Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of
P
ower E
le
ctr
on
i
cs a
n
d
Drive
S
ystem
(I
J
PE
D
S
)
Vo
l.
11
,
No.
4
,
Decem
be
r 202
0
, p
p.
2116
~
2125
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8694
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ij
peds
.
v11.i
4
.
pp21
16
-
2125
2116
Journ
al
h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
pe
ds
.i
aescore.c
om
Des
i
gn, m
odelling
and si
mulatio
n of c
ontrolle
d sep
ic DC
-
DC
convert
er
-
ba
s
ed
genetic a
lgorit
hm
Moham
med
Omar
A
li
1
,
Ali Hussein
Ahm
ad
2
1
Depa
rtment of
El
e
ct
ri
ca
l
Pow
er
Techni
ques
Eng
ine
er
ing
,
Al
-
Hus
sain
Univer
si
ty Colle
ge
,
K
arb
ala
,
Ir
aq
2
Medic
a
l
Instru
me
nt
at
ion
Techn
ique
s Depa
r
tmen
t
,
Al
-
Had
i
Univ
e
rsity
Coll
ege
,
B
a
ghdad,
I
raq
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Ja
n
1
0
, 2
0
20
Re
vised
A
pr 14
, 2
0
20
Accepte
d
J
un
28
, 20
20
Thi
s
pape
r
d
isc
uss
es
var
ious
aspe
ct
s
of
a
singl
e
-
ende
d
pr
imary
induc
t
anc
e
DC
-
DC
conve
r
te
r
(SEPIC)
.
T
he
foc
us
is
o
n
design,
mod
el
li
ng
,
an
d
simul
ation
resul
t
s
of
a
SEP
IC
co
nver
te
r
.
Th
e
stu
dy
ana
lyses
th
e
princ
iple
of
SEP
IC
oper
a
ti
o
n
when
oper
at
e
d
in
con
ti
nuo
us
condu
ct
ion
mo
de
(CCM).
Additi
onally,
th
e
m
at
he
ma
t
ical
equations
for
the
design
m
odule
s
ar
e
ca
l
cul
a
te
d
as
pe
r
conve
r
te
r
r
equ
ire
m
ent
s.
St
at
e
-
s
pac
e
equations
are
used
to
formul
a
te
the
st
at
e
-
spa
ce
model
of
the
SEP
IC
c
onver
te
r
.
To
sa
tis
fy
the
best
-
per
forma
n
ce
crit
eri
on
of
the
sys
te
m
,
th
e
pa
rame
te
rs
for
cont
rol
l
er
(K
p
,
K
i
,
K
d
)
should
be
tune
d
or
optimized
using
th
e
gen
etic
al
gor
it
hm
(GA
)
opti
mization
t
e
chni
que
.
Contr
oll
er
p
ara
m
eter
s
are
determ
in
ed
using
an
obje
c
ti
ve
fun
ct
i
on
tha
t
m
ini
m
ises
the
i
n
te
gra
l
t
im
e
absolut
e
err
or
(IT
AE).
Simul
ations
per
f
orme
d
on
a
c
losed
-
loop
sys
te
m
r
eve
a
l
th
at
th
e
st
ep
response
with
a
PID
controlle
d
b
ase
d
GA
displa
yed
super
ior
per
form
ance.
A
cl
osed
-
loop
sys
te
m
h
as
a
subs
ta
nt
ia
l
ly
bigge
r
stab
il
i
ty
r
egi
on
co
mpa
r
ed
to
an
o
p
en
-
loop
sys
te
m
.
Th
e
simu
la
t
ion
op
t
im
ised
per
form
a
nce
me
t
ric
s
li
k
e
ma
x
im
um
over
shoot
p
ercent
ag
e
(M
p
)
,
rise
t
ime
(
t
r
),
and
settling
time
(t
s
)
.
MA
TL
AB
/
Simul
ink
R2018
a®
and
m
-
file
cod
e
are
used
for
the
sys
tem
mode
lling,
simu
la
ti
on
,
and
opt
i
mi
z
at
ion
of
th
e
PID
cont
rol
le
r
par
a
me
t
ers
base
d
on
the GA
.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
DC
-
DC
c
on
vert
er
Gen
et
ic
al
gorithm
I
nte
gr
al
ti
me a
bs
ol
ute er
r
or
PI
D
contr
oller
SEPI
C
co
nvert
er
This
is an
open
acc
ess arti
cl
e
un
der
the
CC
BY
-
SA
l
ic
ense
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
M
oha
mme
d O
mar Ali
Dep
a
rtme
nt of
Ele
ct
rical
Pow
er Tec
hn
i
ques
En
gin
eeri
ng
Al
-
H
us
sai
n Uni
ver
sit
y
C
olleg
e
Karbala
, Ira
q
Emai
l:
moham
med.oma
r@h
uc
iraq.
e
du.iq
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
The
powe
r
s
ho
rtage
relat
ive
t
o
the
cu
mu
la
ti
ve
dema
nd
f
or
load
is
co
ns
ide
red
to
be
a
maj
or
pro
blem
in
ma
ny
c
ount
ries
w
he
re
it
has
bec
om
e
imp
os
sible
to
gen
e
rate
s
uffic
ie
nt
ene
rgy
usi
ng
t
rad
it
io
nal
mea
ns
.
These
di
ff
ic
ult
sit
uatio
ns
ha
ve
le
d
res
earc
he
rs
t
o
f
ocu
s
on
fin
ding
al
te
r
na
ti
ve
wa
ys
to
ge
ner
at
e
ene
r
gy
[1
,
2]
.
Power
el
ect
r
onic
conver
te
r
s
s
uch
as
DC
-
DC
conver
te
rs
(s
ome
ti
m
es
cal
le
d
switc
hing
re
gula
tors)
are
pr
i
maril
y
impleme
nted
t
o
im
pro
ve
e
nergy
c
onversi
on
eff
ic
ie
nc
y
w
he
n
e
xtracti
ng
el
ect
ric
powe
r
[3]
.
DC
-
DC
c
on
ver
te
r
s
are
ci
rcu
it
s
w
hich
ty
pical
ly
su
ppl
y
a
c
onsta
nt
outp
ut
a
nd
c
onver
t
DC
volt
age
to
a
dif
fer
e
nt
volt
age
le
vel.
These
a
re
us
e
d
for
obta
inin
g
sta
bili
zed
or
c
hangin
g
DC
volt
age(
s
)
by
in
creasin
g,
dec
re
asi
ng,
or
mu
lt
iplexin
g
from
a
ny
DC s
ource
[4
,
5]
.
Ther
e
are
tw
o
t
ypes
of
D
C
-
DC
c
onve
rt
ers
,
is
olate
d
and
no
n
-
is
olate
d.
Fly
bac
k
a
nd
f
orwa
rd
conve
rters
are
var
ia
nts
of
is
olate
d
DC
-
DC
c
onve
rters
[
6]
.
These
use
a
hig
h
-
f
re
qu
e
nc
y
t
ran
s
f
or
me
r
to
place
a
n
el
ect
rical
barrier
a
nd
is
olate
both
the
in
pu
t
a
nd
ou
t
pu
t
of
t
he
se
c
onver
te
rs.
A
sig
nifica
nt
adv
a
ntage
of
is
olate
d
conve
rters
is
t
hat
the
y
protec
t
sensiti
ve
l
oads
[
7]
.
On
the
ot
her
ha
nd,
non
-
i
so
la
te
d
DC
-
D
C
co
nv
e
rters
ha
ve
no
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Desig
n, m
odel
li
ng
and si
m
ulat
ion
of contr
olled
se
pic
DC
-
D
C co
nverter
-
based …
(
M
oham
med O
m
ar
Ali
)
2117
su
c
h
el
ect
rical
ba
rr
ie
r
.
S
om
e
exam
ples
of
non
-
isolat
ed
c
onve
rters
a
re
bu
c
k
-
bo
os
t
co
nv
e
rter,
buc
k,
boos
t
,
CUK,
ZET
A,
and
SE
PI
C
c
onve
rters
[8
,
9]
.
N
on
-
isolat
e
d
DC
-
DC
c
onve
rters
a
re
c
os
t
-
e
ff
ect
ive
an
d
ea
sy
t
o
desig
n w
hen c
ompare
d
t
o
the
ir isolat
ed c
ou
nter
par
ts.
The
c
onver
te
r
s
have
di
ver
s
e
app
li
cat
io
ns
in
el
ect
ric
tract
ion
,
el
ect
ri
c
veh
ic
le
s,
di
stribu
te
d
-
DC
sy
ste
ms
li
ke
s
pace
ap
plica
ti
on
s
,
s
hip
s,
a
nd
ai
rp
la
nes
[
10
,
11]
.
S
olar
ph
otovo
lt
ai
c
an
d
sp
eci
al
ise
d
el
ect
rical
machine
dri
ve
s
are
oth
er
ar
eas
w
her
e
t
he
conve
rters
a
r
e
us
ef
ul
[12
,
13]
.
Dif
fer
e
nt
sy
ste
ms
ha
ve
sp
eci
fic
requireme
nts
a
nd
the
DC
-
DC
co
nv
e
rter
us
e
d
for
t
he
a
pp
li
cat
ion
s
s
houl
d
be
ca
refull
y
c
hose
n
to
ha
ve
a
high
-
eff
ic
ie
nc
y
s
ys
t
em
with
ex
ce
ll
ent
powe
r
qual
it
y
[
14]
.
T
his
pap
e
r
fo
c
us
es
on
the
s
ing
le
-
e
nded
pr
imary
-
inducta
nce
DC
-
DC
C
onve
rter
(S
E
PI
C
).
T
he
SEPI
C
co
nvert
er
is
a
ble
to
re
du
ce
or
raise
t
he
el
ect
rical
pote
ntial
(volta
ge) at
the
outp
ut and ca
n be c
onside
red
as a buc
k/boos
t conve
rter
[12
]
. Ad
diti
onal
ly,
the S
E
PI
C
DC
-
DC
conve
rter
is
al
so
capa
ble
of
pro
du
ci
ng
a
re
gu
la
te
d
posit
iv
e
ou
t
pu
t
volt
a
ge
f
or
a
ny
i
nput
volt
age.
T
his
is
in
con
t
rast
to
othe
r
co
nverte
rs
li
ke
CU
K
or
ZE
TA
that
pro
vide
a
ne
gative
re
gu
la
te
d
outp
ut
v
oltage
[15
–
17]
.
T
he
structu
re
of
th
e
pap
e
r
is
sp
e
ci
fied
as
f
ollo
ws:
in
tr
oduction,
pri
nci
ple
of
operati
on
of
the
SEP
IC
co
nv
e
rter
,
sta
te
-
sp
ace
m
odel
li
ng
f
or
the
SEP
IC
c
onve
rt
er,
par
a
mete
rs
and
d
esi
gn
comp
on
e
nts r
eq
ui
red
f
or
the
c
onve
rter,
M
A
TLAB
sim
ulati
on
s
a
nd
m
od
el
li
ng
the
S
EPIC
c
onve
rter,
gen
et
ic
al
go
r
it
hm
to
op
ti
mis
e
the
P
I
D
pa
ra
mete
rs
to contr
ol the
S
EPIC c
onve
rter, res
ults from
the sim
ulati
on
,
and
discussi
on
.
2.
PRI
NC
I
PLE
OF OPE
R
ATION
OF
SEPI
C CO
NV
E
RT
ER
The
ope
rati
ng
pr
i
nciple
f
or
a
SEPI
C
DC
-
DC
c
onver
te
r
us
e
d
i
n
co
ntin
uous
c
onduct
ion
mode
(CC
M)
is
desc
ribe
d
in
Figure
1.
T
h
e
d
ia
gram
sho
ws
an
in
put vo
lt
a
ge
source
(
V
S
)
,
a
c
ouple
of
in
du
ct
or
s
(
L
1
a
nd L
2
),
a
couplin
g
ca
pac
it
or
(C
1
)
t
hat
is
co
nnect
ed
to
the
i
nducto
rs
to
ens
ure
t
hat
a
c
urren
t
pat
h
e
xi
sts
f
or
the
DC
flo
w
and
to
al
so
prov
i
de
i
ns
ulati
on
[14
],
powe
r
diode
(D
1
),
ou
tpu
t
filt
er
ca
pa
ci
tor
(C
2
),
an
d
a
s
witc
hing
de
vice.
Usu
al
l
y,
the
s
witc
hing
de
vic
e
is
an
insu
la
te
d
gate
bipolar
transist
or
(
I
GBT)
la
belle
d
(
S
1
).
T
he
loa
d
res
ist
ance
of the circ
uit (
R) is also
s
how
n.
The
SEP
IC
c
onve
rter
has
tw
o
op
e
rati
ng
m
od
e
s:
one
is
the
CC
M
,
t
he
oth
e
r
is
t
he
disco
ntinuo
us
cond
uction
m
od
e
(D
C
M).
I
n
this
pa
pe
r,
the
first
m
ode
is
con
sid
ere
d
to
have
two
sta
te
s,
wh
ic
h
can
be
descr
i
bed as
fol
lows
.
2.1.
SEPIC c
onver
ter
op
er
at
in
g modes
2
.
1.
1.
S
tate
I
(
0 < t
<
D)
Wh
e
n
S1
is
s
w
it
ched
ON,
the
curre
nt
I
L1
inc
reases.
C
urre
nt
flo
wing
th
r
ough
the
se
co
nd
inducto
r
I
L2
al
so
i
ncr
ease
s
bu
t
in
the
ne
ga
ti
ve
directi
on.
T
he
ene
rgy
st
or
e
d
in
the
firs
t
in
du
ct
or
L
1
increase
s.
T
herefo
re,
capaci
tor
C
1
s
upplies
e
nerg
y
to
i
ncr
ease
th
e
cu
rr
e
nt
in
I
L2
.
SE
PI
C
c
on
ve
rt
er
operati
on
mode
with
swi
tc
h
S
1
ON
is s
how
n
i
n
Fi
gure
2.
Figure
1. Ci
rcui
t diagr
a
m
of S
EPIC
DC
-
DC
conve
rter
Figure
2. SEP
I
C co
nv
e
rt
er
op
erati
on m
od
e
wh
e
n S1
is ON
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
11
, N
o.
4
,
D
ecembe
r
2020
:
2116
–
21
25
2118
T
he
co
rr
es
pondin
g
e
q
ua
t
i
on
s
t
o
s
t
at
e
I
of
C
C
M
us
i
ng
K
V
L
a
nd
K
C
L
a
r
e
s
ho
w
n
i
n
(
1)
,
(
2)
,
(
3)
,
a
nd
(
4)
.
–
1
1
=
0
(1)
1
1
+
1
=
0
(2)
2
2
–
1
=
0
(3)
2
2
+
2
=
0
(4)
2.1.
2.
S
ta
e I
(
0 < t <
D)
Wh
e
n
s
witc
h S
1
is t
ur
ne
d off, t
he
capaci
to
r
i
nput c
urren
t
(
I
C1
)
eq
uals the c
urren
t t
hroug
h t
he
in
du
ct
or
(
I
L1
)
.
C
u
r
r
e
nt
I
L2
re
mains
in
the
ne
gative
directi
on
a
nd
do
e
s
not
re
ve
r
se
it
s
directi
on.
Di
od
e
D
1
a
ct
ively
cond
ucts.
SEP
I
C co
nv
e
rter
op
erati
on m
od
e
with s
witc
h S
1
OF
F
is de
picte
d
in
Fig
ure
3.
Figure
3. SEP
I
C co
nv
e
rter
op
erati
on m
od
e
wh
e
n
S
1
is O
FF
T
he
c
orrespo
ndin
g
e
qu
a
t
i
on
s
t
o
s
t
a
t
e
I
I
of
C
C
M
us
i
ng
K
V
L
a
n
d
K
C
L
a
r
e
s
ho
w
n
i
n
(
5)
,
(
6
)
,
(
7)
,
a
nd
(
8)
.
V
S
= L
1
1
+
1
+
2
(5)
L
2
2
+
2
=
0
(6)
1
1
–
1
=
0
(7)
2
2
–
1
–
2
+
2
=
0
(8)
2.2.
St
ate s
pa
c
e m
od
el
li
ng
of
SE
PIC
DC
-
DC
c
onverter
The
ge
ne
ral
sta
te
sp
ace
eq
ua
ti
on
s
f
or
t
he
S
EPIC
ope
rati
ng
un
der
sta
te
I
of
CC
M
can
be
gi
ven
as
i
n
equ
at
io
ns (
9) a
nd (1
0)
.
ẋ
(t)=
A
1
x
(t) +
B
1
u
(t)
(9)
y(t)
=
C
1
x(t
)
(10)
The
n,
t
he
sta
te
matri
x for t
he SEPIC
operati
ng
un
der
st
at
e
I
is gi
ven in
(
11)
and
(12
).
[
1
2
1
2
]
=
[
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
2
0
0
−
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
2
]
[
1
2
1
2
]
+
[
1
1
0
0
0
]
V
S
(11)
y(
t)
=
[
0
0
0
1
]
[
1
2
1
2
]
(12)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Desig
n, m
odel
li
ng
and si
m
ulat
ion
of contr
olled
se
pic
DC
-
D
C co
nverter
-
based …
(
M
oham
med O
m
ar
Ali
)
2119
Simi
la
rly,
t
he
gen
e
ral
sta
te
e
qu
at
io
ns
f
or
th
e
SEP
IC
c
onve
rter
operati
ng
unde
r
sta
te
II
of
CC
M
a
re
giv
e
n
in
(1
3)
a
nd (1
4)
.
ẋ(
t)=
A2
x (t)
+ B2
u(
t
)
(13)
y
(
t
)
=
C
2
x
(
t
)
(
14
)
The
n,
the
sta
te
matri
x
f
or
t
he
SEP
IC
c
on
ver
te
r
operati
ng
unde
r
sta
te
II
can
be
gi
ve
n
a
s
show
n
in (1
5)
a
nd
(16
).
[
1
2
1
2
]
=
[
0
0
−
1
1
−
1
1
0
0
0
−
1
2
1
1
0
0
0
1
2
1
2
0
−
1
2
]
[
1
2
1
2
]
+
[
1
1
0
0
0
]
V
S
(15)
y(
t)
=
[
0
0
0
1
]
[
1
2
1
2
]
(16)
The
a
ver
a
ge
f
orm
of
the
sta
te
matri
x
ov
e
r
a
switc
hi
ng
c
ycle
f
or
t
he
S
EPIC
c
onve
rter
is
as
giv
e
n
in (1
7)
a
nd
(18
).
[
1
2
1
2
]
=
[
0
0
−
1
1
−
1
1
0
0
2
−
1
2
1
−
1
−
1
0
0
1
−
2
1
−
2
0
−
1
2
]
[
1
2
1
2
]
+
[
1
1
0
0
0
]
V
S
(
17
)
y(
t
)
=
[
0
0
0
1
]
[
1
2
1
2
]
(
18
)
Wh
e
re A
re
pr
e
sents
t
he
s
ys
te
m
matri
x,
B re
pr
ese
nts
t
he
i
nput
matri
x,
C
r
epr
ese
nts
t
he
outp
ut
mat
rix,
and D re
pr
e
sen
ts t
he du
t
y
c
ycle of the
SEP
IC
conv
e
rter
with
in the ra
ng
e
of
(0
–
1).
2.3.
Co
m
ponen
t
d
esi
gn
of
SEPI
C DC
-
D
C
c
onverter
It
is
necessar
y
that
the
sel
ect
ion
of
t
he
main
com
pone
nts
in
the
c
onve
rter
desig
n
imp
r
ove
the
outp
ut
powe
r
e
ff
ic
ie
nc
y
with
ou
t
i
nc
reasin
g
c
os
t,
e
sp
eci
al
ly
i
n
hig
h
-
vo
l
um
e
p
ower
el
ect
ronic
app
li
cat
io
ns
.
Ba
sed
on
the
a
bove,
this
sect
ion
of
pa
pe
r
fo
c
us
es
on
c
hoos
i
ng
c
omp
onents
a
nd
de
riv
ing
their
mat
he
mati
cal
ex
pr
es
sion
s
wh
e
n desi
gn
i
ng a
SEP
IC
DC
-
DC c
onver
te
r
t
o
meet
t
he req
uireme
nts ta
bula
te
d
in
1
.
2.3
.
1.
C
om
pon
ent
d
esi
gn o
f
SEPIC
D
C
-
D
C
c
onverter
The
pr
i
nciple
of
vo
lt
-
sec
on
d
balance
ta
ke
s
into
acco
unt
the
volt
age
dro
ps
at
di
ode
(D
1
),
i.e
.
accor
ding
sta
te
s
to
the
volt
-
s
econd
balance
for
a
co
nverte
r
operati
ng
in
a
ste
ady
sta
te
,
the
ave
rag
e
volt
age
durin
g
one
s
witc
hin
g
c
ycle
of
the
in
duct
or
mu
st
be
ze
ro
[
16].
Fir
stl
y,
th
e
vo
lt
age
ca
n
be
seen
by
L
1
durin
g
interval
(
0
<
t
≤
D
T
)
e
qual
s
to
(
V
L1
=V
s
)
,
w
hile,
durin
g
th
e
interval
(
D
T
<
t
≤
T),
it
eq
uals
(
V
L1
=V
S
-
V
C1
-
V
D
-
V
O
). Taki
ng th
e ave
rag
e
ove
r t
he
entire
inter
val and
maki
ng it
equal t
o
ze
ro, e
qu
at
io
n (19) ca
n be
obtai
ned as:
1
(
∫
1
0
)
=
1
[
∫
+
0
∫
(
−
1
−
−
)
]
=
0
(19)
Find
i
ng the i
nt
egr
al
a
nd r
e
ar
r
ang
i
ng the a
bo
ve
e
qu
at
io
ns yi
el
ds
e
qu
at
io
n (
20)
1
+
+
=
1
−
(20)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
11
, N
o.
4
,
D
ecembe
r
2020
:
2116
–
21
25
2120
Simi
la
rly
,
by
ta
king
t
he
volt
-
sec
ond
bala
nc
e
f
or
L
2
.
Hen
c
e,
the
vo
lt
ag
e
can
be
see
n
by
L
2
durin
g
interval
(0
<
t
≤
D
T
)
is
eq
ua
l
to
(V
L2
=V
C1
)
,
w
hile
durin
g
the
inter
val
(
D
T
<
t
≤
T
),
t
he
volt
age
is
e
qu
al
to
V
L2
=
-
V
O
+V
D
wh
ic
h gives
(
21)
.
1
(
∫
1
0
)
=
1
[
∫
1
+
0
∫
(
−
−
)
]
=
0
(21)
1
+
+
=
+
(22)
By
c
ombini
ng
(20)
a
nd
(
22),
the
tra
nsfer
rati
o
or
volt
age
ga
in
(G)
of
the
SEPI
C
c
onve
rter
i
n
te
rms
of (D) c
an
b
e
obtai
ned as s
ho
wn in (
23).
=
+
=
1
−
(23)
The val
ue
o
f
(
)
c
an be
gr
eat
e
r
t
han or less
tha
n on
e
, depe
nding o
n
t
he value
of the
duty
cyc
le
(
D
).
2.3
.
2.
Ca
lc
ul
at
i
on
of mini
mu
m a
n
d m
axim
um duty
cyc
le
Dep
e
ndin
g
on
the
volt
age
gai
n
in
e
qu
at
io
n
(
23),
th
e
minim
um
du
t
y
cycle
(
)
occurs
wh
e
n
the
input
volt
age
is at a ma
xim
um val
ue (
)
an
d i
t can b
e
e
xpre
ssed
as
s
how
n i
n
(
24).
=
+
+
+
(24)
Howe
ver,
the
maxim
um
duty
cycle
(
)
ma
y
oc
cur
w
he
n
t
he
input
vo
lt
age
is
at
a
minim
um
valu
e
(
)
,
as g
i
ven
in
(
25).
=
+
+
+
(25)
2.3
.
3
.
In
duc
to
r
L
1
and
L2
sel
ection
In
s
witc
h
mod
e
powe
r
s
uppl
y
(
SMPS
),
the
main
f
unct
ion
of
t
he
in
duct
ors
is
to
sto
re
e
ne
rgy
in
t
heir
mag
netic
fiel
d
an
d
at
te
mp
t
t
o
mai
ntain
a
c
on
sta
nt
c
urren
t
,
or
e
qu
i
valent
ly,
to
li
mit
the
rate
of
c
ha
nge
in
current
flo
w
to
the
outp
ut.
Se
le
ct
ing
a
n
i
nduc
tor
is
ne
cessa
ry
to
the
overa
ll
desig
n
of
a
c
onve
rter.
N
ormal
ly,
the
in
duct
ance
val
ue
of
a
c
onve
rter
s
hould
be
set
to
li
mit
the
pea
k
-
to
-
peak
rip
ple
c
urre
nt
flo
wing
t
o
t
he
ou
t
pu
t.
Th
e
in
du
ct
a
nce
valu
e
that
sat
isfie
d
the
re
qu
i
re
ments
in
the
desig
n
of
t
he
SEPI
C
c
onve
r
te
r
was
est
imat
ed
by
rear
rangin
g
(
1),
prese
nted
in
t
he
previ
ous
sect
io
n,
a
nd
s
ub
sti
tuti
ng
(
=
∆
,
=
,
=
1
),
t
o yiel
d
(
26)
.
1
=
2
=
∗
∗
∆
(26)
2.3
.
4.
C
oupl
ing c
apacit
or C
1
sel
ecti
on
Ca
pacit
or
s
have
se
ver
al
f
un
ct
ion
s
in
S
M
P
S
desig
n,
s
uch
as
ene
r
gy
sto
ra
ge
,
filt
erin
g,
c
ompe
ns
at
io
n,
et
c.
T
yp
ic
al
ly,
SM
P
S
sta
ges,
t
he
ca
pacit
ance
sto
res
ene
rgy
as
a
n
el
ect
ric
f
ie
ld
due
to
the
vo
lt
age
a
ppli
ed
a
nd
at
te
mp
ts
to
ma
intai
n
a
c
onsta
nt
in
pu
t
a
nd
outpu
t
vo
lt
age
.
T
o
cal
culat
e
t
he
op
ti
mal
value
of
(
C
1
)
in
t
he
S
E
PI
C
conve
rter
ci
rcui
t
sh
ow
n
i
n
Fi
gure
1
with
a
n
a
ccepta
ble
le
vel
of
volt
age
rip
ple
to
sat
isf
y
t
he
require
ment
s
an
d
sta
bili
ty o
f
the
conve
rter,
t
he c
apacit
ance
for
mu
la
s
how
n
i
n (27) was
used
.
=
(27)
Eq
uation
(
27)
can
the
n
be
re
wr
it
te
n,
as
the
change
i
n
vo
lt
age
is
pro
portion
al
t
o
the
ch
a
ng
e
in
c
ha
rg
e
ov
e
r
it
s ca
pacit
ance, w
hich yi
el
ds
(2
8).
=
(28)
Howe
ver,
=
∫
(
)
(29)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Desig
n, m
odel
li
ng
and si
m
ulat
ion
of contr
olled
se
pic
DC
-
D
C co
nverter
-
based …
(
M
oham
med O
m
ar
Ali
)
2121
Th
us
,
(29
)
is
s
ub
sti
tute
d
int
o
(28
)
to
deter
mine
the
val
ue
of
in
pu
t
ca
pa
ci
tor
(
C
1
)
as
s
ho
wn
i
n
(30).
Hen
ce
, it s
houl
d be
no
te
d
th
at
(
C
1
)
is c
harged b
y
(
I
L2
=
I
O
max
)
duri
ng the ti
me inter
val
(0
< t ≤
).
1
=
∫
0
1
(30)
So
lvi
ng the i
nt
egr
at
io
n
s
how
n i
n (30) gi
ves (
31).
1
=
∗
1
∗
(31)
2.3
.
5.
Ou
tp
u
t c
apacit
or C
2
s
el
ection
Likewise,
as
i
n
t
he
co
upli
ng
ca
pacit
or
(
1
)
cal
culat
ion
,
the
val
ue
of
out
pu
t
ca
pacit
or
(
2
)
as
ob
ta
ine
d
i
n (32
)
s
hould s
uppl
y
the
outp
ut c
urre
nt (
I
o
ma
x
) wh
ic
h
i
s loa
ded duri
ng the
ON stat
e.
2
=
∗
2
∗
(32)
W
he
re
,
are
th
e
maxi
mum
a
nd
mini
mum
du
t
y
c
ycle
s
re
sp
ect
ively
,
,
ar
e
maxim
um
a
nd
mi
nimum
i
nput
volt
age
s
res
pecti
vely
,
is
the
outp
ut
volt
age
in
volt
s,
a
nd
∆
is
the
sam
e
peak
-
to
-
pea
k ri
pp
le
c
urre
nt in ampe
r
es
for bot
h
in
du
ct
or
s
1
and
2
w
hen the
minimu
m in
put v
oltage
(
)
and
s
witc
hing
fr
e
qu
e
nc
y
(
)
ar
e
ap
plied
,
it
m
ay
be
ex
presse
d
as
a
ppr
ox
im
at
el
y
(
∆
=
2
0%
*
).
1
,
2
are
t
he
pea
k
-
to
-
peak
volt
ag
e
rip
ples
i
n
volt
s
at
ca
pacit
or
s
1
and
2
,
re
sp
e
ct
ively.
T
he
a
ccepta
ble
per
ce
ntage
v
al
ue of
r
ip
ple
vo
l
ta
ge
use
d i
n
t
his p
a
per is (
∆
1
= 1%
*
an
d
∆
2
=1%
*
).
2.4.
Matla
b simul
at
i
on
of
SEPI
C DC
-
D
C
c
onverter
The
ope
n
lo
op
SEP
IC
DC
-
DC
c
onve
rter
wa
s
im
plem
ented
us
in
g
the
MATL
AB
®
sim
ulati
on
platfo
rm
R2
01
8b
S
im
ulin
k
[
18]
.
For
t
he
pur
po
s
e
of
sim
ula
ti
on
,
the
c
omp
on
e
nts
of
the
SEPI
C
c
onver
t
er
a
nd
their
values
ta
bula
te
d
in
the
T
able 1 de
pe
nd
on the e
quat
io
ns
der
i
ved in
pe
rv
i
ou
s
secti
on
s.
Table1
. Com
pone
nt
values
of
the
desig
ne
d
S
EPIC C
onve
rter
No
Para
m
eter
Sy
m
b
o
l
Valu
e
1
Minimum
in
p
u
t voltage
V
S
min
1
0
0
V
2
Maximu
m
in
p
u
t vo
ltag
e
V
S
max
1
2
0
V
3
Ou
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
V
O
3
1
1
V
4
Maximu
m
o
u
tp
u
t po
wer
P
O
max
2
Kw
5
Maximu
m
lo
ad
r
es
istan
ce
R
L
max
~ 50
Ω
6
Maximu
m
lo
ad
cur
rent
I
O
max
6
.43
A
7
Switch
in
g
fr
eq
u
en
cy
f
S
2
5
kHz
8
Dio
d
e
d
rop
vo
ltag
e
V
d
0
.7 V
9
Minimum
d
u
ty
cycle
D
min
0
.72
2
10
Maximu
m
d
u
ty
cycle
D
max
0
.75
7
11
Cu
rr
en
t
ripp
le
at
L
1
,
L
1
∆
I
L
4
.01
A
12
Vo
ltag
e
ripp
le
at
C
1
∆
V
C1
1
V
13
Vo
ltag
e
ripp
le
at
C
2
∆
V
C2
3
.11
V
14
Co
u
p
lin
g
capacito
r
C
1
1
9
5
µF
15
Ou
tp
u
t capacito
r
C
2
6
3
µF
16
Ind
u
cto
r
1
L
1
7
5
5
µH
17
Ind
u
cto
r
2
L
2
7
5
5
µH
The
ou
t
pu
t
t
o
the
in
put
volt
ag
e
trans
fer
f
un
ct
ion
,
(
)
can
be
de
rive
d
f
rom
the
aver
a
ge
sta
te
(
17)
a
nd
(18)
by
us
i
ng
the
form
ula
t
o
c
onve
rt
the
sta
te
-
sp
ace
m
at
rix
to
a
tra
nsfer
f
un
ct
i
on,
sh
ow
n
i
n
(
33)
,
an
d
su
bst
it
uting
t
he
v
al
ue
s
of
t
he d
esi
gn p
a
ramete
rs
a
nd comp
on
ents to
obtai
n (
34).
G(
s
) =
C
(
SI
-
A
)
-
1
B
(33)
(
)
(
)
=
5
.
135
∗
10
8
2
+
1
.
8
24
∗
10
−
6
+
2
.
64
2
∗
10
15
4
+
33
0
.
2
∗
3
+
6
.
792
∗
10
6
2
+
1
.
41
9
∗
10
9
+
8
.
47
8
∗
10
12
(34)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
11
, N
o.
4
,
D
ecembe
r
2020
:
2116
–
21
25
2122
2.5.
Genetic
algori
th
m
(G
A)
GA
s
are
stoc
ha
sti
c
global
sear
ch
e
ng
i
nes
th
at
simulat
e
the
c
reati
on
of
natu
ral
proce
sses.
A
GA
sta
rts
with
a
n
init
ia
l
popula
ti
on
of
chrom
osomes
,
each
of
wh
ic
h
represe
nts
a
po
ssible
s
olu
ti
on
to
the
prob
le
m
,
a
nd
the
reli
abili
ty
of
t
he
ch
r
omos
om
es
is
e
valua
te
d
by
a
fitn
es
s
functi
on
(
FF)
[19
,
20]
.
The
GA
c
onsist
s
of
three
main
ste
ps
:
m
utati
on
,
c
ro
s
sover
a
nd
sel
ect
ion
[
21]
.
GAs
are
us
ed
t
o
de
t
ermine
the
r
epr
ese
ntati
on
of
the
chrom
osomes
t
hat
are
create
d
by
th
ree
va
lue
s
corres
pondin
g
to
the
gains
or
par
a
mete
rs
of
the
PID
co
nt
ro
ll
er
(
,
,
)
t
hat
ha
ve
be
en
modifie
d
t
o
at
ta
in
a
desir
ed
be
hav
i
or
[
22]
–
[
24]
.
T
he
(
,
,
)
gain
s
a
re
rea
l
numb
e
rs,
w
hich
are t
o
be mea
su
re
d
in
div
i
dual
ly.
The
e
quat
ion
for
the P
I
D
co
nt
ro
ll
er is s
how
n
as (3
5)
[
25]
. In
this
study,
t
he
integral
ti
me
abs
olu
te
er
ror
(I
T
AE
)
is
ta
ke
n
as
the
ob
je
c
ti
ve
functi
on,
giv
e
n
as
(
36).
The
reciprocal
of th
e objec
ti
ve
f
un
ct
ion
is cal
le
d
FF.
T
he
FF
is
the mea
sureme
nt of t
he
c
hrom
os
ome
’
s
qu
al
it
y.
(
)
=
+
+
(35)
IT
AE
=
∫
ǀ
(
)
ǀ
0
(36)
Wh
e
re
is
the
pro
portio
nal g
ai
n,
is
the
inte
gral
ti
me,
is
t
he
der
i
vative
ti
me
,
e (t)
is
the
er
r
or
-
con
t
ro
ll
in
g
si
gnal
=
1−
y(t
)
a
nd
y(
t)
is
th
e
t
un
e
d
co
ntr
ol
s
ys
te
m
ste
p
res
pons
e
.
Fi
gure
4
s
hows
a
flo
w
char
t
f
or
GA. T
he para
mete
rs of t
he GA
are
li
ste
d
in Ta
ble
2.
Table
2 Gen
et
i
c algori
thm
p
a
r
amet
ers
No
Par
a
meter
Typ
e /
Valu
e
1
No
.
o
f
i
te
ration
100
2
Po
p
u
latio
n
s
ize
50
3
Enco
d
in
g
Bin
ary
4
Selection
s
ch
em
e
Sto
ch
astic Un
ifor
m
5
Cro
ss
o
v
er
p
rob
ab
il
ity
(
)
0
.8
6
Cro
ss
o
v
er
t
ype
Sin
g
le Poin
t
7
Mutatio
n
p
rob
ab
ility
(
)
0
.2
8
Reco
m
b
in
atio
n
p
rob
ab
ility
(
)
0
.09
9
Fittn
ess
f
u
n
ctio
n
IT
A
E
Figure
4. Flo
w
char
t
for ge
netic
al
gorithm
(G
A)
The
bl
ock
diag
ram
f
or
t
he
G
A
-
op
ti
mize
d
or
tun
e
d
P
ID
c
ontr
oller
pa
ram
et
ers
for
the
S
EPIC
DC
-
D
C
conve
rter
can
be
seen
i
n
Fig
ur
e
5.
T
he
re
fe
ren
ce
si
gn
al
or
set
po
int
R(s
)
is
inp
ut
as
the
desire
d
volt
age
and
is
com
par
e
d
with
the
act
ual
val
ue
of
t
he
outp
ut
vo
lt
ag
e
Y(
s
)
f
or
the
S
EPIC
co
nverter
.
Th
e
er
ror
sig
nal
E(s)
i
s
giv
e
n
as
the
i
nput
si
gnal
to
t
he
PID
c
on
t
ro
ll
er
afte
r
it
s
pa
r
amet
ers
a
re
tu
ned
usi
ng
GA
te
chn
iq
ue.
T
he
outp
ut
sign
al
ge
ne
rated
by
the
P
I
D
c
on
t
ro
ll
er
U(
s
)
is
us
ed
as
t
he
input
signa
l
to
con
tr
ol
the
s
ui
ta
ble
range
of
du
t
y
cycle (
D) in a
s
uitable
r
a
nge
f
or the
SEP
IC c
onve
rter,
a
nd t
he req
uire
d ou
t
pu
t
volt
age is t
hen obtai
ne
d
[
26]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Desig
n, m
odel
li
ng
and si
m
ulat
ion
of contr
olled
se
pic
DC
-
D
C co
nverter
-
based …
(
M
oham
med O
m
ar
Ali
)
2123
Figure
5. Bl
oc
k diag
ram o
f
P
ID
co
ntr
oller
opti
mize
d b
y G
A
3.
RESU
LT
S
AND
DI
SCUS
S
ION
M
A
TLAB
®
R
2018b
S
imuli
nk
s
of
twa
re
wa
s
us
e
d
to
sim
ulate
the
SEP
I
C
DC
-
DC
co
nverter
an
d
ver
if
y
it
s
pe
rfo
rma
nce.
Fig
ur
e
6
(a
)
s
hows
th
e
ste
p
res
pons
e
of
the
op
e
n
-
l
oop
tra
ns
fe
r
fun
ct
ion
for
t
he
S
EPIC
DC
-
DC
co
nv
e
r
te
r
with
ou
t
the
PI
D
c
ontrolle
r
.
It
is
obser
ved
that
the
res
pons
e
matc
hes
th
e
ste
p
res
pons
e
for
a
seco
nd
-
or
der
s
ys
te
m.
H
ow
e
ve
r,
the
ma
ximum
over
sho
ot
pe
rcen
ta
g
e
(cl
ose
to
73%
)
is
hi
gh
e
r
tha
n
t
hat
of
t
he
seco
nd
-
or
der
s
ys
te
m.
Sl
ow
rise
a
nd
set
tl
ing
ti
mes
are
al
s
o
ob
s
er
ved.
Fig
ure
6
(
b)
de
picts
the
cl
ose
d
-
lo
op
ste
p
respo
ns
e
f
or
a
GA
opti
mised
P
ID
c
ontroll
er.
T
he
P
ID
c
on
t
ro
ll
er
par
a
mete
rs
(
,
,
)
are
set
to
the
i
r
op
ti
mal
val
ue
us
in
g
the
GA
t
echn
i
qu
e
.
T
his
te
chn
iq
ue
helps
minimi
se
t
he
ob
je
ct
ive
f
un
ct
ion
(
ITAE)
a
nd
t
he
op
ti
misat
io
n
proces
s
dep
e
nd
s
on
t
he
c
ode
sp
eci
fied
i
n
the
MATL
A
B
m
-
file
.
Ta
bl
e
3
s
pecifies
the
op
ti
misat
io
n
c
r
it
eria and the
pe
rformance
cha
racteri
sti
cs fo
r
the
step
res
pons
e li
ke
(
,
,
).
(a)
(b)
Figure
6
.
Sim
ul
at
ion
r
es
ults,
(
a) S
te
p
re
spo
nse
for
SEP
IC c
onve
rter
with
ou
t
contr
oller
,
(b) St
ep resp
onse
f
or
SEPI
C
co
nvert
er
with
GA
-
P
I
D
c
on
t
ro
ll
er
Table
3
Pe
rformance
Para
mete
rs for ste
p
re
s
pons
e
Perf
o
r
m
an
ce
Para
m
eters
Typ
e of con
troller
W
ith
o
u
t PI
D con
troller
W
ith
GA
-
PI
D con
t
roller
K
p
N/A
6
9
.80
5
K
i
N/A
2
9
0
.779
K
d
N/A
3
3
9
.306
% M
P
73
0
t
r
(sec)
8
.92
4
6
e
-
04
1
.26
1
0
e
-
11
t
s
(sec)
0
.03
0
1
2
.24
5
4
e
-
11
IT
A
E
N/A
2
.71
8
2
e
-
06
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
11
, N
o.
4
,
D
ecembe
r
2020
:
2116
–
21
25
2124
4.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
This
pa
per
pre
sents
desi
gn,
modell
ing
a
nd
simulat
ion
of
c
on
t
ro
ll
ed
S
EPIC
DC
-
DC
c
onver
te
r
-
based
GA.
T
he
stu
dy
c
omprise
d
t
he
mat
hemati
c
al
model,
sta
te
-
sp
ace
m
od
el
li
ng,
desig
n
c
omp
on
e
nts,
sim
ulati
on
,
and
anal
ys
is
of
the
SEP
IC
DC
-
DC
co
nve
rter.
MATL
A
B
R201
8b
SI
M
U
LI
NK
wa
s
us
e
d
to
car
r
y
out
the
simulat
ion
s
.
T
he
SE
PI
C
DC
-
DC
c
onve
rter
is
a
ti
me
-
in
va
riant,
li
nea
r
s
ys
te
m
of
t
he
f
ourth
orde
r.
A
PID
con
t
ro
ll
er
was
util
ise
d
to
c
ha
nge
the
outp
ut
of
t
he
SEP
IC
co
nv
e
rter
to
op
ti
mise
the
value
s
of
the
perf
ormance
par
a
mete
rs.
PID
co
ntr
oller
pa
rameters
K
p
,
K
i
,
K
d
we
re
m
anip
ulate
d
us
ing
t
he
G
A
te
c
hn
i
qu
e
t
o
determine
their
op
ti
mal
va
lues
intel
li
gent
ly.
O
ptimi
sat
ion
was
pe
rfo
r
med
with
IT
A
E
ser
ving
as
th
e
fitness
f
un
ct
i
on.
T
he
resu
lt
s
of
t
he
s
imulat
ion
an
d
the
stu
dy
i
nd
ic
at
e
that
the
cl
ose
d
-
l
oop
ste
p
r
esp
on
se
s
ys
te
m
performe
d
be
st
in
con
j
un
ct
io
n
w
it
h
a
PID
c
on
trolle
r
with
opti
mised
par
a
mete
rs.
M
a
xi
mu
m
ove
rsho
ot
pe
rce
n
ta
ge
rise
an
d
set
tl
ing
ti
mes
wer
e
opti
mised.
A
dd
it
io
nally
,
the
GA
-
P
ID
con
t
ro
ll
er
was
more
acc
ur
at
e
and
bette
r
sens
it
ivit
y
against
distu
rbances
w
hen co
mp
a
red to
us
in
g
it
w
it
ho
ut the
PID c
on
t
ro
ll
er
.
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
M.
Gae
ta
n
i,
T.
Huld,
E.
Vign
ati,
F.
Monforti
-
F
err
ari
o
,
A.
Dos
i
o,
and
F.
R
ae
s,
“T
he
n
ea
r
fu
tu
re
availa
b
il
i
ty
o
f
photovol
taic
energy
in
Europe
an
d
Afric
a
in
clim
at
e
-
ae
rosol
mod
el
ing
expe
r
iment
s,”
R
ene
w
.
Susta
in.
Ene
rgy
Rev.
,
vol.
38
,
pp
.
706
–
716,
2014
.
[2]
Z.
Mi
ng
,
L.
Xi
me
i
,
L.
Na,
and
X.
Song,
“Ove
ral
l
rev
i
ew
of
re
newa
ble
en
erg
y
ta
riff
policy
in
China
:
evol
u
ti
on
,
im
plementat
ion,
proble
ms
and co
unte
rm
ea
sures,
”
Re
new
.
Sustain
.
Ene
rgy
Rev.
,
vol
.
25
,
pp
.
260
–
27
1,
2013
.
[3]
Y.
-
P.
Hs
ie
h,
J.
-
F.
Chen
,
T.
-
J.
Li
ang
,
and
L.
-
S
.
Yang
,
“Nove
l
high
step
-
up
DC
–
DC
conve
rt
er
for
distri
bu
ted
gene
ra
ti
on
sys
t
e
m,
”
I
E
EE
Tr
ans.
Ind. Elec
tron
.
,
v
ol.
60
,
no
.
4
,
pp
.
1473
–
1482,
201
1.
[4]
D.
W
.
Har
t,
“
Po
wer
elec
troni
cs
,”
Tata Mc
Gr
aw
-
Hill
Educ
at
ion
,
2011.
[5]
F.
L. L
uo
and
H.
Ye,
“
Advan
ce
d
dc/
dc
con
v
ert
ers
,
”
S
ec
ond
.
crc
P
ress
,
2016.
[6]
R.
-
J.
Wai,
C.
-
Y.
Li
n
,
R.
-
Y.
Dua
n,
and
Y.
-
R.
Ch
ang,
“High
-
eff
icienc
y
DC
-
DC
co
nver
te
r
with
hig
h
voltage
ga
in
a
nd
red
uce
d
sw
it
ch
stress,”
IEEE
Tr
ans.
Ind. Elec
tron.
,
vol. 54, no. 1,
pp.
354
–
364
,
20
07.
[7]
B.
York,
W.
Yu,
and
J.
-
S
.
L
ai,
“
An
int
egr
at
ed
bo
ost
resona
nt
con
ver
te
r
for
pho
tov
olt
aic
appl
i
catio
ns,”
IE
EE
Tr
ans
.
Powe
r E
le
c
tron.
,
vol. 28, no. 3, p
p.
1199
–
1207
,
2
012.
[8]
N.
Siddhart
h
an
and
B.
Ba
la
s
ubra
ma
n
ia
n,
“P
erf
orma
n
ce
evalua
ti
on
of
SEP
IC,
Luo
and
Z
ET
A
conv
ert
er
,
”
Int
ernati
on
al
J
o
urnal
of
Pow
er
El
e
c
tronic
s and
Dri
ve
Syst
em
,
vo
l.
10
,
no
.
1
,
p
.
37
4,
2019
.
[9]
R.
K.
Pach
aur
i
a
nd
Y.
K.
Chauhan,
“Mode
l
ing
an
d
simul
ation
an
a
lysis
of
PV
fed
Cuk,
Sepic,
Z
et
a
and
Luo
DC
-
DC
conve
rt
er,”
in
2
016
IEE
E
1st
I
nte
rnational
Co
nfe
renc
e
on
Po
wer
El
e
ct
ronics
,
Inte
l
li
gen
t
Con
trol
and
Ene
rg
y
Syste
ms
(ICPE
I
CES)
,
pp
.
1
–
6
,
2
016
.
[10]
F.
L.
Luo
,
H
.
Ye
,
and
M.
H.
R
ashid,
“
Digital
power
e
lectr
oni
cs
an
d
applications
,”
El
sev
ie
r
,
2010.
[11]
I.
Alh
am
rouni
,
M.
K.
R
ahmat,
F.
A.
Ism
ai
l
,
M
.
Sal
em,
A.
Jus
oh,
and
T
.
Sut
i
kno,
“D
esign
an
d
developme
n
t
of
SEP
IC
DC
-
DC
boost
conve
rt
er
f
or
photovol
t
aic
a
ppli
c
at
ion
,
”
In
t
e
rnational
J
ourna
l
of
Pow
er
E
le
c
t
ronics
and
Dri
ve
Syst
em
,
vo
l. 10,
no,
1
,
pp
.
406
-
4
13
2019.
[12]
S.
J.
Chi
ang,
H
.
-
J.
Shieh,
and
M.
-
C.
Chen
,
“Mode
li
ng
and
con
trol
of
PV
cha
rg
er
sys
te
m
with
SEP
IC
conve
rt
e
r,
”
IEE
E
Tr
ans.
Ind
.
E
lectron.
,
vol
.
56,
no
.
11
,
pp
.
4
344
–
4353,
2009
.
[13]
R.
Pala
n
isam
y
,
K.
Vija
yaku
ma
r
,
V.
Venka
tach
al
a
m,
R
.
M.
Na
ray
ana
n
,
D.
Sar
ava
naku
ma
r
,
an
d
K.
Sara
van
an,
“Sim
ulation
of
var
ious
DC
-
DC
conve
r
te
rs
f
or
photovoltaic
sys
te
m,”
In
te
r
nati
onal
J
ourna
l
E
le
c
tr
ic
al
an
d
.
Comput
er
Eng
in
ee
ring
,
vol
.
9
,
n
o.
2
,
p
.
917
,
201
9.
[14]
H.
-
J.
Chiu,
Y
.
-
K.
Lo
,
J.
-
T
.
Chen
,
S.
-
J.
Cheng,
C.
-
Y.
Li
n
,
and
S.
-
C
.
Mou,
“A
h
igh
-
eff
icienc
y
dimm
abl
e
LE
D
driv
er
for
low
-
power li
ghti
ng
appl
i
ca
t
io
ns,”
IE
EE Tr
ans.
Ind
.
E
lectron.
,
vol.
57
,
no
.
2
,
pp
.
735
–
743
,
2009
.
[15]
T.
Arunkumar
i
,
I.
Jag
ade
es
h,
and
V.
Indr
agandhi,
“De
sign
a
nd
im
p
le
m
entation
of
modi
f
ie
d
multil
evel
sep
i
c
conve
rt
er
for
PV
applications,”
I
ndones.
J
.
Elec
tr
.
Eng
.
Comput
.
S
ci
.
,
vo
l. 14, no. 3
,
pp
.
1125
–
1133
,
2019.
[16]
M.
R.
M.
N.
S.Venka
t
ana
r
aya
nan
,
“De
sign
and
I
mpl
ement
at
ion
o
f
SEP
IC
a
nd
Bo
ost
Converters
f
or
Wi
nd
and
Fu
e
l
ce
l
l
Appli
cations,
”
In
t. J.
Inno
v.
Re
s.
S
ci. Eng. Te
chnol
.
,
vo
l. 3, no
.
3
,
pp
.
378
–
383
,
2014.
[17]
S.
A.
Yasin
,
J
.
K
uma
r,
Y.
Kum
ar
,
S.
Ath
ikka
l
,
an
d
J.
Pet
er,
“An
alys
is
of
a
Dual
In
put
DC
-
DC
Con
ver
te
r
Topol
ogy
Based
on
SEP
I
C
Configuratio
n,
”
in
2019
Int
ernati
onal
Conf
ere
nce
on
Pow
er
Elec
troni
cs
Appl
ic
a
ti
ons
an
d
Technol
ogy
in
P
resent
En
ergy
S
c
enario
(P
ETPE
S
)
,
pp
.
1
–
6
,
2019
.
[18]
G.
Sureshkumaar,
N.
Kann
an,
S
.
Thomas,
and
S.
P.
Kart
hik
ey
an,
“M
at
l
ab/
sim
uli
nk
simul
ation
s
base
d
modi
fi
e
d
sepic
DC
to
DC
conve
rt
er
for
ren
ewa
bl
e
en
er
gy
appl
i
ca
t
ions,
”
J.
Adv.
Re
s
.
Dyn.
Control
Sy
st.
,
vol
.
11,
no
.
4,
pp.
285
–
295
,
20
19.
[19]
I.
A.
Humi
ed,
“
Solving
N
-
Quee
ns
Problem
Us
ing
Subproblem
s
base
d
on
Gene
tic
Algori
thm,”
I
AE
S
In
t
ernati
on
al
.
Journal
Art
if
i
ci
a
l
Int
el
l
ige
nc
e
,
vo
l.
7
,
no
.
3
,
pp
.
13
0
–
137,
2018
.
[20]
R.
L
.
Haup
t and S
.
E. Ha
upt
,
“
Prac
t
ic
a
l
g
ene
t
ic a
l
gorit
hms,
”
se
con
d
edi.
John
W
il
e
y
&
Sons
,
2004
.
[21]
J.
J.
Rober
ts,
A.
M.
Cassula
,
J.
L.
Silv
ei
r
a,
P.
O
.
Prado,
and
J.
C.
F.
Junior
,
“GAtoolbox:
a
Mat
la
b
-
base
d
Gene
tic
Algorit
hm
Toolbox
for
Func
ti
o
n
Optimiz
at
ion
,
”
in
the
12th
la
tin
-
american
con
gress
on
elec
tricity
gen
erati
on
a
nd
transm
ission
-
cl
agte
e
,
vo
l. 12,
20
17.
[22]
N.
A.
M.
Kam
ar
i,
I
.
Mus
iri
n,
A
.
A.
Ibra
hi
m,
and
S.
A.
Halim,
“In
te
lligent
sw
arm
-
base
d
optimization
te
chn
ique
for
oscil
latory
stab
ility
assess
me
nt
i
n
power
sys
te
m
,
”
IAES
Int
ernational
.
Journal
Ar
ti
f
i
ci
al
Intell
ig
en
ce
,
vol.
8,
no.
4
,
pp.
342
-
351
,
20
19.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Desig
n, m
odel
li
ng
and si
m
ulat
ion
of contr
olled
se
pic
DC
-
D
C co
nverter
-
based …
(
M
oham
med O
m
ar
Ali
)
2125
[23]
X.
W
ang,
M
.
W
u,
L
.
Ouyang
,
a
nd
Q.
Ta
ng,
“
Th
e
app
li
c
at
ion
of
GA
-
PID
cont
rol
al
gor
it
hm
to
DC
-
DC
conve
rt
er,”
in
Proc
ee
dings
o
f
th
e
29th
Chin
ese
Control
Confer
enc
e
,
pp.
3492
–
3496
,
2010
.
[24]
M.
F.
Adnan,
M.
A.
M.
Onind
a,
M.
M.
Nishat
,
a
nd
N.
Isla
m,
“De
sign
and
Si
mulati
on
of
a
DC
-
D
C
Boost
Converter
with
PID
Contro
ll
er
for enhan
ce
d
Perform
an
ce,”
I
nt.
J. E
ng
.
Re
s.
Technol
.
,
vo
l. 6,
no.
09
,
pp
.
27
–
3
2,
2017
.
[25]
Y.
Li
,
K
.
H.
Ang,
and
G.
C
.
Y.
C
hong,
“PID c
ont
rol
sys
tem
an
al
y
sis
and
design
,
”
IEE
E
Control
S
y
st.
Mag.
,
vol.
26
,
no.
1
,
pp
.
32
–
41
,
2006.
[26]
J.
E.
Sa
laza
r
-
Du
que,
E
.
I
.
Orti
z
-
Rive
ra
,
and
J
.
Gonza
l
ez
-
L
lore
n
te,
“Ana
lysis
and
non
-
li
ne
ar
con
tr
ol
of
SEP
IC
dc
-
dc
conve
rt
er
in
pho
tovol
taic
sys
tem
s,”
in
2015
IEEE
Workshop
on
P
ower
El
e
ct
ronics
and
Powe
r
Qua
li
ty
A
ppl
ic
at
ions
(PE
PQA)
,
pp
.
1
–
6
,
2015
.
BIOGR
AP
H
I
ES
OF
A
UTH
ORS
Mohamm
ed
Om
ar
Ali
was
bor
n
in
B
abyl
on
,
I
raq
,
in
1986
.
H
e
re
ceive
d
the
B.
Sc.
d
egr
e
e
in
El
e
ct
ri
ca
l
Engi
n
ee
ring
fro
m
B
ab
ylon
Univ
ersit
y
,
Ira
q
,
in
2008
,
t
he
M.Sc
.
degr
ee
in
Pow
er
and
Mac
hine
s
from
Baghda
d
Univer
sity,
Ira
q
,
in
20
14.
He
is
cur
r
e
ntl
y
working
to
wa
rds
the
Ph.D.
degr
ee
in
E
lectr
ic
Pow
er
a
t
d
e
par
tment
of
El
e
ct
ri
ca
l
Eng
ineer
ing,
Univ
ersit
y
of
T
ec
hnology
Baghda
d,
Ira
q
.
His
rese
ar
ch
in
t
ere
sts
mod
el
ing
,
simul
a
ti
on
,
an
al
ysis,
and
im
p
le
m
ent
a
ti
on
of
fra
ctional
orde
r
reg
ulated
el
e
ct
r
i
c
power
conve
rt
ers
.
He
is
As
sis
ta
nt
Lectu
rer
wi
th
Al
-
Hus
sein
Univer
sity
Co
ll
e
ge,
K
arb
ala, Ira
q
,
from
2014
un
ti
l
the pre
sen
t.
Ali
Hus
ai
n
Ahm
ad
was
born
in
F
ade
l
li
a
,
Ninav
ah,
Ira
q
,
in
1951
.
He
r
ecei
ved
the
B.
Sc.
d
egr
e
e
in
El
e
ct
ri
ca
l
Eng
i
nee
ring
/Power
and
m
ac
h
ine
in
1976,
th
e
P.G.
Dip
loma
in
E
lectr
i
cal
Engi
ne
eri
ng/
P
o
wer
and
M
a
chi
n
e
in
1977
,
the
M.Sc.
in
Elec
tr
i
ca
l
Eng
ine
e
ring/P
ower
Elec
tron
i
cs
in
1979,
a
ll
fro
m
unive
rsity
of
M
osul
Coll
eg
e
of
Engi
ne
eri
ng,
Ele
ct
ri
ca
l
Eng.
Dep
t
.
,
and
the
Ph
.
D.
degr
ee
from
Techni
c
al
Univ
ersit
y
Sofia
,
Bu
lg
ari
a
in
1990
.
H
e
worked
as
a
dea
n
sc
ie
nt
ific
assistant
in
control
and
com
put
e
r
engi
n
ee
r
ing
d
e
par
tment
Univer
sity
of
T
ec
hnol
ogy,
B
aghda
d
,
Ira
q
for
th
e
aca
dem
i
c
y
ea
r
200
2/2003.
He
b
ecam
e
an
assistan
t
prof
ess
or
in
2
003.
Now
h
e
is
working
with
Al
-
Hadi
Univer
sity
Coll
ege
as
a
h
ea
d
of
Me
dic
a
l
Instrum
entati
on
Techni
que
s
Engi
ne
eri
ng
De
par
tment
from
Octobe
r
2019
u
p
to
now.
The
fie
lds
o
f
h
is
res
ea
rch
in
te
r
ests
a
re
cont
rol
and
power
e
lectr
oni
cs.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.