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n
d
lo
n
g
li
f
eti
m
e
f
l
u
o
r
esce
n
t
la
m
p
s
.
C
o
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
l
y
,
it is
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
co
m
m
er
cial
ized
p
o
p
u
lar
o
x
id
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
s
.
In
th
is
p
ap
er
,
a
n
o
v
el
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
g
r
ee
n
C
eT
b
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
p
ar
ticles
in
t
h
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
co
m
p
o
u
n
d
i
n
g
o
f
MCW
-
L
E
D
s
to
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
th
eir
co
lo
r
u
n
i
f
o
r
m
i
t
y
an
d
lu
m
e
n
o
u
tp
u
t
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
,
in
v
e
s
ti
g
ated
an
d
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ated
.
W
e
s
h
o
w
th
a
t
th
e
p
ar
ticip
ati
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
C
eT
b
p
ar
ticles
ca
n
en
h
a
n
ce
th
e
s
ca
tter
i
n
g
e
v
e
n
t
o
f
t
h
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
co
m
p
o
u
n
d
i
n
g
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
lig
h
t
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
MCW
-
L
E
Ds
ca
n
b
e
i
n
d
ep
en
d
en
t
o
f
th
ei
r
w
a
v
ele
n
g
th
s
.
T
h
e
u
n
i
f
o
r
m
s
p
atial
co
lo
r
d
is
tr
ib
u
t
io
n
o
f
th
e
L
E
D
ca
n
t
h
u
s
b
e
ac
co
m
p
li
s
h
ed
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
co
n
s
is
t
s
o
f
3
s
ta
g
es
:
1
)
Si
m
u
latio
n
o
f
MCW
-
L
E
Ds;
2
)
P
u
ttin
g
C
eT
b
in
to
th
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
co
m
p
o
u
n
d
i
n
g
o
f
th
e
MCW
-
L
E
Ds;
3
)
An
al
y
zin
g
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
s
o
f
C
eT
b
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
n
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
in
c
lu
d
i
n
g
t
h
e
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
m
en
t
o
f
e
m
is
s
io
n
s
p
ec
tr
a
an
d
s
ca
tter
i
n
g
ev
e
n
t.
T
h
e
in
v
e
s
ti
g
ated
r
esu
l
ts
s
h
o
w
th
at
t
h
e
AC
U
a
n
d
lu
m
e
n
o
u
t
p
u
t
ca
n
b
e
i
n
cr
ea
s
ed
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
tl
y
af
ter
m
i
x
i
n
g
g
r
e
en
C
eT
b
an
d
y
ello
w
Y
AG:
C
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
s
o
n
co
m
p
ar
i
s
o
n
w
it
h
o
t
h
er
r
elate
d
w
o
r
k
s
.
2.
M
AIN P
ART
2
.
1
.
M
CW
-
L
E
Ds ph
y
s
ica
l
m
o
del
T
h
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
lay
er
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
o
f
r
ea
l
MCW
-
L
E
D
s
w
it
h
f
l
at
s
ilico
n
e
co
a
tin
g
is
s
i
m
u
la
te
d
b
y
u
s
in
g
L
i
g
h
tT
o
o
ls
8
.
1
.
0
p
r
o
g
r
am
.
T
h
e
m
ain
m
o
d
elin
g
w
o
r
k
i
n
cl
u
d
es
1
)
C
o
n
s
tr
u
c
tin
g
t
h
e
m
ec
h
a
n
ical
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
es
an
d
th
e
o
p
tical
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
MC
W
-
L
E
D
la
m
p
s
;
2
)
Ver
if
y
i
n
g
th
e
o
p
tical
ch
a
n
g
es
o
f
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
co
m
p
o
u
n
d
in
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
v
ar
io
u
s
C
eT
b
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
.
T
h
e
MCW
-
L
E
D
la
m
p
w
i
th
i
n
-
cu
p
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
co
m
p
o
u
n
d
in
g
h
a
v
in
g
av
er
ag
e
C
C
T
s
o
f
7
0
0
0
K
an
d
8
5
0
0
K
is
p
r
esen
ted
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
(
a)
.
T
o
co
m
p
ar
e
t
h
e
i
m
p
a
cts
o
f
Y
A
G:
C
e
a
n
d
C
eT
b
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
s
co
m
p
o
u
n
d
in
g
o
n
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
MCW
-
L
E
D
la
m
p
s
,
th
e
i
n
-
cu
p
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
h
av
i
n
g
av
er
ag
e
C
C
T
s
o
f
7
0
0
K
an
d
8
5
0
0
K
is
also
ap
p
lied
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
(
b
)
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
ele
m
e
n
ts
o
f
t
h
e
s
i
m
u
late
d
MCW
-
L
E
D
s
w
it
h
o
u
t
C
eT
b
.
T
h
e
r
ef
lecto
r
h
a
s
a
b
o
tto
m
le
n
g
th
o
f
8
m
m
,
a
h
ei
g
h
t
o
f
2
.
0
7
m
m
an
d
a
le
n
g
th
o
f
9
.
8
5
m
m
at
its
to
p
s
u
r
f
ac
e.
T
h
e
co
n
f
o
r
m
a
l
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
co
m
p
o
u
n
d
in
g
,
w
ith
t
h
e
f
i
x
ed
th
ic
k
n
e
s
s
o
f
0
.
0
8
m
m
,
co
v
er
s
th
e
n
i
n
e
ch
ip
s
.
E
ac
h
L
E
D
ch
ip
w
it
h
th
e
s
q
u
ar
e
b
ase
o
f
1
.
1
4
m
m
2
an
d
th
e
h
ei
g
h
t
o
f
0
.
1
5
m
m
i
s
b
o
n
d
ed
in
t
h
e
ca
v
it
y
o
f
t
h
e
r
ef
lec
to
r
.
T
h
e
r
ad
ian
t
f
l
u
x
o
f
ea
ch
b
lu
e
ch
ip
is
1
.
1
6
W
,
an
d
th
e
p
ea
k
w
a
v
ele
n
g
t
h
i
s
4
5
3
n
m
.
As
f
o
r
th
e
i
n
-
cu
p
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e,
th
e
n
o
v
el
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
co
m
p
o
u
n
d
i
n
g
i
s
m
ix
ed
in
t
h
e
s
il
ico
n
e
len
s
,
as
d
is
p
la
y
ed
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
(
c)
.
T
h
e
s
ca
tter
i
n
g
o
f
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
p
ar
ticles
w
i
ll
b
e
an
al
y
ze
d
b
y
u
s
in
g
Mie
-
t
h
eo
r
y
[
8
]
,
[
9
]
.
I
n
t
h
e
r
esear
c
h
,
t
h
e
a
v
er
ag
e
d
i
a
m
eter
s
o
f
th
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
p
ar
ticles
ar
e
s
et
to
b
e
1
4
.
5
,
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
th
e
s
a
m
e
a
s
t
h
e
ac
tu
al
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
.
T
h
e
n
o
v
el
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
co
m
p
o
u
n
d
i
n
g
is
a
m
i
x
tu
r
e
o
f
C
eT
b
an
d
Y
A
G:
C
e
p
ar
ticles
an
d
t
h
e
s
ilico
n
e
g
lu
e.
T
h
e
r
ef
r
ac
tiv
e
i
n
d
ex
es
o
f
C
eT
b
an
d
YA
G:C
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
s
an
d
its
s
ilico
n
e
g
l
u
es
ar
e
in
t
u
r
n
1
.
8
5
,
1
.
8
3
an
d
1
.
5
2
,
w
h
ich
ar
e
also
th
e
s
a
m
e
as
t
h
e
ac
t
u
al
p
ar
a
m
e
ter
s
.
B
esid
es
th
e
r
ef
r
ac
ti
v
e
i
n
d
ex
an
d
th
e
s
ize
o
f
th
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
p
ar
ticles,
w
e
d
eter
m
i
n
e
th
e
e
m
is
s
io
n
s
p
ec
tr
a
o
f
th
e
n
o
v
el
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
co
m
p
o
u
n
d
.
T
h
e
e
m
is
s
io
n
s
p
ec
tr
a
o
f
th
e
in
-
c
u
p
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
co
m
p
o
u
n
d
in
g
ar
e
v
er
i
f
ied
b
y
en
h
a
n
cin
g
C
eT
b
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
to
1
.
0
%,
as
r
esen
ted
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
a
t
th
e
lu
m
en
o
u
tp
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t
o
f
M
C
W
-
L
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D
s
m
a
y
b
e
en
h
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ce
d
a
f
ter
m
i
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in
g
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b
p
a
r
ticles to
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
co
m
p
o
u
n
d
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
(
a)
T
h
e
ac
tu
al
MCW
-
L
E
D
w
it
h
in
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c
u
p
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
la
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,
(
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atic
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s
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w
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T
h
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m
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in
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p
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s
p
h
o
r
p
ac
k
ag
in
g
(
C
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c
a
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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127
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
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ltip
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h
e
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r
o
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o
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ed
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tr
u
ct
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r
e.
B
ased
o
n
Mie
-
s
ca
tter
i
n
g
th
eo
r
y
[
8
]
,
[
10
]
,
[
1
1
]
,
th
e
s
ca
tter
in
g
i
n
te
n
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it
y
f
u
n
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n
s
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ted
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y
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T
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A
B
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s
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tter
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ten
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n
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h
e
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(
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an
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e
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.
T
h
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2
ca
n
b
e
ex
p
r
ess
ed
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:
1
1
21
(
,
)
(
c
o
s
)
(
,
)
(
c
o
s
)
(
1
)
n
n
n
n
n
n
i
a
x
m
b
x
m
nn
(
1
)
2
1
21
(
,
)
(
c
o
s
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(
,
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(
c
o
s
)
(
1
)
n
n
n
n
n
n
i
a
x
m
b
x
m
nn
(
2
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Her
e,
m
i
s
t
h
e
r
e
f
r
ac
tiv
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in
d
e
x
o
f
p
o
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x
is
th
e
s
ize
p
ar
a
m
eter
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a
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e
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h
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a
n
g
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lar
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en
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en
t
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n
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,
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d
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p
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ts
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h
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s
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tter
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it
ies
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e
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lcu
lated
f
o
r
5
5
5
n
m
a
n
d
4
5
3
n
m
w
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Resul
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Fig
u
r
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4
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[
1
2
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1
4
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.
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u
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4
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I
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s
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eq
u
ir
ed
to
g
ap
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
N.
D.
Q.
A
n
h
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
En
h
a
n
c
in
g
o
f
c
o
rre
late
d
c
o
lo
r
tem
p
e
ra
tu
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u
n
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o
rm
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m
u
lt
i
-
c
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ip
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li
g
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t
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EDs
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y
a
d
d
in
g
S
iO2
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o
p
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o
sp
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lay
e
r,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
th
e
C
h
i
n
e
se
In
stit
u
te o
f
En
g
in
e
e
rs
,
v
o
l.
3
8
,
p
p
.
1
-
7
,
2
0
1
4
.
[2
]
Z.
L
iu
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
An
a
lys
is
o
f
F
a
c
to
rs
Af
fec
ti
n
g
Co
lo
r
Distrib
u
ti
o
n
o
f
W
h
it
e
L
EDs,
”
in
P
ro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
o
f
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
El
e
c
tro
n
ic
P
a
c
k
a
g
in
g
Tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
&
Hi
g
h
De
n
sity
P
a
c
k
a
g
in
g
,
S
h
a
n
g
h
a
i,
2
8
–
3
1
Ju
ly
2
0
0
8
,
Ne
w
Yo
rk
:
IEE
E,
p
p
.
1
-
8
,
2
0
0
8
.
[3
]
W
.
T
.
Ch
ien
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
P
re
c
ise
Op
ti
c
a
l
M
o
d
e
l
o
f
M
u
lt
i
-
Ch
i
p
W
h
it
e
L
EDs,”
Op
ti
c
s
Exp
re
ss
,
v
o
l/
issu
e
:
1
5
(
1
2
),
p
p
.
7
5
7
2
-
7
5
7
7
,
2
0
0
7
.
[4
]
M
.
F
.
L
a
i,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
S
c
a
tt
e
rin
g
e
ff
e
c
t
o
f
S
iO2
p
a
rti
c
les
o
n
c
o
rre
late
d
c
o
lo
r
tem
p
e
ra
tu
re
u
n
if
o
rm
it
y
o
f
m
u
lt
i
-
c
h
i
p
w
h
it
e
li
g
h
t
L
EDs,”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
th
e
C
h
i
n
e
se
In
stit
u
te
o
f
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rs
,
v
o
l.
3
9
,
2
0
1
4
.
[5
]
Y.
H.
W
o
n
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Eff
e
c
t
o
f
p
h
o
sp
h
o
r
g
e
o
m
e
tr
y
o
n
th
e
lu
m
in
o
u
s
e
ffi
c
ien
c
y
o
f
h
ig
h
-
p
o
w
e
r
w
h
it
e
li
g
h
t
-
e
m
it
t
in
g
d
io
d
e
s w
it
h
e
x
c
e
ll
e
n
t
c
o
lo
r
re
n
d
e
rin
g
p
ro
p
e
rty
,
”
Op
ti
c
s L
e
tt
e
rs
,
v
o
l.
3
4
,
p
p
.
1
-
3
,
2
0
0
9
.
[6
]
J.
H.
Oh
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Hig
h
-
Co
l
o
r
-
Qu
a
li
ty
M
u
lt
ip
a
c
k
a
g
e
P
h
o
sp
h
o
r
-
Co
n
v
e
rted
L
ED
s
f
o
r
Ye
ll
o
w
P
h
o
t
o
li
t
h
o
g
ra
p
h
y
Ro
o
m
L
a
m
p
,
”
IEE
E
Ph
o
t
o
n
ics
J
o
u
rn
a
l,
v
o
l.
7
,
p
p
.
1
3
0
0
3
0
8
,
2
0
1
5
.
[7
]
M
.
Zh
e
n
g
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
S
tu
d
y
o
f
Hig
h
CRI
W
h
it
e
L
ig
h
t
-
e
mitt
in
g
Dio
d
e
De
v
ice
s
wit
h
M
u
lt
i
-
c
h
ro
ma
t
ic
Ph
o
sp
h
o
r,
”
in
P
r
o
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
o
f
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
o
n
El
e
c
tro
n
ic
Co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
&
Tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
Orla
n
d
o
,
F
L
,
1
0
-
1
3
No
v
2
0
1
3
,
Ne
w
Yo
rk
:
IEE
E,
p
p
.
3
3
0
5
-
3
3
1
0
,
2
0
1
4
.
[8
]
S
.
L
iu
a
n
d
X.
B.
L
u
o
,
“
L
ED
P
a
c
k
a
g
in
g
f
o
r
L
i
g
h
ti
n
g
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s:
De
sig
n
,
M
a
n
u
f
a
c
tu
rin
g
a
n
d
T
e
stin
g
,
c
h
a
p
ter
3
,
”
C
h
e
m
ic
a
l
In
d
u
stry
P
re
ss
a
n
d
Jo
h
n
W
il
e
y
&
S
o
n
s,
Be
ij
in
g
,
p
p
.
1
0
6
-
1
2
4
,
2
0
1
1
.
[9
]
K.
P
a
n
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
S
t
u
d
y
o
n
Re
li
a
b
il
it
y
a
n
d
L
i
fe
ti
m
e
P
re
d
ictio
n
o
f
Hig
h
P
o
w
e
r
L
EDs,
”
In
d
o
n
e
si
a
n
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
Co
m
p
u
ter
S
c
ien
c
e
,
v
o
l/
iss
u
e
:
1
2
(2
),
2
0
1
4
.
[1
0
]
H.
Ries
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Op
ti
m
ize
d
a
d
d
it
i
v
e
m
ix
in
g
o
f
c
o
lo
re
d
,
”
2
0
0
4
.
[1
1
]
P
e
n
g
H.
Y.,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Re
d
(S
rCa
)AlS
iN3
:
E
u
2
+
Nitri
d
e
P
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
P
a
rti
c
le
S
ize
o
f
P
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
Co
n
v
e
rted
W
a
r
m
W
h
it
e
L
EDs,”
In
d
o
n
e
sia
n
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
C
o
mp
u
t
e
r S
c
ien
c
e
,
v
o
l/
issu
e
:
1
2
(7
),
2
0
1
4
.
[1
2
]
li
g
h
t
-
e
m
it
ti
n
g
d
io
d
e
s
o
u
rc
e
s.”
Op
ti
c
a
l
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
v
o
l/
issu
e
:
4
3
(
7
)
,
p
p
.
1
5
3
1
–
1
5
3
6
.
[1
3
]
D.
Y.
Yu
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
S
o
l
–
g
e
l
s
y
n
th
e
sis,
g
ro
w
th
m
e
c
h
a
n
ism
a
n
d
lu
m
in
e
sc
e
n
c
e
p
ro
p
e
rti
e
s
o
f
u
n
if
o
r
m
Ce
0
.
6
7
T
b
0
.
3
3
M
g
A
l1
1
O1
9
:T
b
p
h
o
sp
h
o
r,
”
P
o
wd
e
r T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
2
4
6
,
p
p
.
3
6
3
–
3
6
8
,
2
0
1
3
.
[1
4
]
P
a
rk
B.
K,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
S
i
n
g
le
-
S
tep
S
o
li
d
-
S
tate
S
y
n
th
e
sis
o
f
Ce
M
g
A
l1
1
O1
9
:
T
b
P
h
o
sp
h
o
r
,
”
B
u
ll
.
K
o
re
a
n
C
h
e
m.
S
o
c
.
,
v
o
l/
issu
e
:
2
8
(9
),
p
p
.
1
4
6
7
-
1
4
7
1
,
2
0
0
7
.
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