontr
ol
mecha
nism
los
ses,
gear
&
s
ha
ft
losse
s,
et
c.
are
no
t
co
ns
i
de
red
w
hile
performin
g
the
sim
ulati
on
s
.
Th
e
va
riat
ion of
p
it
ch
an
gl
e 2
5
°
a
nd p
it
ch
a
ng
le
28
°
is
s
hown
in
Fig
ur
e
5
(a)
a
nd
the
va
ri
at
ion
of
pitch
a
ngle
20
°
s
how
n
in
F
igure
5(
b)
rese
mb
le
s
eac
h
oth
er
.
T
he
rea
son
beh
i
nd
the
va
riat
ion
i
n
the
powe
r
curve is
due to
sta
ll
p
he
nomen
a.
(a)
(b)
Figure
5 Po
we
r
var
ia
ti
on c
urve at
diff
e
re
nt
pitch a
ng
le
for
(a)
ω =
1.5
7 ra
d/sec,
(b) ω =
2.22 ra
d/sec
3.3.
Estima
tion
of
power c
oeffici
ent (C
P
)
The p
ow
e
r
c
oe
ff
ic
ie
nt ca
n be
cal
culat
ed usin
g
(
2
)
giv
e
n below.
=
×
0
.
5
3
(2)
wh
e
re
=
=
(
)
=
=
ℎ
=
(
/
)
The
power
coe
ff
ic
ie
nt
is
a
n
e
ssentia
l
non
-
di
mensi
on
al
par
a
mete
r
in
deter
minin
g
the
pe
r
forma
nce
of
a
wind
tur
bin
e
.
The
powe
r
coeffic
ie
nt
cu
rve
is
sh
own
i
n
Figure
6(a)
a
nd
Fig
ur
e
6(b
)
giv
es
a
n
idea
about
wh
ic
h
pitc
h
an
gle
is
best
to
work
f
or
a
nd
wh
ic
h
pitc
h
an
gle
can
le
a
d
to
rand
om
beh
a
vi
or
.
Acc
ordin
g
to
th
e
pr
e
vious
stu
di
es,
the
ma
xim
um
value
of
powe
r
coe
ff
ic
ie
nt
is
set
to
0.59
acc
ordi
ng
t
o
Be
tz
's
la
w
[
43],
s
o
keep
i
ng
this
li
mit
in
c
onside
r
at
ion
a
nd
visu
a
li
zi
ng
Fi
gure
6(a)
an
d
Fig
ur
e
6(b)
on
e
ca
n
s
ay
t
hat
va
lues
wh
ic
h
are more
tha
n 0.59
a
re
pract
ic
al
ly n
ot
fea
sib
le
but
i
n
CFD
t
he
reas
on b
e
hin
d of gett
ing
s
uch
a
b
ig
v
al
ue
is
t
hat
losses
li
ke
me
chan
ic
al
lo
sse
s,
r
otor
c
on
t
rol
sy
ste
m
l
os
se
s,
pitch
co
ntr
ol
mecha
nism
l
os
ses,
gea
r
&
sh
a
ft
losses,
et
c.
are
no
t
c
onsid
e
re
d
w
hile
pe
rfo
r
ming
the
sim
ul
at
ion
s.
From
F
igure
6(a)
it
ha
s
bee
n
obse
r
ve
d
that
for
ω
=
1.5
7
ra
d/sec
w
he
n
th
e
blade
is
gi
ve
n
pitch
a
ng
le
25
°
an
d
28
°
best
power
c
oe
ff
ic
ie
nt
ob
ta
ine
d
at
a
velocit
y
10
m/
s,
i.e.
,
0.5
6,
w
hich
is
cl
ose
r
to
Be
tz
's
li
mit
.
Bl
ade
wit
h
pitch
a
ngle
20
°
al
so
ref
le
ct
s
t
he
be
st
powe
r
c
oeffici
ent
value
as
0.5
2
w
hen
wind
s
pee
d
is
c
onsidere
d
a
s
9
m/s.
blade
with
pitch
a
ng
le
15
°
and
velo
ci
ty
8
m/s
and
bla
de
with
pitch
a
ngle
28
°
and
vel
ocity
11
m/s
al
so
s
how
n
the
go
od
res
ults
of
the
pow
er
coeffic
ie
nt
as
0.47
a
nd
0.4
1.
Figure
6(b
),
on
t
he
oth
e
r
hand,
s
hows
s
om
e
diff
e
ren
t
var
ia
ti
ons
of
powe
r
coeffic
ie
nt
du
e
to
dif
fer
e
nt
a
ngula
r
velocit
y,
i.e
.,
2.2
2
ra
d/s
ec.
H
ere
i
n
Fig
ur
e
6(b
),
the
be
st
powe
r
c
oeffici
ent
of
0.5
8
can
be
seen
w
hen
the
pitch
a
ngle
28
°
an
d
pitch
10
°
is
consi
der
e
d
f
or
the
a
nalysis
f
or
th
e
velocit
y
14
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
1
,
Ma
rch
20
21
:
5
11
–
5
19
516
m/s
an
d
9
m/s.
Further
w
he
n
the
pitch
a
ngle
is
ta
ken
as
15
°
an
d
wi
nd
sp
ee
d
a
s
11
m/s,
t
he
powe
r
c
oeffici
ent
comes
as
0.52,
wh
ic
h
is
near t
o
Be
tz
's li
mit
a
nd g
i
ves
a
promi
sing o
utput.
(a)
(b)
Figure
6 Po
we
r
c
oeffici
ent curve
at dif
fere
nt
p
it
ch
a
ngle
fo
r
(
a)
ω
=
1.57
ra
d/sec,
(b) ω =
2.22 ra
d/sec
3.4.
Verifica
tions
The
numerical
exami
natio
n
i
s
chec
ke
d
by
com
par
i
ng
it
with
a
nor
mal
empi
rical
eq
ua
ti
on
a
nd
is
il
lustrate
d
i
n
(
3
)
.
Va
riat
ion
of
the
velocit
y
ve
ct
or
is
s
how
n
in
Fig
ur
e
7(
a
)
a
nd
Fi
gure
7(
b)
,
an
d
the
ver
ific
at
io
n
is
show
n
i
n
Ta
ble
3.
It
is
to
be
note
d
that
a
n
ad
diti
on
al
1
m
ha
s
been
co
ns
ide
red
to
acc
ount
for
t
he
distanc
e
from
t
he ro
ot
of the
b
la
de
to
the
hub, ma
king the
b
la
de
le
ngth
44.
2
m
.
=
×
(3)
(a)
(b)
Figure
7
.
Tan
ge
ntial
v
el
ocity
of the
blade
for (a)
ω=
1.57 ra
d/
sec, (b) 2
.22 r
ad/sec
Table
4.
T
an
ge
ntial
v
el
ocity
re
la
ti
on
Pitch
ang
le
(deg
ree)
Velo
city
(m
/s)
Ro
tatio
n
al
v
elo
city
(r
ad
/sec)
Tang
en
tial velo
city
Nu
m
eric
al
An
aly
tical
Er
ror
(
%)
5
°
10
1
.57
6
9
.30
6
9
.39
4
0
.13
5
°
10
2
.22
9
7
.99
7
9
8
.12
4
0
.12
4.
CONCL
US
I
O
NS
The
r
otor
has
a
r
otati
on
al
s
pe
ed
of
1.5
7
ra
d/sec
pro
du
ce
d
le
ss
to
r
qu
e
and
powe
r
as
com
par
e
d
to
2.22
ra
ds
/se
c.
Fo
r
bo
t
h
ro
ta
ti
on
al
sp
ee
ds,
t
orq
ue
a
nd
powe
r
s
how
a
dec
re
asi
ng
tre
nd
f
or
pitch
a
ng
le
25
°
a
nd
28°
.
W
hen
r
ot
or
r
otati
on
al
s
pe
ed
is
ta
ken
as
1.5
7
ra
d/sec
,
t
he
op
ti
m
um
pi
tc
h
an
gle
obta
ined
is
28°
at
10
m/s
,
wh
e
reas
when
ro
t
or
ro
ta
ti
onal
sp
ee
d
is
ta
ke
n
as
2.2
2
ra
d/se
c
the
opti
mum
pitch
a
ng
le
ob
t
ai
ned
is
10°
a
nd
28°
ob
s
er
ved at wi
nd spee
d 9
m/s
and
14 m/s.
In
this
pa
per,
t
he
Pit
ch
a
ngle
p
la
ys
a v
it
al
r
ol
e
in d
et
er
mini
ng
the
p
er
form
ance p
a
rameter
of
t
he
wind
tur
bin
es.
This
pap
e
r
gi
ves
a
n
idea
that
due
to
var
ia
ti
on
i
n
pitch
a
ngle
,
velocit
y,
a
nd
a
ngular
velocit
y
al
so
induces
s
om
e
impact
on
ae
r
odynamic
c
harac
te
r
ist
ic
s
of
t
he
wind
tu
rb
i
ne
.
Wi
nd
tu
rb
i
ne
pe
rformi
ng
unde
r
diff
e
re
nt
ope
ra
ti
ng
c
onditi
ons
ref
le
ct
s
va
riat
ion
in
tor
que
a
nd
po
wer
val
ue
,
w
hic
h
ca
n
he
lp
a
resea
rch
e
r
a
nd
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
&
D
ri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Eff
ect
o
f bla
de pit
ch angle
on
the a
e
rody
nam
ic
ch
aract
eri
sti
cs o
f
a
tw
ist
ed bla
de
…
(
R
ajend
r
a Ro
ul
)
517
eng
i
neer
t
o
de
marcate
the
di
ff
e
ren
ce
betwe
en
the
best
pit
ch
an
gle
a
nd
worst
an
d
desi
gn
t
h
e
wind
tur
bin
e
blade
acc
ordin
gly
. A
par
t f
r
om t
his, du
e t
o variat
io
n
in
pitch angle, the
re
is un
ce
rtai
nty
i
n
press
ur
e
distr
ibu
ti
on
of
t
he
blade
at
a
sp
eci
fic
pitc
h
a
nd
abs
olu
te
velocit
y,
wh
ic
h
ca
n
le
ad
to
bl
ade
de
f
or
mati
on,
a
nd
it
shoul
d
be
avo
i
ded
t
o
inc
re
ase
the
li
fe
s
pan
of
the
wind
tu
rb
i
ne.
T
his
var
ia
ti
on
in
pressu
re
distrib
ution
giv
e
s
an
idea
about
w
hich
pitch
a
ngle
a
nd
wh
ic
h
vel
ocity
s
houl
d
get
op
e
rated
t
o
a
void
haza
r
dous
li
ke
flut
te
r
an
d
deformat
ion.
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
Yilm
a
z,
A.
S.
,
&
Öz
er,
Z.
,
“
Pi
tc
h
angle
contro
l
in
wind
turbi
n
es
abov
e
the
r
ated
wind
spe
ed
by
mu
lt
i
-
la
yer
per
ce
p
tron
and
r
adi
a
l
b
asis
func
t
ion
neur
al
ne
tworks
,”
Ex
pert
Syst
ems
wit
h
Applic
ati
ons
,
vo
l.
36
,
n
o.
6
,
pp
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,
2009
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Griese
r,
B.
,
Sun
ak,
Y.,
&
Madl
ene
r,
R
.
,
“
Ec
on
omi
cs
of
sma
ll
wind
turbi
n
es
i
n
urba
n
set
ti
ngs:
An
em
pir
ica
l
inve
stigation
for
Germ
any
,”
R
en
ewabl
e
Ene
rg
y
,
vol.
78
,
pp
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,
2015
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[3]
Abdelka
fi
,
A.,
&
Kri
che
n
,
L.
,
“
New
str
at
egy
o
f
pi
tc
h
ang
le
co
ntrol
for
energy
m
ana
g
em
en
t
of
a
wind
f
arm
,”
Ene
rgy
,
vol
.
36
,
no.
3
,
pp
.
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,
2011
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[4]
J.
G.
Slootweg
,
S.
W.
H
.
De
Ha
an,
H.
Polinde
r
and
W
.
L
.
Kling
,
“
Gen
eral
mod
e
l
for
rep
r
ese
nt
in
g
var
ia
b
le
-
spe
ed
wind
turbi
nes
in
power
sys
te
m
d
ynam
i
cs
simul
a
t
ions
,
”
IE
EE
Po
wer
Engi
ne
ering
Re
v
ie
w
,
vol.
22
,
no.
11,
pp
.
56
-
56,
200
2
,
doi
:
10
.
1109/MP
ER.
20
02.
4311816
.
[5]
Frail
e
,
A.
Mbistr
ova,
“
W
ind
in
p
ower:
2017
eur
o
pea
n
st
at
ist
ic
s
,
”
The
European W
ind
Associa
ti
on
,
pp.
3
-
25
,
2018
.
[6]
Subhashini,
G.
,
Abdulla
,
R.
,
&
Mohan,
T
.
R
.
R
.
,
“
Wi
nd
turbi
n
e
mount
ed
on
a
m
otorc
yc
le
for
po
rta
bl
e
ch
arg
er
,”
Inte
rnational
Jo
urnal
of
Pow
er
El
e
ct
ronics
and
Dr
iv
e
S
yste
ms
(I
JP
EDS)
,
vo
l.
9
,
no.
4
,
pp.
1814
-
1822
,
2018
,
doi:
10.
11591/ijpeds.
v9.
i4.
pp1814
-
18
22
.
[7]
Baha
j
,
A.
S.,
M
yer
s,
L.,
&
Jam
e
s,
P.
A.
B.
,
“
Urb
an
ene
rgy
g
ene
r
at
ion:
Inf
lue
n
ce
of
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ystem
using
m
et
a
-
h
eur
isti
c
a
lg
orit
hms
,”
Int
ernati
onal
Journal
of
Elec
tric
al
and
Computer
Engi
ne
ering
(
I
J
ECE
)
,
vol
.
10
.
n
o.
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Gaba
la
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ny,
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&
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sien, S.
A.
,
“
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se
arc
h
al
gor
it
hm
b
ase
d
for
tunni
ng
both
PI a
nd
FO
PID
cont
roll
e
rs for
th
e
DF
IG
-
Wi
nd
ene
rgy
co
nver
sion system
,”
Int
ernati
o
nal
J
ournal
of El
e
ct
ri
cal
and
Computer
Engi
n
ee
ring (
I
JE
C
E)
,
vol.
10
,
no
.
6
,
pp
.
6319
-
6329
,
20
20
,
doi
:
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.
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.
pp
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Hass
an,
S.,
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el
m
aj
id
a,
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,
Mourad,
Z.,
Aich
a
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S.,
&
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a
ce
ur,
B.
,
“
PSO
-
Bac
kstepp
ing
co
ntrol
ler
of
a
grid
conne
c
te
d
DF
IG
base
d
wind
turb
ine
,”
Int
ernati
on
al
Journal
of
Elec
tri
cal
&
Comp
ute
r
Engi
n
ee
rin
g
(
IJE
C
E
)
,
vol.
10
,
no
.
1
,
2020
,
do
i:
10
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e
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.
pp856
-
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.
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oug,
Y.
,
A
bdel
krim,
B
.
,
&
La
rbi
,
B.
,
“
Opt
im
al
place
m
ent
of
wind
turbi
ne
in
a
rad
ial
distribution
ne
twork
using
PS
O
me
thod
,”
Int
ernati
on
al
Journal
of
Po
wer
El
e
ct
ronics
and
Dr
iv
e
System
s
(IJ
PE
DS)
,
v
ol.
11
,
no
.
2,
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1074
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,
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:
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,
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A
.
,
Os
int
sev,
K.
V.,
&
Alyukov
,
S.
V.
,
“
The
co
mpu
ta
ti
on
al
flui
d
dy
nam
i
cs
per
for
m
anc
e
an
al
ysis
of
horiz
ont
al
axi
s
wind
turbi
n
e
,”
I
nte
rnational
Jou
rnal
of
Pow
er
E
le
c
tronic
s
and
Dr
iv
e
S
yste
ms
(I
JP
EDS),
vol
.
10
,
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2
,
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,
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i2.
pp1
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[43]
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rodynamic
s o
f
wind turbines
.
Routl
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,
2015
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
&
D
ri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Eff
ect
o
f bla
de pit
ch angle
on
the a
e
rody
nam
ic
ch
aract
eri
sti
cs o
f
a
tw
ist
ed bla
de
…
(
R
ajend
r
a Ro
ul
)
519
BIOGR
AP
HI
ES OF
A
UTH
ORS
Rajend
ra
Rou
l
is c
urre
n
tl
y
pursuing
a
Ph.D.
deg
ree
in the
d
epa
r
t
me
nt
of civil e
ng
ine
er
ing
a
t
the
Na
ti
ona
l
Inst
it
ute of Te
chnology Rourke
l
a, Odisha
,
Ind
ia.
His
rese
arc
h
in
te
rest
s inc
lud
e
flui
d
me
ch
anics,
ae
rodyn
am
i
cs,
c
omput
ationa
l
flu
id
dyna
mi
cs,
flu
i
d
-
struct
ure
inter
a
ction,
mode
lling
and
si
mul
ation,
struc
tu
ral
ana
lysis
.
Ra
j
endr
a
r
ecei
ved
h
is MT
ec
h
from
t
he
Nat
iona
l
Instit
ute of Te
ch
nology
Rourke
la i
n
wa
te
r
resourc
e
eng
ineeri
ng,
h
avi
ng
f
lui
d
mech
ani
cs
h
is
cor
e
do
ma
in
in
2
015.
he
r
ecei
v
ed a
Ba
che
lo
r's de
g
ree
in
Me
cha
ni
c
al
Engi
ne
eri
ng
fr
om
GIET
Univer
sity in
20
11.
He
has
a
goo
d
command
of
b
oth
c
ivi
l
and
mecha
ni
ca
l
subje
ct
s
ma
k
ing
his
ca
re
er mul
t
idi
sci
pli
nar
y
.
Cont
act him at E
-
m
ai
l
:
r
a
je
ndra
rou
lni
t@g
ma
il.c
o
m
Awadhesh
Ku
mar
is a
pr
of
es
so
r
of ci
vil en
gi
neer
in
g
at
t
he Nat
ion
al
I
ns
ti
tute o
f
Tech
no
l
ogy
R
our
kela,
Od
is
ha
, In
dia.
His curre
nt r
esea
rc
h
i
nterests i
n
the
areas
of
Fluid Mec
ha
nics & Fl
uid
iz
at
ion,
Aero
dyna
mics,
Water R
eso
ur
ces
Engin
eerin
g.
He
publishe
d
l
ots
of p
a
pers in
a
well
-
re
pu
te
d
j
our
nal a
nd got a
wards
for o
utstand
i
ng
publica
ti
on
s
. H
e is a me
mb
e
r of
MIE
(Ind
ia
),
M
I
IChE
, a
nd L
M
I
STE.
Con
ta
ct
him at
E
-
mail
:
akumar
@nitr
kl.ac.in
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.