In
te
r
n
ation
a
l Jou
rn
al
o
f Po
we
r
Elec
tron
ic
s an
d
D
r
ive S
y
stem
(IJ
PED
S
)
Vo
l
.
1
0
, No
.
2
, Ju
n
e
20
1
9
, p
p
.
1
0
1
4
~
1
021
ISSN: 2088-
8694,
DOI
:
10.11591
/ijpeds.
v10.
i
2.pp1014-1021
1014
Jou
rn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
:
ht
tp:
//i
a
e
score
.
com
/
j
o
u
r
na
l
s
/
i
n
d
e
x
.
p
hp/IJ
PED
S
A
n
alysis of
the hard and soft sh
ading impact on photovoltai
c
modu
le p
erformance usi
n
g solar module tester
Mu
staf
a Hamid
A
l
-Ju
m
ail
i
1
, Ahmed
S
ubhi Abda
lk
a
f
o
r
2
,
Moh
a
mmed
Qas
i
m T
a
ha
3
1
Ren
e
wab
l
e E
n
erg
y
Res
ea
rch
Ce
nt
er (RERC), U
n
i
v
ersity
of
An
ba
r, I
raq
2
Career
D
evel
op
men
t
Center, Un
i
vers
it
y of An
b
a
r
, Iraq
3
Coll
ege o
f
Ap
p
l
i
ed
S
cien
ce
s
-
H
it,
U
n
i
vers
it
y
of An
b
ar,
Iraq
Art
i
cl
e In
fo
ABSTRACT
A
r
tic
le hist
o
r
y
:
R
e
c
e
i
v
e
d
Oct
1
2
,
2
018
Re
vise
d Jan
2
0
, 2019
Ac
ce
p
t
ed
M
ar 4
, 2
0
19
S
o
l
a
r
cel
ls
a
re
a
m
aj
or
a
lt
ernate
s
ource
of
s
ustain
able
e
nerg
y
i
n
t
h
e
u
s
u
a
l
c
o
nd
it
io
n
o
f
d
e
p
le
t
i
ng
n
on
-
re
newa
b
l
e
e
n
e
r
gy
s
ourc
e
s
.
No
wa
d
a
y
s
,
t
h
i
s source
is
g
etting
mor
e
a
nd
m
ore
importan
t
due
to
i
ts
u
se
i
n
large
and
sm
all-scal
e
in
s
t
all
a
tio
n
s
.
O
ne
o
f
t
h
e
m
a
jo
r
c
a
u
s
es
o
f
energ
y
l
oss
e
s
i
n
p
hot
ovol
ta
i
c
(
P
V
)
mo
du
le
s
is
t
h
e
s
h
a
d
i
n
g
.
I
t
c
a
n
h
a
p
pe
n
du
e
to
c
lou
d
s
pa
ssing
,
ne
ar
t
rees
,
and
/
o
r
n
eig
h
b
o
ring
s
tru
c
tu
res.
G
enerall
y
,
there
are
t
w
o
typ
e
s
o
f
PV
m
odu
l
e
S
h
ad
in
g
w
h
i
c
h
are
ei
th
er
p
art
i
a
l
s
h
a
din
g
o
r
co
mpl
e
t
e
s
had
i
ng
.
B
oth
h
a
ve
a
si
gnif
i
c
a
n
t
im
p
act
on
t
h
e s
o
l
a
r mod
u
le ou
t
put po
w
er. T
h
i
s
p
aper
i
s an
at
t
e
m
p
t
of
carryin
g
ou
t
a
st
ud
y
of
t
he
e
lect
rical
c
hara
cteri
s
tics
of
a
so
la
r
mo
du
le
w
i
t
h
vari
ou
s
percen
ta
ges
of
s
im
ul
ate
d
s
had
i
n
g
.
T
h
e
so
lar
m
o
d
u
l
e
t
e
s
t
er
(
SMT
)
sim
u
l
a
tor
was
us
ed
i
n
t
h
is
s
tu
dy
.
Th
e
s
t
ud
y
a
p
pro
v
ed
t
h
e
d
i
r
ect
c
orrelati
on
bet
w
een
s
ho
rt
-circu
it
c
u
rrent
a
nd
so
lar
irrad
i
ance.
T
he
a
dv
anta
g
e
o
f
usi
ng
S
M
T
is
its
s
tab
l
e
irrad
i
an
ce
i
n
c
o
m
paris
o
n
to
t
he
p
racti
cal
uns
ta
b
l
e
so
la
r
irrad
i
ance
wi
thin
t
h
e
s
am
e
p
e
riod
.
T
h
e
results
o
f
b
o
t
h
m
etho
ds
o
f
s
hadi
ng
sim
u
l
a
tio
n
sh
ow
t
hat
s
h
ad
in
g
ha
s
a
si
gn
ifican
t
im
p
act
o
n
t
h
e
pe
rfor
m
a
nc
e
of
solar
panel
in
t
erms
o
f
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
cy,
fill
f
act
or
a
nd
outpu
t
p
owe
r
.
F
o
r
b
e
t
t
e
r
perf
o
r
man
ce,
s
olar
p
an
els
s
h
o
u
l
d
i
n
s
t
a
ll
i
n
sh
adi
n
g
f
r
ee
p
l
aces
a
s
m
u
c
h
a
s
i
t
is possible.
K
eyw
ord
s
:
Ma
ximum
pow
e
r
poi
nt,
Phot
o
v
o
lta
ic
,
Sh
ad
ing
,
Solar
m
odu
l
e
t
ester
,
So
lar
a
®
PV.
Co
pyri
gh
t © 2
019 In
stit
u
t
e
of Advanced
En
gi
neeri
n
g
an
d
S
c
ien
ce.
All
rights
res
e
rv
ed.
Corres
pon
d
i
n
g
Au
th
or:
Moham
m
ed Qasim
Taha,
Col
l
ege
o
f
A
pp
lied
S
c
ien
ces-Hi
t
,
Unive
r
sit
y
of
A
n
bar
,
Iraq.
Em
ail:
as.m
oham
m
a
d_ta
h
a@
uoa
nba
r.e
du.i
q
1.
I
N
TR
OD
U
C
TI
O
N
La
te
ly, sus
ta
in
able e
ne
rg
y ha
s bec
o
me
a ho
t
to
p
i
c
a
t
t
ra
ct
i
n
g
a
lo
t
of resea
rche
r’s i
nter
est
. Energy i
s
a
hi
ghl
y
nee
d
e
d
s
o
u
rc
e
for
na
ti
o
n
’s
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
,
y
e
t
t
rad
i
t
i
ona
l
e
n
e
r
g
y
s
o
u
r
c
e
s
a
r
e
c
o
n
s
i
d
e
r
e
d
a
s
h
i
g
h
l
y
d
e
pl
et
e
d
s
o
u
r
ces.
Al
l
th
at
l
ead
s
to
r
e
s
ea
rchi
n
g
n
e
w
e
n
e
rgy
re
so
urc
e
s
suc
h
a
s
w
i
nd,
w
a
t
e
r
,
the
ge
ot
herm
al
a
n
d
so
l
a
r
energ
y
.
S
o
l
a
r
ener
gy
i
s
i
n
e
xha
us
tib
le
g
re
en
e
ner
gy,
a
n
d
e
n
v
iro
n
m
e
nta
l
l
y
f
r
i
e
n
d
l
y
[1].
F
ossi
l
fue
l
w
i
ll
c
o
nti
n
u
e
d
o
m
in
a
tin
g
th
e
mai
n
g
l
o
b
a
l
en
e
r
gy
c
on
su
mp
tio
n.
N
a
t
i
o
n
s
’
awa
r
en
e
ss
o
f
f
os
sil
fu
e
l
u
si
ng
a
nd
t
he
p
l
an
et'
s
c
arbo
n
e
m
i
s
sio
n
s
b
e
c
a
u
se
o
f
cl
i
m
at
e
c
h
ang
e
a
n
d
g
l
ob
a
l
w
a
rm
ing
[2].
T
heref
o
r
e
,
su
st
ai
n
a
bl
e
en
e
r
gy
resour
ces
s
uc
h
as
w
i
nd
an
d
solar
ene
r
g
y
w
i
ll
pla
y
a
n
imp
o
r
t
a
n
t
rol
e
i
n
t
h
e
e
n
ergy
o
f
th
e
wo
rl
d
i
n
t
he
n
e
a
r
fu
t
u
re [3].
S
o
la
r ener
gy
i
s a
prom
i
s
in
g op
t
i
o
n
for
re
new
a
b
l
e
en
e
r
g
y
a
n
d
it h
a
s ga
ine
d
the
i
nt
e
r
es
t o
f
the
w
orld.
Con
v
e
r
sio
n
o
f
solar
e
n
erg
y
i
nt
o
e
l
ec
tri
cal
e
ne
rg
y
is
s
t
a
t
i
c
,
q
u
ie
t,
a
nd
e
n
v
i
ro
nm
en
t-fr
ie
nd
ly
[
4]
.
There
f
ore
,
ph
o
t
o
v
o
l
t
a
i
c
i
n
dus
try
gr
ow
t
h
w
a
s
v
ery
fas
t
i
n
pas
t
y
ea
rs.
P
h
o
t
o
v
o
lta
ic
(
PV)
syst
e
m
p
e
rfor
m
a
n
ce
i
s
a
ffe
cted
by
s
ever
a
l
f
a
c
t
ors
i
n
c
l
u
d
i
n
g
t
he
s
t
r
en
gt
h
of
i
rra
di
a
n
ce,
s
ha
di
n
g,
t
e
m
pe
rat
u
re
,
degr
ada
t
io
n,
s
o
i
l
i
ng,
m
i
s
m
a
tc
h
lo
sse
s
,
ti
lt
a
n
g
l
e
etc.
N
on-i
d
ea
l
o
p
e
r
ati
ng
c
o
n
d
i
tions
i
s
one
o
f
the
most
a
ffe
c
tin
g
pa
r
a
m
eter
s
on
t
h
e
P
V
s
yste
m
p
e
rfo
rma
n
c
e
.
On
e
o
f
t
h
e
se
n
o
n
-
i
d
eal
c
o
ndi
ti
on
s
i
s
w
o
r
king
und
e
r
r
educe
d
i
rra
dia
n
ce
d
u
e
s
had
i
n
g
e
ffe
ct
[
5]
.
Sh
ad
i
n
g
ma
y
be
u
ni
fo
rm
o
r
no
nun
i
f
o
r
m
i
f
i
t
co
v
e
rs
t
h
e
w
ho
l
e
s
u
r
face
o
f
the
pa
nel
i
s
c
o
n
side
red
a
s
u
n
i
for
m
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
El
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
IS
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
Analy
s
is o
f
the
har
d a
nd s
o
f
t
s
h
a
d
i
ng
im
p
a
c
t
on p
h
o
t
o
v
o
l
t
a
ic
m
odu
le
…
(Mus
ta
f
a
H
a
m
i
d Al-J
um
a
i
l
i
)
1
015
sha
d
i
n
g.
W
hi
le
i
f
t
h
e
sha
d
i
n
g
cover
s
o
n
l
y
p
a
r
t
o
f
the
P
V
p
ane
l
the
n
i
t
co
ns
idere
d
a
s
a
n
on-
un
iform
shadi
n
g.
In
bot
h
ca
se
s,
i
t
h
a
s
a
si
gni
fi
ca
n
t
i
mp
ac
t
on
t
h
e
s
ol
ar
c
el
l
ou
tp
ut
p
ow
er
[
6
]
.
U
nder
pa
rt
i
a
l
s
h
a
d
i
n
g
c
o
n
d
iti
on
s,
t
h
e
p
o
w
e
r
from
t
h
e
PV
m
o
d
u
l
e
c
a
n
b
e
d
ra
ma
t
i
c
al
ly
r
ed
uc
ed
a
nd
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
pow
e
r
p
o
i
nt
t
rac
k
ing
c
o
ntr
o
l
w
i
ll
b
e
a
ffe
ct
e
d
[1
]
.
Th
e
ac
cu
rat
e
p
art
i
a
l
sh
a
d
in
g mo
d
e
lin
g
of
PV sy
s
t
em
w
as i
ntr
o
d
u
ce
d in re
f
.
[7,
8].
The
a
u
t
h
ors
w
e
r
e
u
sed
a
tw
o-d
i
o
d
e
mo
de
l
to
r
epr
e
sen
t
t
h
e
P
V
ce
l
l
.
T
h
e
mode
l
r
e
q
ui
r
e
s
o
n
ly
f
our
p
a
r
am
eter
s
to
g
e
t
b
etter
ac
cura
cy
a
t
lo
w
irra
di
a
n
ce
l
eve
l
,
al
lowi
ng
f
or
m
ore
ac
c
u
ra
te
p
r
ediction
o
f
P
V
s
y
s
tem
perform
ance
dur
ing
part
ial sha
d
in
g
con
d
i
tio
n. A
la
r
ge arr
ay simula
t
i
o
n mod
e
l
w
a
s u
se
d a
n
d i
n
t
e
rfa
c
e
d
w
i
t
h
MP
P
T a
l
gor
it
h
m
s and
power
e
lec
t
ro
ni
c
c
o
n
v
e
r
ters
[
9].
The
acc
u
r
ate
n
e
ss
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
d
e
l
i
ng
t
e
c
h
n
iq
u
e
w
as
v
a
l
id
at
ed
b
y
real
-t
i
m
e
si
m
u
lat
o
r
da
ta
a
nd
c
o
mp
a
r
ed
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
N
e
ural
N
etw
o
rk
m
ode
l
,
P
&O
a
n
d
si
ng
l
e
-di
o
de
m
o
d
e
l
.
T
hi
s
st
udy
i
s
very
u
se
f
u
l
f
o
r
com
p
an
ies
an
d
ex
pe
rt
i
s
e
i
n
t
he
f
iel
d
o
f
re
n
e
wa
b
l
e
e
n
e
r
gy
be
cause
o
f
i
t
s
ac
cura
cy,
sim
p
lic
i
t
y,
a
n
d
t
h
e f
a
st
o
f
ap
pl
y
i
ng
[10
].
The
ava
i
la
ble
ph
o
t
o
v
o
l
t
a
i
c
mod
u
l
es
h
a
v
e
t
h
e
c
onfig
ur
at
i
o
n
o
f
s
e
ries-c
o
nne
cte
d
,
pa
ral
l
e
l
c
o
nne
ct
e
d
or
c
om
b
i
nat
i
on
o
f
b
o
t
h
co
n
n
e
c
t
i
o
ns
o
f
ce
lls.
S
o
me
p
a
r
am
ete
r
s
ha
ve
a
d
ire
c
t
e
f
fec
t
o
n
t
h
e
o
u
tp
ut
o
f
a
n
y
so
l
a
r
modu
le
s
uc
h
as
s
o
l
a
r
i
rra
d
i
a
n
ce,
c
el
l
te
m
p
e
r
at
ure,
t
i
lt
a
n
g
l
e
s
ha
ded
c
o
n
d
iti
on.
T
her
e
for
e
,
t
h
e
ge
n
e
rate
d
elec
tr
ici
t
y
o
f
a
s
o
l
ar
p
ane
l
i
s
hig
h
l
y
a
ffe
c
t
ed
b
y
the
s
t
reng
t
h
o
f
s
o
lar
i
r
radiance.
Th
e
a
m
o
unt
o
f
fa
lli
ng
sun
l
i
g
h
t
o
n
t
h
e
mod
u
le
d
e
t
er
mines
the
curr
ent
ge
nera
t
e
d
by
a
P
V
m
o
d
u
le
[
11
,
12
].
B
a
s
e
d
o
n
t
h
is
b
a
c
k
g
r
ound
and
s
i
n
c
e
t
h
e
s
o
l
a
r
irra
di
a
n
ce
leve
l
is
n
o
t
a
t
st
a
ndard
l
e
v
e
l
(
10
00
W/m
2
)
most
o
f
t
h
e
da
yt
ime
,
t
hi
s
pa
p
e
r
aim
s
to
a
na
l
y
z
e
a
n
d
s
t
u
d
y
t
he
e
f
f
e
c
t
o
f
s
h
ad
i
ng
on
w
h
o
l
e
a
nd
a
par
t
i
a
l
s
ur
fac
e
o
f
the
P
V
m
od
u
l
e
bas
e
d
o
n
s
o
l
ar
modu
le
t
e
s
t
e
r.
P
ulse
d
li
ght
a
n
d
d
eca
y
i
ng
s
ol
ar
s
imula
t
or
a
re
u
s
e
d
i
n
our
s
imula
t
i
o
n
w
h
ic
h
has
t
h
e
a
b
i
lit
y
o
f
con
t
ro
l
the
s
o
la
r
irra
di
a
n
ce
l
e
v
el,
c
a
lc
u
l
a
t
i
ng
t
h
e
se
ries
r
e
s
i
s
t
anc
e
o
f
m
o
d
u
l
e
f
ill
fac
t
or,
shor
t
c
i
rc
ui
t
v
o
lta
ge
,
ope
n c
i
rcu
i
t vo
lta
ge,
short c
i
r
c
ui
t cur
r
en
t,
p
eak
power
, a
nd th
e
t
e
mp
e
r
atur
e
duri
ng t
h
e
tes
t
.
2.
SOLAR
S
I
M
U
LAT
O
R
C
u
rre
ntly,
t
h
re
e
ty
pes
of
s
o
l
a
r
s
im
ul
a
t
ors
a
r
e
a
v
ai
l
a
b
l
e
[1
3
]
:
t
h
e
f
i
rst
ty
pe
i
s
c
o
n
s
ta
nt
l
ight
s
imu
l
at
or
w
h
ic
h
nee
d
s
h
eat
l
oad,
c
o
o
l
i
ng,
a
n
d
h
i
g
h
pow
er
c
on
sum
p
t
i
on.
T
he
s
eco
nd
t
yp
e
i
s
pul
se
d
l
i
gh
t
si
mu
l
a
to
r
w
h
er
e
the
r
e is no
sa
mp
le hea
tin
g, fa
s
t me
asu
r
e
m
e
n
t
,
a
nd
n
o
t
e
mp
e
r
ature
le
ve
li
ng. The th
i
r
d
t
y
p
e i
s
the p
ul
sed
lig
ht
w
it
h
the
deca
y
i
ng
simu
l
a
tor,
t
hi
s
simu
l
a
tor
ca
n
m
e
a
s
u
r
e
d
iffe
ren
t
l
e
v
els
of
i
rr
adia
ti
o
n
,
serie
s
r
es
ista
nc
e
me
asure
m
e
n
t
,
a
nd
h
i
gh
pea
k
i
rra
di
a
n
ce
c
a
n
b
e
r
eac
he
d
ea
sily
[
14
].
T
he
s
tandar
d
pa
ram
e
ters
o
f
s
o
l
a
r
cell
c
l
a
s
s
e
s
a
r
e
g
i
ve
n
i
n
T
ab
l
e
1
.
Tab
l
e
1. S
tand
ar
d
par
a
m
e
ters
f
or
s
ola
r
simul
a
t
or
s
classe
s
acc
or
di
ng
to
ASTM
st
a
nd
a
r
d
Cl
as
s
i
f
i
cat
io
n
S
p
ect
r
a
l
M
a
t
c
h
(ea
c
h
i
nt
e
r
va
l)
Ir
ra
d
i
a
n
c
e
S
pa
t
i
a
l
N
on-U
n
i
f
orm
ity
Tem
pora
l
I
nst
a
bility
C
l
a
s
s
A
0.
75–1.
2
5
2%
2
%
C
l
a
ss B
0.
6–1.
4
5%
5
%
C
l
a
ss C
0.
4–2.
0
10%
10%
3.
SOLAR CELL
M
ATHEMATICAL MODEL
A
sin
g
l
e
d
i
ode
s
o
l
a
r
c
e
l
l
e
q
u
i
vale
nt
c
i
r
cui
t
i
s
sh
ow
n
i
n
F
ig
ur
e
1
,
t
h
e
e
q
ui
va
l
e
n
t
c
i
r
cui
t
c
ons
i
s
ts
o
f
a
para
l
l
e
l
c
o
nne
c
t
ed
c
urr
e
nt
s
o
u
r
c
e
w
it
h
a
d
i
o
d
e
and
t
h
e
w
h
ol
e
gr
ou
p
i
s
c
on
nec
t
e
d
i
n
serie
s
w
it
h
t
h
e
re
si
s
t
ance
.
There
is
a
d
irec
t
pr
opor
ti
on
b
etw
e
e
n
t
he
f
a
l
l
i
n
g
lig
h
t
o
n
th
e
c
e
ll
a
n
d
it
s
o
u
t
put
c
ur
ren
t
(
ph
o
t
oc
urre
nt
I
L)
.
The
sol
a
r
ce
ll
i
s
c
o
n
s
i
d
e
r
e
d
a
s i
n
act
iv
e
d
e
v
i
ce
duri
n
g
th
e
ni
ght
t
i
m
e
o
r
full
d
ar
kness, in
s
tead,
t
h
e
cell
w
orks as
a p-
n
j
unc
t
i
o
n
d
i
o
de.
It
does
n
't
p
r
o
d
u
ce
a
n
y
p
o
w
e
r
in
t
er
ms
o
f
c
u
rr
e
n
t
or
v
o
l
ta
g
e
.
Y
e
t,
it
w
ill
ge
n
e
ra
t
e
a
c
urrent
ca
l
l
e
d
d
ar
k
curre
nt
o
r
d
i
o
d
e
c
u
rre
nt
w
he
n
it
is
c
o
nne
cte
d
t
o
an
e
x
t
e
r
na
l
pow
e
r
s
u
p
p
l
y
w
i
t
h
a
l
a
r
ge
v
olta
ge
.
The
di
o
d
e
ty
p
e
d
et
er
mines
the
I–V
char
ac
t
e
r
i
st
ics
of
t
he
c
e
l
l
,
a
deta
i
l
ed
a
l
g
or
it
hm
o
f
the
s
i
n
g
l
e
d
i
od
e
so
l
a
r
ce
l
l
e
q
u
i
v
a
le
n
t
circ
u
it
i
s
g
i
ve
n
by r
e
fs.
[15,
16].
The
re
as
on
f
or
c
h
o
o
s
i
n
g
S
o
l
a
ra®
P
V
f
or
m
ode
l
i
n
g
i
n
this
p
a
p
er
i
s
th
e
su
it
ab
il
it
y
of
t
hi
s
modu
l
e
t
o
the
t
r
ad
i
t
i
o
nal
app
l
ica
t
i
o
ns
o
f
a
P
V
s
olar
s
ys
t
e
m.
T
he
u
se
d
S
o
l
ara
®
P
V
modu
le
h
a
s
3
6
pol
yc
rys
t
a
l
l
i
n
e
s
i
l
i
c
o
n
c
e
l
l
s
i
n
a
s
eri
e
s
conn
e
c
tin
g
a
n
d
it
i
s
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
a
n
o
m
i
n
al
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
e
r
of
1
30
W.
S
t
a
nda
r
d
c
on
d
iti
ons
t
e
s
t
a
r
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
d
a
t
a
mea
s
u
r
emen
t
s
b
y
a
sol
a
r
s
i
mul
a
to
r,
w
h
i
ch
i
s:
I
l
l
u
m
i
na
tio
n
of
1
k
W
/m2
a
t
A
M
1.5
s
p
e
c
tra
l
di
stri
b
u
t
i
on
a
n
d te
mpe
r
at
ure
of
t
he
m
od
ul
e
of
2
5 C or
a
s
spe
c
i
f
ied
o
n
cur
v
e
s.
A
S
o
l
a
r
M
odule
T
ester
(
S
MT)
(m
odu
l
e
t
y
p
e
:
G
S
M
T
,
c
l
a
ss-A
A
A
)
c
a
n
ex
trac
t
t
h
e
mos
t
P
V
cha
r
ac
t
e
ris
tics
[1
7].
The
SM
T
e
x
i
s
ts
i
n
t
h
e
la
bo
r
a
tory
o
f
Re
new
a
b
l
e
E
n
e
r
gy
Resear
ch
C
e
n
ter
-
Uni
v
ersi
ty
o
f
A
nbar
a
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
ig
ure
2,
a
nd
i
s
u
s
e
d
f
or
e
va
lu
atio
n
of
s
ha
di
ng
e
f
f
ect
on
the
perform
ance
o
f
S
o
lar
a
®
1
3
0
W
pa
ne
l.
A
ll
a
n
a
l
ys
is
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
done
by
a
n
s
c
m
t
#2
8
6
D
A
Q
-
20
1
7
s
o
f
tw
are
.
T
he
P
V
pane
l
is
i
n
a
hor
izo
n
t
al
p
la
n
e
a
t
st
a
n
dard
h
eig
h
t
a
n
d
m
or
e
tha
n
one
t
es
t
on
t
he
p
a
n
e
l
can
b
e
d
one
(
i.
e.
w
ith
ou
t
sha
d
i
n
g,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N: 2
0
8
8
-
86
94
I
n
t
J Po
w
El
e
c
&
Dr
i
Sy
st
,
Vo
l
. 1
0
,
No
. 2
,
Ju
n
e
2
019
:
1
014 –
1
02
1
1
016
25
%
sha
d
in
g,
5
0
%
s
ha
d
i
n
g
,
75
%
sha
d
in
g,
1
0
0
%
s
h
a
d
i
ng)
.
F
i
na
l
l
y,
on
e
f
u
ll
c
el
l
i
s
s
h
a
ded
on
t
h
e
l
o
w
est
ri
ght
a
nd
le
f
t
cell
s
a
nd
o
n
e
r
o
w
a
l
so
s
ha
ded
at
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
m
i
d
d
l
e
r
o
w
s
of
t
he
p
a
n
e
l
.
F
i
gur
e
1.
S
ol
a
r
cell
w
i
t
h
s
i
n
g
l
e
-
di
ode
a
n
d
s
e
r
ies
r
e
sista
n
c
e
F
i
gur
e
2.
T
he
s
ol
a
r
m
od
ule
t
e
ste
r
a
t
the
la
b
o
f
r
ene
w
able
e
n
e
r
g
y re
sear
ch center
Tab
l
e
2
pr
ov
i
d
es
a
d
e
t
ai
l
e
d
s
p
ec
if
ica
t
i
o
n
of
S
olar
a®
130
W
P
V
m
od
ul
e.
A
si
m
u
l
at
io
n
of sha
d
i
ng
i
s
d
o
n
e
a
t
t
h
e ren
e
wab
l
e en
ergy
re
s
e
a
rc
h
c
e
n
t
er l
ab
a
n
d
t
h
e mo
dul
e
i
s
sha
d
e
d
by
usi
n
g
ta
pe
s
of
t
he
c
ar
t
on.
Ta
ble
2.
S
pe
cif
i
ca
ti
on
of
s
o
l
ar
a
®
P
V
p
anel
P
a
ra
m
e
te
r
S
o
l
a
ra
(
Ge
rm
a
n
y
)
Vma
x
(Volt)
17.8
Ima
x
(
Am
p
e
r
e
)
7.
3
V
o
c
(V
olt)
21.
7
I
s
c
(
A
mp
er
e)
8
.
1
8
Pout
(
Wa
tt)
130
4.
EX
PERIMENT
AL WORK
In
t
h
i
s
sect
i
o
n
,
i
t
ca
n
b
e
s
hown
th
e
eff
e
c
t
o
f
t
h
e
sh
a
d
in
g
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
a
S
M
T
o
n
t
h
e
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
o
u
t
p
u
t
pow
e
r
o
f
t
h
e
s
o
lar
p
a
ne
l.
T
he
s
ha
di
n
g
c
om
e
s
f
r
o
m
var
i
ou
s
r
e
sour
ces
s
uc
h
a
s
c
lo
u
d
s,
t
r
e
e
s
,
hi
gh
b
u
i
l
d
in
gs
i
n
f
r
o
n
t
o
f
pa
ne
ls
,
a
nd
ot
her
blo
c
ks
t
ha
t
pr
e
v
e
n
t
t
h
e
s
u
n
'
s
r
a
dia
t
i
o
n
to
b
e
d
i
s
t
r
i
bu
te
d
eq
ua
ll
y
o
n
t
he
s
ur
f
a
ce
of
pa
ne
ls.
I
n
our
s
im
u
l
a
t
ion,
f
our
c
ases
o
f
sha
d
i
n
g
ar
e
cons
i
d
er
e
d
;
t
h
e
s
e
ar
e
sha
d
i
n
g-
2
5
%,
s
ha
din
g
-
50%
,
sha
d
i
n
g-
75
%,
a
nd
s
h
ad
i
ng-
1
0
0
%.
F
i
gur
e
4
i
l
l
us
t
r
ate
s
t
he
I
-
V
a
nd
P
-
V
char
acte
r
isti
c
cur
v
e
s
f
or
a
m
o
del
of
S
o
l
ar
a
®
13
0W
a
t
no
n-
sha
d
i
n
g.
N
ote
tha
t
t
he
m
ax
im
um
p
ow
er
o
f
thi
s
m
o
d
e
l
i
s
th
e
sa
me
po
we
r
o
f
m
o
d
e
l
in
t
he
n
amepl
a
t
e
f
ro
m
th
e
sup
p
l
i
e
d
c
o
mp
a
ny.
T
he
o
t
h
er
c
alcu
la
ted
par
a
me
ter
s
s
ho
w
n
b
esi
d
e
t
h
e
f
i
gur
e
i
s
t
he
s
a
m
e
pa
r
a
m
e
ter
s
a
s
the
m
a
nuf
ac
t
u
r
i
ng
c
om
pan
y
g
iv
e
n
i
n
Ta
ble
2.
W
h
ile
i
t
is
d
i
f
f
i
cu
l
t
t
o
get
t
h
e
sam
e
pow
e
r
o
f
pa
nel
d
u
e
to
t
he
f
l
uc
t
u
a
tio
n
i
n
t
he
s
olar
r
a
d
ia
tion
at
t
he
s
i
t
e
o
f
t
he
u
ni
ver
s
i
t
y
(
due
t
o
d
u
s
t
y
w
e
ather
or
o
t
h
er
e
ffe
ct
s)
.
A
l
so,
t
h
e
pr
act
ica
l
s
imu
l
ati
o
n
o
f
s
ha
d
i
ng
e
f
f
ec
t
ne
e
d
s
t
i
m
e
t
o
s
i
mu
la
t
e
a
l
l
f
our
p
e
r
ce
nt
a
g
es
o
f
sha
d
i
ngs
a
t
th
e
sam
e
t
i
m
e
.
S
o
,
t
h
e
S
M
T
i
s
m
o
r
e
r
e
l
i
a
b
l
e
f
o
r
d
o
i
n
g
s
u
c
h
t
e
s
t
s
.
T
h
e
f
i
l
l
f
a
c
t
o
r
o
f
a
P
V
p
a
n
e
l
i
n
t
h
e
t
a
b
l
e
b
e
s
i
d
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
P
o
w
Elec
&
D
r
i
S
y
st
I
S
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
An
alys
is o
f
t
h
e hard a
nd
s
o
ft s
h
a
d
i
n
g
im
p
a
c
t
on
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
l
t
a
i
c m
odu
le
… (
M
us
ta
fa H
a
m
i
d
Al-
J
um
a
i
l
i
)
1
017
F
i
g
u
r
e
3
i
s
the
ra
tio
o
f
t
h
e
PV
c
e
lls
act
ua
l
po
wer
ou
tp
u
t
(
Vpm
x
I
p
m
)
v
er
sus
i
t
s
d
u
mm
y
out
pu
t
p
o
w
e
r
(
V
oc
x
Is
c). T
h
e
e
v
a
l
u
at
ing
o
f
sol
a
r
c
el
ls p
erf
o
rman
ce
i
s h
i
g
h
ly
d
e
p
e
n
ding
on
fill facto
r
r
atio
.
Ty
pica
l
l
y,
t
he
f
i
l
l
fac
t
or
o
f
com
m
e
r
cial
s
o
l
a
r
c
e
l
l
s
i
s
>
0.
7.
The
c
r
ysta
lli
ne
c
e
lls
f
i
l
l
fa
ct
or
lie
s
be
t
w
ee
n
0.
4
a
n
d
0.
65
o
n
gr
ad
e
B,
w
h
i
le
i
n
t
h
i
n
f
ilm
s
ol
ar
c
ells
o
r
amo
r
ph
ou
s
c
e
l
l
s
b
etwe
en
0
.4
a
nd
0
.7
.
T
h
e
so
lar
ce
ll
serie
s
r
esis
tance
c
a
n
b
e
de
te
rmin
e
d
u
si
ng
the
r
a
ti
o
of
f
ill
fac
t
or
.
The
fill
fac
t
or
i
s
a
par
a
m
e
ter
o
f
in
tere
st
g
ive
n
by
the
re
lat
i
on
[1
2]:
F
F
=
(
Vp
m*
Ip
m)/(Vo
c*
I
s
c)
(
1
)
Th
e
ph
oto
vol
ta
i
c
c
on
v
e
rsi
o
n
e
ffi
ci
en
c
y
,
a
n
o
t
h
e
r
i
m
p
o
r
t
a
nt
p
ara
m
ete
r
,
measure
s
t
he
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
li
gh
t
e
n
erg
y
t
h
at
c
a
n
b
e
c
onv
e
r
t
e
d
i
n
t
o
e
l
ect
ri
cal
en
e
rgy
a
n
d
is g
iv
en
b
y [
1
3]
:
η
=
Pm
/
P
i
n
=
F
F*
I
s
c
*
V
o
c/
Pi
n
(
2
)
Where
Pm
i
s
th
e
m
a
xim
u
m
pow
er
o
f
t
h
e
de
vic
e
a
n
d
Pin
i
s
the
inc
i
de
nt
p
ow
e
r
.
F
i
gur
e
3.
T
he
f
il
l
fa
c
t
or
o
f
a
solar
pa
nel
T
h
e
lo
wer
fil
l
f
a
c
t
o
r
p
r
od
u
ces
l
ess
po
wer
a
t
i
t
s
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
er
po
int
con
t
ra
st
e
d
w
it
h
th
e
hi
gh
er
f
il
l
f
a
c
t
o
r
o
f
t
h
e
p
a
n
e
l
.
T
o
s
p
e
c
i
f
y
t
h
e
s
o
l
a
r
c
e
l
l
g
r
a
d
e
,
e
v
e
r
y
s
i
n
g
l
e
solar
pa
n
e
l
i
s
t
es
t
e
d
for
it
s
fill
fact
or
d
uri
n
g
the
ma
n
u
fac
t
u
r
i
n
g
pr
oce
s
s
of
c
om
m
e
r
c
ial
gr
a
d
e
so
lar
pa
nel
s
.
I
f
th
e
f
i
l
l
f
a
c
t
or
b
e
l
ow
0
.
7
,
the
pa
ne
ls
a
r
e
c
o
n
s
i
d
er
ed as Gr
ade-
B
ce
l
l
s, the
n the
y
a
re slice
d
a
nd
m
a
y b
e
us
e
d
f
or
a
p
e
r
sona
l
or
a
n
y
o
ther
use.
I
n
F
ig
ur
e 4
the
f
i
ll
f
a
c
t
or
i
s
72.
36
%
w
h
ic
h
is
w
it
h
i
n
t
h
e
a
c
c
e
p
t
e
d
r
a
nge.
F
a
ctor
s
A
m
p
li
t
u
de
I
sc
8
.1
60
A
I
p
m
7
.2
73
A
V
oc
21.
8
7
2
V
V
p
m
17.
7
5
6
V
P
m
129.
1
40
W
FF
7
2
.
36
%
F
i
gur
e
4.
S
i
m
ulat
i
on
r
e
sul
t
s
a
t
no
sha
d
i
n
g
f
o
r
S
o
lar
a
®
130
W
P
V
pa
nel
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N: 2
0
8
8
-
86
94
I
n
t
J Po
w
El
e
c
&
Dr
i
Sy
st
,
Vo
l
. 1
0
,
No
. 2
,
Ju
n
e
2
019
:
1
014 –
1
02
1
1
018
F
i
gur
e
5
s
how
s
t
h
e
I
-
V
a
nd
P
-
V
char
acte
r
istic
c
ur
ves
a
t
2
5
%
s
o
f
t
sha
d
i
n
g
.
F
rom
th
is
f
ig
ure
,
i
t
s
c
lea
r
tha
t
t
he
m
ax
i
m
um
pow
er
(
P
m
)
,
t
he
v
o
lta
ge
a
t
pea
k
p
o
w
e
r
(
V
p
m)
a
n
d
fil
l
f
act
or
(
F
F
)
ar
e
decr
ease
d
a
s
the
m
odu
le
s
u
b
j
e
c
t
ed
t
o
s
h
ad
i
n
g
eff
e
c
t
.
The
o
u
t
p
u
t
p
ow
e
r
i
s
r
e
duce
d
b
y
a
b
o
u
t
4
1%
i
n
r
e
fe
r
e
nc
e
to
t
h
e
n
o
n
-
sha
d
i
n
g case
.
U
nder
har
d
s
ha
di
n
g
e
f
f
e
c
t
w
i
t
h
t
he sam
e sha
d
i
ng p
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
ge
(
2
5
%
sh
ading
)
t
h
e
o
utpu
t
po
wer
i
s
r
e
duce
d
by
a
b
ou
t
5
7
%
as
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
i
gur
e
6.
T
he
o
pen
c
i
r
c
ui
t
v
o
l
ta
ge
(
Voc)
s
ti
l
l
a
p
p
rox
i
ma
te
l
y
a
t
th
e
sam
e
va
lue
s
w
h
ile
t
h
e
s
hor
t
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
cur
r
ent
(
I
sc)
and
pe
ak
p
ow
er
c
ur
r
e
nt
(
I
p
m)
a
r
e
w
i
d
e
l
y
r
e
duc
ed.
F
i
gur
e
s
7
t
o
1
1
r
e
pr
esent
the
per
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
m
o
d
u
l
e
w
hen
t
h
e
sh
a
d
in
g
i
n
cr
e
a
sed
t
o
h
ig
h
val
u
es,
i.
e
.
50
%,
75%,
an
d
1
00%.
It
i
s
clea
r
from
the
e
x
t
r
acte
d
r
esul
t
t
h
e
e
f
f
e
c
t
of
s
had
i
ng
on
t
he
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
of
m
odu
les.
A
l
s
o,
t
he
h
a
r
d
sha
d
i
ng
ha
s
mor
e
e
ffe
c
t
o
n
t
h
e
p
a
nel’
s
p
e
rfor
ma
nce.
A
s
t
h
e
sh
adi
n
g
i
n
cre
a
se
s,
t
he
pow
e
r
o
f
t
h
e
modu
le
d
e
c
r
e
ases.
I
n
F
i
gur
e
11,
t
he
o
u
t
pu
t
of
m
o
d
u
le
a
p
p
r
oac
h
e
d
t
o
ze
r
o
w
h
i
ch
i
s
the
nor
m
a
l
c
a
se
due
t
o
non-
ex
isti
ng
o
f
s
olar
r
adia
tio
n
d
u
e
to
f
ull
sha
d
ing
e
f
f
e
c
t
.
F
i
gur
e
s
7
t
o
1
1
r
e
pr
esent
the
per
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
m
o
d
u
l
e
w
hen
t
h
e
sh
a
d
in
g
i
n
cr
e
a
sed
t
o
h
ig
h
val
u
es,
i.
e
.
50
%,
75%,
an
d
1
00%.
It
i
s
clea
r
from
the
e
x
t
r
acte
d
r
esul
t
t
h
e
e
f
f
e
c
t
of
s
had
i
ng
on
t
he
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
of
m
odu
les.
A
l
s
o,
t
he
h
a
r
d
sha
d
i
ng
ha
s
mor
e
e
ffe
c
t
o
n
t
h
e
p
a
nel’
s
p
e
rfor
ma
nce.
A
s
t
h
e
sh
adi
n
g
i
n
cre
a
se
s,
t
he
pow
e
r
o
f
t
h
e
modu
le
d
e
c
r
e
ases.
I
n
F
i
gur
e
11,
t
he
o
u
t
pu
t
of
m
o
d
u
le
a
p
p
r
oac
h
e
d
t
o
ze
r
o
w
h
i
ch
i
s
the
nor
m
a
l
c
a
se
due
t
o
non-
ex
isti
ng
o
f
s
olar
r
adia
tio
n
d
u
e
to
f
ull
sha
d
i
n
g
e
f
f
e
c
t
.
F
a
ctor
s
A
mpli
t
u
de
I
sc
5
.4
91
A
I
p
m
3
.7
99
A
V
oc
21.
54
4
V
V
p
m
20.
07
8
V
P
m
75.
8
5
8
W
F
F
64.
12
%
F
i
gur
e
5.
S
o
f
t
s
ha
di
n
g
on
2
5
%
o
f
t
h
e
pa
n
e
l
ar
ea
F
a
ctor
s
A
m
pli
t
u
d
e
I
sc
7
.
7
6
0
A
I
p
m
6
.
9
7
2
A
V
oc
21.
1
2
5
V
V
p
m
7
.
9
8
2
V
P
m
55.
6
19
W
FF
3
4
.
17
%
F
i
gur
e
6.
H
a
r
d
sha
d
in
g
on
2
5
%
o
f
the
pa
ne
l
ar
e
a
F
a
ctor
s
A
mpli
t
u
de
I
sc
7
.2
50
A
I
p
m
6
.6
28
A
V
oc
19.
45
3
V
V
p
m
7
.9
53
V
P
m
52.
7
0
0
W
F
F
37.
37
%
F
i
gur
e
8.
H
a
r
d
sha
d
in
g
on
5
0
%
o
f
the
pa
ne
l
ar
e
a
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
P
o
w
Elec
&
D
r
i
S
y
st
I
S
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
An
alys
is o
f
t
h
e hard a
nd
s
o
ft s
h
a
d
i
n
g
im
p
a
c
t
on
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
l
t
a
i
c m
odu
le
… (
M
us
ta
fa H
a
m
i
d
Al-
J
um
a
i
l
i
)
1
019
F
i
gur
e
1
2
i
l
l
us
tr
ates
t
he
e
f
f
e
c
t
o
f
sha
d
in
g
o
n
one
c
e
ll
i
n
si
de
t
h
e
pa
nel
w
h
ic
h
l
i
es
a
t
t
h
e
lowe
st
l
e
f
t.
Eve
n
one
c
e
l
l
is
s
h
a
de
d;
t
he
o
u
t
pu
t
p
o
w
er
i
s
r
e
d
u
c
e
d
b
y
a
bou
t
5
7%
o
f
the
to
tal
powe
r
(
i
.
e.
1
-
5
5
.
81
4
/
12
9
.
140=
56
.78
%
)
.
A
s
t
h
e l
o
cat
i
o
n
of
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s
h
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cell
v
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h
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o
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p
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e
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m
a
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has
the
sa
me
p
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ous
e
ff
ec
t
i
n
F
ig
ur
e
12,
a
nd
t
h
e
eff
e
c
t
i
s
s
how
n
in
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igur
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13
w
h
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e
pr
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n
t
s
t
he
s
ha
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on
one
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id
d
l
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of
t
he
p
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i
g
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1
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show
s
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ase
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r
om
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fi
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the
out
pu
t
p
o
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is
a
lso
a
ppr
oa
che
d
t
o
zer
o.
F
inal
l
y
,
F
i
gur
e
15
s
u
m
m
a
r
izes
t
he
r
e
sults
o
f
t
h
e
s
h
ad
i
ng
ef
fec
t
a
t
di
ff
er
e
n
t
per
c
enta
ge
s
w
i
th
s
of
t
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d
s
h
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di
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or
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m
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F
86.78
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gur
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9.
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o
f
t
s
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on
7
5
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f
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f
t
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FF
80.
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of
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he
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a
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el
a
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N: 2
0
8
8
-
86
94
I
n
t
J Po
w
El
e
c
&
Dr
i
Sy
st
,
Vo
l
. 1
0
,
No
. 2
,
Ju
n
e
2
019
:
1
014 –
1
02
1
1
020
Fa
ctors
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m
p
litude
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sc
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I
pm
7
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m
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FF
33.
00
%
F
i
gur
e
1
2
.
S
h
a
d
i
n
g
on
t
h
e
l
o
w
e
st
l
ef
t
ce
ll
of
t
he
p
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l
Fa
ct
or
s
A
m
p
litude
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sc
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212
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pm
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31.
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h
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loc
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sc
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74.
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4
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h
a
d
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of
t
he
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n
tir
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m
i
ddle
r
o
w
of
t
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p
ane
l
F
i
gur
e
1
5
.
S
u
mm
a
r
y
of
r
esul
ts
f
or
b
ot
h
har
d
a
nd
sof
t
s
ha
d
i
ng
a
t
d
i
f
f
e
re
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sh
a
d
i
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p
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nt
a
g
es
f
r
o
m
0
% to
100
%.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
El
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
IS
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
Analy
s
is o
f
the
har
d a
nd s
o
f
t
s
h
a
d
i
ng
im
p
a
c
t
on p
h
o
t
o
v
o
l
t
a
ic
m
odu
le
…
(Mus
ta
f
a
H
a
m
i
d Al-J
um
a
i
l
i
)
1
021
5.
CONCLUSION
I
n
t
h
i
s
s
t
ud
y,
t
he
e
ffe
c
t
o
f
the
hard
a
n
d
so
ft
s
ha
di
n
g
on
P
V
m
o
dul
e
p
e
rf
o
r
man
c
e
wa
s
i
nve
st
i
g
a
t
e
d
b
y
us
i
n
g
t
h
e
s
o
lar m
o
d
u
le
tes
ter.
The
re
s
ul
ts s
ho
w
t
h
a
t
t
he s
ha
din
g ca
n p
l
a
y
a
n impor
ta
n
t
ro
l
e
i
n
t
h
e
pe
rform
anc
e
of
P
V
sys
t
em
s.
T
he
s
ola
r
m
odu
le
t
e
s
te
r
w
a
s
use
d
t
o
s
i
m
u
late
t
he
s
tan
d
a
r
d
su
n
r
a
dia
t
i
on
(10
0
0
W/m
2
)
.
T
he
ou
tpu
t
p
ow
er
o
f
m
o
d
u
l
e
w
a
s
r
e
duce
d
b
y
41%
w
hen
the
sh
a
d
in
g
w
a
s
2
5
%
of
t
h
e
p
an
e
l
a
re
a
an
d
t
h
e
po
wer
o
f
modu
le
w
a
s
z
e
r
o
a
t
c
omple
t
e
ha
rd
s
had
i
ng
c
a
se.
Whe
n
o
ne
c
ell
w
a
s
sh
ade
d
,
t
h
e
po
wer
red
u
c
ed
b
y
57%.
S
o
,
it
i
s
i
mporta
n
t
t
o
ch
o
o
se
t
he
s
ui
ta
ble
s
i
t
e
f
or
i
nst
a
l
lin
g
t
h
e
sol
a
r
sy
st
e
m
t
o
g
e
t
t
h
e
ma
x
i
m
u
m
po
wer
f
r
om
t
h
e
modu
les.
ACKNOW
LEDG
M
E
N
T
Th
is
r
ese
a
rc
h is sup
port
e
d
an
d r
e
vise
d by
th
e
S
c
ientif
i
c
C
o
m
m
i
t
t
e
e
in
t
he
R
e
n
ew
ab
le En
e
rgy
Re
sear
ch Ce
n
t
e
r
at
t
he
U
nive
r
s
i
t
y of A
n
b
ar
.
REFE
RENCES
[1]
Y.
J
ian
g
,
J.
A
.
A.
Q
ah
ou
q
an
d
M
.
O
rab
i
,
"M
atl
a
bs
o
l
ara
P
V
/Ps
p
ice
H
yb
ri
d
Sim
u
l
a
tio
n
M
o
deli
ng
o
f
S
o
l
a
r
PV
Cell/Modu
l
e,"
i
n
T
w
ent
y
-Si
x
th Ann
ual
Con
f
eren
ceApp
li
ed Po
wer El
ectr
onics Co
nfe
r
ence
an
d E
x
p
o
s
i
t
i
o
n
(
A
PEC)
,
6-1
1
m
arch
-2
01
1,
201
1.
[2]
S.
S
amal
a
nd
P
.
K.
H
ota,
“
Pow
e
r
Quality
I
mpr
o
vement
by
Sol
a
r
Ph
oto
-
vo
lt
aic
/
Win
d
E
nergy
Int
e
grat
ed
S
ystem
U
s
i
n
g
Un
i
f
ie
d
P
o
w
e
r
Qu
a
l
i
t
y
C
o
nd
it
io
ne
r
,
”
Int
e
rn
ati
o
n
a
l
Jo
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Po
wer Electr
onics
and D
r
ive
Syst
em
(I
J
P
E
D
S
)
, Vo
l
.
8
, No
.
3
, S
eptember 2
01
7
,
p
p.
14
1
6
–
1
4
2
6
.
[3]
H.
T
sa
i,
"
Insola
t
i
o
n
-o
rie
n
te
d
mo
d
e
l
o
f
p
ho
to
vo
l
t
a
i
c
mo
du
le
u
s
i
n
g
M
a
tlab/Si
m
u
link
,
"
Sol
ar
Energy
,
v
o
l
.
84,
no.
7
,
pp
.
1
318
-13
2
6
, 2
010
.
[4]
S
y
af
arud
di
n
,
E
.
Karatep
e
a
n
d
T
.
H
iy
ama,
"
Po
lar
coo
r
d
i
n
a
te
f
u
zzy
c
ont
rol
l
er
b
ased
r
eal-t
im
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
-
p
o
w
e
r
po
in
t
con
t
ro
l of ph
o
t
o
vo
lt
a
i
c s
y
stem,"
Re
n
e
w
a
bl
e
En
e
r
g
y
, vo
l
. 3
4
, no
.
1
2, p
p.
25
9
7
-
2
6
0
6
, 20
0
9
.
[5]
E.
V
.
P
a
rask
eva
d
ak
i
an
d
S
.
A
.
P
a
path
anas
si
ou,
"
E
v
al
uati
on
o
f
M
P
P
Volt
a
g
e
and
Power
of
m
c-
Si
P
V
Modul
e
s
in
Parti
a
l Sha
d
ing C
o
nditions
,
"
I
E
EE T
r
an
sa
c
tio
n
on
En
e
r
gy
Co
nv
e
r
sio
n
,
v
o
l
.
2
6,
no.
3
,
20
11.
[6]
Kas
h
ifIs
haq
u
e,
Z
.
S
a
l
a
m
and
S
y
af
arud
di
n,
"
A
com
p
reh
e
ns
ive
M
a
t
l
a
b
Si
mu
lin
k
PV
s
ys
te
m
s
i
mu
la
to
r
wi
th
p
a
r
tia
l
sh
adi
ng
capabi
l
ity
bas
e
d
o
n
t
wo
-di
ode
m
o
d
e
l
,
"
So
l
a
r E
n
e
r
g
y
,
v
o
l.
8
5,
p
.
2
2
1
7–2
2
2
7,
2
0
11.
[7]
Kas
h
i
f
I
s
haq
u
e,
Z
.
S
a
l
a
m
,
H.
T
a
h
e
r
i
an
d
S
y
a
f
a
r
udd
i
n
,
"M
od
el
i
n
g
a
nd
si
mulat
i
o
n
o
f
ph
ot
ov
o
ltaic
(
PV
) sy
st
em
du
r
in
g
part
ial
shading
base
d
on
a
t
w
o
-
d
i
o
d
e
m
o
d
e
l
,
"
Simu
lat
i
o
n
Mod
e
l
l
i
ng
Prac
t
i
c
e
a
n
d
Th
e
o
ry
,
v
o
l.
19,
p.
1
6
13–
62
6,
2011.
[8]
H.
P
atel
a
n
d
V
.
Ag
arwal
,
"
M
a
tl
ab-b
a
s
ed
m
od
eli
ng
to
s
tu
dy
t
he
e
f
f
ects
o
f
p
art
i
al
s
ha
d
i
ng
on
P
V
a
rray
characteri
stics,"
IEEE
T
r
a
n
s
a
c
t
ion
o
n
E
n
er
gy
Convers
i
o
n
,
vo
l. 23
, n
o
.
1
, p
p.
3
02
-3
1
0
, 20
0
8
.
[9]
Mohammed
Q
a
s
i
m
T
aha,
M
u
s
t
a
f
a
H
.
A
l
-Ju
m
aili,
A
bdul
l
a
h
Khali
d
A
h
m
ed,
"
M
od
eli
n
g
th
e
diel
ectri
c
med
i
ums
impac
t
o
n
co
axial
transmis
si
on
l
ine
perf
orman
ce"
,
Jou
r
n
a
l
o
f
E
ngin
e
er
in
g
and A
p
p
l
i
e
d
S
c
ien
ces
,
Volu
me
1
3
I
s
su
e 20
, 20
1
8
.
[10]
Yo
un
es
S
.
Alwan
,
M
oh
am
mad
Sam
i
Z
i
d
an
,
M
oham
m
ed
Q
as
im
T
ah
a,
"
Eva
l
u
at
io
n
o
f
M
o
b
ile
M
icro
wav
e
E
lect
ric
F
i
el
d
S
e
veri
ty
a
t
A
l
-D
oo
r
Resid
e
n
t
i
a
l
Co
m
p
le
x
i
n
Iraq",
Ind
o
n
e
si
an Jo
urn
a
l of
Elect
rica
l
E
ngi
neer
ing and
Com
put
er S
c
ien
ce
(
I
JEECS)
,
V
o
l
14,
N
o
3: J
un
e 20
19
.
[11]
G.
W
a
l
k
e
r,
"
Ev
alu
a
tin
g
MP
PT
C
on
verter
T
op
ol
o
g
ies
Us
ing
M
a
tlab
P
V
M
o
d
e
l," U
n
i
v
ers
i
ty o
f
Qu
een
sl
and,
20
1
6
.
[12]
E.
H
.
S
a
bbar,
M
.
H
.
S
aleh,
S.
M
.
S
a
l
i
h
an
d
S
.
H
.
S
a
lih,
"
D
epo
s
i
tion
of
S
eT
e/S
i
T
h
i
n
F
ilm
v
ia
T
hermal
Ev
apo
r
at
io
n
,
"
American Journa
l of Co
n
d
en
sed Ma
tter Ph
ysi
c
s
,
vo
l
.
3
,
n
o
.
5,
p
p.
119-12
2,
2
0
13.
[13]
E
h
s
a
n
H
.
S
a
b
b
a
r
,
M
u
s
t
a
f
a
.
H
.
S
a
l
e
h
a
n
d
S
a
l
i
h
M
.
S
a
l
i
h
,
"
A
F
a
b
r
i
cated
S
o
l
ar
C
ell
f
r
om
Z
n
O
/a-S
i/
P
o
l
y
m
e
rs,"
In
te
rn
at
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
Adv
a
n
c
e
d
S
c
ie
n
c
e
an
d Te
c
h
no
log
y
,
vo
l.
44,
p
p
.
8
9-98
,
J
u
l
y
,
2
0
1
2
.
[14]
M
o
h
a
mm
ed
Q
as
im
T
ah
a,
A
ym
e
n
L
piza,
"
D
e
si
g
n
a
N
ew
P
W
M
S
w
i
tch
i
n
g
T
ech
nique
in
M
u
ltilevel
Conver
t
e
rs",
IEEE Connecti
c
ut
Conference on
Indust
r
i
a
l
Electronics
Technol
o
gy
&
A
u
t
o
mat
i
o
n
2016
,
Universit
y
o
f
B
r
i
d
gepor
t
,
CT,
Un
i
t
ed
S
ta
t
e
s
of
Am
e
ri
ca,
O
ct
ob
er
1
4
,
2
0
16 –
Octo
ber
1
5
,
20
16
.
[15]
M
.
V
il
lal
v
a,
J
.
G
azo
li
and
E.
F
il
h
o
,
"M
od
eli
n
g
an
d
ci
rcui
t
b
a
se
d
sim
u
l
a
ti
on
o
f
ph
o
t
ovo
lt
a
i
c
array
s
,
"
i
n
Pr
oceedi
n
g
s
of
Po
wer Elect
r
o
n
i
cs
Confer
ence
, Bon
ito
, Brazil, 2
00
9.
[16]
Ab
delk
ader
M
e
z
ou
ari,
R
.
E
l
g
o
u
r
i,
M
.
A
l
areqi
,
K
.
Mat
e
ur,
H
.
D
ah
o
u
4
,
L
.
H
lou,
“
A
New
P
h
ot
ov
oltaic
B
l
o
c
k
s
M
u
t
u
ali
zati
o
n
Sy
st
em
f
o
r
M
i
c
ro-Gri
ds
U
s
i
ng
a
n
A
r
du
in
o
Board
an
d
L
ab
view
”
Inte
rn
at
ion
a
l
J
o
urna
l
o
f
Powe
r
El
ectro
n
i
cs
a
n
d
Dr
ive S
y
s
t
em
(
I
JPEDS)
,
V
o
l
.
9
,
No
.
1
,
M
a
rch
2
0
1
8
,
p
p.
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8
-
104
[17]
C
.
S
.
C
h
i
n
,
P
.
N
e
e
l
a
k
a
n
t
a
n
,
S
.
S
.
Y
a
n
g
,
B
.
C
h
u
a
a
n
d
K
.
T
.
K
.
T
e
o,
"
Eff
ect
o
f
P
a
rtially
S
ha
ded
Condi
tion
s
on
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h
o
t
ov
o
l
ta
i
c
A
rray
’s
M
ax
im
um
P
o
w
er
P
oint T
rackin
g,
"
IJ
SS
ST
,
v
o
l. 1
2,
n
o.
3,
pp
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5
2
-
59
,
2
0
1
2
.
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