Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of
P
ower E
le
ctr
on
i
cs a
n
d
Drive
S
ystem
s
(
IJ
PEDS
)
Vo
l.
12
,
No.
2
,
Jun
2021
,
pp.
662
~
673
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8694
,
DOI:
10
.11
591/
ij
peds
.
v12.i
2
.
pp
662
-
673
662
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
pe
ds
.i
aescore.c
om
Variabl
e r
eluctance s
ynch
ronous
machi
nes in satura
ted m
ode
Hlel
i Han
e
ne
1
, Flah
Aymen
2
, To
u
nsi S
ouh
ir
3
1,2
La
b
PE
ESE, Nat
ion
al
Schoo
l
o
f
Engi
n
ee
ring
of
Gabe
s,
Univ
ersity of
Gab
es,
Tunis
ia
3
Innove
nt
Sys
tems for
En
erg
y
Mana
gement
(ISEM),
L
abor
a
tory
of
Advan
ce
d
Elec
tron
ic
s Sys
te
m
s a
nd
Sus
ta
in
able
Ene
rgy
(
ESS
E),
Sfax
Univer
sity
,
Tuni
sia
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
J
un
1
0
, 2
0
20
Re
vised
M
a
r
2
2
, 2
0
2
1
Accepte
d
Apr
30
, 20
21
El
e
ct
ri
c
v
ehi
c
le
see
ms
l
arg
e
ly
b
a
sed
on
el
e
ct
r
ic
a
l
machin
es.
Findi
ng
the
best
mot
or
type
se
ems
be
im
por
ta
nt
f
or
hav
ing
more
per
froma
n
ce
s
an
d
a
tr
ansport
sys
te
m
robustne
ss
.
In
th
is
wor
k,
we
pre
sen
t
an
ana
ly
ti
c
al
m
odel
of
th
e
synchronous
m
ac
hin
e
with
va
ria
bl
e
re
luctances
in
li
ne
ar
an
d
saturate
d
mode
s.
Th
e
ang
ula
r
posit
ion
of
t
he
rotor
(θ)
and
the
phase
cur
r
en
t
(i)
wil
l
be
used
as
par
am
e
t
ers.
The
an
al
y
tical
mod
el
of
this
machine
wil
l
al
low
us
to
det
er
mi
na
te
i
ts
ma
gne
ti
c
cha
r
acte
ristics
such
in
duct
ors,
m
agnet
ic
flux
and
el
e
ct
rom
agne
t
ic
torque.
The
r
e
sults
obtained
b
y
the
an
al
y
ti
c
al
model
are
com
par
ed
with
t
hose
obtained
b
y
the
finite
ele
me
nt
method.
S
o,
basing
on
MA
TL
AB/
Simul
ink
tool
and
by
working
with
fi
nit
e
el
e
me
nt
method,
th
es
e
result
s a
r
e
d
epi
c
t
ed
and
th
e
p
ape
r
objecti
v
e is i
l
lustra
t
ed.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
M
odel
s
Saturate
d
re
gi
me
Synchr
onous
machine
Var
ia
ble r
el
uctance
This
is an
open
acc
ess arti
cl
e
un
der
the
CC
BY
-
SA
l
ic
ense
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Hlel
i Han
e
ne
Lab PEESE
Nati
on
al
Scho
ol of E
nginee
ring of
Ga
bes
Un
i
ver
sit
y o
f Gabe
s,
T
unisi
a
Emai
l:
hleli
.h
a
nen
e
@
yaho
o.
f
r
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Vari
able
re
luc
t
a
nce
m
ac
h
ine
s,
b
ec
ause
o
f
their
b
roa
d
power
ran
g
e,
are
com
mon
ly
used
nowada
ys.
For
prope
rly
under
stand
the
se
type
s
of
mot
ors
,
we
must
know
their
origi
n
.
Th
e
fi
rst
doub
le
co
nstruct
s
se
em
to
hav
e
em
erg
ed
i
n
the
1920s.
The
y
wer
e
th
e
first
sys
te
ms
to
appe
ar
.
A
rese
arc
h
th
at
ex
pla
ins
th
e
physi
c
al
th
eor
y
of
forc
e
gen
era
t
ion
in
v
ari
ab
le
rel
uc
ta
nc
e machi
nes,
which
has
o
fte
n
pr
ecede
d
th
e
first
im
p
lemen
ta
ti
ons
,
was pub
l
ished
in
1927
[1]
,
[2]
.
In
1930,
synch
ronous
mot
ors
with
var
ia
bl
e
r
el
uc
ta
nc
e
st
arte
d
to
b
e
known
.
It
was
used
for
par
t
ic
u
la
r
appl
i
ca
t
ions
tha
t
nee
ded
an
a
cc
ur
at
e
and
re
al
ist
ic
spee
d.
Th
e
e
lect
roma
gne
ti
c
arr
a
ngem
en
t
didn't
ma
ke
for
a
high
enoug
h
sali
ent
r
at
io
.
In
the
1960s,
th
ere
was
ren
ewe
d
in
te
rest
in
the
se
t
ypes
of
ma
ch
ines
[3].
And
th
er
e
are
th
e
v
ariabl
e
rotor
rel
uc
ta
nc
e
synch
ronous
mot
ors
[
4].
The
ai
m
of
deve
lop
ing
f
lux
bar
rie
rs
and
axiall
y
rol
li
ng
roto
rs
was
to
inc
r
eas
e
th
e
sali
en
ce
ra
ti
o
an
d
thus
the
powe
r
and
ef
ficien
cy
.
The
r
e
was
a
lso
ren
ewe
d
inter
est
in
v
ari
ab
le
-
r
el
uc
ta
nc
e
mot
or
s
wit
h
ei
th
er
a
wide
t
eeth
and
high
torq
ue:
the
se
engi
n
e
s
appe
ar
ed
to
b
e
well
suite
d
to
t
he
re
al
i
zation
of
direct
red
uc
ed
mot
ors
size
,
such
as
tho
se
used
in
elec
t
ri
c
v
ehi
c
le
ti
r
es.
T
he
t
erm
“
sw
itch
ed
r
el
uc
ta
n
ce
m
otor
”
first
emerg
ed
in
1969
for
th
e
se
lf
-
com
m
ut
ated
do
uble
reliev
ed
v
ari
ab
le
re
luc
t
an
ce
mot
or
[5]
.
I
t
is
now
the
t
e
rm
used
to
d
esc
ribe
th
ese
dev
ic
es
in
int
ern
at
ion
al
s
cienti
fi
c li
t
erature.
Toda
y's
uses
in
cl
ude
v
ari
ab
le
-
s
pee
d
industrial
drive
s,
as
wel
l
as
futur
e
applic
at
ions
such
as
a
utom
obile
and
ele
ct
ri
ca
l
app
li
a
nce
com
ponen
ts
and
turb
ine
sta
rte
r
-
a
lt
ern
at
ors
(
ae
rona
u
ti
cs)
.
Th
is
type
of
sys
tem
is
ver
y
im
por
ta
nt
t
o
study
and
ne
ces
sita
te
s
knowle
dge
of
mo
tor
par
amete
rs
such
as
resista
n
ce,
induc
t
anc
e
,
and
interna
l
flow.
As
a
conse
quence,
in
thi
s
ar
ti
c
le,
we
a
tt
e
mpt
to
pre
s
ent
two
me
thod
s
for
esti
m
at
ing
th
e
eff
i
ci
en
cy
of
an
el
e
ct
rom
a
gnet
i
c
ac
tu
at
or,
which
ma
y
b
e
e
mpi
ri
ca
l
,
th
eor
etic
al
,
or
expe
ri
me
n
ta
l
.
a)
th
e
fin
it
e
eleme
n
t
method
(
MEF)
is
a
num
eri
c
al
appr
oximati
on
me
thod
used
to
solve
static
and
dynam
i
c
bo
unda
ry
proble
ms
,
b)
t
he
an
al
yt
ical
m
odel
s
contain
a
serie
s
of
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Variable rel
uctan
ce
sy
nch
r
on
ou
s
mac
hin
es
in
s
atu
r
ated
mo
de
(
Hlel
i H
ane
ne
)
663
ma
th
em
a
ti
c
al
fo
rmul
a
s
th
at
inter
pre
t
the
actua
tor
's
func
ti
on
as
pr
ec
ise
ly
as
poss
i
ble
and
c)
t
h
e
e
xper
imental
pro
ce
dure
:
Thi
s is a
usefu
l a
pproa
ch, althoug
h
it is
not
a
lways
fea
sib
le
[6].
We
hav
e
chose
n
th
e
analytica
l
appr
o
ac
h
b
ec
a
use
we
want
a
mod
el
th
at
is
fast
,
fe
asibl
e
,
and
r
el
i
able.
Nonethe
l
ess,
a
f
ini
te
eleme
n
t
m
odel
would
be
nee
ded
.
It
is
r
e
quire
d
for
va
li
d
at
ion
eve
n
if
it
is
not
used
for
mode
l
cre
a
ti
on.
Furthe
rmore
,
after
di
me
nsional
opti
mi
z
at
ion
,
i
t
is
p
roposed
tha
t
the
result
s
be
te
st
e
d
using
a
fin
ite
el
e
me
nt
mode
l
.
The
se
m
et
hods
h
el
p
one
to
eva
lu
at
e
the
ma
gne
ti
c
prop
er
ti
es
of
the
eng
in
e,
such
as
flux,
cur
ren
t
,
and
ind
uct
an
ce
var
iations
[7]
.
Thi
s
work
is
de
scribe
d
in
four
princ
ip
al
p
art
s
,
the
first
one
d
e
al
with
the
g
eo
me
try
and
di
mens
ions
of
our
mode
l
,
the
sec
o
nd
par
t
conc
ern
s
the
study
of
the
ma
ch
ine
in
a
linear
r
egi
m
e
and
the
th
ird
is
th
e
study
of
the
ma
c
hine
in
satura
t
ed
r
egi
m
e
.
One
of
th
ese
two
par
ts
wi
ll
i
ncl
ude
modelin
g
of
th
e
ma
ch
in
e
by
f
ini
t
e
el
e
m
ent
and
by
anal
yti
c
al
me
thod
.
Fina
ll
y
,
a com
p
ara
t
ive st
udy
of
th
e
r
esults
will
b
e
pr
ese
nt
ed
and
discussed
in a
four
th
p
art.
2.
MOTO
R ST
R
UC
T
UR
E
2.1.
Topo
l
ogy
Synchr
onous
mo
to
rs
with
va
riable
relucta
nce
ca
n
be
re
gu
la
r
or
ir
regu
la
r.
A
re
gu
la
r
mo
to
r
is
on
e
whose
pole
s
ar
e
symmet
rical
arou
nd
the
ce
nt
ral
li
nes
e
qual
ly
s
pace
d
a
rou
nd
r
otor
an
d
sta
tor
res
pecti
vel
y.
The
var
ia
ble
reluct
ance
sync
hro
nous
machi
ne
c
an
be
desig
ne
d
by
se
ve
ral
nu
mb
e
rs
of
phas
es.
I
n
short
,
it
can
be
cl
assifi
ed
dep
e
nd
i
n
g
on
t
he
num
ber
of
ph
as
es
(single
ph
a
s
e,
thre
e
-
ph
a
se)
or
the
num
ber
of
pole
s
(6
/
4,
8/6)
.
Our
resea
rch
i
s
f
oc
us
ed
on
t
he
cas
e
of
a
T
hr
ee
-
phase
ma
chine.
Eac
h
ph
ase
co
ntains
t
wo
c
oils
co
nn
ect
ed
in
su
c
h
a
wa
y
tha
t t
heir
fl
ows ar
e ad
diti
ve
[8]
,
[9]
.
2.2.
Mot
or oper
at
i
ng
s
tr
at
e
gy
The
operati
on
is
li
ke
a
se
ries
of
el
ect
r
ic
al
pu
lse
s
ap
plied
t
o
the
c
oils
of
ea
ch
ph
a
se
in
a
n
al
te
rn
at
ing
man
ner.
The
y
sta
rt
wh
e
n
tw
o
r
otor
pole
s
be
come
al
ig
ned
with
a
pair
of
sta
tor
pole
s.
T
he
durati
on
of
these
el
ect
rical
p
ulse
s can
b
e
ad
j
us
te
d
in
or
der
t
o
i
mpro
ve
t
he
c
ha
racteri
sti
cs of
the mac
h
ine
[
10]
.
2.3.
Design a
nd ge
omet
ry
The
ge
ome
try
of
a
var
ia
ble
re
lucta
nce
s
yn
c
hro
nous
machi
ne
is
based
on
a
set
of
pa
ramet
ers
that
are
ref
e
ren
ce
d in
(
1). F
i
gure
1
s
hows
the
desi
gn and the
g
e
ome
try of
this
mac
hin
e.
c
2×p
c=
24×n
(1)
In our ca
se,
n is set
to o
ne.
ds
N
=
3
×
n
(2)
d
i
s
N
=
3
×
n
(3)
dr
N
=
4
×
n
(4)
sl
N
=
2
×
3
×
n
(5)
To
receive
t
riangular
in
du
ct
a
nces
move
d
by
an
a
mou
nt
θ
t
o
2.
/3
,
the
f
ollow
i
ng
co
ndit
ion
s
m
us
t
be
met
,
a)
t
he
sta
tor
te
et
h's
a
ngular
openi
ng
is
eq
uiv
al
ent
t
o
the
r
oto
r
te
et
h's
a
ngular
ope
ning
,
a
nd
b)
t
he
an
gu
la
r
ope
ni
ng
of
the g
a
p betwe
e
n
sta
to
r
te
et
h i
s 5
/3
of a
size
of a stat
or t
oo
t
h
[11]
,
[12]
.
We
hav
e:
d
e
n
t
1
c
A
=
3
×
C
(6)
e
n
c
c
A
=
C
(7)
d
e
n
t
2
c
A
=
3
×
C
(8)
d
r
c
A
=
3
×
C
(9)
d
r
d
r
d
e
n
tr
dr
2×
π
-
N
×A
A=
N
(
10
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
2
,
J
une
2021
:
662
–
673
664
dd
cs
c
s
m
B
×
S
H=
2
×
B
×
L
(
11
)
ed
cr
c
s
m
B
×
S
H=
2
×
B
×
L
(
12
)
s
p
h
d
im
d
e
n
s
f
N
×I
H=
δ
×L
×K
(
13
)
Figure
1
.
Proto
typ
e
pa
rameter
s
3.
THE
M
OT
O
R
IS
MODEL
ED USI
NG
F
I
NITE EL
EM
ENTS
The
finite
el
e
ment
t
heory
de
rives
fro
m
th
e
w
ork
of
Fe
rmat
a
nd
Be
r
nouill
i
(17
43),
as
well
a
s
Galer
kin
's
met
hod
base
d
on
appr
ox
imat
io
n
eq
uatio
ns
i
n
Hilbert
sp
aces
.
Ro
ber
t
C
oura
nt
im
plemente
d
t
he
var
ie
ty
t
heore
m
of
l
ocal
sup
port
f
un
ct
io
ns
in
1943,
set
ti
ng
the
sta
ge
f
or
the
subd
i
visio
n
of
a
gi
ven
domain
into
“
el
eme
nts
”
.
Eve
n
s
o,
it
is
sti
ll
with
the
ad
van
ce
men
t
of
c
omp
uting
that
these
w
ork
s
seek
us
e,
wit
h
the
gro
undbrea
king
w
orks
of
Zie
nck
ie
wiz
an
d
Argyris
est
abli
sh
in
g
the
meth
od
i
n
19
60.T
he
con
t
rib
ution
of
t
he
matri
x
me
asu
r
ement,
im
plem
ented
by
an
un
known
ci
vil
en
gin
ee
r,
is
wh
at
le
ads
to
t
he
m
et
hod's
perfor
man
ce
and stre
ng
t
h.
T
he
met
hod
t
he
n
e
xp
e
rience
d a ra
pid
gro
wth, ai
ded by a
dva
nces i
n
c
ompu
t
er s
ci
ence
.
To
day,
finite
el
ements
a
re
a
bi
g
instr
ume
nt
t
hat
is
ine
vitable
i
n
me
chan
ic
s
(f
lui
ds
a
nd
s
olids,
relat
ion
s,
a
nd
str
uctur
e
s)
a
nd
valid
i
n
man
y
fiel
ds
inclu
din
g
boun
dary
pro
blems
,
s
uch
as
fin
ancial
mathemat
ic
s
or
el
ect
romag
ne
ti
smTh
ere
are
numer
ous
in
du
stria
l
cod
e
s
(s
ol
ver
s
)
avail
a
ble,
w
hich
are
usual
ly
paire
d
with
s
oft
war
e
or
ss
(
CAD
)
softwa
r
e
[
13].
For
t
hi
s
work
we
us
e
the
s
of
t
war
e
f
init
e
el
ement
method
mag
neti
cs (
F
E
MM)
3.1.
Create m
od
el
The
m
ot
or
was
a thr
ee
-
ph
ase
, t
wo
-
pole
p
ai
r
(
p=2)
desig
n. F
our
te
et
h mak
e
up th
e
r
oto
r
. T
he
c
oils are
con
ce
ntrate
d
a
nd
t
he
hole
s
a
r
e
strai
gh
t.
T
his
s
peed
up
t
he
process
of
a
uto
mati
ng
them
and
i
ntegr
at
i
ng
the
m
into
a
blo
c
k.
T
he
wi
nd
i
ng
is
a
too
t
h
set
enc
losed
by
a
c
oil.
The
mo
t
or
's
tor
que
is
caus
e
d
by
t
he
di
ff
e
r
ence
in
sal
ie
nce
al
ong
the
ai
r
dista
nce
.
We
us
e
lo
w
-
he
igh
t
te
et
h
to
r
edu
ce
t
he
im
pa
ct
of
the
ro
t
or
's
var
ia
ti
on
in
in
erti
a
durin
g ro
ta
ti
on
[
14].
The
pro
c
ess p
a
rameter
s
are s
how
n
in
th
e Table
1.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
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ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Variable rel
uctan
ce
sy
nch
r
on
ou
s
mac
hin
es
in
s
atu
r
ated
mo
de
(
Hlel
i H
ane
ne
)
665
Table
1
.
Dime
ns
io
ns
of the
pro
t
otype
S
y
m
b
o
l
s
D
i
m
e
n
s
i
o
n
s
Lm
5
0
0
m
m
E
2
.
5
m
m
Ra
4
0
.
1
2
1
m
m
D
s
t
3
0
0
.
0
0
0
m
m
N
s
p
h
550
h
c
r
5
0
.
2
7
9
m
m
h
c
s
3
1
,
4
2
5
m
m
hd
4
6
,
0
3
9
m
m
dr
6
0
.
2
7
m
m
N
d
r
p
4
.
0
0
0
N
d
s
p
3
.
0
0
0
N
d
s
i
3
.
0
0
0
A
d
e
n
t
1
4
5
.
0
0
0
°
A
d
e
n
t
2
4
5
.
0
0
0
°
A
e
n
c
1
5
.
0
0
0
°
A
d
e
n
t
r
1
4
5
.
0
0
0
°
3.2.
Materials
The
reali
zat
ion
of
a
high
-
pe
rformance
mac
hi
ne
ha
s
al
wa
ys
been
ou
r
go
al
.
Thr
ee
ty
pes
of
mate
rial
s
we
re
us
e
d
w
hic
h
are
:
a.
Copper
f
or
coi
ls:
Copper
is
not
ma
gn
et
ic
or
is
just
mil
dl
y
mag
netic
(
no
t
la
rg
e
e
noug
h
t
o
see
un
der
usua
l
ci
rcu
msta
nces
)
, but it
interact
s w
it
h ma
gn
et
s
.
b.
Pu
r
e
ir
on
f
or
the
sta
tor
an
d
t
he
r
oto
r:
W
e
noti
ce
the
e
xistence
of
t
wo
par
t
s.
A
li
near
pa
rt
that
c
orres
ponds
to the lin
ear
m
od
e
. A
non
-
li
ne
ar
par
t t
ha
t co
rr
es
ponds t
o
th
e satt
ur
e
d
m
od
e
[
15]
,
[
16]
.
3.3.
Genera
te
me
s
h and r
un
FE
A
A
li
near
mesh
of
1745
4
co
m
pone
nts
has
be
en
use
d.
Fig
ure
2
de
monstrat
es
the
flo
w
li
ne
s
an
d
flu
x
densi
ty fo
r vari
ou
s
val
ues o
f
t
he
flo
w path a
nd f
l
ux d
e
ns
it
y.
Figure
2.
I
nduc
ti
on
a
nd f
l
ow li
nes
3.4.
Analy
sis resul
ts
3.4.1.
Evo
lu
tion o
f t
he induc
t
an
ce
s in li
near
mode
T
he
i
n
du
c
t
a
nc
e
i
s
e
s
t
i
m
a
t
e
d
a
s
f
ol
l
ow
s
f
or
e
a
c
h
va
l
ue
o
f
c
a
be
vi
s
ua
l
i
z
e
d
a
s
i
t
i
s
i
n
F
i
g
ur
e
3
.
T
he
cycle
pr
ese
nte
d
i
n
the
pr
e
vi
ou
s
fig
ur
e
is
a
n
i
deali
zed
c
yc
le
,
the
va
riat
ion
of
the
i
nduc
ta
nce
is
li
nea
r.
The
durati
on
of
the
com
plete
al
ig
nm
e
nt
pe
rio
d
i
s
relat
ed
to
the
relat
ive
ge
ome
try
of
t
he
te
et
h
a
nd
may
be
missi
ng
in
the
ca
se
of
an
i
den
ti
cal
width
of
t
he
t
wo
te
et
h.
The
slo
pes
of
gro
wth
a
nd
decay
of
the
in
du
ct
or
s
are
importa
nt
for
t
he
pr
oductio
n
of
t
he
to
rque.
It
shou
l
d
al
so
be
note
d
that
t
he
va
lue
of
t
he
inducta
nce
is
never
zero, e
ven in t
he non
-
al
ign
e
d p
os
it
ion, the
re
is an
in
du
ct
a
nc
e b
et
wee
n
t
he
sta
tor
t
oo
t
h
a
nd the
roto
r yok
e L
min
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
2
,
J
une
2021
:
662
–
673
666
Figure
3.
The
e
vo
l
ution o
f
i
nductances
as a
f
un
ct
io
n o
f
mec
han
ic
al
a
ngle
s
(Linea
r
m
ode)
3.4.2.
Evo
lu
tion o
f t
he induc
t
an
ce
s in s
attur
at
ed
mo
d
e
The
ev
olu
ti
on
of
the
in
duct
ance
va
riable
i
n
the
sat
urat
ed
mode
ca
n
be
s
own
in
F
ig
ure
θ
0
-
θ
1:
the
li
near
gro
wth
per
i
od
of
the
i
nductance
,
w
he
n
t
he
r
otor
t
ooth
is
be
ginnin
g
t
o
al
ign
with
the
sta
to
r
t
ooth;
i
n
θ
1
the
r
oto
r
t
oo
t
h
is
com
plete
ly
al
ign
ed
a
nd
the
i
nducta
nce
reaches
t
he
maxim
um
val
ue
Lma
x;
the
tor
qu
e
pro
du
ce
d
in thi
s zo
ne
is
po
sit
i
ve
with
resp
e
ct
to
the d
irect
io
n
of rota
ti
on.
θ1
-
θ
2: p
e
rio
d
of
co
m
plete
ali
gn
me
nt
of
t
he
t
wo
te
et
h;
on
t
his
re
gi
on
the
i
nducta
nce
remains
at
the
ma
xim
um
value
an
d
t
here
is
no
pro
du
ct
ion
of
tor
qu
e
.
θ2
-
θ
3:
the
misal
ig
nme
nt
pe
rio
d,
wit
h
the
r
otor
to
ot
h
a
way
f
rom
t
he
al
ig
ned
pos
it
ion
;
the
var
ia
ti
on
of
inducta
nce
of
t
he
ma
xim
um
va
lue
Lma
x
up
to
the
non
-
al
ig
nm
e
nt
val
ue
L
min
produces
a
ne
gative
to
r
que
in
the
directi
on
of
ro
ta
ti
on
c
hose
n
as
re
fer
e
nce.
θ
3:
t
he
i
nductance
val
ue
re
mains
uncha
nged
.
Lm
in
an
d
conseq
ue
ntly t
her
e
is no
pro
duct
ion o
f
t
orque.
Figure
4.
Ev
ol
ution o
f
t
he
in
duct
ances
in fu
nc
ti
on
of the
me
chan
ic
al
a
ngle
s (
sat
tu
rated
mode)
4.
ANALYTI
C
A
L MO
DEL
4.1.
Li
near
m
od
e
The
m
otor's
phase
in
du
ct
a
nc
es
a
re
e
xpres
s
ed
by
the
(
14)
instea
d
f
rom
(
15)
an
d
(
16)
.
These
(
14)
to
(16)
sho
w
al
l t
he
st
ud
ie
d para
mete
rs
a
nd g
i
ve
s the
mathem
at
ic
al
r
el
at
ion
s
hip
.
if 0
≤
≤
dent1
1
=
L
C0
+
C
×θ
if
dent
1
≤
≤
2
×
A
dent1
1
=
L
C0
+
C
×
A
dent1
-
C
×
θ
̇
(
14
)
if
2
3
×
2
×
A
dent1
≤
≤
7
3
×
A
dent1
2
=
L
C0
+
C
×
(
θ
-
2
3
×
2
×
A
dent1
)
′
,
,
(
)
9
.
1
5
9
8
.
8
,
,
(
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Variable rel
uctan
ce
sy
nch
r
on
ou
s
mac
hin
es
in
s
atu
r
ated
mo
de
(
Hlel
i H
ane
ne
)
667
if
7
3
×
A
dent1
≤
≤
10
3
×
A
dent1
;
2
=
L
C0
+
C
×
A
dent
1
-
C
×
(
θ
-
7
×
A
d
en
t1
3
)
,
(
15
)
if
4
3
×
2
×
A
dent1
≤
≤
11
3
×
A
dent1
;
3
=
L
c0
+
C
×
(
θ
-
4
3
×
2
×
A
dent1
)
if
11
3
×
A
dent1
≤
≤
14
3
×
A
dent1
3
=
L
C0
+
C
×
A
dent
1
-
C
×
(
θ
-
11
×
A
d
en
t1
2
)
,
(
16
)
Wh
e
re:
=
d
sp
2
×
(
0
×
st
2
×
L
)
×
(
sp
h
(
d
sp
2
)
)
2
2
×
e
⋅
(17)
c1
=
dsp
2
×
(
0
×
H
×
L
)
×
(
sp
h
(
d
sp
2
)
)
2
en
c
⋅
(18)
T
he
va
r
i
a
t
i
on
o
f
t
he
i
nd
uc
t
a
nc
e
s
a
c
c
or
di
ng
t
o
t
he
r
ot
or
a
ng
l
e
i
s
gi
ve
n
b
y
t
he
F
i
gu
r
e
5
.
Figure
5.
Ev
ol
ution o
f
t
he
in
duct
ances
in
li
ne
ar mo
de
4.2.
Sa
t
urated
m
ode
The
sync
hro
nous
va
riable
rel
uctance
mac
hi
ne
c
onstr
uctio
n
is par
ti
c
ular
by
t
he
double
sa
li
ency
of
t
he
mo
to
r
po
le
s
.
T
he
c
har
act
erist
i
cs
of
the
ma
ch
ine
are
ge
ner
al
ly
nonli
near
as
they
of
te
n
op
e
rate
in
the
sat
urat
ed
reg
i
on
of
t
he
mag
netiz
at
ion
char
act
e
risti
cs.
The
n,
it
s
oper
at
ion
can
’t
be
represe
nted
by
li
near
iz
ed
a
na
lyti
cal
models,
suc
h
a
s
the
s
ynch
ron
ou
s
a
nd
i
nduct
ion
m
otor.
T
he
refor
e
,
a
nonli
near
m
odel
ta
ki
ng
int
o
acc
ou
nt
t
he
mo
to
r
ma
gnet
iz
at
ion
ch
aracte
risti
c
is
mand
a
tor
y
in
order
t
o
co
rr
ect
ly
re
present
our
mac
hin
e.
This
par
t
will
pr
ese
nt
t
he
de
sign
an
d
impl
ementat
io
n
of
a
no
nlinear
m
od
el
of
t
he
m
achine
to
be
use
d
i
n
t
he
Simuli
nk
env
i
ronme
nt.
The
pro
posed
model
is
im
plemented
as
a
Si
mu
li
nk
blo
c
k
c
on
ta
ini
ng
six
s
ub
s
ys
te
m
s.
It
is
base
d
on
tw
o
main
i
nputs
w
hich
ar
e
cu
rr
e
nt
a
nd
r
otor
posit
ion
s.
The
outp
ut
st
udie
d
is
the
th
re
e
-
phase
in
du
ct
ances
L1, L2
and
L3
.
The
sat
ur
at
i
on
is
cal
culat
ed
consi
der
i
ng
th
e
in
du
ct
io
n
in
sta
tor
to
oth
c
an’
t
ac
hie
ve
t
he
sat
ur
at
io
n
value
of
the
ir
on
B
-
H
c
urve
[
17]
,
[
18]
.
Th
e
sat
ur
at
i
on
val
ues
of
in
duct
ances
a
re
meas
ur
e
d
us
in
g
the
li
near
model an
d
t
he
(19) to
(
22).
st
s
a
tt
0
e
0
m
e
D
f
=
f
+
d
s
×
B
=
f
+
×
L
×
B
×
d
θ
2
(19)
L
C0
M
ec
ha
nica
l a
ng
le
(
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
2
,
J
une
2021
:
662
–
673
668
(
)
(
)
sa
tt
c
0
sa
tt
f
=
L
+L
θ
×I
(20)
d
s
a
t
t
B
=
1
.
6
(21)
d
s
a
t
t
d
s
e
B
×
S
=
d
s
×
B
(22)
This
ma
gnet
iz
at
ion
c
har
act
er
ist
ic
can
al
so
be
obta
ined
by
a
finite
el
ement cal
culat
ion
if w
e k
now
th
e
geomet
r
y
of
the
mac
hin
e.
T
he
ex
per
i
ment
al
te
sts
carried
out
on
the
act
ual
machin
e.An
exa
mp
le
of
a
n
app
li
cat
io
n using the
de
velo
pe
d bloc
k (w
it
h
sp
eci
fic m
odel
s of a 6/4
m
otor)
[
19]
.
4.3.
Simul
ink m
odel
The glo
bal m
odel
of t
he pow
er c
hain
is c
om
po
s
ed
of a
sp
ee
d
a
nd curre
nt
r
egu
la
to
r, a c
onver
te
r
m
od
el
and a
dynamic
equ
at
io
n m
od
e
l. Th
e
d
ia
gr
a
m
in
Fig
ure
6,
s
hows
all
the
nee
ded b
l
ocas a
nd
present
ha
w
e
ach
blo
c is
con
nected to
the
ot
her
.
H
e
re,
t
he
re
fere
nce
s
pee
d
is e
qu
al
t
o 80Km
.
Figure
6.
Gl
obal
model of t
he
pow
e
r
c
hain
4.3.1.
Speed
re
gu
l
ator
To
pro
vid
e
th
e
amplit
ude
of
the
re
fer
e
nce
c
urren
t
w
hile
re
du
ci
ng
the
e
rror
betwee
n
t
he
ref
e
ren
ce
and
res
pons
e
s
peeds,
a
(PI
D)
regulat
or
for
m
is
us
ed
.
Thi
s
is
fo
r
c
ontr
ol
li
ng
the
m
otor
sp
ee
d
an
d
sup
erv
isi
ng
this va
riable i
n o
rd
e
r
to
contr
ol the ve
hicle
s
peed an
d
ac
cel
erati
on.
4.3.2.
Model
of
c
urr
ent
re
gu
l
ator
Pr
ese
nt
re
gu
la
t
or
s
a
re
use
d
t
o
cha
nge
the
s
tren
gth
a
nd
form
of
c
urren
ts
wh
il
e
minimi
zi
ng
to
r
qu
e
fluctuati
on
t
o
r
edu
ce
the
dispa
rity
bet
wee
n
the
re
fer
e
nce
a
nd
reacti
on
s
pe
eds.
C
urre
nts
can
be
se
par
at
ed
int
o
two
par
ts:
a
di
r
ect
cur
re
nt
el
e
ment
an
d
a
c
omp
on
e
n
t
that
di
ff
ers
i
n
phase
confli
ct
with
inducta
nce
s.
T
o
ob
ta
in
an
op
ti
mize
d
f
orm
of
t
he
mot
or
t
orqu
e
f
or
a
co
ns
ta
nt
ref
e
ren
ce
r
pm,
tw
o
c
urren
ts
are
po
sit
ive
an
d
one
i
s
neg
at
ive
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
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ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Variable rel
uctan
ce
sy
nch
r
on
ou
s
mac
hin
es
in
s
atu
r
ated
mo
de
(
Hlel
i H
ane
ne
)
669
Figure
7
.
Mo
de
l of
c
urre
nt re
gu
la
to
r
Errors
am
ong
cal
culat
ed
an
d
current
a
nd
volt
age
m
odes
are
pe
rformed
to
il
lustrate
the
use
an
d
ver
if
y
m
od
el
a
ct
ion
.
This
s
pe
ci
fic
model
produces
ve
r
y
ac
cur
at
e
res
ults
because
it
is
s
uitable
f
or
a
s
pecific
machine
us
in
g
meas
ured
or
cal
culat
ed
dat
a
re
fer
e
nce
c
urre
nts
at
ta
ck
t
wo
pro
portiona
l
-
int
egral
-
de
ri
vative
regulat
ors
t
yp
e
to
pro
vid
e
the
tw
o
ref
e
ren
c
e
volt
ages
re
quired
f
or
gen
e
rat
ing
the
tw
o
c
ontr
ol
sig
nals
of
th
e
IG
BT
tran
sist
ors.
The
us
e
of
ge
netic
al
gori
thms
reduces
tor
que
ri
pp
le
a
nd,
as
a
re
su
lt
,
the
fluct
uatio
n
of
respo
ns
e s
pee
d. Fig
ure
7
il
lustrate
s the
Sim
ulink
model
of th
e n
e
w reg
ulato
rs.
4.3.3.
Conv
er
ter
m
odel
The
c
onve
rter'
s
est
imat
ed
m
odel
is
buil
t
on
the
ma
nipulat
ion
of
th
ree
vol
ta
ge
le
vels
by
a
tria
ngular
sign
al
.
T
o
rep
l
ic
at
e
the
e
vo
l
ut
ion
of
the
th
r
ee
phases
sup
ply
volt
ages,
t
he
outp
ut
s
of
the
t
hr
ee
co
mpa
rators
at
ta
ck
two h
ys
t
eresis
dep
e
nding f
rom the
v
al
ue of
the
DC
bus
vo
lt
a
ge Ud
c
and
0
[20]
,
[21]
an
d
[22
]
.
4.3.4.
Mot
or
m
od
el
The v
olt
ages
of the
m
oto
r
pha
ses are
r
e
pr
ese
nted b
y
the
(
23
)
to
(25).
(
)
11
11
d
L
×
i
V
=
R
×
i
+
dt
(23)
(
)
22
22
d
L
×
i
V
=
R
×
i
+
dt
(24)
(
)
33
33
d
L
×
i
V
=
R
×
i
+
dt
(25)
Wh
e
re
R
is
the
phase resist
an
ce,
L
1,
L2
an
d
L3
a
re r
es
pecti
vely
t
he
i
nduct
ance o
f
the
pha
se
1, 2
a
nd 3
a
nd
i1,
i2 and i
3
a
re re
sp
ect
ively
the
current
of the
phase
1, 2 an
d 3
.
The
re
sist
ance
is
measu
red
f
or
a
te
m
pe
ratu
re
of
90°C,
ta
king
int
o
acco
un
t
a
n
e
ng
i
nee
red
c
ooli
ng
mecha
nism t
ha
t i
s au
to
mate
d
t
o keep
the te
m
per
at
ur
e
of c
opper co
ns
ta
nt
at
this val
ue.
The
(26
)
e
xpre
sses the
torq
ue gene
rated
by t
he
e
ng
i
ne
[23
]
-
[
25]
.
U
a
r
e
f
1
3
U
b
r
e
f
2
2
U
c
r
e
f
3
1
ke
1
Kp
T
r
a
n
s
f
e
r
F
c
n
3
K
i
i
s
T
r
a
n
s
f
e
r
F
c
n
2
K
i
i
s
T
r
a
n
s
f
e
r
F
c
n
1
K
i
i
s
S
w
i
t
c
h
5
S
w
i
t
c
h
4
S
w
i
t
c
h
3
S
w
i
t
c
h
2
S
w
i
t
c
h
1
S
w
i
t
c
h
P
r
o
d
u
c
t
5
P
r
o
d
u
c
t
3
P
r
o
d
u
c
t
1
G
a
i
n
6
K
i
d
G
a
i
n
5
K
i
d
G
a
i
n
4
K
i
d
G
a
i
n
3
K
i
p
G
a
i
n
2
K
i
p
G
a
i
n
1
K
i
p
F
c
n
8
-
s
i
n
(
p
*
u
-
2
*
pi
/
3
)
F
c
n
7
-
s
i
n
(
p
*
u
-
4
*
pi
/
3
)
F
c
n
5
-
s
i
n
(
p
*
u
)
F
c
n
4
s
i
n
(
p
*
u
-
4
*
pi
/
3
)
F
c
n
2
s
i
n
(
p
*
u
-
2
*
pi
/
3
)
F
c
n
1
s
i
n
(
p
*
u
)
D
e
r
i
v
a
t
i
v
e
3
du
/
dt
D
e
r
i
v
a
t
i
v
e
2
du
/
dt
D
e
r
i
v
a
t
i
v
e
1
du
/
dt
C
o
n
s
t
a
n
t
9
1
C
o
n
s
t
a
n
t
8
0
C
o
n
s
t
a
n
t
7
-
1
C
o
n
s
t
a
n
t
6
0
C
o
n
s
t
a
n
t
5
1
C
o
n
s
t
a
n
t
4
-
1
C
o
n
s
t
a
n
t
3
0
C
o
n
s
t
a
n
t
2
0
C
o
n
s
t
a
n
t
13
0
C
o
n
s
t
a
n
t
11
-
1
C
o
n
s
t
a
n
t
10
0
C
o
n
s
t
a
n
t
1
1
M
e
s
u
r
e
d
t
h
e
t
a
5
ia
3
4
ia
2
3
ia
1
2
I
a
r
e
f
1
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
2
,
J
une
2021
:
662
–
673
670
(
)
2
2
2
1
1
2
2
3
3
m
1
d
×
L
×
i
+
L
×
i
+
L
×
i
1
2
T=
Ω
d
t
(26)
The
el
ect
rical
-
mecha
nical
m
otor
the
ory
is
impleme
nted
in
the
MAT
LAB/
Simuli
nk
simulat
ion
fr
ame
w
ork. Th
e b
asi
c i
nteract
ion
of mec
ha
nics is u
s
ed
to o
bt
ai
n
the
(27)
.
(
)
v
r
ou
e
m
R
dV
M
×R
×
=r
×T
-
T
V
dt
(27)
4.3.5.
Induc
tane c
alculator
The
in
duct
anc
es
model
is
implanted
unde
r
M
A
TLAB/
Sim
ulink
e
nvir
onne
ment
acc
ording
t
o
Fig
ur
e
8
.
It
c
on
ta
ins
al
l
the
nee
de
d
inputs
a
nd
sho
w
cl
earl
y
the
ou
t
pu
t
pa
ramet
ers
as
t
he
t
hr
e
e
cu
rr
e
nt
wa
ve
s.
T
he
inducta
nces
L
1, L
2
a
nd L3 de
pend o
n
the
constant
values
o
f
the
in
du
ct
a
nc
es Lc0
, Lc
1
a
nd Lc
3 w
hich
a
r
e
.
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
2
7
s
p
h
d
s
p
0
d
s
p
d
m
e
n
c
3
×
4
×
π
×
1
0
×
N
N
3
L
=
N
×
h
×
L
L
C
(28)
C
1
C
0
L
=
L
(29)
2
7
d
s
p
s
p
h
st
m
d
e
n
t1
d
s
p
C
2
C
0
NN
D
π2
×
4
×
π
×
1
0
×
×
L
×
A
×
×
×
N
3
2
1
8
0
3
3
L
=
L
+
(
2
×
e
)
(30)
C
3
C
2
L
=
L
(31)
Figure
8.
The
inductance
s' Si
mu
li
nk m
odel
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Variable rel
uctan
ce
sy
nch
r
on
ou
s
mac
hin
es
in
s
atu
r
ated
mo
de
(
Hlel
i H
ane
ne
)
671
4.3.6.
Simul
at
i
on
re
sults
Fo
r
the
simula
ti
on
te
st
we
ha
ve
base
d
on
th
is
real
m
otor
c
aracte
resti
cs,
presente
d
in
Ta
ble
2.
T
he
var
ia
ti
on
of
th
e
inducta
nces
accor
ding
t
o
th
e
r
oto
r
a
ng
le
is
giv
e
n
by
Fig
ure
9.
T
he
cu
rves
of
var
ia
ti
on
s
of
the
inducta
nces
for
t
he
li
ne
ar
m
ode
a
re
gi
ve
n
by
t
he
Fig
ur
e
10.
F
or
the
li
ne
ar
reg
i
me,
we
no
ti
ce
that
t
he
form
of
the
in
du
ct
a
nce
is
tria
ngular
a
nd
that
var
ie
s
betwee
n
tw
o
e
xtreme
val
ues
Lmin
a
nd
Lma
x.
We
note
al
so
tha
t
the
perce
nta
ge
of
e
rror
betwee
n
the
a
nalytic
model
an
d
the
finite
model
do
es
no
t
e
xcee
d
5%.
T
he
n
our
model
is
validat
ed
f
or
the
case
of
a
li
near
re
gime
.
Fo
r
t
he
sat
urat
ed
re
gime,
t
he
inducta
nce
c
urves
are
il
lustra
te
d
in
the Fig
ure
11.
Table
2.
Moto
r
p
a
ramaters
Para
m
eters
Valu
es
Un
its
R
wh
ee
l
0
.26
m
Ud
c
4
.1
V
Mv
1000
Kg
r
3
.6
/
R
b
att
0
.01
m
Bcs
1
.6
T
Bd
0
.7
T
Mcs
1
0
5
.230
Kg
Mds
3
3
1
.742
Kg
Ci
0
.07
2
/1
0
0
0
/
Ad
en
t1
45
°
Lm
5
0
0
/1
0
0
0
mm
Dst
3
0
0
/1
0
0
0
mm
sd
p
3
e
2
/1
0
0
0
mm
Sd
s
Ad
en
t1
*
p
i/1
8
0
*
(D
st/2
)*Lm
mm
2
Lm
in
3
2
.31
8
/
1
0
0
0
mm
Nsp
h
546
co
il
a
2
*
1
.6*
S
d
s
*
e/(4*
p
i
/1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
*
Nsp
h
)
/
In
275
A
Aen
c
15
°
rcu
0
.01
7
6
*
0
.0000
0
1
Oh
m
.
m
kr
0
.65
/
d
elta
6
A/m
m
²
Figure
9.
I
nduc
ta
nces
var
ia
ti
on in
satu
rated
mode
Figure
1
0.
Ind
uctances
v
a
riat
ion
i
n
li
nea
r
m
od
e
Figure
1
1.
Ind
uctances
v
a
riat
ion
i
n
sat
ur
at
e
d
m
ode
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