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a
l
[
3
]
h
as
co
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tr
ib
u
t
ed
to
w
ar
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s
e
n
er
g
y
m
an
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ated
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ir
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m
e
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w
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.
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h
e
co
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tr
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e
m
p
lo
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w
a
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g
Dr
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.
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et.
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4
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h
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s
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m
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m
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I
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b
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d
o
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n
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o
f
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S
g
e
n
er
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.
Di
f
f
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t
to
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o
f
i
n
v
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ter
co
n
f
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g
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r
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n
s
w
er
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
an
d
u
n
d
er
in
v
est
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n
o
f
v
ar
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u
s
in
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ter
to
p
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lo
g
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w
h
er
e
th
e
e
n
v
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o
n
m
e
n
tal
co
n
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s
ar
e
ass
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m
ed
to
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s
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n
t
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i
m
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at
Sta
n
d
a
r
d
T
est
C
o
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d
itio
n
s
(
ST
C
)
[
5
]
–
[
8
]
.
No
s
p
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if
ic
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
is
r
ep
o
r
ted
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n
PV
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w
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I
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W
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ab
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ltag
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th
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p
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ase
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n
v
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ter
f
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d
in
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an
AC
r
esis
ti
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ad
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er
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
lo
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itio
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s
w
it
h
t
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e
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g
o
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v
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s
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d
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lev
el
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o
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d
ed
at
B
I
T
S
-
P
ilan
i,
H
y
d
er
ab
ad
ca
m
p
u
s
.
2.
M
O
DE
L
L
I
N
G
O
F
P
V
-
WI
N
D
H
YB
RID P
O
WE
R
SY
ST
E
M
T
h
e
b
lo
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d
iag
r
am
o
f
P
V
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w
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d
h
y
b
r
id
p
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s
y
s
te
m
i
s
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
h
y
b
r
id
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co
n
s
is
t
s
o
f
P
h
o
to
v
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ltaic
b
as
ed
g
en
er
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,
W
in
d
P
o
w
er
Gen
er
atio
n
,
B
atter
y
;
Vo
lta
g
e
r
eg
u
lated
in
v
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ter
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d
AC
lo
ad
.
A
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
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m
ath
e
m
at
ical
s
t
u
d
y
o
f
t
h
e
R
E
S
g
en
er
atio
n
w
ill b
e
d
is
c
u
s
s
e
d
in
th
i
s
s
ec
tio
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
B
lo
ck
d
iag
r
a
m
o
f
P
V
-
W
in
d
h
y
b
r
id
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
te
m
2
.
1
.
M
a
t
he
m
a
t
ica
l
M
o
dellin
g
o
f
P
V
B
a
s
ed
G
ener
a
t
io
n
T
h
e
P
V
b
ased
g
en
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n
c
o
n
s
is
ts
o
f
a
P
V
p
an
el,
Ma
x
i
m
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m
P
o
w
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P
o
in
t
T
r
ac
k
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g
(
MPPT
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alg
o
r
ith
m
i.e
.
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er
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b
&
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P
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alg
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o
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t c
o
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v
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.
I
n
n
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le
m
at
h
e
m
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l
m
o
d
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o
f
P
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w
as
p
r
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p
o
s
ed
in
t
h
e
liter
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r
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o
f
w
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ic
h
a
t
w
o
-
d
io
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m
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f
P
V
ce
ll
[
9
]
–
[
1
1
]
is
s
elec
ted
f
o
r
t
h
e
s
i
m
u
lat
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s
t
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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8
8
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694
A
Dis
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P
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Lo
a
d
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C
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LC
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b
a
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PV
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w
in
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Hyb
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K
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q
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k
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=
th
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a
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P
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[
1
2
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-
[
1
3
]
.
A
b
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s
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u
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ased
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ca
lcu
lati
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t
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r
o
r
(E
(
x
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d
ch
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r
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r
(
Δ
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3
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(
7
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(
1
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1
(
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(
x
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(
2
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(
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(
x
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x
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P
(
3
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E
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(
4
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ased
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ith
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t
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x
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as
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p
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A
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3
2
1
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o
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t
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K
g
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m
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,
A
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s
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t
ar
ea
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m
2
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,
V
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v
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f
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h
e
air
(
m
/s
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,
p
C
=
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ased
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in
g
p
at
te
r
n
o
f
th
e
r
esis
tiv
el
o
a
d
f
r
o
m
8
k
W
,
1
0
k
W
,
1
2
k
W
an
d
1
6
k
W
w
h
ich
ca
n
b
e
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
b
y
a
c
h
an
g
e
in
lo
a
d
cu
r
r
en
t
d
r
aw
n
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
1
4
.
T
h
e
F
r
e
q
u
en
cy
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
u
n
d
er
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
lo
ad
p
at
te
r
n
is
w
ith
in
th
e
g
r
id
co
d
e
w
ith
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
o
f
5
0
.
0
2
5
Hz
an
d
m
in
i
m
u
m
o
f
4
9
.
9
7
5
H
z
as sh
o
w
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
5
.
T
h
e
all
o
w
ed
f
r
e
q
u
en
cy
d
e
v
iati
o
n
ac
c
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
g
r
id
c
o
d
e
is
4
9
.
7
-
5
0
.
2
Hz
.
T
h
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
i
s
s
h
o
w
in
g
a
b
ett
er
f
r
e
q
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en
cy
co
n
t
r
o
l
w
ith
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th
an
2
%
d
ev
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o
n
.
T
h
e
T
o
t
al
Har
m
o
n
ic
Dis
t
o
r
ti
o
n
(
T
HD)
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
is
an
aly
z
ed
f
o
r
b
o
th
v
o
lt
ag
e
,
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r
r
en
t
an
d
t
a
b
u
lat
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d
as
s
h
o
w
n
in
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a
b
le
1
.
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t
ca
n
b
e
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
d
e
d
th
at
th
e
T
H
D
o
f
th
e
l
o
ad
v
o
lt
ag
e
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
in
v
er
te
r
h
as
a
tr
em
en
d
o
u
s
r
e
d
u
cti
o
n
.
4
.
1
.
2
.
Ca
s
e
i
i:
De
cr
ea
s
ing
L
o
a
d P
a
t
t
er
n
T
h
e
P
V
-
W
in
d
h
y
b
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o
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er
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y
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te
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i
s
te
s
ted
f
o
r
d
ec
r
ea
s
in
g
lo
ad
p
atter
n
f
r
o
m
f
u
ll lo
ad
o
f
1
6
k
W
to
8
k
W
in
s
tep
s
.
T
h
is
p
atter
n
o
f
th
e
lo
ad
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
to
in
v
esti
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ate
t
h
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p
er
f
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o
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th
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m
p
le
m
en
ta
tio
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o
f
v
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lta
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g
u
lated
i
n
v
er
ter
to
m
ai
n
tai
n
t
h
e
lo
ad
v
o
ltag
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a
n
d
f
r
eq
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en
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y
c
o
n
s
ta
n
t
ir
r
esp
ec
ti
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ch
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n
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n
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n
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n
m
en
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d
itio
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s
.
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h
e
r
ea
l
-
ti
m
e
d
ata
o
f
w
i
n
d
s
p
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d
a
n
d
s
o
l
ar
ill
u
m
in
atio
n
as
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
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an
d
Fig
u
r
e
5
ar
e
in
p
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ts
to
th
e
P
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p
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a
m
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e
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ated
f
r
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t
h
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m
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m
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lated
an
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ap
h
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ly
r
ep
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Fi
g
u
r
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lated
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p
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t
t
o
th
e
in
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er
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er
ar
e
p
l
o
tt
ed
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
7
.
Fro
m
t
h
e
Fig
u
r
e
1
7
(
a)
it c
an
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co
m
p
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d
ed
t
h
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h
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m
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u
r
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1
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(
b
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lated
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r
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en
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t
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e
s
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te
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u
r
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it
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9
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m
ax
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d
4
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I
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IJ
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Vo
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4
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er
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:
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Dis
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(
T
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r
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1
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.
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t
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m
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ar
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r
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c)
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r
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CO
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I
n
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is
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ap
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,
a
m
ath
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l
m
o
d
el
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f
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in
d
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p
r
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en
te
d
w
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t
w
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e
m
o
d
e
l
o
f
PV
ce
ll
an
d
P
MSG
b
as
ed
g
en
er
ati
o
n
.
A
1
6
k
W
P
V
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W
in
d
h
y
b
r
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d
s
y
s
tem
is
i
m
p
lem
en
te
d
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th
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Sim
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lin
k
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h
e
r
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t
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ir
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d
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ati
o
n
,
w
in
d
s
p
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ar
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m
ea
s
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r
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Hy
d
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a
b
a
d
c
am
p
u
s
is
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tili
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as
th
e
in
p
u
t
t
o
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d
h
y
b
r
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d
s
y
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tem
.
A
P
&
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HC
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t
r
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o
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th
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is
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r
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ase
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r
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h
e
p
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f
o
r
m
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ce
o
f
F
L
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ased
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lled
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s
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co
n
v
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ter
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n
d
Vo
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e
r
e
g
u
lated
in
v
er
ter
ar
e
in
v
esti
g
ated
f
o
r
P
V,
W
in
d
b
ased
g
en
er
atio
n
in
d
iv
id
u
all
y
a
n
d
in
ter
co
n
n
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cted
P
V
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in
d
h
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b
r
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er
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y
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te
m
f
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r
v
ar
y
i
n
g
lo
ad
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
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n
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
ted
P
V
-
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in
d
h
y
b
r
id
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
te
m
,
a
co
m
m
o
n
DC
b
u
s
-
b
ar
w
ith
6
0
0
V
is
f
o
r
m
ed
an
d
t
h
is
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C
v
o
ltag
e
ac
t
s
as
in
p
u
t
to
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
r
eg
u
lated
in
v
er
ter
.
A
v
o
ltag
e
r
eg
u
l
ate
d
in
v
er
te
r
is
im
p
le
m
en
ted
in
o
r
d
e
r
to
co
n
t
r
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l
th
e
o
u
tp
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t
A
C
v
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ltag
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at
4
15
V,
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0
Hz
.
A
d
is
cr
et
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PL
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ase
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t
r
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r
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p
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s
e
d
t
o
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o
n
tr
o
l
th
e
A
C
o
u
tp
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t
v
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l
tag
e
o
f
th
e
in
v
e
r
ter
.
T
h
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
aly
s
is
o
f
t
h
e
v
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lt
ag
e
r
eg
u
la
te
d
in
v
e
r
t
er
is
test
ed
u
n
d
e
r
d
if
f
er
en
t l
o
a
d
in
g
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n
d
iti
o
n
s
w
ith
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esis
tan
c
e
l
o
a
d
.
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t
c
an
b
e
co
n
clu
d
e
d
th
at
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
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e
d
co
n
t
r
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l
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c
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ates
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ir
e
d
an
d
th
e
o
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tp
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t
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
th
e
PV
-
W
in
d
h
y
b
r
i
d
s
y
s
te
m
is
m
ain
tain
ed
co
n
s
tan
t
at
d
esi
r
e
d
lev
el
o
f
4
15
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an
d
th
e
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y
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RE
F
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NC
E
S
[1
]
B.
V
e
n
k
a
tes
a
P
e
ru
m
a
l,
J.K.
Ch
a
t
terje
e
.
V
o
lt
a
g
e
a
n
d
F
re
q
u
e
n
c
y
Co
n
tr
o
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o
f
a
S
tan
d
A
lo
n
e
Bru
s
h
les
s
W
in
d
El
e
c
tri
c
G
e
n
e
r
a
ti
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n
Us
in
g
Ge
n
e
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li
z
e
d
I
m
p
e
d
a
n
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e
Co
n
tro
ll
e
r,
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
o
n
En
e
rg
y
Co
n
v
e
rs
io
n
,
2
0
0
8
;
2
3
(
2
):
6
3
2
–
6
4
1
.
[2
]
H.
Nia
n
,
R.
Zen
g
.
Im
p
ro
v
e
d
c
o
n
tro
l
stra
teg
y
f
o
r
sta
n
d
-
a
lo
n
e
d
istr
ib
u
te
d
g
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
sy
ste
m
u
n
d
e
r
u
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la
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a
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d
non
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Ren
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ra
ti
o
n
,
2
0
1
1
;
5
(
5
):
3
2
3
.
[3
]
E.
Ba
rk
lu
n
d
,
N
.
P
o
g
a
k
u
,
M
.
P
ro
d
a
n
o
v
ic,
C.
He
r
n
a
n
d
e
z
-
A
ra
m
b
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ro
,
T
.
C.
G
re
e
n
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En
e
r
g
y
m
a
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g
e
m
e
n
t
in
a
u
t
o
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o
m
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s
m
icro
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rid
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sin
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it
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c
o
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stra
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d
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ro
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p
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tr
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in
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IEE
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ra
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ics
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2
0
0
8
;
2
3
(
5
):
2
3
4
6
–
2
3
5
2
.
[4
]
E.
Oz
d
e
m
ir,
S
.
Oz
d
e
m
ir,
L
.
M
.
To
lb
e
rt.
F
u
n
d
a
m
e
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tal
-
F
re
q
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e
n
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y
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M
o
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late
d
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ix
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e
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d
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ics
,
2
0
0
9
:
5
6
(
1
1
):
4
4
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7
–
4
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1
5
.
[5
]
H.
AL
-
M
a
sri,
F
.
Am
o
u
ra
.
F
e
a
sib
il
it
y
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tu
d
y
o
f
a
H
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b
rid
W
in
d
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V
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y
ste
m
Co
n
n
e
c
ted
t
o
th
e
Jo
rd
a
n
ian
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rid
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ter
n
a
ti
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l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
A
p
p
li
e
d
Po
we
r E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
(
IJ
AP
E).
2
0
1
3
;
2
(2
)
:
89
–
9
8
.
[6
]
H.
S.
A
.
E.
M
a
g
e
e
d
,
H.M
.
F
a
rg
h
a
ll
y
,
F
.
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F
a
h
m
y
,
M
.
A
.
A
b
u
o
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El
m
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g
d
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n
tro
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a
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o
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ll
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in
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s
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m
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o
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e
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o
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rn
a
l
o
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c
trica
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En
g
in
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e
rin
g
a
n
d
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m
p
u
ter
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c
ien
c
e
.
2
0
1
5
;
1
4
(
1
):
2
4
–
3
3
.
[7
]
J.O.
P
e
ti
n
ri
n
,
M
.
S
h
a
a
b
a
n
,
J.O.
Ag
b
o
lad
e
.
V
o
l
tag
e
Re
g
u
latio
n
in
a
M
icro
g
i
d
w
it
h
Hy
b
rid
P
V
/W
in
d
En
e
rg
y
.
In
d
o
n
e
sia
n
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
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trica
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e
.
2
0
1
5
;
1
4
(
3
):
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0
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–
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0
9
.
[8
]
Z
.
M
.
Ny
o
.
Ev
a
lu
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ti
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o
f
P
V
,
W
in
d
,
Die
se
l
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b
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e
rg
y
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o
te
n
ti
a
l
f
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r
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T
o
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M
y
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n
m
a
r.
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
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a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
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f
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e
c
trica
l
a
n
d
C
o
mp
u
t
e
r E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
(
IJ
ECE
)
.
2
0
1
5
;
5
(
6
):
1
2
4
5
–
1
2
5
1
.
[9
]
G
.
Bh
u
v
a
n
e
s
w
a
ri,
R.
A
n
n
a
m
a
lai.
De
v
e
lo
p
me
n
t
o
f
a
so
l
a
r
c
e
ll
mo
d
e
l
in
M
AT
L
AB
fo
r
PV
b
a
se
d
g
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
sy
ste
m.
P
r
o
c
.
-
2
0
1
1
A
n
n
u
.
I
EE
E
I
n
d
ia C
o
n
f
.
En
g
.
S
u
sta
in
.
S
o
lu
t
.
IND
ICON
-
2
0
1
1
,
2
0
1
1
.
[1
0
]
A
.
V
.
P
a
v
a
n
Ku
m
a
r,
A
.
M
.
P
a
rimi,
K.
U
m
a
Ra
o
.
Per
fo
rm
a
n
c
e
An
a
lys
is
o
f
a
T
wo
-
Dio
d
e
mo
d
e
l
o
f
PV
c
e
ll
fo
r
PV
b
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se
d
g
e
n
e
ra
ti
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n
in
M
AT
L
AB
.
IEE
E
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
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n
s,
Co
n
tro
l
a
n
d
Co
m
p
u
ti
n
g
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
,
2
0
1
4
;
9
7
8
:
6
8
–
7
2
.
[1
1
]
H.
S
h
a
rm
a
,
N.
P
a
l,
Y.
S
in
g
h
,
P
.
K.
S
a
d
h
u
.
De
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
S
imu
latio
n
o
f
S
tan
d
A
lo
n
e
P
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic
M
o
d
e
l
Us
in
g
M
a
tl
a
b
/S
im
u
li
n
k
.
I
n
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
P
o
we
r E
lec
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Dr
ive
S
y
ste
m
s
(
IJ
PE
DS
)
.
2
0
1
5
;
6
(4
):
7
0
3
–
7
1
1
.
[1
2
]
F
.
Zh
a
n
g
,
K.
T
h
a
n
a
p
a
lan
,
a
P
r
o
c
ter,
S
.
Ca
rr,
J.
M
a
d
d
y
.
A
d
a
p
ti
v
e
H
y
b
rid
M
a
x
im
u
m
P
o
w
e
r
P
o
i
n
t
T
ra
c
k
in
g
M
e
th
o
d
f
o
r
a
P
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic S
y
ste
m
.
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
o
n
E
n
e
rg
y
Co
n
v
e
rs
io
n
,
2
0
1
3
;
2
8
(
2
):
3
5
3
–
3
6
0
.
[1
3
]
A
.
V
.
P
a
v
a
n
Ku
m
a
r,
A
.
M
.
P
a
ri
m
i,
K.U.
Ra
o
.
Im
p
lem
e
n
ta
t
io
n
o
f
M
PP
T
c
o
n
tro
l
u
si
n
g
f
u
zz
y
lo
g
ic
in
so
l
a
r
-
win
d
h
y
b
rid
p
o
we
r
sy
ste
m.
IEE
E
In
t
e
rn
a
ti
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
S
ig
n
a
l
P
ro
c
e
ss
in
g
,
I
n
f
o
rm
a
ti
c
s,
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
a
n
d
En
e
rg
y
S
y
ste
m
s (S
P
ICES
).
2
0
1
5
;
1
–
5.
[1
4
]
S
.
Bh
a
tt
a
c
h
a
rjee
,
S
.
A
c
h
a
ry
a
.
P
V
–
w
in
d
h
y
b
rid
p
o
w
e
r
o
p
ti
o
n
f
o
r
a
lo
w
w
in
d
t
o
p
o
g
ra
p
h
y
.
En
e
rg
y
C
o
n
v
e
rs
io
n
a
n
d
M
a
n
a
g
e
me
n
t,
2
0
1
5
;
8
9
:
9
4
2
–
9
5
4
.
[1
5
]
M
.
H.
Ra
sh
i
d
,
P
o
we
r E
lec
tro
n
ics
Ha
n
d
b
o
o
k
.
A
c
a
d
e
m
ic P
re
ss
,
2
0
0
1
.
[1
6
]
A
.
V
.
P
a
v
a
n
Ku
m
a
r,
A
.
M
.
P
a
rim
i
,
K.U.
Ra
o
.
In
v
e
stig
a
ti
o
n
o
f
sm
a
ll
PM
S
G
b
a
se
d
wi
n
d
t
u
rb
i
n
e
fo
r
v
a
ria
b
le
wi
n
d
sp
e
e
d
.
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
Re
c
e
n
t
De
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
ts
in
Co
n
tr
o
l,
A
u
to
m
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
P
o
w
e
r
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
(RDCA
P
E),
2
0
1
5
;
1
0
7
–
1
1
2
.
[1
7
]
S
.
T
.
G
.
P
o
w
e
r,
D.
Do
n
g
,
B.
W
e
n
,
S
.
M
e
m
b
e
r,
D.
Bo
ro
y
e
v
ich
,
P
.
M
a
tt
a
v
e
ll
i,
S
.
M
e
m
b
e
r,
Y.
X
u
e
,
S
.
M
e
m
b
e
r,
A
.
S
y
n
c
h
ro
n
o
u
s
.
A
n
a
l
y
sis
o
f
P
h
a
se
-
L
o
c
k
e
d
L
o
o
p
L
o
w
-
F
re
q
u
e
n
c
y
Co
n
v
e
rters
Co
n
sid
e
ri
n
g
Im
p
e
d
a
n
c
e
In
tera
c
ti
o
n
s.
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
In
d
u
stri
a
l
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
.
2
0
1
5
;
6
2
(
1
):
3
1
0
–
3
2
1
.
B
I
O
G
RAP
H
I
E
S
O
F
AUTH
O
RS
A
.
V
.
P
a
v
a
n
Ku
m
a
r
is
a
f
u
ll
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ti
m
e
re
se
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rc
h
sc
h
o
lar
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