In
te
r
n
ation
a
l Jou
rn
al
o
f Po
we
r
Elec
tron
ic
s an
d
D
r
ive S
y
stem
(IJ
PED
S
)
V
o
l.
10, N
o.
4, D
e
c
e
m
ber
201
9,
pp.
1714~
17
23
ISSN: 2088-
8694,
DOI
:
10.11591
/ijpeds.
v10.
i
4.pp1714-1723
1
7
14
Jou
rn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
:
ht
tp:
//i
a
e
score
.
com
/
j
o
u
r
na
l
s
/
i
n
d
e
x
.
p
hp/IJ
PED
S
Torque ripp
l
e minimization o
f P
M
BLDC motor using sim
p
le
boost inverter
V.
K
ri
s
h
nak
u
ma
r
1
,
N
. Ma
dha
n
a
kk
uma
r
2
,
P. P
u
gazh
e
n
d
iran
3
,
C.
B
ha
ra
t
h
i
r
a
j
a
4
, V.
Sriram
k
u
mar
5
1
D
e
part
men
t
o
f E
l
ectri
cal an
d
E
lect
roni
cs Eng
in
e
e
ring
, S
t
. J
o
sep
h’
s
C
o
l
l
e
g
e
of
E
ng
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
,
I
n
d
i
a
2
Ma
ila
m
E
ng
in
e
e
ring
C
ol
le
g
e
,
I
n
d
i
a
3
D
e
partm
e
n
t
o
f El
ectri
cal an
d
E
lect
ro
ni
cs E
ng
in
e
e
ring
, IF
E
T Coll
eg
e of
Eng
in
eerin
g, In
d
i
a
4
S
R
M
In
s
t
itu
te
o
f
S
c
ien
ce
and
Te
ch
nol
og
y,
I
nd
i
a
5
Ma
ila
m
E
ng
in
e
e
ring
C
ol
le
g
e
,
I
n
d
i
a
Art
i
cl
e In
fo
ABSTRACT
A
r
tic
le hist
o
r
y
:
R
e
c
e
i
v
e
d
Sep
1
1
,
2
018
Re
vise
d N
ov
19,
201
8
Ac
ce
p
t
ed
M
a
y
2
6
,
2
019
Th
is
p
aper
p
ro
po
ses
t
h
e
im
plement
a
tio
n
of
s
im
ple
boo
st
c
ircuit
in
corp
orated
in
i
nv
e
r
te
r
fe
d
B
r
ushle
s
s
D
C
(
BLDC)
mo
to
r
d
r
iv
e
to
b
oo
st
t
h
e
p
e
rforma
nc
e
of
t
o
r
qu
e.
B
LD
C
mo
to
r
b
ecomin
g
s
u
b
tle
b
ecaus
e
o
f
its
p
erf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
.
B
u
t
t
h
e
mo
to
r
pe
r
f
o
r
ma
n
c
e
is
i
n
f
e
r
io
r
du
e
to th
e
volt
a
ge sou
rce in
verte
r
f
e
d o
p
erati
on
of
B
L
D
C
mot
o
r
which
ini
t
ia
t
e
s
to
rqu
e
r
ipp
l
e
d
u
ri
ng
c
omm
u
t
a
tion.
H
ere
th
e
us
age
of
S
wi
tc
h
e
d
Boo
s
t
In
v
e
rter
(
S
B
I)
whi
c
h
min
i
mi
z
e
s
the
s
t
or
ag
e
elem
en
ts
(
passiv
e
e
lem
e
n
t
s
)
,
m
o
re
a
ct
iv
e
elem
en
t
an
d
i
n
t
r
o
d
uces
s
ho
ot
th
rou
gh
m
o
d
e
d
uri
ng
com
m
u
tation
a
s
l
i
k
e
Z
-s
ource
i
n
v
e
rt
er.
The
anal
ys
e
s
o
f
th
ree
p
h
ase
sw
itc
h
e
d
bo
os
t
i
n
v
e
r
t
er
f
ed
B
L
D
C
mo
to
r
dri
v
e
hav
e
b
een
carried
ou
t.
T
h
e
p
erf
o
rm
ance
o
f
t
o
r
qu
e
al
mo
s
t
d
epend
s
o
n
th
e
s
t
ato
r
p
ha
s
e
c
urrent
o
f
th
e
m
o
t
o
r.
I
n
BLD
C
m
o
t
or
d
uring
com
m
u
t
a
ti
on
i
n
t
erval
,
o
ne
p
hase
l
o
s
s
i
t
s
exact
s
t
a
to
r
phase
c
u
rrent
h
en
ce
i
t
i
n
s
ti
gat
e
r
ip
pl
e
on
t
h
e
t
o
r
qu
e.
T
h
e
p
r
op
ose
d
m
e
t
ho
d
fo
c
u
se
s
two
in
te
ntions
t
o
reduce
the
torque
r
ip
p
l
e
.
T
h
e
f
i
r
s
t
in
ten
s
i
on
i
s
t
o
operate
t
he
B
LDC
m
o
to
r
a
t
1
80ᵒ
e
lect
rical
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
io
n
mo
de
,
seco
nd
i
nten
si
o
n
i
s
to
i
ntro
du
ce
t
h
e
s
h
o
o
t
t
h
rou
g
h
i
n
t
e
rval
t
o
bo
ost
the
dc
li
nk
v
o
ltag
e
s
o
a
s
t
o
m
a
i
n
t
a
in
t
he
s
t
a
tor
ph
ase
curren
t
c
on
trol
w
h
i
ch
l
ead
s
to
su
pp
ress
t
h
e
torqu
e
r
i
ppl
e
duri
n
g
co
mm
u
t
ation.
T
he
v
alidatio
n
o
f
the
pro
p
o
s
ed
S
BI
b
as
ed
B
LDC
m
o
tor
co
ntrol
i
s
d
em
on
s
t
rated
b
o
t
h
b
y
MATLAB
/
S
i
mu
link
a
n
d
F
i
e
l
d
p
r
og
ra
mma
b
l
e
ga
te
a
rra
y
(FP
G
A)
c
on
tro
ll
er
-
SPARR
TAN
III
p
roces
sor.
T
he
e
xperi
m
e
nt
al
r
esults
o
f
t
h
e
develo
p
ed
S
BI
b
a
s
e
d
B
L
D
C
m
o
t
o
r
d
r
i
v
e
i
s
w
o
r
k
i
n
g
o
v
e
r
a
w
i
d
e
s
p
e
e
d
r
a
n
g
e
w
i
t
h
mi
nim
a
l
to
rqu
e
rip
p
l
e
co
m
p
ared
to
th
e norm
a
l PW
M
bas
e
d i
n
v
e
rter control
.
K
eyw
ord
s
:
BL
D
C
m
otor
PMBLD
C
Torq
ue
r
ip
pl
e
m
i
ni
m
i
za
ti
on
Co
pyri
gh
t © 2
019 In
stit
u
t
e
of Advanced
En
gi
neeri
n
g
an
d
S
c
ien
ce.
All
rights
res
e
rv
ed.
Corres
pon
d
i
n
g
Au
th
or:
V
.
K
r
i
s
h
n
a
kuma
r
,
D
e
pa
rtme
nt
o
f
El
e
c
t
rica
l
a
n
d
El
ect
ro
ni
c
s
Eng
in
e
e
ring
,
S
t
.
Joseph’s C
o
l
l
e
g
e
of En
g
i
nee
r
i
n
g
,
OM
R
,
Che
nn
ai-6
00
119
, In
d
i
a
.
Em
ail:
v_kr
i
s
h
n
a
kum
ar
@yma
i
l
.
c
om
1.
I
N
TR
OD
U
C
TI
O
N
I
n
r
e
c
e
n
t
d
a
y
s
B
r
u
s
h
l
e
s
s
D
C
m
o
t
o
r
b
e
c
o
m
i
n
g
p
o
p
u
l
a
r
b
e
c
a
u
s
e
o
f
a
b
s
ence
o
f
brus
hes.
B
LD
C
mot
o
r
i
s
u
sed
in
m
e
d
i
c
al
i
n
s
t
r
u
m
ent
s
,
s
p
ac
e,
f
u
e
l
pu
mp
,
ac
t
u
ato
r
s
a
n
d
r
obo
ti
c
s
a
p
p
li
ca
tion
s
.
No
rma
l
D
C
mo
to
r
h
a
s
me
cha
n
ic
al
c
o
m
m
u
tator
w
h
i
c
h
w
a
s
sub
j
ec
te
d
to
w
ea
r
a
n
d
te
ar.
The
i
n
t
rod
u
ct
i
on
o
f
e
l
e
c
t
ro
nic
comm
uta
t
or
(S
i
x
S
tep
Inverter)
in
B
LDC
m
o
to
r
m
a
de
i
t
p
o
ssi
b
le
t
o
o
p
era
t
e
i
n
re
l
i
a
b
l
e
m
an
ner
.
T
here
a
r
e
m
any
mot
o
rs
in
si
de
t
he
a
irp
l
ane
an
d
bi
om
edica
l
i
n
s
trum
e
n
t
s
i
s
re
plac
e
d
by
B
LD
C
m
o
t
o
r
due
t
o
i
t
s
s
uper
i
or
p
e
rfor
m
anc
e
l
i
k
e
hi
gh
e
r
d
yn
a
m
i
c
r
e
s
pon
se
,
h
i
g
h
e
r
ef
fi
c
i
en
c
y
a
nd
h
as
h
igh
t
o
r
que
t
o
w
e
ig
h
t
r
at
io.
Th
is
p
a
p
er
p
re
se
n
t
s
a
S
B
I
w
h
i
c
h
b
o
o
s
t
s
the
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
in
t
he
i
n
v
ert
e
r
.
T
he
boos
t
i
nver
t
e
r
uses
r
educe
d
s
torage
e
lem
e
n
t
s.
T
his
bo
ost
in
verter
is imp
l
em
ente
d
in t
he
B
LD
C m
o
tor d
r
i
v
e
w
h
ic
h
reduc
es t
he
s
t
a
t
o
r c
u
rrent
h
arm
o
n
i
cs spec
t
r
u
m.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
IS
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
T
o
r
q
u
e
ri
ppl
e mi
ni
mi
zat
i
on
of
PMBLDC mo
t
o
r u
s
ing
si
mpl
e
b
o
o
st
in
v
e
rt
er
(V.
K
r
i
s
hna
ku
ma
r)
1
715
The
d
i
gi
ta
l
s
p
ee
d
co
n
t
rolle
rs
f
or
t
hr
ee
pha
s
e
B
LD
C
m
o
t
o
r
h
a
ve
b
ee
n
d
e
si
gne
d
t
o
ope
rate
i
n
fo
ur
qua
dra
n
t
s
.
T
h
e
pr
opo
se
d
me
tho
d
c
o
n
fine
s
t
h
e
pow
e
r
l
oss
an
d
in
r
e
g
e
n
era
tive
mo
de
t
he
e
ne
rgy
ha
s
be
e
n
e
ffi
c
i
entl
y
u
til
iz
ed
[
1
]
.
Th
e
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
l
v
ari
a
bl
e
st
ru
ct
u
r
e
con
t
r
o
l
(
I
V
SC)
to
r
educe
the
tor
q
u
e
r
ipp
l
e
i
n
b
r
u
shle
ss
D
C
m
ot
or
h
as
b
ee
n
prese
n
te
d.
T
he
n
on
i
d
eal
t
ra
pez
o
id
al
b
ac
k
E
M
F
w
ave
s
ha
pe
a
nd
c
onve
nti
ona
l
c
u
r
r
ent
con
t
ro
l
s
t
ra
t
e
g
y
a
re
t
he
m
aj
or
c
o
n
ce
rn
f
o
r
g
e
n
er
at
io
n
of
t
orq
u
e
r
i
p
p
l
e
i
n
B
L
D
C
m
o
t
o
r
.
T
h
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
op
tim
iza
t
i
o
n
m
e
c
h
ani
s
m
ha
s
bee
n
p
ro
po
s
e
d
to
r
ed
uce
t
h
e
tor
que
r
i
p
p
l
e
[2].
T
he
h
y
s
tere
si
s
com
p
ar
ator
f
or
BL
D
C
m
otor
t
o
ac
h
i
e
v
e
se
ns
orless
c
o
n
t
ro
l
for
aut
o
m
o
t
i
ve
f
ue
l
p
u
m
p
a
p
p
l
i
c
at
i
ons
h
a
v
e
b
een
d
es
i
gne
d
w
h
ic
h
senses
t
he
t
hre
e
phase
t
erm
i
n
a
l
vol
ta
ge
a
n
d
f
e
d
t
o
t
h
e
lo
w
pass
f
il
t
e
r
(
L
PF)
t
o
sup
r
es
s
t
h
e
h
i
gh
s
wit
c
hi
ng
fre
que
nc
y
n
o
i
s
e
.
T
h
e
p
h
a
s
e
l
a
gs
o
f
the
r
o
t
o
r
spe
e
d
have
b
een
d
e
n
o
te
d
b
y
v
ar
ia
ti
on
i
n
c
ut
o
ff
f
r
e
que
nc
y
o
f
LPF.
T
h
e
h
y
s
tere
si
s
co
mp
arat
o
r
h
a
s
b
ee
n
int
r
od
u
c
e
d
t
o
comp
en
s
a
t
e
t
h
e
ph
a
s
e
l
a
g
i
s
su
e
s
.
Th
e
ph
a
s
e
l
a
g
i
s
su
es
have
s
i
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
l
y
a
dju
s
te
d
[3]
.
T
he
m
a
t
he
ma
t
i
c
a
l
e
q
u
a
tio
n
of
t
he
c
og
g
i
ng
tor
que,
un
ba
l
a
nced
m
agne
t
i
c
forc
e
(U
MF
)
and
b
a
c
k
E
MF
t
o
t
h
e
BLD
C
m
o
t
or
h
as
b
een
d
e
r
i
v
e
d
t
o
e
s
t
i
m
a
t
e
t
h
e
h
a
r
m
o
n
i
c
s
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
n
P
M
ma
gnet
i
za
t
i
o
n
.
The
e
xper
i
m
e
nta
l
v
a
lida
tio
n
of
p
ro
po
sed
m
a
them
a
t
ica
l
e
qua
ti
on
s
has
be
e
n
t
e
s
te
d
i
n
h
a
r
d
d
i
sc
dri
v
e.
T
he
u
ne
ve
n
m
a
g
n
e
t
iza
t
i
o
n of
P
M
c
a
u
s
e
d
d
u
e
to the h
arm
oni
cs
o
f
ba
c
k
E
MF
,
cogg
i
ng
t
o
rque
a
n
d
U
MF
has
bee
n
i
mpr
o
v
e
d
[
4
].
T
he
B
ridge
less
c
u
k
c
onve
rter
f
o
r
B
LD
C
m
o
t
o
r
d
r
i
v
e
h
a
s
b
een
d
e
v
e
l
op
ed
.
Th
e
pro
pose
d
c
o
n
v
e
rter
d
rive
o
pe
r
a
tes
i
n
d
isco
n
tin
uo
us
i
n
d
u
ct
or
c
u
r
rent
m
od
e
(
D
ICM)
t
o
enha
nc
e
pow
e
r
f
act
o
r
corr
ecti
o
n
(P
F
C
)
a
n
d
u
pgra
d
e
pow
er
qua
l
i
ty
i
ss
ue
s
[5]
.
T
he
n
o
v
e
l
a
ppr
oach
t
o
r
e
duce
t
h
e
torq
ue
r
ip
ple
in
BL
D
C
m
otor
d
rive
w
i
t
h
S
E
P
I
C
c
o
nve
rter
c
o
m
bine
d
w
i
t
h
t
h
r
e
e
l
eve
l
n
e
u
tral-p
oi
n
t
-cla
mp
ed
i
n
v
erte
r
has
b
e
en
deve
l
ope
d
w
h
i
c
h r
e
sul
t
s
be
tt
e
r
suppr
essio
n
o
f c
o
mm
utat
ion
to
r
q
u
e r
i
p
p
l
e
[6].
The
t
o
rq
ue
r
ip
ple
ha
s
bee
n
i
m
p
rove
d
onl
y
by
oper
a
t
i
n
g
t
he
t
hre
e
p
h
a
s
e
i
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
f
e
d
B
L
D
C
m
o
t
o
r
d
r
iv
e
i
n
180
◦
c
ond
uc
ti
on
m
o
d
e
in
stea
d
of
f
r
e
que
nt
1
2
0
◦
c
on
d
u
ct
ion
m
o
de.
The
c
o
mm
uta
t
ion
t
o
rq
ue
r
ip
ple
ma
inly
h
ap
pe
n
s
due
t
o
sw
i
t
c
h
in
g
o
f
l
oa
d
c
u
rre
n
t
f
r
o
m
on
e
phase
to
a
not
h
e
r
ph
as
e
at
e
v
e
ry
6
0
ᵒ
i
n
s
t
a
n
t
.
T
h
e
p
r
op
o
s
ed
a
pp
ro
a
c
h
u
se
s
du
al
s
w
i
t
c
hi
ng
m
o
d
e
t
e
c
hni
qu
e
t
o
e
nh
a
n
c
e
t
h
e
c
om
muta
t
i
o
n
tor
q
ue
r
i
p
ple
of
t
he
motor
[7].
T
he
n
e
w
d
ire
c
t
t
o
r
que
c
on
tro
l
f
or
B
LD
C
m
o
tor
w
ith
u
p
gra
d
e
d
r
elia
b
ili
ty
h
a
s
b
ee
n
ad
dr
ess
e
d
t
o
li
m
i
t
t
h
e
t
o
rq
u
e
r
ip
pl
e
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
u
se
o
f
three
lev
e
l
h
y
st
er
esis
torq
ue
c
o
n
t
r
oller
[8].
T
he
c
os
t
ef
fec
t
i
v
e
BLD
C
dri
v
e
for
w
a
te
r
pum
p
a
p
p
l
ic
a
t
i
o
n
h
a
s
be
e
n
d
e
s
ig
ne
d.
T
he
f
i
r
st
i
n
t
e
nd
to
d
eve
l
o
p
t
he
m
a
p
pi
n
g
a
lg
orithm
t
o
mat
c
h
t
h
e
t
o
rqu
e
a
n
d
s
p
e
ed
o
f
th
e
moto
r
in
o
rd
er
t
o
a
c
hi
ev
e
b
e
t
t
e
r
e
f
fi
ci
e
n
cy
poi
nt
.
Th
e
se
cond
i
nte
n
d
t
o
deve
l
o
p
the
c
o
st-e
ffe
c
t
i
v
e
BLD
C
m
ot
or
f
or
w
ide
s
pr
ead
n
ume
r
ica
l
ana
l
ys
is
t
ec
hn
i
q
ue
[
9]
.
The
v
e
c
t
or
appr
oa
ch
a
l
o
n
g
w
ith
p
e
t
al
s
ha
pe
c
urr
e
nt
t
r
a
ject
ory
o
p
era
t
e
d
P
M
BLD
C
m
otor
d
r
i
ve
t
o
a
c
h
i
e
v
e
ri
pp
le
f
re
e
tor
que
h
as
b
ee
n
p
r
ese
n
ted.
T
he
p
r
o
p
o
se
d
pe
tal
w
a
ve
c
urre
nt
s
u
p
p
ly
i
mp
ro
v
e
s
th
e
to
rq
ue
c
a
p
ab
ili
ty
[
10
].
T
h
e
tor
que
r
ip
p
l
e
m
i
nimi
za
ti
on
t
e
c
hn
i
que
f
or
B
LD
C
m
o
t
o
r
dr
ive
w
i
t
h
o
ut
a
D
C
l
i
nk
c
ap
aci
to
r
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
d
eve
l
op
ed
w
h
ic
h
use
s
s
in
gle
sw
itch
c
o
n
t
ro
l
stra
teg
y
,
o
p
er
at
i
o
n
i
s
s
im
il
a
r
t
o
b
u
c
k
c
o
nve
r
t
er
a
t
an
y
sw
i
t
c
h
in
g
s
t
ate
and
effec
t
i
v
e
va
l
i
d
a
ti
o
n
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
exper
i
m
e
nte
d
w
it
h
a
25
0
w
prot
ot
y
pe
m
ot
or
d
rive,
w
ith
e
ffec
tive
c
o
mp
e
n
sa
t
i
o
n
of
t
orq
u
e
ri
p
p
l
e
[11].
The
a
n
aly
s
is
o
f
si
n
u
soi
d
a
l
v
er
sus
s
quare
w
a
v
e
c
u
r
r
ent
s
u
p
p
ly
f
or
P
M
BLD
C
m
otor
dri
v
e
has
bee
n
d
e
s
cri
b
e
d
.
Th
e
sq
uare
w
ave
cur
r
ents
s
u
p
p
l
i
e
d
to
B
L
DC
m
o
t
o
r
a
ff
ect
s
th
e
to
rqu
e
p
erf
o
rma
n
ce
w
h
en
t
he
m
ot
o
r
ope
rat
e
s
a
t
h
igh
s
p
ee
d
a
n
d
d
u
r
i
ng
c
om
m
u
t
a
tio
n
pr
oce
s
s
t
h
e
si
g
n
ific
an
t
to
r
q
ue
r
i
p
ple
a
s
c
e
nd
s
at bo
t
h low
an
d hi
g
h
spe
e
d
r
a
nge
s
[1
2].
Tor
q
u
e
p
red
i
c
t
ive
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
(
T
PC)
to
m
in
im
iz
e
the
torq
ue
r
i
p
ple
f
or
P
MS
M
m
o
tor
dri
v
e
ha
s
bee
n
des
i
g
n
e
d
w
h
i
c
h
c
on
ta
ins
m
a
t
h
em
ati
cal
c
a
l
c
u
la
tio
ns
t
o
se
l
e
ct
t
he
r
efere
n
c
e
v
olta
ge
v
ec
to
r
w
h
ic
h
c
o
n
t
rol
the
elec
tr
oma
gne
t
i
c
tor
q
ue
a
nd
s
ta
tor
fl
u
x
w
it
h
t
h
e
es
t
i
m
a
t
e
d
t
o
rqu
e
and
st
at
o
r
f
l
u
x
erro
rs
w
hi
c
h
f
u
r
t
h
er
t
end
s
t
o
reduc
e
t
h
e
t
o
rq
ue
r
i
p
ple
a
n
d
i
m
pr
ove
d
dy
n
a
mic
s
o
f
t
h
e
s
y
s
t
em
[
1
3,
1
4].
Inter
t
u
rn
s
h
o
rt
c
ircu
it
f
a
u
lt
a
n
a
ly
sis
st
r
a
te
gy
t
o
i
n
te
rior
P
M
S
M
for
elec
tr
i
c
v
e
h
i
c
le
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
on
h
a
s
bee
n
p
r
o
pose
d
[
1
5
].
T
he
r
e
g
ener
a
t
i
v
e
c
h
a
r
ging
con
t
ro
l
stra
te
g
y
f
or
B
LD
C
m
o
t
o
r
dri
v
e
a
p
pl
i
c
ab
le
t
o
ad
va
n
c
e
d
e
l
ectr
i
c
ve
hi
c
l
e
(EV
)
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
d
i
sc
usse
d.
T
he
Taga
ki
-
S
uge
n
o
(T-S
)
fuz
z
y
l
o
gi
c
c
o
ntr
o
l
tec
h
n
i
que
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
p
res
e
n
t
e
d
to
s
how
t
he
non
l
i
n
ea
r
d
y
na
mic
s
[
16]
.
The
P
W
M
tec
h
n
i
que
a
p
t
f
or
t
hree
p
hases
S
B
I
has
be
e
n
p
rop
o
se
d
a
n
d
im
ple
m
e
n
t
e
d
in
d
i
g
i
t
al
p
la
tform
[1
7].
The
es
ta
bl
is
he
d
V
S
I
gene
rate
s
o
u
t
p
u
t
v
o
l
tag
e
a
lw
a
y
s
lesser
t
h
an
t
he
d
c
i
n
put
v
ol
t
a
ge.
H
e
nce
the
i
n
t
r
o
d
u
c
t
io
n
of
s
ho
o
t
t
hro
u
gh
s
t
a
t
e
in
Z
-sourc
e
i
n
v
erte
r
(
Z
S
I
)
ca
n
boos
t
t
h
e
i
nv
e
r
t
e
r
ou
tpu
t
v
olt
a
g
e
b
eyon
d
t
h
e
d
c
i
npu
t
vo
lta
ge
a
nd tri
u
m
ph over
t
h
e
s
e shortc
om
in
g
of esta
b
li
s
h
e
d
V
S
I
.
More rec
ent
l
y
t
he de
v
el
ope
d S
w
itc
he
d
Bo
ost
Inver
t
e
r
(
S
B
I
)
h
as
b
e
e
n
e
xte
nde
d
from
s
i
ngl
e
phase
t
o
t
h
ree
pha
ses
wh
i
c
h
boo
sts
ou
t
put
vol
t
a
g
e
b
e
yon
d
th
e
dc
i
npu
t
vo
lta
ge
w
i
t
h
red
u
c
e
d
LC
c
om
po
ne
n
t
c
o
u
n
t
[
18]
.
The
RP
WM
t
ech
niq
u
e
h
as
b
een
p
rop
o
se
d
t
o
B
LD
C
motor
to
e
n
h
a
n
ce
t
h
e
pe
rfor
ma
nce
of
t
he
d
rive
[
1
9
].
T
he
s
pac
e
v
ec
t
o
r
P
W
M
a
p
proac
h
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
pro
p
o
se
d
t
o
minim
i
z
e
t
he
t
orq
u
e
r
i
p
p
l
e
i
n
B
LD
C
m
o
tor
[20]
.
The
performa
n
ce
o
f
s
pee
d
a
n
d
t
orq
u
e
resp
onse
ha
s
bee
n
est
i
ma
t
e
d
for
BLD
C
m
ot
or
u
s
i
n
g
f
uz
zy
l
o
g
ic
a
nd
pro
por
ti
o
n
a
l
i
nt
e
g
ral
(
P
I)
c
ontrol
l
er.
F
r
om
t
he
v
a
l
i
d
at
i
on,
F
u
z
z
y
lo
gic
c
o
n
t
ro
l
l
er
p
ro
vi
des
b
e
t
t
e
r
dyn
a
m
ic
p
er
form
anc
e
a
n
d
lim
ite
d
er
rors,
when
s
u
b
j
ect
ed
t
o
l
o
a
d
di
st
urba
nce
[2
1].
A
21
le
ve
l
m
u
l
t
i
l
e
v
el
i
nver
t
e
r
a
ppr
oa
ch
w
i
t
h
ne
w
sw
itc
h
i
n
g
c
o
n
f
i
g
ura
t
i
o
n
ha
s
bee
n
pro
pose
d
f
or
B
LD
C
m
o
t
o
r
dri
v
e.
T
he
p
rop
o
sed
t
o
po
l
o
g
y
o
ffe
r
sa
ti
sfie
d
v
o
lta
ge
p
rof
ile
w
it
h
r
e
d
u
c
e
d
sw
it
c
h
i
n
g
de
vi
ces
a
nd r
e
duce
d
tor
que
r
ip
p
l
e
[22]
.
Th
e
me
ti
cu
lous
li
t
erat
u
r
e
an
a
l
ysi
s
s
ho
ws t
h
a
t
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
me
n
t
o
f
to
rq
ue
q
ua
li
ty i
n BLD
C
m
otor dr
i
ve
i
s
bei
n
g
t
h
e
mot
i
v
ate
d
t
op
i
c
o
f
ma
ny
r
e
sea
r
ch
e
r
s.
T
his
pa
per
d
i
sc
u
sse
s
abou
t
t
h
e
mini
mi
zat
i
o
n
o
f
c
o
mmu
t
a
ti
on
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
: 208
8-
869
4
I
nt
J
P
ow
Elec
& Dr
i
S
y
st V
ol.
10,
N
o.
4
, Dec
201
9 : 1
7
1
4
–
17
23
1
716
tor
que
r
i
p
p
l
e
prese
n
t
i
n
B
L
D
C
motor.
T
h
e
t
hree
p
h
a
se
S
BI
c
onne
c
te
d
w
ith
B
LD
C
m
o
tor
dri
v
e
offers
appre
c
i
ab
le
t
o
r
que
r
i
p
ple
p
e
rfo
r
m
a
n
ce.
T
he
p
erforma
n
c
e
is
s
t
u
d
i
e
d
i
n
MA
TLA
B
/
Simul
i
n
k
sim
u
la
tio
n
pla
t
form
a
nd com
p
ar
ed t
he
r
esu
lts w
i
t
h ex
pe
rime
nt
a
l
set
up.
2.
PROPO
S
E
D
TO
P
OLO
G
Y OF
T
HR
EE
P
H
A
S
E
S
BI BASED
B
LDC MO
TOR DR
I
V
E
F
i
gure
1
s
h
o
w
s
the
pr
ove
n
i
e
n
c
e
o
f
t
o
r
q
u
e
r
i
p
p
l
e
i
n
p
e
r
ma
nent
m
a
gn
e
t
m
achi
n
es,
i
n
w
h
i
c
h
t
he
pro
pose
d
t
o
p
o
l
ogy
foc
u
se
s
o
n
c
urr
e
n
t
c
om
m
u
t
a
ti
on
e
ve
n
t
s.
T
he
p
r
o
p
o
se
d
t
h
re
e
p
h
a
s
e
sw
itc
he
d
bo
ost
m
ode
i
n
co
rpo
r
at
e
d
i
n
i
n
v
e
rt
e
r
f
ed
B
LD
C
mot
o
r
pi
on
e
e
r
shoo
t
th
ro
ugh
m
o
d
e
d
urin
g
c
o
m
m
u
tat
i
on
i
n
t
erva
l
w
ith
minim
u
m
pass
ive component.
So
u
r
c
e
s
o
f
Tor
q
u
e
R
i
p
p
l
e
s
in
PM
Ma
c
h
i
n
e
s
B
a
s
e
d
on
N
a
t
u
r
e
of
Mo
t
o
r
Ba
s
e
d
o
n
S
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
of Mot
o
r
B
a
s
e
d
on
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
of
Mo
t
o
r
E
l
e
c
tr
o
m
a
g
n
e
ti
c
Tor
q
u
e
C
o
ggi
n
g
T
o
rq
u
e
Re
l
u
ct
a
n
c
e
Tor
q
u
e
Ai
r
g
a
p
Fl
u
x
L
i
n
k
a
g
e
No
n
-
Si
n
u
s
o
i
d
a
l
BEMF
PW
M
s
c
h
e
m
e
Cu
r
r
e
n
t
Co
m
m
u
t
a
t
i
o
n
Ev
e
n
t
s
Su
r
f
a
c
e
M
o
unt
Mo
t
o
r
Sa
l
i
e
n
t
P
o
l
e
Mo
t
o
r
In
t
e
r
i
or
P
M
mo
t
o
r
Cu
r
r
e
n
t
Co
n
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
Cu
r
r
e
n
t
Co
m
m
u
t
at
i
o
n
Di
o
d
e
Fr
e
e
wh
ee
l
i
n
g
P
r
op
os
e
d
T
o
p
o
l
o
g
y
fr
o
m
F
i
gur
e 1.
Tor
que
rip
ple
sour
c
e
s
i
n
P
M
ma
chine
s
F
i
gure
2
s
h
ow
s
t
h
e
t
h
re
e
pha
se
S
BI
b
ased
B
LD
C
mo
t
o
r
drive.
S
i
n
c
e
the
B
L
D
C
m
o
t
o
r
u
se
s
ro
tor
p
o
s
i
t
i
o
n
sen
s
o
r
,
t
h
i
s
i
s lo
gi
cally
ANDed
wi
t
h
t
h
e
s
w
i
t
c
h
i
ng
pat
te
r
n
of
Sw
itc
he
d b
o
o
s
t
i
n
v
e
r
ter
.
DC
P
W
M
P
u
ls
e
to
I
n
v
er
t
e
r
V
dc
D
1
G
SW
V
1
V
i
L
V
ca
p
D
2
V
L
SW
1
SW
3
SW
5
SW
2
SW
4
SW
6
ca
p
i
L
i
ca
p
R
s
Ls
-
M
e
a
R
s
Ls
-
M
e
b
R
s
Ls
-
M
e
c
SW
1
SW
2
SW
3
SW
4
SW
5
SW
6
B
L
D
C
M
ot
or
M
o
d
e
l
H
a
l
l
Se
nso
r
Sp
e
e
d
Ca
l
c
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
PI
C
on
t
r
ol
l
e
r
C
o
nt
r
o
l
l
e
d
Vo
l
t
a
g
e
So
ur
c
e
Sw
i
t
c
h
ed
B
oo
s
t
Sho
o
t
T
h
r
o
ug
h
P
u
l
s
e
Re
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
Sp
ee
d
F
i
gure
2.
Thre
e
pha
se S
BI
base
d
P
MBLD
C
M
d
ri
ve
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
IS
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
T
o
r
q
u
e
ri
ppl
e mi
ni
mi
zat
i
on
of
PMBLDC mo
t
o
r u
s
ing
si
mpl
e
b
o
o
st
in
v
e
rt
er
(V.
K
r
i
s
hna
ku
ma
r)
1
717
DC
V
dc
D
1
SW
V
1
V
i
L
V
ca
p
V
L
ca
p
i
L
i
ca
p
D
2
DC
D
1
SW
V
1
V
i
L
V
ca
p
V
L
ca
p
i
L
i
ca
p
D
2
V
dc
i
i
(a)
Mode
1
(b) Mode 2
F
i
gure
3.
(
a) Equ
i
v
ale
n
t c
i
r
c
u
it
o
f
S
BI dur
i
n
g
sw
i
t
c
h
‘
S
W
’ O
N
,
(b)
Equiva
l
e
n
t
c
irc
u
i
t
o
f S
B
I dur
in
g sw
itc
h ‘
S
W’
O
F
F
The
s
t
e
a
d
y
s
ta
t
e
ope
ra
ti
o
n
o
f
the
b
o
o
s
t
inve
r
t
er
i
n
m
ode
1
e
xp
l
a
i
n
s
t
h
e
i
nv
ert
e
r
i
s
i
n
shoo
t
t
h
rou
gh
st
a
t
e
f
o
r
dur
at
ion
t
on
i
n
a
swi
t
ch
i
ng
c
y
c
l
e
T
S
.
The
sw
i
t
ch
S
W
i
s
a
ls
o
tur
n
ed
o
n
d
u
ri
ng
th
is
i
n
t
erva
l.
I
n
t
h
i
s
mode
t
he
d
i
o
de
s
D
1
and
D
2
a
r
e
r
everse
b
i
a
sed
(as
V
Cap
>V
dc
),
a
nd
t
h
e
ca
paci
t
o
r
C
c
h
a
r
ges
t
h
e
in
d
u
ct
or
L
thr
o
u
g
h
s
w
i
t
c
h
S
W
a
n
d
t
he
i
n
v
er
t
e
r
bri
d
ge
w
hi
ch
i
s
s
how
n
in
F
i
g
ure
3
a
.
Th
e
ma
t
h
ema
t
i
c
a
l
e
qu
a
t
i
o
ns
go
verne
d
b
y th
e
inver
t
er
duri
ng m
ode
1
ar
e
gi
v
e
n
i
n (1).
;
;
0
(
1
)
F
i
gure
3b
r
e
p
r
e
sen
t
s
the
e
q
u
i
vale
n
t
c
irc
u
it
o
f
S
B
I
d
ur
ing
s
w
itc
h
‘S
W’
i
n
O
F
F
durat
io
n.
D
urin
g
th
i
s
dura
t
i
o
n,
t
he
s
w
itc
h
S
W
i
s
t
u
rned
o
ff
a
n
d
d
i
ode
D
1
a
n
d
D
2
a
r
e
f
o
r
w
a
r
d
b
i
a
s
e
d
t
o
o
f
f
er
p
a
t
h
for
t
h
e
i
n
d
u
ct
or
curr
ent i
L
. Th
e
mat
h
emati
c
a
l
e
q
u
a
ti
on
s gov
ern
e
d
by
th
e
i
nv
ert
e
r d
u
ri
ng
mo
de 2
a
re given in
(2).
;
;
(
2
)
3.
PWM C
O
NTROL
STRATE
G
Y
O
F
T
HREE
-
P
H
A
S
E
S
BI
The
S
w
it
ch
i
n
g
pa
tter
n
f
or
(
G
S
,
GS
1,
G
S
3
,
G
S
5,
G
S
4
,
GS
6,
G
S
2
)
of
t
h
e
S
B
I
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
e
x
p
l
a
i
n
e
d
i
n
the
F
i
gure
3
i
t
i
s
no
t
p
o
ss
i
b
le
t
o
direc
t
l
y
a
do
pt
t
h
e
P
WM
c
on
tr
o
l
s
tra
t
e
g
y
of
V
S
I
.
The
S
B
I
uses
e
xtra
s
w
itc
h
‘S
W’
a
l
o
n
g
w
i
t
h
th
e
si
x
st
e
p
t
hr
ee
p
h
a
s
e
in
verter
.
The
int
r
od
uc
ti
on
of
s
ho
o
t
t
hr
o
ugh
s
t
ate
in
S
BI
b
o
o
sts
t
h
e
ou
tpu
t
v
o
ltage
o
f
the
i
n
v
e
rt
e
r
.
The
sw
itch
‘S
W’
s
hould
b
e
h
arm
o
ni
z
e
d
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
s
h
oot-t
h
r
ou
gh
s
t
a
t
e
o
f
t
h
e
in
verter
.
In
F
i
g
ure
4
V
tri
i
s
the
car
rier
s
igna
l
wit
h
p
ea
k
val
u
e
of
V
p.
M
i
s
M
o
d
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
d
e
x
,
D
i
s
d
u
t
y
r
a
t
i
o
o
f
sho
o
t
thr
o
u
g
h
s
ta
te
a
nd
f
s
is
t
h
e
s
wit
c
hi
n
g
fre
q
u
e
n
c
y
of
s
wi
t
c
h
e
d
boo
st
i
nv
e
r
t
e
r.
T
a
b
l
e
1
g
i
ves
de
t
a
il
s
a
bou
t
the
ge
ne
rat
i
o
n
of
g
a
t
e
p
u
lse
s
f
or
t
hre
e
p
hase
S
BI.
N
o
rm
ally
B
LD
C
m
o
to
r
ca
n
be
ope
ra
t
e
d
in
1
8
0
ᵒ
a
n
d
1
20ᵒ
mode
o
f
o
p
er
ati
on.
H
er
e
the
S
B
I
is
ope
rate
d
in
1
80ᵒ
m
o
d
e
w
hich
m
e
ans
at
a
ny
inst
a
n
t
three
switches
a
re
i
n
con
d
u
ct
i
on.
D
ur
ing
t
h
ese
i
n
sta
n
t
tw
o
sw
it
c
h
es
c
urr
e
nt
e
nter
s
t
o
c
on
du
c
t
i
o
n
a
nd
t
h
e
t
h
ird
p
h
ase
le
ave
s
t
o
com
m
uta
t
i
o
n
(due
t
o
t
h
e
l
o
ss
of
e
xac
t
p
hase
c
ur
rent
c
o
n
t
rol
)
.
H
e
n
ce
the
p
o
ss
i
b
i
lit
y
of
t
or
que
r
i
p
ple
i
n
B
L
D
C
m
o
t
o
r
t
e
n
d
s
t
o
a
f
f
e
c
t
t
h
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
o
f
m
o
t
o
r
.
A
t
t
h
i
s
i
n
s
t
a
n
t
s
h
o
o
t
t
hr
ou
g
h
r
egi
o
n
ha
s
be
en
i
ntro
d
u
ced
t
o
reta
in
t
he t
h
i
rd pha
se
c
urre
n
t
i
n
raisi
ng a
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e
.
Tabl
e
1
.
Swi
t
c
h
i
ng
p
a
t
t
e
rn
for swi
t
c
h
e
s
S
1
,
S
3
,
S
5
, S
4
, S
6
,
S
2
M
ode
N
o.
D
ura
tion
C
ondition
fo
r
ga
t
e
c
ontrol
signa
l
t
o
b
e
H
i
gh
Gs
1
G
s
3
G
s
4
1
0ᵒ
-
90ᵒ
V
m
a
>V
tri
V
m
b
>
Vt
r
i
>
V
S
T
V
m
c
>V
tri
2
90ᵒ
-
210ᵒ
V
m
a
>V
tri
V
m
b
>
Vt
r
i
V
m
c
>V
tri>
VS
T
3
210ᵒ
-
3
3
0
ᵒ
Vm
a
>
V
t
ri>V
ST
V
m
b
>
V
t
r
i
V
m
c
>
V
t
ri
4
330ᵒ
-
3
6
0
ᵒ
Vm
a
>
V
t
ri
V
m
b
>
V
t
r
i
>
V
S
T
V
m
c
>
V
t
ri
M
ode
N
o.
D
ura
tion
C
ondition
fo
r
ga
t
e
c
ontrol
signa
l
t
o
b
e
H
i
gh
Gs
4
G
s
6
G
s
2
1
0ᵒ
-
30ᵒ
V
m
a
<V
tri
V
m
b
<
VST
V
m
c
<
V
t
ri<
-
V
S
T
2
30ᵒ
-
150ᵒ
V
m
a
<V
tri<
-V
S
T
V
m
b
<
V
t
r
i
V
m
c
<
V
t
ri
3
150ᵒ
-
2
7
0
ᵒ
Vm
a
<
V
t
ri
V
m
b
<
V
t
r
i
<
-VS
T
V
m
c
<V
tri
4
270ᵒ
-
3
6
0
ᵒ
Vm
a
<
V
t
ri
V
m
b
<
V
t
r
i
V
m
c
<
V
t
ri<
-
V
S
T
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
: 208
8-
869
4
I
nt
J
P
ow
Elec
& Dr
i
S
y
st V
ol.
10,
N
o.
4
, Dec
201
9 : 1
7
1
4
–
17
23
1
718
T
S
V
p
+V
ST
-V
ST
-V
p
G
SW
G
SW
1
G
SW
4
G
SW
3
G
SW
6
G
SW
5
G
SW
2
V
ma
ω
t
V
mc
V
mb
V
tr
i
F
i
gure
4. S
w
i
t
c
hi
ng
pat
t
ern
o
f
S
BI
4.
CURRENT BE
H
AVIOR DUR
I
N
G SWIT
C
H
ING US
I
N
G TRADIT
I
ONAL CONTRO
L
The
be
ha
vi
or
o
f
the
c
u
rre
nt
w
it
h
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
spee
ds
i
s
show
n
i
n
F
ig
ure
5.
T
her
e
a
r
e
t
hree
c
onc
l
u
si
on
s
t
h
at
c
an
b
e d
r
a
w
n
:
(1)
If
V
dc
>
2
Em
,
the
n
t
d
>
tr,
a
n
d
t
h
e
tor
que
r
e
m
a
i
ns
r
i
s
ing
d
ur
in
g
c
o
m
m
u
t
a
tio
n.
T
h
e
phase
c
urr
e
n
t
s
ar
e
show
n in F
igur
e 5(
a).
(2)
If
V
dc
<
2
Em
,
t
h
e
n
t
d
<
tr,
a
n
d
t
h
e
t
o
r
que
r
em
ains
d
e
c
lin
in
g
dur
in
g
c
o
m
m
uta
t
i
o
n
.
T
he
c
urre
nts
in
t
he
three
p
h
ase
s
a
re
show
n i
n
F
ig
ure
5(b).
(3)
If
V
d
c
=
2
E
m,
t
he
n
t
d
=
t
r,
a
nd
t
h
e
tor
q
ue
i
s
c
ons
ta
n
t
dur
i
n
g
c
om
m
u
t
a
ti
on,
w
h
i
c
h
i
s
t
h
e
idea
l
ca
se
,
where
no t
o
rq
ue
r
ip
ple
r
e
sult
s,
w
hic
h
i
s
show
n
i
n
F
i
g
ure
5(c
)
.
C
ons
ide
r
i
ng
th
e
s
e
re
latio
n,
t
h
i
s
pa
per
pr
opo
se
s
a
m
odi
f
i
e
d
c
irc
uit
t
o
p
o
l
ogy,
w
hic
h
s
ta
n
d
ar
d
i
z
e
s
t
h
e
dc-l
in
k
vo
l
t
ag
e
re
ma
i
n
s
t
o
2
E
m
thro
u
g
h
o
u
t
t
h
e
c
o
mm
ut
ati
o
n
in
te
rva
l
.
A
f
ter
pro
p
er
v
ali
d
a
t
io
n,
t
he
c
urrent
incre
a
s
i
ng
an
d
dro
p
p
i
ng
spe
e
d
s be
cam
e
equa
l;
h
e
nce
t
h
e
torque
r
i
p
p
l
e
i
s
s
uppr
esse
d.
i
i
a
i
b
i
c
t
r
t
d
t
t
i
i
a
i
b
i
c
t
r
t
d
t
t
i
i
a
i
b
i
c
t
r
t
d
t
t
(a)
V
dc
> 2
E
m
,
t
d
>t
r
(
b
)
V
dc
>
2
E
m
,
t
d
<t
r
(
c
)
V
dc
= 2E
m
,
t
d
=t
r
F
i
gure
5 C
u
rre
nt be
h
a
v
i
o
rs
d
uri
ng sw
i
t
c
h
in
g
The
tim
e
t
o
r
ea
ch
f
or
i
a
t
o
bec
o
m
e
e
xti
n
c
t
fro
m
th
e
prim
ar
y val
u
e
is
e
x
p
re
s
s
e
d
i
n
(3)
Whe
r
e
V
dc
is the
dc-l
in
k v
o
l
t
a
ge.
The
tim
e
t
o
r
ea
ch
f
or
i
b
to i
n
cr
e
a
se
f
rom
0
to I
m
is
(4)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
IS
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
T
o
r
q
u
e
ri
ppl
e mi
ni
mi
zat
i
on
of
PMBLDC mo
t
o
r u
s
ing
si
mpl
e
b
o
o
st
in
v
e
rt
er
(V.
K
r
i
s
hna
ku
ma
r)
1
719
5.
SIMULATIO
N
R
E
S
ULT
To
a
ppra
i
se
t
h
e
u
ti
liz
at
io
n
o
f
t
he
p
r
o
p
o
se
d
me
t
h
od,
t
he
S
BI
b
as
e
d
B
L
D
C
m
o
tor
dr
ive
s
h
o
w
n
in
F
i
gure
2
ha
s
bee
n
s
im
ula
t
e
d
u
si
ng
MA
T
L
A
B
/
S
imu
l
ink
.
T
he
s
pec
i
f
i
c
ati
o
n
of
t
he
B
LD
C
m
o
t
o
r
u
s
ed
f
or
si
m
u
lat
i
on has bee
n
gi
v
e
n
i
n Tab
l
e 2. The to
r
que
a
n
d
s
ta
t
o
r cur
re
nt
w
a
v
eform
s
o
f
th
e sim
u
late
d BLD
C
mot
o
r
dri
v
e
s
y
st
e
m
u
si
ng
tra
d
iti
o
n
a
l
P
WM
c
on
tro
l
m
et
ho
d
a
t
3
00
0
rpm
a
nd
loa
d
t
orq
u
e
of
2
N
M
ar
e
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
i
gure
6a
a
n
d
6
b
.
En
l
a
rge
d
v
iew
o
f
s
t
a
t
o
r
curr
ent
for
pr
opose
d
S
B
I
f
e
d
B
L
D
C
m
o
t
o
r
d
r
i
v
e
i
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
i
gure
7. Tor
q
u
e re
sp
o
n
se
o
f pr
o
pose
d
S
BI
fe
d
BLD
C mo
t
o
r dri
v
e
is
sh
o
w
n in F
i
g
ure
8.
S
te
ppe
d
i
n
pu
t
tor
que
respo
n
se
o
f
pr
opose
d
S
BI
f
e
d
B
LD
C
m
o
to
r
drive
i
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
9.
S
pe
ed
r
esp
ons
e
of
p
rop
o
se
d
S
B
I
fed
BL
D
C
mot
or for differ
e
nt s
pe
e
d
r
a
nge
s i) 7
5
0
rpm
ii) 3
00
0
rpm
i
s show
n in F
ig
ure
10. T
he perc
e
n
t
a
g
e t
o
rq
ue
ri
pp
l
e
f
o
r
t
h
e
t
ra
d
i
t
i
on
a
l
c
on
tro
l
i
s
50
%.
T
he
p
ro
po
s
e
d
SBI
b
a
s
ed
B
LD
C
m
o
tor
dr
ive
w
a
s
sim
u
la
t
e
d,
a
nd
t
h
e
tor
que
a
n
d
s
t
a
t
o
r
c
u
r
r
ent
w
a
ve
form
s
of
t
he
s
imula
t
e
d
r
esul
ts
a
r
e
show
n
in
F
igure
6c
a
n
d
6d.
T
he
p
e
r
ce
nta
g
e
tor
que
r
ipp
l
e
for
the pr
o
pose
d
m
etho
d is 7
%.
Ta
b
l
e 2.
Mot
or
spec
i
fica
t
i
o
n
s
Par
a
met
e
r
s
V
a
l
u
e
s
Sta
t
or
pha
s
e
r
e
s
i
s
t
a
n
c
e,
R
s
2.
875
m
Ω
S
t
a
t
or
pha
se
i
nduc
t
a
n
c
e,
L
s
850
μH
Pol
e
p
a
i
r
s
4
D
C
s
upply
volta
g
e
100V
D
C
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
li
m
i
t
t
h
r
e
s
hold
20A
D
C
B
us Ca
p
ac
it
a
n
ce
C
1 a
nd
C
2
200
Μ
f
Ine
r
tia
,
visc
ous
d
a
m
ping,
s
t
a
ti
c
f
r
ic
t
i
on
c
onsta
nts
0.
8e
-3J
(
k
g
.m
2
)
,1
e
-
3
F
(
N.m.s)
F
i
gure
6.
S
im
ul
a
t
i
on
resu
l
t
o
f
sta
t
or
pha
se
c
u
r
r
e
nt a
nd
t
orq
u
e
,
(a
)
Curre
nt w
ave
f
orm
fro
m
the
existi
n
g
c
on
t
r
o
l
at 30
0
0
r
pm
a
nd ste
p
t
orq
u
e o
f
2
N
m; (b) Curr
e
nt w
a
v
efor
m
from
the
pro
pos
ed S
BI
to
p
o
lo
gy
at 3
0
00 r
p
m
and s
t
ep
t
o
r
q
u
e
of 2 N
m; (
c)
T
orq
u
e
w
a
ve
for
m
from
the e
x
ist
i
n
g
c
ontro
l
at
300
0 r
p
m
and ste
p
t
or
q
u
e 2
N
m
;
(
d
) Torque
w
a
v
eform
from th
e
p
ro
p
o
sed S
B
I
top
o
lo
gy
at 3
00
0 r
p
m
and st
ep
t
or
que
2
N
m
F
i
gure
7.
E
nlar
ged
v
i
ew
of sta
t
or
c
urre
nt
f
or
p
ro
pose
d
S
BI fed
BLD
C
m
otor
drive
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
: 208
8-
869
4
I
nt
J
P
ow
Elec
& Dr
i
S
y
st V
ol.
10,
N
o.
4
, Dec
201
9 : 1
7
1
4
–
17
23
1
720
F
i
gure
8.
Torq
u
e
re
spo
n
se
o
f
pro
pose
d
S
BI
fe
d
BLD
C
mot
o
r
drive
F
i
gur
e 9.
S
t
e
pp
ed in
p
u
t t
o
rq
ue
r
esponse
o
f
pr
o
p
o
se
d S
B
I
fe
d BLD
C
motor
drive
F
i
gure
1
0
.
S
p
eed
r
espo
nse
of
p
ro
pose
d
S
BI
f
ed
B
LD
C m
o
t
o
r for di
fferent
s
peed
r
anges
(i)
750 rpm
;
(ii
) 300
0
rpm
.
6.
EX
PERIMENTAL
R
E
S
ULT
To
v
a
l
id
at
e
t
h
e
p
r
op
o
s
ed
S
B
I
b
a
s
e
d
B
LDC
mo
t
o
r
perf
o
r
man
c
e
,
a
X
i
linx
S
partan-III
3
AN
-
X
C
3S
4
0
0
c
o
n
t
rol
l
e
r
i
s
use
d
.
MA
TLA
B-X
i
l
i
nx
S
y
s
t
em
G
en
e
r
at
or
t
o
o
l
i
s
u
sed
for
t
h
e
im
plem
en
tat
i
on.
T
he
gene
ra
ted
MA
TLA
B
-
S
i
mul
i
n
k
c
o
d
e
is
r
eha
b
il
ita
te
d
to
b
it
f
i
l
e
to
a
c
cess
the
F
P
GA
board.
In
o
r
d
er
t
o
verify
the
pr
op
ose
d
t
or
que
r
ip
p
l
e
limi
t
s
t
r
a
t
eg
y,
t
he
F
P
G
A
con
t
r
o
ller
is
p
r
ogram
m
e
d
i
n
p
roc
e
ss
ing
u
n
i
t
a
n
d
con
t
ro
l
lin
g
uni
t.
The
h
a
l
l
s
i
gna
l
from
the
r
e
s
p
ec
ti
ve
s
ens
o
r
s
a
nd
sw
i
t
c
h
in
g
pa
tte
r
n
o
f
S
B
I
a
r
e
log
i
ca
ll
y
mul
tip
l
i
e
d
u
s
i
n
g
AND
g
a
t
e
t
o
g
e
n
e
rat
e
t
h
e
c
o
r
resp
ond
in
g
swit
ch
ing
pu
lse
f
o
r
t
h
re
e
phase
S
BI
i
n
or
der
to
a
c
h
i
e
ve
b
et
te
r
tor
que
r
esp
ons
e dur
ing
com
m
uta
t
io
n i
n
terva
l
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
IS
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
T
o
r
q
u
e
ri
ppl
e mi
ni
mi
zat
i
on
of
PMBLDC mo
t
o
r u
s
ing
si
mpl
e
b
o
o
st
in
v
e
rt
er
(V.
K
r
i
s
hna
ku
ma
r)
1
721
DC
V
dc
D
1
G
SW
V
1
V
i
L
V
ca
p
V
L
ca
p
i
L
i
ca
p
SI
X
S
w
i
t
c
h
V
o
l
t
a
ge
S
ou
r
ce
In
v
e
r
t
e
r
G
a
t
e
D
ri
v
e
r
(S
W
1
-S
W
6
)
Re
g
u
l
a
r
Sw
i
t
c
h
i
n
g
P
u
l
s
e
s
Sw
i
t
c
h
e
d
B
o
o
s
t
Sho
o
t
Thr
o
ug
h
Pul
s
e
Ha
l
l
S
e
n
s
o
r
D
2
BL
D
C
M
o
t
o
r
S
w
i
t
che
d
B
oo
s
t
I
n
v
er
t
e
r
Ci
r
c
u
i
t
A
B
C
F
i
gur
e 1
1
E
xp
erim
enta
l va
li
d
a
ti
o
n
of S
B
I
based
BLD
C
m
ot
or dr
i
ve
The
e
f
fec
t
ive
n
ess
an
d
via
b
i
lity
o
f
the
pro
p
o
se
d
m
e
th
o
d
h
as
b
ee
n
v
al
ida
t
ed
by
usi
ng
r
e
al
t
im
e
e
xperi
m
e
nts.
The spec
ifica
t
i
o
n
o
f
B
LD
C
m
o
tor
is
s
um
ma
rize
d in
T
a
b
l
e
2
. The e
xp
eri
m
en
t
a
l
se
t
u
p
o
f
th
e
con
t
roll
e
r
use
d
to
gene
ra
te
t
he
g
a
t
e
co
n
t
ro
l
pu
ls
es
a
nd
BL
D
C
m
ot
or
a
re
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
i
g
u
re
1
1.
T
he
p
os
i
tio
n
of
t
he
r
o
t
or
i
s
sense
d
us
i
n
g
H
a
ll
E
ffec
t
sens
ors.
T
he
S
w
i
tc
he
d
b
o
o
st
c
ircu
it
c
o
m
b
ine
d
w
ith
t
hre
e
pha
se
V
S
I
a
r
e
oper
a
ted
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
10
t
o
50
kH
z
re
spec
ti
ve
ly.
The
e
x
perim
e
n
t
al
a
n
d
s
i
m
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
r
e
su
l
t
s
e
v
i
d
e
n
t
t
h
e
c
l
o
s
e
m
a
t
c
h
o
f
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
S
B
I
base
d
BLD
C
m
otor
d
r
i
ve
.
F
i
gure
1
2
a
a
n
d
b
r
e
p
rese
n
t
s
t
h
e
phase
cu
rre
n
t
re
sp
on
se
o
f
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
S
BI
t
op
ol
o
gy
w
ith
t
or
que
o
f
0.
9
N
m
.
F
i
gur
e
12
b.
r
e
p
resent
s
t
h
e
torq
ue
r
espo
nse
o
f
p
rop
o
se
d
S
B
I
to
po
l
o
g
y
o
f
t
o
rq
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duce
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s
tha
n
the o
t
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drive
syste
m
s.
REFE
RENCES
[1]
C.
S
heeba
Joi
ce,
S
.
R.
P
aranjo
thi,
a
nd
V.
J
awahar
S
en
th
il
K
u
m
a
r
,
“Di
g
ital
Co
n
t
rol
Strat
e
gy
f
o
r
F
o
ur
Q
u
a
dran
t
O
p
erat
ion
of
T
h
r
ee
P
h
ase
BL
DC
M
o
t
or
w
ith
L
o
a
d
Variatio
ns
,”
IEEE Tran
sa
cti
o
n
s
o
n
Indu
st
ri
al
Inf
o
r
m
ati
c
s
,
vo
l
.
9, no
.
2
,
pp
. 9
74
-98
2
,
May
20
1
3
.
[2]
Cha
n
glia
ng
X
ia
,
Yo
uwe
n
X
ia
o
,
W
e
i
C
h
e
n,
a
nd
T
in
gn
a
Sh
i
,
“
To
rqu
e
Ri
ppl
e
Redu
ctio
n
i
n
B
ru
shles
s
D
C
D
r
iv
es
Bas
e
d
o
n
R
ef
erence
Cu
rren
t
O
p
t
i
mizat
io
n
u
s
ing
In
teg
r
al
V
ari
a
bl
e
S
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
,
”
I
E
E
E
T
r
an
sac
t
io
ns on
In
du
st
r
i
a
l
Electr
o
ni
cs
,
vol.
6
1
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
7
38-7
5
2
,
F
ebru
ary
2
014.
[3]
T
ae-W
o
n
Chu
n
,
Q
u
an
g-Vi
nh
T
ran,
H
on
g-Hee
L
ee,
a
nd
H
e
un
g
-
Geu
n
K
i
m
,
“
S
en
s
o
rles
s
Contro
l
o
f
B
LDC
M
o
t
o
r
D
r
iv
e
fo
r
an
A
uto
m
o
tive
F
u
e
l
P
um
p
u
s
i
n
g
a
H
y
s
t
eresis
C
om
p
a
rato
r
,”
IEEE
T
r
a
n
sa
cti
o
n
s
on
Po
wer
Electro
ni
c
s
,
v
o
l
.
2
9,
no.
3
,
pp.
1
3
8
2
-
13
91
,
M
a
rch
2
0
1
4
.
[4]
K
.
J
.
K
a
ng,
G
.
H.
J
an
g,
a
n
d
S
.
J
.
S
un
g,
“
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
Ch
ar
acteris
t
i
c
s
o
f
B
EM
F,
C
og
gin
g
T
orq
u
e
an
d
UM
F
in
a
H
D
D
S
p
indle
M
o
t
o
r
d
u
e
to
U
neven
l
y
M
a
gn
eti
zed
P
M
,
”
IE
EE
Tran
sac
t
io
ns
o
n
Mag
ne
t
i
c
s
,
vol.
49,
n
o.
6
,
pp
.
2
5
7
8
-2
58
1,
J
un
e
20
13
.
[5]
V
a
sh
ist
Bist
a
nd
B
h
i
m
Sin
gh,
“
A
Red
u
ced
S
en
s
o
r
P
F
C
BL-Zet
a
Co
nv
erter
base
d
V
S
I
F
e
d
BL
DC
M
ot
or
D
ri
ve,
”
E
l
s
evier
El
ectr
i
c
Po
wer
S
y
st
ems
Res
e
arch
, vo
l
.
9
8
, pp
.
1
1-
18
, Fe
b
ruar
y 20
1
3
.
[6]
V
.
V
is
wan
a
than
a
n
d
S
.
Jeev
ana
n
t
h
an
,
“
A
ppro
a
c
h
f
or
T
orq
u
e
Ripp
le
R
ed
ucti
on
f
or
B
rus
h
les
s
D
C
M
o
to
r
bas
e
d
o
n
T
hree-L
e
vel
N
e
ut
ral-P
o
i
n
t
-
Clam
ped
Inv
e
rter
w
ith
D
C-D
C
C
o
n
v
e
r
ter,”
IE
T
Po
wer E
l
ectr
onics
,
v
o
l
.
8
,
no
.
1
,
pp
.
4
7
-5
5
, 2
01
5.
[7]
S.
S
.
Bharatkar,
R
aj
u
Yanamshe
tti,
D
.
Chatter
j
ee,
a
nd
A
.
K.
G
an
g
u
li,
“
Com
m
uta
t
i
o
n
Torque
R
ipp
l
e
An
alys
is
a
nd
Re
du
c
t
io
n
Thro
ug
h
Hy
brid
S
wi
tc
h
i
n
g
for
BLD
C
M
otor
D
rive
s
,
”
P
r
o
c
eed
in
gs
of IEEE
Reg
i
on
10 a
n
d
th
e
T
h
ir
d
In
ter
n
a
t
io
nal Conf
eren
c
e
on
Ind
u
st
ri
a
l
an
d
In
form
ation
System
s
(
I
CIIS
’08)
,
Kha
r
ag
pu
r
,
p
p
. 1
-5
, 2
0
0
8
.
[8]
M
o
urad
M
asm
o
ud
i,
B
a
s
sem
El
B
ads
i
,
and
A
h
med
M
a
sm
o
udi
,
“
D
TC
o
f
B
4-Inverter-Fed
B
LDC
Mot
o
r
D
r
ives
w
i
t
h
R
ed
uced
T
orq
u
e
Rip
p
l
e
duri
n
g
S
ector-t
o-Secto
r
C
om
m
u
t
a
ti
on
s
,”
IE
EE
Tr
a
n
sa
ctio
n
s
on
po
wer elect
ro
nics
,
v
o
l
.
2
9,
no.
9
,
pp.
4
8
5
5
-
48
65
,
S
e
pt
em
ber
2
014
.
[9]
M
o
ham
e
d
Z.
a
n
d
Y
ou
ss
e
f
,
“Des
ign
and
P
e
rf
orm
a
nce
of
a
C
os
t-Eff
e
c
t
i
v
e
B
L
D
C
D
r
i
v
e
f
o
r
W
a
t
e
r
P
u
m
p
A
p
p
l
i
catio
n
,
”
IEE
E
Tr
ans
actio
ns on
Ind
u
stri
a
l
Electr
o
n
i
cs
,
v
o
l
.
6
2
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
3
277-3
284
,
M
ay
2015
.
[10]
G
i
u
s
ep
pe
B
u
j
a,
M
anu
e
le
B
erto
luzzo
a
n
d
Rit
e
sh
K
u
m
ar
K
esh
r
i,
“
To
r
que
R
ip
p
l
e-F
r
e
e
O
p
e
rati
on
o
f
P
M
B
L
D
C
D
r
iv
es
w
ith
P
et
al-W
av
e
Cu
rrent
S
u
p
p
l
y,”
IEEE
T
r
an
sa
c
tio
ns o
n
In
dus
tr
ial El
ectr
oni
cs
,
v
o
l.
6
2
,
n
o.
7
,
pp.
4
03
4-
40
43
,
Ju
ly
2
01
5
.
[11]
H
.
K
.
S
a
m
i
t
h
a
Ran
s
ara
and
U
d
aya
K
.,
M
a
d
a
wa
la,
“
A
T
orqu
e
Rip
p
l
e
Com
p
ensa
t
i
o
n
T
echn
i
qu
e
f
o
r
a
Lo
w-Cost
Brushle
s
s
DC
M
otor
D
r
i
ve
,”
I
E
E
E
Tra
n
s
ac
ti
on
s on
In
du
stri
al
E
l
e
c
t
ron
i
c
s
,
vo
l.
6
2,
no.
10
,
pp
.
617
1-6
1
8
2
,
Oc
tob
e
r 20
15
.
[12]
M
a
n
u
el
e
Berto
l
uz
zo
,
G
i
u
s
ep
pe
B
u
j
a,
R
ites
h
K
umar
K
es
hri,
a
nd
R
o
b
erto
M
en
is
,
“S
in
us
o
i
dal
Versus
S
qu
are-W
a
ve
Cu
rrent
S
u
pply
o
f
P
M
Brus
h
l
ess
D
C
D
riv
e
s:
A
C
o
n
v
e
nien
ce
A
n
al
ysi
s,
”
I
E
EE Tra
n
s
ac
tion
s
on
In
du
stria
l
E
l
ect
ro
n
i
cs
,
v
o
l
.
6
2
,
n
o
.
12,
pp.
733
9-73
48
,
D
ec
em
b
e
r
20
15
.
[13]
H
a
o
zhu
,
X
i
Xiao
a
n
d
Y
on
gd
on
g
Li,
“To
r
qu
e
Rip
p
l
e
R
edu
c
ti
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
T
orqu
e
P
r
edi
c
ti
ve
C
o
n
trol
S
chem
e
f
o
r
P
e
rm
an
ent-M
a
g
n
et
S
y
n
ch
rono
us
M
ot
ors,
”
I
E
E
E
Tran
sac
t
io
ns
on
In
du
st
ria
l
Ele
c
t
ro
n
i
c
s
,
v
o
l.
59,
n
o.
2
,
pp.
8
7
1
-
8
7
7
,
F
ebru
ary
201
2.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
IS
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
T
o
r
q
u
e
ri
ppl
e mi
ni
mi
zat
i
on
of
PMBLDC mo
t
o
r u
s
ing
si
mpl
e
b
o
o
st
in
v
e
rt
er
(V.
K
r
i
s
hna
ku
ma
r)
1
723
[14]
Yo
ng
so
o
C
h
o
,
K
yo
-Be
u
m
Le
e
,
J
oo
ng
-Ho
So
ng
a
nd
Y
o
u
n
g
Le
e
,
“
Torq
ue
-ri
pple
mi
nimizati
o
n
a
n
d
f
a
st
d
yn
amic
s
c
hem
e
f
o
r
t
o
r
q
u
e
pred
ict
i
ve
c
ont
rol
o
f
p
erm
a
nen
t
-m
agn
e
t
s
y
n
c
hr
o
nou
s
moto
rs,
”
IEEE Tr
ans
ac
t
i
o
n
s
on
Po
wer
E
l
ect
ro
n
i
cs
,
v
o
l
.
3
0
,
n
o
.
4
,
pp
.
2182
-219
0,
A
p
r
il
2
0
15.
[15]
B
oc
h
a
o
Du,
Sh
a
o
pe
n
g
W
u,
S
h
o
u
l
ia
n
g
H
a
n
a
n
d
Sh
ume
i
C
ui
,
“App
lic
a
tion
of
L
inear
A
c
t
ive
Disturbance
Rej
ecti
on
Cont
roller
f
o
r
Sens
orle
s
s
C
ont
r
o
l
o
f
Int
e
rnal
P
erm
a
ne
nt
-M
agn
e
t
S
y
nch
r
ono
us
M
ot
or,
”
IE
E
E
T
r
an
sa
ctio
ns
on
In
dus
trial E
l
ectron
i
cs
,
v
o
l.
63,
no.
5
,
p
p
.
3
0
19-302
7,
2
0
16.
[16]
Xiz
h
e
n
g
Zha
n
g,
Y
a
o
na
n
W
a
n
g
,
Gu
or
on
g
Liu
a
n
d
Xia
o
fa
ng
Y
ua
n
,
“
R
o
b
u
s
t
Re
g
e
ne
ra
tiv
e
C
ha
rg
in
g
Co
ntro
l
Ba
se
d
o
n
T
-S
F
uzzy
S
li
d
i
ng
-Mo
d
e
Appro
a
ch
f
o
r
A
dv
a
n
ced
E
l
ectric
Veh
i
cl
e,
”
IEEE T
r
a
n
s
a
ction
s
on T
r
an
sport
a
tion
E
l
ect
r
i
fi
c
a
ti
on
, v
o
l
. 2
, n
o.
1,
p
p
.
5
2
-
65
, March 2
01
6.
[17]
Ra
vind
ra
n
a
th
A
d
d
a
,
A
vina
sh
J
osh
i
a
n
d
S
a
n
ta
n
u
M
ishra
,
“
Pu
ls
e
W
i
d
th
M
o
d
u
l
at
io
n
of
T
hree-P
h
ase
S
w
i
t
ch
ed
Bo
os
t
Invert
er
,”
P
r
o
ceedin
g of
IE
EE-E
ner
g
y
Co
nver
si
on Con
g
r
e
ss an
d Exp
o
siti
on
(
E
CC
E
’
20
1
3
)
,
p
p
.
7
69
-774
,
S
e
p
t
em
ber
15-19,
2
0
1
3
.
[18]
A
d
d
a
R
av
ind
r
anat
h,
S
ant
a
nu
K.,
Mi
sh
ra,
an
d
A
v
in
ash
J
o
shi,
“
A
n
al
y
s
i
s
a
nd
P
W
M
C
ontro
l
o
f
S
witched
Bo
ost
Invert
er,”
IEEE T
r
an
sa
c
tio
ns
on
Ind
u
s
t
rial E
l
ectron
i
cs
,
vo
l
.
6
0
, n
o
. 12
, p
p.
55
9
3
-
5
60
2, 2
01
3.
[19]
V
.
K
ris
h
n
a
kumar,
V.
K
am
araj
a
nd
S
.
Jeev
an
ant
h
an
,
“
P
erf
o
rm
an
ce
I
m
p
rovem
e
nt
o
f
Mult
i
l
e
v
e
l
I
nvert
e
r
Fed
Bru
s
h
l
ess
D
C
M
ot
or
U
si
ng
R
and
o
m
P
u
lse
Wi
dth
M
o
du
l
a
ti
on
Tech
ni
qu
e,
”
Au
st
ralia
n
Jou
r
na
l of ba
si
c
an
d
Ap
pl
ie
d
Sc
ie
nc
e
s
, vo
l
.
9
, n
o.
16
(
S
p
eci
al Issue),
p
p.
16
2
-
17
1, 20
1
5
.
[20]
C.
B
harat
i
raja, S.
B
ab
u, V.
K
r
is
h
n
akum
ar, P
.
S
an
j
eevi
k
u
m
ar,
N
.
Geo
r
ge,
“In
v
es
tigati
on
o
f sl
im
t
y
p
e
BLD
C
m
o
t
or
Drive
wi
th
t
orqu
e
ripple
m
inimiz
a
t
io
n
usin
g
a
b
rid
g
ed
s
pac
e
-ve
c
t
o
r
P
W
M
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
m
e
t
h
o
d
,
”
In
ternat
io
na
l
Jo
ur
na
l
o
f
Power
El
ectron
i
cs
and D
r
ive Syst
ems
,
vo
l. 8
,
n
o
. 2,
p
p
.
59
3-6
0
0, 20
1
7
.
[21]
A
k
ram
H.
A
hm
e
d
,
Ab
d
El
S
amie
B
.
Ko
tb
a
nd
A
y
m
an
M
.
A
li
,
“Com
pari
s
on
b
etw
een
F
uzzy
L
o
g
i
c
a
n
d
P
I
Con
t
ro
l
f
o
r
the
Spe
e
d
of
B
LDC
Motor,
”
In
ter
natio
nal Jou
r
n
a
l
of Po
wer
El
ectr
onics a
nd
D
r
i
v
e
S
y
st
e
m
(
I
JPED
S
)
,
vo
l.
9
,
no
.
3
,
p
p
. 1
11
6-
1
1
2
3
,
2
01
8.
[22]
J
.
S
riniv
a
s
Rao
,
P
.
S
r
iniv
asa
Varm
a
an
d
T.
S
uresh
Ku
m
a
r,
“
No
ve
l
S
w
i
t
c
hi
ng
Desi
gn
S
truct
u
re
f
o
r
T
h
r
ee
P
h
ase
21-L
evel
M
ul
tilevel
Inverter
F
ed
B
L
D
C
Dr
i
v
e
Applicati
on,”
Inter
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l Jo
ur
nal
of
P
o
wer
Elect
ro
n
i
cs
and
D
r
i
ve System
(
I
JPED
S
)
,
vo
l.
9
,
no.
3
,
p
p
.
1
2
0
2
-
121
3,
2
0
18.
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