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a
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Driv
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J
P
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DS
)
Vo
l.
12
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
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b
er
2
0
2
1
,
p
p
.
24
83
~
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I
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I
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N
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2
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8
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694
I
n
t J
Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i
Sy
s
t,
Vo
l.
12
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
1
:
2
4
83
–
2
491
2484
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
T
im
e
is
n
o
t
f
ar
awa
y
wh
en
th
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p
r
esen
t
s
o
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ce
s
o
f
f
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s
s
il
f
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l
will
g
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d
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leted
af
ter
f
ew
d
ec
ad
es
f
o
r
th
e
g
en
er
atio
n
o
f
elec
tr
ical
en
er
g
y
.
C
o
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ly
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
p
o
p
u
latio
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th
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l
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b
al
lev
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an
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h
o
r
tag
e
o
f
th
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cu
r
r
en
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r
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wh
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ar
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m
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s
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u
s
ed
at
p
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t
f
o
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th
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g
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f
elec
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k
a
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o
f
th
e
g
e
n
er
atio
n
o
f
elec
tr
ical
e
n
er
g
y
[
1
]
,
[
2
].
R
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
lik
e
win
d
en
e
r
g
y
,
tid
al,
b
io
m
ass
,
s
o
lar
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er
g
y
(
in
clu
d
es
b
o
th
s
o
lar
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
ltaic
an
d
s
o
lar
th
er
m
al)
etc.
ar
e
a
m
o
n
g
th
o
s
e
s
o
u
r
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s
o
f
en
e
r
g
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ich
ca
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u
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o
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eq
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I
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th
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f
am
ily
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f
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b
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er
g
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s
o
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r
ce
s
,
th
e
p
h
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to
v
o
ltaic
(
PV)
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y
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ig
h
ly
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r
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b
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v
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e
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ical)
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ir
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iatio
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d
tem
p
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e
ar
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th
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e
b
u
t
s
till
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s
tallatio
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f
PV
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th
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is
e
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if
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n
t p
ar
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th
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ld
.
I
n
PV
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s
o
lar
en
e
r
g
y
is
d
ir
ec
tl
y
co
n
v
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ted
in
to
elec
tr
ical
en
er
g
y
[3
]
,
[
4]
.
T
h
e
p
h
o
to
n
s
s
tr
ik
e
th
e
p
-
n
ju
n
ctio
n
o
f
s
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lar
ce
ll
an
d
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tr
o
n
s
g
et
ac
ce
ler
ated
f
r
o
m
th
e
d
ep
letio
n
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,
wh
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ten
t
ial
b
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ier
p
lay
s
an
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p
o
r
tan
t
r
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le
in
th
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f
lo
w
o
f
e
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o
n
s
to
an
d
f
r
o
if
th
e
lo
ad
i
s
co
n
n
ec
ted
[5
]
,
[
6]
.
T
h
e
co
m
m
er
cially
av
ailab
le
PV
ce
ll
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
a
p
-
n
ju
n
c
tio
n
wh
ich
h
as
m
etal
co
n
tacts
at
u
p
p
er
an
d
lo
wer
s
id
e,
w
h
ich
ar
e
co
v
e
r
ed
b
y
g
lass
co
atin
g
in
o
r
d
er
to
f
ac
ilit
ate
th
e
f
lo
w
o
f
ch
ar
g
e
d
p
ar
tic
les.
A
m
o
d
u
le
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
v
ar
io
u
s
PV
ce
lls
an
d
a
PV
p
an
el
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
v
a
r
io
u
s
m
o
d
u
les.
W
h
ich
in
tu
r
n
f
o
r
m
s
a
d
esire
d
ca
p
ac
ity
o
f
PV
ar
r
a
y
.
A
co
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
s
er
ies
an
d
p
a
r
allel
PV
ce
lls
ar
e
o
r
g
an
ized
to
g
et
th
e
d
esire
d
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
PV
ar
r
ay
.
T
h
e
p
ar
a
llel
co
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
PV
ce
ll
s
in
cr
ea
s
es
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
lev
el
an
d
th
e
s
er
ies
co
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
PV
ce
lls
in
cr
ea
s
e
s
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
l
ev
el
o
f
th
e
PV
s
y
s
tem
[
7
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Sh
o
ws
a
t
y
p
ical
lay
o
u
t
o
f
a
g
en
er
al
PV
s
y
s
tem
wi
th
s
tan
d
alo
n
e
an
d
g
r
id
co
n
n
ec
te
d
,
wh
ich
in
clu
d
es v
a
r
io
u
s
b
lo
c
k
s
lik
e
PV p
an
el,
DC
to
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
,
DC
b
u
s
,
an
d
b
atter
y
.
I
n
id
ea
l
ca
s
e,
a
cu
r
r
en
t
s
o
u
r
ce
an
d
a
d
io
d
e
c
o
n
n
ec
ted
in
p
a
r
allel
f
o
r
m
a
PV
ce
ll,
g
en
e
r
ally
wh
ich
is
n
o
t
th
e
ca
s
e
as
f
o
r
th
e
p
r
ac
tic
al
PV
ce
ll.
Ho
wev
er
p
r
ac
tically
in
ad
d
itio
n
to
cu
r
r
e
n
t
s
o
u
r
c
e
an
d
d
io
d
e
s
er
ies
an
d
p
ar
allel
r
esis
tan
ce
s
R
s
an
d
R
sh
is
also
in
co
r
p
o
r
ated
.
Ser
ies
r
esis
tan
ce
is
th
e
r
esi
s
tan
ce
t
o
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
p
ath
an
d
m
etal
co
n
tact
wh
ile
p
ar
al
lel
r
esis
tan
ce
i
s
o
cc
u
r
r
ed
d
u
e
to
cr
ac
k
s
an
d
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
in
g
d
ef
ec
ts
.
I
n
o
r
d
e
r
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
o
u
tp
u
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
PV
s
y
s
tem
g
en
er
ally
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
in
t
tr
ac
k
er
(
MPPT
)
is
u
s
ed
.
A
DC
-
to
-
DC
C
o
n
v
er
ter
is
u
s
ed
f
o
r
th
is
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
[
8
]
,
[
9]
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
y
p
ical
lay
o
u
t o
f
a
g
en
er
al
PV sy
s
tem
T
h
e
PV
ce
ll
r
ec
eiv
e
th
e
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
an
d
c
o
n
v
er
ts
it
in
to
elec
tr
ical
en
er
g
y
d
ir
ec
tly
,
in
o
r
d
er
to
ac
h
iev
e
th
e
d
esire
d
AC
/DC
o
u
tp
u
t
an
in
v
er
ter
an
d
c
o
n
v
e
r
te
r
is
u
s
ed
b
ec
a
u
s
e
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
th
e
s
o
lar
ce
ll
o
b
tain
ed
is
in
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
DC
.
Mo
d
elin
g
o
f
PV
ce
ll
h
as
b
ee
n
a
p
r
elim
in
ar
y
wo
r
k
f
o
r
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
in
o
r
d
er
to
ac
h
iev
e
an
ef
f
icien
t,
ac
cu
r
a
te
an
d
r
eliab
le
PV
s
y
s
tem
.
Var
io
u
s
wo
r
k
s
h
as
b
ee
n
c
ar
r
ied
o
u
t
in
t
h
is
r
eg
ar
d
.
Am
o
n
g
wh
ich
a
r
e,
o
n
e
d
io
d
e
m
o
d
el
an
d
two
d
io
d
e
m
o
d
el
s
,
m
ath
em
atica
l
m
o
d
el
an
d
th
e
m
o
d
el
d
ev
el
o
p
e
d
with
MA
T
L
AB
co
d
in
g
[
1
0
]
,
[
1
1
]
.
On
e
d
io
d
e
m
o
d
el
is
s
im
p
le
an
d
h
as
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
f
o
r
th
e
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
o
f
f
iv
e
p
ar
am
eter
s
,
wh
ich
ar
e
p
h
o
to
c
u
r
r
en
t
(
I
p
h
)
,
d
i
o
d
e
r
ev
e
r
s
e
s
at
u
r
atio
n
cu
r
r
en
ts
(
I
o
)
,
s
er
ies
r
esis
tan
ce
(
R
s
)
,
s
h
u
n
t
r
esis
tan
ce
(
R
s
h
)
an
d
d
io
d
e
id
ea
lity
f
ac
t
o
r
(
a)
,
th
ese
p
ar
am
eter
s
ar
e
g
en
e
r
ally
n
o
t
p
r
o
v
id
ed
b
y
th
e
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
er
in
th
e
d
ata
s
h
ee
t
.
T
wo
d
io
d
e
m
o
d
el
is
m
o
r
e
ac
cu
r
ate
f
o
r
th
e
lo
w
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
wh
i
ch
also
in
clu
d
es
r
ec
o
m
b
in
atio
n
an
d
is
u
s
ed
f
o
r
th
e
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
o
f
s
ev
en
p
ar
am
eter
s
wh
ich
ar
e;
p
h
o
to
cu
r
r
en
t
(
I
p
h
)
,
d
io
d
e
r
ev
er
s
e
s
atu
r
atio
n
cu
r
r
en
ts
(
I
o
1
)
o
f
d
i
o
d
e
D
1
an
d
d
i
o
d
e
r
ev
er
s
e
s
atu
r
atio
n
cu
r
r
en
ts
(
I
o
2
)
o
f
d
i
o
d
e
D2
,
s
er
ies
r
esis
tan
ce
(
R
s
)
,
s
h
u
n
t r
esis
tan
ce
(
R
s
h
)
an
d
d
io
d
e
id
ea
lity
f
ac
to
r
(
a)
[
1
2
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
Dev
elo
p
men
t o
f so
la
r
p
h
o
to
vo
lta
ic
mo
d
el
fo
r
w
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e
r
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n
g
e
o
f
o
p
era
tin
g
co
n
d
i
tio
n
s
(
Mo
h
a
m
med
A
s
im
)
2485
I
n
m
ath
e
m
atica
l
m
o
d
el
o
f
PV
ce
ll,
eq
u
atio
n
s
ar
e
d
er
i
v
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
eq
u
i
v
alen
t
cir
c
u
it
o
f
PV
m
o
d
u
le
an
d
th
ese
eq
u
atio
n
s
ar
e
co
n
v
er
ted
in
-
to
b
lo
ck
cir
c
u
it
u
s
in
g
m
ath
em
atica
l
b
lo
ck
s
in
M
AT
L
AB
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UL
I
NK
a
n
d
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
ar
e
o
b
tain
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f
o
r
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
tem
p
er
atu
r
es
an
d
ir
r
ad
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n
s
an
d
f
o
r
p
ar
tial
s
h
ad
in
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
f
o
r
s
er
ies
an
d
p
ar
al
lel
co
m
b
in
atio
n
s
o
f
PV
ce
lls
.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
ar
e
an
aly
ze
d
in
ter
m
s
o
f
I
-
V
an
d
P
-
V
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
in
o
r
d
er
to
d
esig
n
an
o
p
tim
ized
PV
s
y
s
tem
.
I
n
th
e
p
r
esen
t
w
o
r
k
MA
T
L
AB
co
d
ed
m
o
d
el
is
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
in
two
f
iles
n
am
ely
: Pv
co
m
an
d
PAR
AF w
h
ich
ar
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
t
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
wo
r
k
an
d
th
e
r
esu
lts
ar
e
o
b
tain
ed
f
o
r
v
ar
io
u
s
co
m
b
in
at
io
n
s
o
f
d
if
f
er
en
t
p
an
els an
d
at
v
ar
y
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
co
n
d
iti
o
n
s
T
h
e
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
o
f
t
h
is
p
ap
e
r
is
as
f
o
llo
ws:
s
ec
tio
n
I
I
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
a
b
o
u
t
t
h
e
m
o
d
elin
g
o
f
PV
m
o
d
u
le.
Sectio
n
3
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
an
aly
tical
wo
r
k
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
s
im
u
latio
n
.
Sectio
n
4
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
p
ar
am
eter
s
o
b
tain
ed
in
s
in
g
le
an
d
d
o
u
b
le
p
an
el
co
m
b
in
a
tio
n
an
d
Sectio
n
5
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
co
n
cl
u
s
io
n
an
d
f
u
tu
r
e
s
co
p
e
o
f
t
h
is
p
ap
er
.
2.
M
O
DE
L
O
F
P
V
M
O
DU
L
E
Fig
u
r
e
2
s
h
o
ws
th
e
id
ea
l
m
o
d
el
o
f
a
s
o
lar
PV
ce
ll
,
wh
ich
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
a
cu
r
r
en
t
s
o
u
r
ce
an
d
a
d
io
d
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
in
p
ar
allel
f
o
r
m
a
PV
ce
ll,
g
en
e
r
ally
wh
ich
is
n
o
t
f
o
r
th
e
p
r
ac
tical
PV
ce
ll
.
Pra
ctica
lly
two
r
esis
tan
ce
s
,
s
er
ies
an
d
p
ar
alle
l
ac
co
u
n
t
th
eir
p
r
esen
ce
as
s
h
o
wn
in
th
e
ab
o
v
e
Fig
u
r
es
3
a
n
d
4
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
Ser
ies
r
esi
s
tan
ce
is
d
en
o
ted
b
y
th
e
r
esis
tan
ce
R
s
in
Fig
u
r
e
s
3
an
d
4
wh
ile
th
e
p
ar
allel
r
esis
tan
ce
is
d
en
o
ted
b
y
th
e
r
esis
tan
ce
R
sh
in
Fig
u
r
e
s
3
an
d
4
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
I
n
id
ea
l
m
o
d
el,
d
io
d
e
is
r
e
p
r
esen
ted
b
y
D,
in
o
n
e
d
io
d
e
m
o
d
el
b
y
D
wh
ile
in
two
d
i
o
d
e
m
o
d
el;
d
io
d
es a
r
e
r
ep
r
esen
ted
b
y
D1
&
D2
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
I
d
ea
l m
o
d
el
o
f
PV c
ell
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
On
e
d
io
d
e
m
o
d
el
o
f
PV c
ell
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
T
wo
d
io
d
e
m
o
d
el
o
f
PV c
ell
3.
L
I
T
E
R
AT
U
RE
R
E
VI
E
W
Var
io
u
s
tech
n
iq
u
es
h
av
e
b
ee
n
ad
o
p
ted
in
liter
atu
r
e
f
o
r
th
e
m
o
d
elin
g
an
d
s
im
u
latio
n
wo
r
k
o
f
PV
s
y
s
tem
.
B
ilh
an
et
a
l.
[
13
]
r
ep
r
esen
ted
Ma
tlab
Simu
lin
k
m
o
d
el
an
d
Ma
tlab
m
f
ile
PV
m
o
d
el.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
o
d
el
ca
p
tu
r
es
s
u
n
lig
h
t
a
n
d
c
ell
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
as
in
p
u
t
p
ar
a
m
et
er
s
.
I
-
V
an
d
P
-
V
o
u
tp
u
t
f
ea
tu
r
es
ar
e
o
b
tain
ed
u
n
d
er
v
a
r
io
u
s
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
Mo
r
eo
v
e
r
,
b
o
th
m
o
d
els
ca
n
b
e
ea
s
ily
u
s
ed
with
an
o
th
er
PV
m
o
d
u
le
p
ar
am
eter
s
.
An
d
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
o
f
th
e
PV
m
o
d
u
le
en
h
an
ce
d
with
DC
/
DC
to
p
r
o
m
o
te
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
a
n
d
co
n
v
er
ter
p
o
wer
is
co
n
tr
o
lled
b
y
PI
co
n
tr
o
ller
.
Sar
war
et
a
l.
[
14
]
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
ab
o
u
t
5
-
Par
a
m
eter
m
o
d
el,
is
an
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
u
s
er
m
o
d
el
th
at
r
ec
eiv
es
d
ata
an
d
d
em
o
n
s
tr
a
tes
co
n
s
is
ten
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
n
th
e
SIM
UL
I
NK
p
latf
o
r
m
to
p
r
ed
ict
th
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
o
f
s
p
ec
if
ied
ce
ll
p
ar
am
eter
s
u
n
d
er
d
if
f
er
en
t
o
p
e
r
atin
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
el
r
eq
u
ir
es
a
o
n
e
-
tim
e
ca
lcu
lati
o
n
o
f
f
iv
e
p
ar
am
eter
s
.
C
h
e
d
id
et
a
l.
[
15
]
s
h
o
ws
an
e
d
u
c
atio
n
al
m
eth
o
d
f
o
r
s
tu
d
y
in
g
PV
f
ea
tu
r
es
ar
e
d
is
p
lay
ed
.
T
h
e
PV
ce
ll
m
o
d
el
s
tat
is
tics
ar
e
tak
en
an
d
co
m
p
ar
ed
PV
lay
o
u
t
is
d
o
n
e
u
s
in
g
MA
T
L
AB
co
d
e
b
ased
o
n
two
-
d
im
e
n
s
io
n
al
cir
cu
it
r
e
p
r
esen
tatio
n
.
R
esu
lts
f
o
r
ir
r
a
d
ian
ce
,
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
an
d
s
h
ad
i
n
g
f
ea
tu
r
es
o
f
PV
ar
e
r
ea
d
an
d
th
e
r
esu
lt
o
f
th
e
s
er
ies
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
/
s
im
ilar
ity
wer
e
ch
ec
k
ed
.
T
h
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
I
n
t J
Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i
Sy
s
t,
Vo
l.
12
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
1
:
2
4
83
–
2
491
2486
s
tatis
t
ics
an
d
co
d
es
s
h
o
wn
a
r
e
h
elp
f
u
l
f
o
r
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
d
o
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
an
d
t
h
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
v
ar
i
o
u
s
p
ar
am
eter
s
o
n
th
e
I
V
a
n
d
P
-
V
cu
r
v
es
o
f
ce
lls
,
m
o
d
u
les,
r
e
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
an
d
an
y
s
er
ies/
p
ar
alle
l
co
m
b
in
atio
n
s
ca
n
b
e
ar
r
a
n
g
ed
.
G
h
o
s
h
et
a
l.
[
16
]
p
r
esen
ted
th
e
h
y
b
r
i
d
MPPT
alg
o
r
ith
m
,
an
d
v
er
if
i
es
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
im
u
latio
n
.
T
h
e
co
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
p
er
tu
r
b
an
d
o
b
s
er
v
e
a
n
d
th
e
im
p
r
o
v
i
s
ed
b
in
ar
y
s
eq
u
en
ce
h
as
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
th
e
latter
’
s
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
to
r
esp
o
n
d
to
s
lig
h
t
ch
an
g
es
in
o
p
er
atin
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
I
m
p
r
o
v
is
atio
n
s
o
f
b
o
th
th
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
,
h
el
p
e
d
u
s
to
o
b
tain
b
etter
r
e
s
u
lts
.
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
s
tu
d
ies
s
h
o
w
t
h
at
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
alg
o
r
ith
m
o
f
f
er
s
h
ig
h
ac
cu
r
ac
y
.
Hien
d
r
o
[
17
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
es
a
n
ew
alg
o
r
ith
m
f
o
r
m
etah
eu
r
is
tic
o
p
tim
izatio
n
b
ased
o
n
p
r
o
jectile
m
o
b
ilit
y
k
in
em
atics
an
d
is
ca
lled
p
r
o
jectile
-
tar
g
et
s
ea
r
ch
(
PTS)
alg
o
r
ith
m
.
PTS
al
g
o
r
ith
m
u
s
es
en
v
elo
p
e
p
r
o
jectile
tr
ajec
to
r
y
t
o
f
i
n
d
th
e
tar
g
et
in
th
e
s
ea
r
c
h
s
p
ac
e.
I
t
h
as
2
ty
p
es
o
f
c
o
n
tr
o
l
p
a
r
am
eter
s
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
ty
p
e
is
s
et
to
allo
w
f
o
r
an
alg
o
r
ith
m
to
s
p
e
ed
u
p
th
e
m
e
r
g
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
w
h
ile
an
o
t
h
er
t
y
p
e
is
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ity
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
n
ew
b
etter
s
ea
r
ch
p
r
o
jectiles
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
Ho
wev
er
,
b
o
th
ar
e
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
f
o
r
g
ettin
g
th
e
b
est
d
u
r
ab
ilit
y
r
ates
in
s
ea
r
ch
en
g
in
e.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t
ar
e
h
as
s
h
o
wn
th
at
th
e
PTS
alg
o
r
ith
m
p
r
o
v
id
es
ex
ce
llen
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
an
d
s
o
o
n
h
i
g
h
ly
co
m
p
etit
iv
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
o
th
er
m
etah
eu
r
is
tic
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
.
J
ad
allah
et
al
.
[
18
]
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
m
o
d
elin
g
a
n
d
o
p
e
r
atio
n
o
f
PV
ce
lls
.
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
co
d
e
is
cr
ea
ted
u
s
in
g
MA
T
L
AB
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
ws
th
at
a
n
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
an
d
a
d
io
d
e
f
ac
to
r
led
to
a
n
in
c
r
e
ase
in
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
o
f
PV
m
o
d
u
le,
wh
ile
m
ea
s
u
r
e
o
f
ce
ll
tem
p
er
a
tu
r
e
an
d
s
atu
r
atio
n
cu
r
r
en
t
lea
d
s
to
a
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
in
p
o
wer
.
T
h
e
I
V
an
d
P
-
V
d
ep
e
n
d
en
ce
cu
r
v
es
ar
e
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
with
a
m
o
d
u
le
o
f
5
0
b
r
an
c
h
es
co
n
n
ec
ted
in
p
ar
allel,
ea
ch
b
r
a
n
ch
with
5
0
ce
lls
co
n
n
ec
ted
in
s
er
ies.
Mo
d
i
et
a
l.
[
19
]
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
a
m
at
h
em
atica
l
m
o
d
el
o
f
th
e
s
o
lar
ce
ll
b
ased
o
n
f
iv
e
p
ar
am
eter
s
cu
r
r
en
t
v
o
ltag
e
(
I
-
V)
an
d
p
o
wer
v
o
ltag
e
(
P
-
V)
cu
r
v
es
ar
e
f
o
u
n
d
f
r
o
m
th
e
m
ath
em
atica
l
m
o
d
el
th
at
h
as
b
ee
n
d
e
v
elo
p
e
d
an
d
a
n
aly
ze
d
f
o
r
v
ar
io
u
s
o
p
er
atin
g
co
n
d
i
tio
n
s
s
u
ch
as
r
a
d
iatio
n
an
d
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e.
I
n
th
is
p
ap
er
a
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
th
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
f
ea
tu
r
es o
f
th
e
a
d
v
an
ce
d
s
o
lar
ce
ll
m
o
d
el
an
d
th
e
s
o
lar
ce
ll
m
o
d
el
with
MA
T
L
AB
is
p
r
esen
ted
.
I
t
is
ev
id
e
n
t
th
at
th
e
ad
v
an
ce
d
m
o
d
el
is
ac
cu
r
ate
en
o
u
g
h
t
o
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
in
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
io
n
o
f
PV
an
d
PV
m
o
d
u
le
f
o
r
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
an
aly
s
is
.
Mo
r
en
o
[
20
]
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
d
etailed
s
ep
ar
at
io
n
o
f
s
o
lar
ce
lls
to
te
s
t
th
e
p
e
r
f
ec
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
s
o
lar
PV
ar
r
ay
.
I
t
s
h
o
ws
th
at
th
e
ef
f
ec
ts
ar
e
o
v
er
I
-
V
an
d
P
-
V
cu
r
v
es
d
ep
en
d
in
g
o
n
th
e
in
ter
n
al
p
ar
am
eter
s
o
f
ce
lls
an
d
ex
ter
n
al
p
ar
am
eter
s
s
u
ch
as
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
as
wel
l
tem
p
er
atu
r
e.
I
n
p
ar
ti
cu
lar
,
th
is
ar
ticle
s
h
o
ws
ev
id
en
ce
o
f
im
p
ac
ts
o
n
m
o
d
u
le
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
ca
p
ac
ity
wh
en
in
s
tallin
g
r
esis
tan
ce
R
s
.
Fu
r
th
er
,
h
e
p
r
esen
ted
,
h
o
w
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
ca
n
af
f
ec
t
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
th
e
s
am
e
m
em
b
er
s
,
esp
ec
ially
i
n
ef
f
icien
cy
.
Sh
ah
a
b
u
d
d
in
et
a
l.
[
21
]
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
a
n
ew
m
etah
e
u
r
is
tic
o
p
tim
izati
o
n
tech
n
iq
u
e
f
o
r
t
h
e
p
ar
am
e
ter
s
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
o
f
s
o
lar
PV
c
ell.
T
h
e
tech
n
iq
u
e
n
am
ed
p
r
o
jectile
s
ea
r
ch
alg
o
r
ith
m
is
b
ased
o
n
th
e
p
r
o
jectil
e’
s
m
o
tio
n
in
s
p
ir
ed
b
y
g
r
av
it
y
wh
en
p
r
o
jecte
d
in
th
e
s
p
ac
e.
T
h
e
p
ar
am
eter
s
ex
t
r
ac
ted
wh
en
u
s
ed
in
s
im
u
latio
n
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
f
o
llo
w
th
e
ac
tu
al
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
o
f
s
o
lar
PV
ce
ll
f
r
o
m
Fra
n
ce
s
o
lar
ce
ll.
Sam
al
et
a
l.
[
2
2
]
i
n
h
er
pr
esen
ted
r
esear
ch
wh
i
ch
is
o
r
i
g
in
ally
o
n
d
esig
n
in
g
o
f
PV/
win
d
en
e
r
g
y
f
ed
to
th
e
DC
lin
k
ca
p
ac
ito
r
of
u
n
if
ied
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
co
n
tr
o
ller
(
UPQC
)
s
o
as
to
r
etain
p
r
o
p
er
v
o
ltag
e
ac
r
o
s
s
it
an
d
o
p
er
ate
th
e
UPQC
f
o
r
p
o
we
r
q
u
ality
an
al
y
s
is
.
T
h
e
s
aid
m
o
d
el
is
s
im
u
lated
in
Ma
tlab
an
d
r
esu
l
ts
a
r
e
v
er
if
ied
b
y
u
s
in
g
FF
T
a
n
aly
s
is
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
PV/
win
d
e
n
er
g
y
UPQC
is
d
esig
n
in
Ma
tlab
s
im
u
latio
n
f
o
r
m
in
im
izatio
n
o
f
v
o
ltag
e
s
ag
,
s
well,
in
ter
r
u
p
tio
n
o
f
v
o
ltag
e,
h
ar
m
o
n
ics
in
lo
ad
cu
r
r
en
t
a
n
d
co
m
p
en
s
atio
n
o
f
ac
tiv
e
an
d
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
.
Sh
ah
ab
u
d
d
in
et
a
l
.
[
2
3
]
p
r
esen
ted
a
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
wis
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
r
en
ewa
b
le
r
eso
u
r
c
es in
clu
d
in
g
s
o
lar
e
n
er
g
y
in
a
p
ar
ticu
lar
p
lace
in
th
e
wo
r
l
d
.
4.
SO
L
AR
P
V
M
O
DE
L
E
Q
UA
T
I
O
NS
T
h
e
PV
m
o
d
el
o
f
Fig
u
r
e
3
a
r
e
g
iv
en
b
y
:
I
=
I
ph
−
I
str
–
[
+
−
1
]
−
[
V
+
I
R
ser
R
sht
]
(
1
)
Simu
latio
n
is
d
o
n
e
b
y
u
s
in
g
MA
T
L
AB
co
d
e
f
o
r
th
e
s
h
ad
e
d
co
n
d
itio
n
o
f
PV
ar
r
a
y
.
Sh
a
d
in
g
is
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
clo
u
d
s
,
b
u
ild
in
g
s
,
tr
ee
s
o
n
PV
ar
r
ay
wh
ich
d
eter
io
r
ate
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
PV
s
y
s
tem
.
Sh
ad
in
g
eq
u
atio
n
ca
n
b
e
ex
p
r
ess
ed
as:
ℎ
=
(
2
)
=
2
[
1
+
(
−
)
]
+
1
(
)
(
3
)
T
h
e
(
4
)
a
n
d
(
5
)
in
clu
d
e
th
e
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
a
n
d
tem
p
er
a
-
tu
r
e
ef
f
e
ct
s
s
i
m
ul
t
a
n
e
ou
s
ly
i
nt
o
an
d
ℎ
[
24
]
.
ℎ
=
ℎ
.
[
1
+
ℎ
(
−
)
]
(
)
ℎ
(
4)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
Dev
elo
p
men
t o
f so
la
r
p
h
o
to
vo
lta
ic
mo
d
el
fo
r
w
id
e
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a
n
g
e
o
f
o
p
era
tin
g
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n
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i
tio
n
s
(
Mo
h
a
m
med
A
s
im
)
2487
=
(
5
)
Dio
d
e
id
ea
lity
f
ac
to
r
is
ass
u
m
ed
to
b
e
e
q
u
al
to
ℎ
=
(
1
+
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(
6
)
T
h
e
(
6
)
is
o
b
tain
e
d
f
r
o
m
(
1)
in
th
e
SC
c
on
di
ti
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nd
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e
p
r
e
s
e
nt
s
a
no
th
er
w
a
y
of
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p
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e
s
s
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g
I
g
d
ep
en
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e
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ce
with
S
a
n
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T
.
=
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ℎ
ℎ
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1
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7
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h
e
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o
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tain
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r
o
m
(
1
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in
th
e
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n
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d
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e
nt
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er
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ess
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g
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ep
en
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ce
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an
d
T
.
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)
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(
)
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8
)
On
th
e
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t
h
er
ha
n
d,
(
8
)
i
s
o
bt
ai
n
ed
f
r
o
m
(
1)
i
n
t
he
O
C
co
n
di
t
io
n
an
d
al
s
o
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e
pr
e
s
e
nt
s
an
o
th
er
way
o
f
ex
p
r
ess
in
g
I
str
d
ep
e
n
d
en
ce
wit
h
T
.
In
(
4
)
an
d
(
5
)
in
clu
d
e
th
e
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
an
d
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
e
f
f
ec
ts
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
in
to
R
s
er
an
d
R
s
h
t.
At
last
,
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
[
2
5
]
,
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
au
x
iliar
y
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
s
:
=
.
+
(
−
)
+
ℎ
ln
(
)
(
9
)
=
.
+
(
−
)
+
ℎ
ln
(
)
(
1
0
)
W
h
er
e
=
co
ef
f
icien
t
o
f
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
at
o
p
e
n
cir
cu
it
v
o
ltag
e
,
it
is
d
esira
b
le
to
ev
alu
ate
I
s
ct
an
d
Vo
ct
v
alu
es
f
o
r
an
y
clim
ate
s
itu
atio
n
,
s
o
th
at
th
ey
ca
n
th
e
n
b
e
a
p
p
lied
in
(
4
)
-
(
8
).
5.
SH
ADING
E
F
F
E
C
T
Fig
u
r
e
s
5
an
d
6
ar
e
th
e
d
escr
ip
tio
n
o
f
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
o
f
MA
T
L
AB
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
th
r
ee
an
d
f
o
u
r
p
a
n
el
r
ee
p
ec
tiv
ely
wh
ich
in
co
r
p
o
r
at
e
s
h
ad
in
g
e
f
f
ec
t.
Du
e
to
s
h
ad
i
n
g
v
a
r
io
u
s
p
ea
k
s
o
cc
u
r
wh
ich
d
eter
io
r
ates
th
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
p
o
wer
o
f
th
e
PV
ar
r
ay
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
s
h
o
ws
p
ar
tial
s
h
ad
in
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
f
o
r
3
-
p
an
els
in
P
-
V
cu
r
v
e
at
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
o
f
2
5
°C
wh
ile
Fig
u
r
e
6
s
h
o
ws
th
e
p
ar
tial
s
h
ad
in
g
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
f
o
r
4
-
p
a
n
e
ls
in
P
-
V
cu
r
v
e
at
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
o
f
2
5
°
C.
Fig
u
r
e
7
s
h
o
ws
a
MA
T
L
AB
m
o
d
e
l
o
f
a
ty
p
ical
s
o
lar
PV
ce
ll
f
o
r
r
e
alizin
g
I
V
cu
r
v
e
o
f
SP
1
4
0
PC
m
o
d
u
le
f
r
o
m
Sh
ell
s
o
lar
f
o
r
co
m
p
ar
is
io
n
with
th
e
I
V
cu
r
v
e
o
f
MA
T
L
AB
co
d
ed
m
o
d
el.
C
o
m
p
ar
ativ
e
an
aly
s
is
is
d
o
n
e
b
y
o
b
tain
in
g
t
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
r
e
s
u
lts
in
ter
m
s
o
f
I
-
V
a
n
d
P
-
V
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
MA
T
L
AB
co
d
ed
s
im
u
latio
n
m
o
d
el
u
n
d
e
r
v
ar
y
in
g
atm
o
s
p
h
er
ic
co
n
d
itio
n
s
f
o
r
b
o
th
s
in
g
le
an
d
d
o
u
b
le
p
an
el
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
C
o
m
p
ar
ativ
e
v
alu
es
o
f
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
ar
e
g
iv
e
n
in
T
ab
les
1
an
d
2
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
W
h
en
th
e
two
p
an
els
ar
e
c
o
n
n
ec
te
d
in
s
er
ies
th
at
is
in
ca
s
e
o
f
d
o
u
b
le
p
a
n
el
th
e
s
am
e
ca
s
e
h
a
p
p
en
s
as
in
ca
s
e
o
f
s
in
g
le
p
an
el
ex
ce
p
t
v
o
ltag
e
g
e
ts
d
o
u
b
led
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Par
tia
l sh
ad
in
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
f
o
r
3
-
p
an
els in
P
-
V
cu
r
v
e
at
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
o
f
2
5
°C
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Par
tia
l sh
ad
in
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
f
o
r
4
-
p
an
els in
P
-
V
cu
r
v
e
at
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
o
f
2
5
°
C
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
0
100
200
Vo
lt
a
g
e (
Vo
lt
s
)
P
o
we
r
(
Wa
t
t
)
I
ns
o
la
t
io
n
1
0
0
0
W
/m
2
I
ns
o
la
t
io
n
2
0
0
W
/m
2
I
ns
o
la
t
io
n
5
0
0
W
/m
2
0
50
100
150
200
0
100
200
300
Vo
lt
a
g
e
(
Vo
lt
)
P
o
we
r
(
Wa
t
t
)
I
ns
o
la
t
io
n=
7
5
0
W
/m
2
I
ns
o
la
t
io
n=
1
0
0
0
W
/m
2
I
ns
o
la
t
io
n=
5
0
0
W
/m
2
I
ns
o
la
t
io
n=
2
5
0
W
/m
2
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
I
n
t J
Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i
Sy
s
t,
Vo
l.
12
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
1
:
2
4
83
–
2
491
2488
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
MA
T
L
AB
m
o
d
el
o
f
a
ty
p
ical
s
o
lar
PV c
ell
f
o
r
r
ea
li
zin
g
I
V
cu
r
v
e
T
ab
le
1
.
C
o
m
p
a
r
ativ
e
tab
le
f
o
r
s
in
g
le
p
an
el
T
ab
le
2
.
C
o
m
p
a
r
ativ
e
tab
le
f
o
r
d
o
u
b
le
p
an
el
I
r
r
a
d
i
a
n
c
e
I
sc
(
A
mp
.
)
Vt
(
V
o
l
t
)
V
o
c
(
V
o
l
t
)
Rs
(
Ω
)
R
sh
(
Ω
)
Ig
(
A
mp
.
)
I
sat
(
A
mp
.
)
F
6
0
0
W
/
m2
2
.
8
2
0
0
1
.
5
1
7
5
8
4
.
0
4
9
6
0
.
0
0
1
2
2
.
0
5
2
2
e
+
0
3
2
.
8
2
0
0
2
.
6
2
8
9
e
-
12
1
.
0
e
+
0
3
8
0
0
W
/
m2
3
.
7
6
0
0
1
.
5
1
7
5
8
4
.
9
2
2
8
0
.
0
0
1
1
2
.
0
2
2
9
e
+
0
3
3
.
7
6
0
0
2
.
6
3
3
3
e
-
12
1
.
0
e
+
0
3
1
0
0
0
W
/
m
2
4
.
7
0
0
0
1
.
5
1
7
5
8
5
.
6
0
0
0
1
.
0
0
e
-
03
2
.
0
0
0
5
e
+
0
3
4
.
7
0
0
0
2
.
6
3
6
1
e
-
12
1
.
0
e
+
0
3
Te
mp
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
2
5
°
C
4
.
7
0
0
0
1
.
5
1
7
5
8
5
.
6
0
0
0
1
.
0
0
e
-
03
2
.
0
0
0
5
e
+
0
3
4
.
7
0
0
0
2
.
6
3
6
1
e
-
12
1
.
0
e
+
0
3
3
5
°
C
4
.
7
2
0
0
1
.
5
6
8
4
8
2
.
5
6
0
0
0
.
0
0
1
5
4
.
3
4
1
0
e
+
0
4
4
.
7
2
0
0
1
.
7
5
1
0
e
-
11
1
.
0
e
+
0
4
4
5
°
C
4
.
7
4
0
0
1
.
6
1
9
3
7
9
.
5
2
0
0
0
.
0
0
2
0
8
.
4
8
2
0
e
+
0
4
4
.
7
4
0
0
1
.
0
2
8
7
e
-
10
1
.
0
e
+
0
4
6.
CO
M
P
ARA
T
I
V
E
ANA
L
YS
I
S
W
h
en
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
is
in
cr
ea
s
ed
f
r
o
m
6
0
0
W
/m
2
to
8
0
0
W
/m
2
to
1
0
0
0
W
/m
2
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
lt
ag
e
th
at
is
o
p
en
cir
cu
it
v
o
ltag
e
(
Vo
c)
r
e
m
ain
s
co
n
s
tan
t
an
d
o
n
ly
a
s
lig
h
t
in
cr
ea
s
e
is
th
er
e,
wh
ile
t
h
e
s
h
o
r
t
cir
cu
it
cu
r
r
en
t
(
I
s
c)
as
well
as
o
u
tp
u
t
cu
r
r
en
t
(
I
g
)
i
n
cr
ea
s
es
wh
ile
th
er
m
al
v
o
ltag
e
(
Vt)
th
e
b
ea
u
ty
r
em
ain
s
co
n
s
tan
t
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
e
v
a
r
y
in
g
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
o
f
PV
p
an
el.
Ser
ies
r
esis
tan
ce
(
R
s
)
an
d
s
h
u
n
t
r
esis
tan
ce
(
R
s
h
)
al
s
o
d
ec
r
ea
s
es.
As
th
e
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
in
cr
ea
s
es
f
r
o
m
2
5
°C
to
35
°C
an
d
to
4
5
°C
th
er
e
is
n
o
m
o
d
er
ate
ch
an
g
e
in
th
e
s
h
o
r
t
cir
cu
it
cu
r
r
en
t
(
I
s
c)
as
well
as
in
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
cu
r
r
e
nt
(
I
g
)
,
alm
o
s
t
r
em
ain
s
co
n
s
tan
t
wh
ile
an
d
t
h
e
o
p
e
n
cir
cu
it
v
o
ltag
e
(
Vo
c)
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
an
d
th
e
s
er
ies
r
esi
s
tan
ce
(
R
s
)
an
d
th
e
s
h
u
n
t
r
esis
tan
ce
(
R
s
h
)
ar
e
in
cr
ea
s
ed
.
An
d
th
er
m
al
v
o
ltag
e
(
Vt)
also
in
cr
ea
s
ed
.
Du
e
to
s
er
ies
co
n
n
ec
ted
p
an
els
th
e
s
am
e
s
h
o
r
t
ci
r
cu
it
cu
r
r
en
t
(
Sic)
as
well
as
o
u
tp
u
t
cu
r
r
en
t
(
I
g
)
will
f
lo
w
th
r
o
u
g
h
b
o
th
p
an
el
wh
ile
th
e
o
p
e
n
cir
cu
it
v
o
ltag
e
(
Vo
c)
i.e
.
,
o
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.
RE
F
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R
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NC
E
S
[1
]
M
.
As
im,
M
.
Tariq
,
M
.
A.
M
a
l
li
c
k
a
n
d
I
.
As
h
ra
f
,
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An
imp
ro
v
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d
c
o
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sta
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t
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a
se
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M
P
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DC
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o
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ter
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ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
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l
o
f
P
o
we
r
El
e
c
tro
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ics
a
n
d
Dr
ive
S
y
ste
ms
,
v
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l.
7
,
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o
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4
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1
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0
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7
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4
.
p
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1
3
3
0
-
1
3
3
6
[2
]
S
.
R.
Bu
ll
,
“
Re
n
e
wa
b
le
e
n
e
rg
y
t
o
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a
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to
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in
Pr
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v
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8
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9
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.
[3
]
L
.
-
N
.
Ha
o
,
M
.
Um
a
r,
Z
.
Kh
a
n
,
a
n
d
W
.
Ali,
“
G
re
e
n
g
ro
wth
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n
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e
m
issio
n
i
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G
7
c
o
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tri
e
s:
Ho
w
c
rit
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a
l
th
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n
e
two
rk
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f
e
n
v
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m
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tal,
”
S
c
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c
e
o
f
T
h
e
T
o
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E
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me
n
t
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sc
it
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v
.
2
0
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0
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1
4
1
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5
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.
[4
]
M
.
S
h
a
h
a
b
u
d
d
in
,
M
.
As
im
,
a
n
d
A
.
S
a
rwa
r
,
“
P
a
ra
m
e
t
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r
Ex
trac
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o
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o
f
P
V
Ce
ll
:
A
Re
v
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”
Ren
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wa
b
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f
o
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u
sta
in
a
b
le Gr
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l.
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,
pp
.
1
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2
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0
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/9
7
8
-
9
8
1
-
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1
.
[5
]
M
.
C
.
Di
P
iaz
z
a
,
a
n
d
G
.
Vitale
,
P
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
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S
o
u
rc
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s
M
o
d
e
l
in
g
a
n
d
Em
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la
t
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n
,
S
p
r
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r:
Lo
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,
2
0
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,
doi
:
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/9
7
8
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4
7
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4
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7
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9
.
[6
]
A.
H.
Ha
sa
n
i,
S
.
F
.
Ab
d
u
ll
a
h
,
A.
W.
M
a
h
m
o
o
d
Z
u
h
d
i,
M
.
S
.
Ba
h
r
u
d
in
,
F
.
Za'
a
b
a
r
,
a
n
d
M
.
N.
Ha
rif,
“
M
o
d
e
ll
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n
g
a
n
d
S
imu
latio
n
o
f
P
h
o
to
v
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lt
a
ic
S
o
lar
Ce
ll
u
sin
g
S
il
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a
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TCAD
a
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d
M
a
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a
b
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o
ftwa
re
,
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2
0
1
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EE
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In
ter
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ti
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Co
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.
[7
]
E.
A.
S
il
v
a
,
F
.
Bra
d
a
sc
h
ia,
M
.
C
.
Ca
v
a
lca
n
ti
,
A
.
J.
Na
sc
ime
n
to
,
L.
M
ich
e
ls
,
a
n
d
L.
P
.
P
ietta,
“
A
n
E
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h
t
-
P
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ra
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e
ter
Ad
a
p
ti
v
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M
o
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f
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S
in
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le
Dio
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e
Eq
u
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v
a
len
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Circu
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t
Ba
se
d
o
n
t
h
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P
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to
v
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a
ic
M
o
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le'
s
P
h
y
sic
s,
”
in
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E
J
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rn
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f
P
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d
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1
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,
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2
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[1
3
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4
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A.
S
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rwa
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M
.
Ha
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n
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Q.
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5
]
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6
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N.
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7
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8
]
A.
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9
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S
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2
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0
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R.
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,
“
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2
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[2
1
]
M
.
S
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b
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,
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.
As
im
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2
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[2
3
]
M
.
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.
A.
Kh
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.
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Util
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d
En
v
iro
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ff
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ts
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v
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p
p
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A
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Tag
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E
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Ka
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ll
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.
[2
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F
.
Las
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a
n
d
T.
G
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An
g
,
“
Ph
o
t
o
v
o
lt
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E
n
g
i
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rin
g
Ha
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d
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.
B
I
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RAP
H
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O
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AUTH
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RS
Dr
.
Mo
h
a
m
m
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As
i
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rk
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g
a
s
a
n
As
sista
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t
P
r
o
f
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ss
o
r
a
t
In
te
g
ra
l
Un
i
v
e
rsity
,
Lu
c
k
n
o
w
si
n
c
e
2
0
1
3
.
He
h
a
s
g
o
t
m
o
re
th
a
n
1
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y
e
a
rs
o
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tea
c
h
in
g
e
x
p
e
rien
c
e
.
He
h
a
s
c
o
m
p
lete
d
h
is
B.
Tec
h
a
n
d
M
.
Tec
h
fr
o
m
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a
r
h
M
u
slim
Un
i
v
e
rsity
in
th
e
y
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a
r
2
0
0
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a
n
d
2
0
0
9
re
sp
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c
ti
v
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ly
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L
a
ter
o
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h
e
h
a
s
d
o
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h
is
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HD
fro
m
In
teg
ra
l
Un
iv
e
rsity
Lu
c
k
n
o
w
in
t
h
e
y
e
a
r
2
0
1
7
.
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re
se
a
rc
h
a
re
a
in
c
l
u
d
e
P
o
we
r
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e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Re
n
e
wa
b
le
En
e
rg
y
.
He
h
a
s
g
o
t
a
p
a
ten
t
a
n
d
n
u
m
b
e
r
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f
re
se
a
rc
h
p
a
p
e
r.
H
e
is
c
u
rre
n
t
ly
wo
r
k
in
g
o
n
a
p
ro
je
c
t
ti
tl
e
d
“
An
e
fficie
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t
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o
la
r
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V
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a
se
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h
y
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ri
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m
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o
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so
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d
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y
Na
ti
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n
a
l
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ro
jec
t
Im
p
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tatio
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Un
it
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He
h
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s
re
c
e
iv
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d
b
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a
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r
a
wa
rd
in
two
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tern
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IG
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A
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d
ICRP
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th
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y
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r
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n
d
2
0
2
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re
sp
e
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ti
v
e
ly
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
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lec
&
Dr
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s
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I
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N:
2
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Dev
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2491
Dr
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l
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a
r
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r
is
wo
r
k
in
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n
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g
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iate
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with
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h
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h
a
s
p
u
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sh
e
d
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th
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n
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se
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h
p
a
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e
rs
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tern
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ti
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n
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l
jo
u
rn
a
l
a
n
d
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o
n
fe
r
e
n
c
e
.
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is
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u
rre
n
tl
y
a
ss
o
c
iate
d
wit
h
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d
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b
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n
k
p
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je
c
ts
th
ro
u
g
h
TE
QI
P
wo
r
th
2
m
il
l
io
n
INR.
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led
a
tea
m
o
f
st
u
d
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n
t
s
o
f
h
is
u
n
i
v
e
rsity
to
win
a
g
lo
b
a
l
c
o
m
p
e
ti
ti
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n
,
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1
0
in
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0
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fro
m
Ty
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h
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o
n
in
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0
1
9
wo
rt
h
2
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5
m
il
li
o
n
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is
a
m
e
m
b
e
r
o
f
IEE
E
a
n
d
a
li
fe
m
e
m
b
e
r
o
f
sy
ste
m
s
so
c
iety
o
f
In
d
ia.
He
h
a
s
c
o
n
tri
b
u
ted
a
c
h
a
p
ter
in
Ha
n
d
b
o
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k
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f
P
o
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r
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e
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tr
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ics
,
4
e
d
.
E
d
it
e
d
b
y
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.
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Ra
sh
i
d
.
Mr.
Mo
h
a
m
m
a
d
S
h
a
h
a
b
u
d
d
i
n
is
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
wo
r
k
in
g
a
s
Lec
tu
re
r
in
th
e
d
e
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
(Un
i
v
e
rsit
y
p
o
ly
tec
h
n
ic),
In
teg
ra
l
Un
i
v
e
rsit
y
.
He
h
a
s
p
u
b
li
sh
e
d
p
a
p
e
rs
in
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
a
n
d
i
n
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
jo
u
rn
a
l
a
n
d
c
o
n
fe
re
n
c
e
.
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h
a
d
a
lso
p
u
b
li
sh
e
d
a
b
o
o
k
t
it
le
d
“
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
In
str
u
m
e
n
ts
a
n
d
M
e
a
su
re
m
e
n
t
Lab
”
in
Lam
b
e
rt
p
u
b
li
c
a
ti
o
n
.
His
re
se
a
rc
h
a
re
a
s
a
re
In
stru
m
e
n
tati
o
n
&
Co
n
tr
o
l,
Re
n
e
wa
b
le
En
e
rg
y
.
He
h
a
s
m
o
re
t
h
a
n
2
0
y
e
a
rs
o
f
a
c
a
d
e
m
ic
a
n
d
in
d
u
strial
e
x
p
e
rie
n
c
e
.
He
is
a
n
a
ss
o
c
iare
m
e
m
b
e
r
o
f
IEI
.
He
c
o
m
p
lete
d
h
is
AMI
E
fro
m
In
stit
u
t
in
o
f
En
g
in
e
e
rs
I
n
d
ia
(I
EI)
a
n
d
M
.
Tec
h
.
(G
o
ld
M
e
d
a
li
s
t)
fro
m
I
n
teg
ra
l
U
n
iv
e
rsit
y
,
Lu
c
k
n
o
w
(UP),
In
d
ia an
d
p
e
rsu
i
n
g
P
h
d
fr
o
m
In
te
g
ra
l
Un
i
v
e
rsity
,
L
u
c
k
n
o
w
(UP),
I
n
d
ia.
Mo
h
a
m
m
a
d
S
a
o
o
d
Ma
n
z
a
r
is
a
lec
tu
re
r
i
n
E
n
v
iro
n
m
e
n
tal
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
Im
a
m
A
b
d
u
rra
h
m
a
n
Bin
F
a
isa
l,
Da
m
m
a
m
,
Kin
g
d
o
m
o
f
S
a
u
d
i
Ara
b
i
a
sin
c
e
2
0
1
4
.
P
re
v
i
o
u
sly
,
h
e
se
rv
e
d
a
s
a
n
As
sista
n
t
P
r
o
fe
ss
o
r
fo
r
a
b
o
u
t
3
-
y
e
a
rs
in
S
RM
Un
iv
e
r
sity
,
G
h
a
z
iab
a
d
(I
n
d
ia).
He
h
a
s
o
v
e
r
1
9
re
se
a
rc
h
p
u
b
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s,
a
n
d
m
o
re
t
h
a
n
5
p
re
se
n
t
a
ti
o
n
s
a
n
d
in
v
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d
talk
s
i
n
c
o
n
fe
re
n
c
e
s
a
n
d
se
m
in
a
rs.
He
h
a
s
h
a
n
d
s
o
n
a
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
a
re
a
s
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n
d
in
str
u
m
e
n
ts
li
k
e
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h
-
p
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rm
a
n
c
e
li
q
u
id
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h
r
o
m
a
to
g
ra
p
h
y
)
,
a
n
d
AA
S
(Ato
m
ic
a
b
s
o
rp
ti
o
n
s
p
e
c
tro
sc
o
p
y
).
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a
m
a
c
ti
v
e
ly
in
v
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l
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e
d
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n
d
iffere
n
t
w
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ste
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ter
tre
a
tme
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t
p
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o
f
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site
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c
a
ti
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in
wa
ste
wa
ter t
re
a
tme
n
t.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.