In
te
r
n
ation
a
l Jou
rn
al
o
f Po
we
r
Elec
tron
ic
s an
d
D
r
ive S
y
stem
(IJ
PED
S
)
Vo
l
.
1
0
, No
.
2
, Ju
n
e
20
1
9
, p
p
.
1
0
9
0
~
1
101
ISSN: 2088-
8694,
DOI
:
10.11591
/ijpeds.
v10.
i
2.pp1090-1101
1090
Jou
rn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
:
ht
tp:
//i
a
e
score
.
com
/
j
o
u
r
na
l
s
/
i
n
d
e
x
.
p
hp/IJ
PED
S
Simp
le control scheme buck-b
oost DC-DC conv
erter for stand
alone PV
a
pplication system
M.
Z
.
Zu
lk
ifli,
M
. Azri
,
A
. A
lias,
N.
T
alib,
J.
M
.
Lazi
Cen
t
er
f
o
r
R
ob
otics
a
n
d
Indu
st
rial
A
utomatio
n
(CeRIA
),
F
aku
l
ti
Kejur
u
teraan El
e
k
t
r
i
k
,
Uni
v
ersiti
T
e
kni
k
al
Malays
i
a Me
laka,
Malaysia
Art
i
cl
e In
fo
ABSTRACT
A
r
tic
le hist
o
r
y
:
Re
ce
i
v
e
d
Ju
l
1
9,
201
8
Re
vise
d D
e
c 6, 201
8
Ac
ce
p
t
ed
M
ar 3
, 2
0
19
In
t
h
i
s
p
a
per
a
b
u
ck
-boo
st
d
c-dc
c
on
v
e
rter
f
or
p
v
ap
pl
icat
ion
i
s
pr
op
ose
d
,
wh
ich
is
m
ai
nly
com
p
osed
o
f
a
bu
ck–
boo
st
c
on
verter,
P
V
p
anel,
l
oa
d
a
n
d
a
bat
t
ery
.
E
xistin
g
d
c
-dc
co
nvert
er
can
c
on
vert
t
h
e
pow
er
f
rom
t
h
e
P
V
p
anel,
bu
t
unf
ort
unat
e
ly
t
he
P
V
p
a
n
e
l
can
o
nly
prov
id
e
p
o
w
e
r
w
h
en
t
her
e
is
a
h
i
g
h
in
ten
s
ity
o
f
l
i
ght.
In
o
rder
t
o
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
p
o
w
e
r
su
ppl
y
t
o
t
he
l
oa
d
w
i
th
ou
t
a
n
y
in
terru
pti
on,
b
u
c
k-b
o
o
s
t
D
C
-DC
co
nvert
er
i
s
in
trod
uced
.
Th
e
po
w
er
in
term
itten
c
y
is
su
e
of
P
V
panel
can
b
e
o
v
ercom
e
w
it
h
th
e
ai
d
of
a
s
eco
ndary
s
u
p
p
l
y
w
h
i
c
h
i
s
i
n
t
h
i
s
c
a
s
e
,
t
h
e
b
a
t
t
e
r
.
T
h
e
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
i
o
n
s
y
s
t
e
m
be
twe
e
n
t
he
pri
m
ary
and
th
e
s
econ
d
ary
su
pp
ly
i
s
con
t
rolled
b
y
a
s
im
p
l
e
prop
o
s
ed
c
on
trol
sch
e
m
e
.
Bat
t
ery
act
a
s
a
p
o
wer
in
t
he
l
o
w
v
oltag
e
s
id
e
wh
il
e
P
V
p
anel
i
s
ta
king
o
ve
r
in
t
h
e
h
ig
h
vo
lta
g
e
s
i
d
e
.
B
uc
k
-
bo
ost
c
o
n
v
e
r
te
r
is
o
perated
either
is
b
u
c
k
or
b
oo
st
m
ode
a
c
c
o
r
di
ng
t
o
th
e
perf
o
r
mance
o
f
t
h
e
P
V
p
a
nel
.
T
h
i
s
pap
e
r
i
s
p
res
e
n
t
ed
t
he
s
im
ple
contro
l
sch
e
m
e
t
o
d
ecid
e
t
he
m
od
e
s
uitabl
e
for
th
e
bu
ck
a
nd
b
o
o
s
t
m
od
e.
V
ari
o
u
s
c
o
nditi
on
s
are
s
i
m
u
l
a
ted
to
v
e
rif
y
t
he
work
in
g
o
p
e
r
a
tio
n
of
t
he
b
u
c
k-b
o
o
st
c
on
ve
rte
r
a
nd
t
o
re
pre
s
en
ti
ng
s
o
l
a
r
pan
e
l
i
n
r
eal
l
ife.
S
i
m
ulatio
n
and
ex
peri
m
e
n
t
al
a
re
carried
o
u
t
t
o
verif
y
t
h
e
syst
e
m
.
K
eyw
ord
s
:
Bu
ck
-boo
st
C
h
arg
i
ng
ma
n
a
g
emen
t
Co
nt
rol
me
t
hod
s
Conve
r
ter
PV
s
y
s
t
e
m
Co
pyri
gh
t © 2
019 In
stit
u
t
e
of Advanced
En
gi
neeri
n
g
an
d
S
c
ien
ce.
All
rights
res
e
rv
ed.
Corres
pon
d
i
n
g
Au
th
or:
Mo
ham
a
d Za
k
i
B
i
n
Z
ulk
i
fl
i,
F
a
cult
y o
f
E
l
e
c
t
rica
l
En
gine
erin
g,
U
n
i
v
ersi
ti
T
e
k
ni
ka
l Ma
la
ysia
M
ela
k
a,
Jala
n
H
a
ng Tu
a
h
Jaya
,
7610
0
D
u
rian
T
ung
g
a
l
Me
laka.
Em
ail:
m011
8
1
0
0
0
6
@
s
t
u
d
e
n
t.
ut
e
m
.
e
du.
my
1.
I
N
TR
OD
U
C
TI
O
N
P
o
w
e
r
conve
rt
ers
is
o
ne
o
f
the
m
o
s
t
i
m
por
t
a
n
t
p
ar
t
s
i
n
p
h
o
t
ov
ol
ta
ic
s
y
s
t
e
m.
T
he
r
eason
t
h
a
t
t
he
y
p
l
ay
a
n
i
m
po
rta
n
t
ro
l
e
a
s
th
e
y
c
a
n
c
on
v
e
r
t
t
he
d
i
f
f
e
re
nt
t
yp
e
o
f
el
ectric
i
t
y
a
nd
m
ake
the
el
ec
tric
ity
c
o
nve
ni
e
n
t
t
o
t
h
e
e
n
d
u
s
e
r
.
S
i
n
c
e
t
h
e
s
o
l
a
r
c
e
l
l
s
p
r
o
d
u
c
e
s
D
C
t
y
p
e
o
f
e
l
e
c
tric
it
y,
t
here
i
s
r
o
om
f
or vario
us
t
y
p
es of
p
o
w
e
r
con
v
er
t
e
r
[1]
.
B
eca
u
s
e
o
f
c
on
sta
n
tl
y
gr
o
w
in
g
ene
r
g
y
d
em
and,
g
r
i
d
-
co
nn
e
c
t
e
d
ph
ot
ovo
lt
a
i
c
sy
s
t
e
m
s
a
r
e
bec
o
mi
n
g
m
ore
a
nd
m
o
re
p
op
u
l
ar
,
a
n
d
ma
ny
c
o
un
tries
have
p
er
mit
t
ed
,
en
c
o
u
r
ag
ed
,
a
n
d
ev
e
n
f
u
nded
di
stri
b
u
te
d-p
o
w
e
r-ge
n
e
r
ati
o
n
sys
t
e
m
s.
C
ur
rent
l
y
,
so
lar
pa
nel
s
a
re
n
o
t
v
e
r
y
e
ffi
ci
en
t
w
i
t
h
o
nly
a
bout
1
2
-
20%
e
ffi
c
i
en
cy
i
n
t
h
ei
r
st
ab
ilit
y
to
c
o
n
v
e
rt
s
unl
i
ght
t
o
el
ec
t
r
ica
l
p
o
w
e
r
.
Th
e
e
ffi
ci
en
cy
can
d
rop
fu
rth
e
r
du
e
t
o
ot
her
fac
t
ors
suc
h
a
s
s
o
lar
p
a
nel
te
mpe
r
at
u
r
e
and
l
o
a
d
c
on
d
i
t
i
o
n
s
.
Eve
r
y
so
lar
pa
ne
l
w
i
l
l
h
a
v
e
a
u
n
i
q
ue
tem
p
era
t
ur
e
co
efficie
n
t.
T
em
pera
t
u
r
e
c
oef
f
i
c
ien
t
i
s
im
port
a
nt
s
inc
e
t
he
t
em
per
a
ture
o
f
t
h
e
s
o
lar
pa
ne
l
s
h
as
direc
t
i
nfl
u
e
n
c
e
o
n
t
he
o
u
t
p
u
t
pow
er
p
r
o
duc
ed
[
2].
M
o
s
t
p
anel
s
ha
ve
t
em
pera
tur
e
c
oe
ffi
c
ien
t
o
f
be
tw
ee
n
-0.2
%
/
0
C
t
o
-
0.5
%
/
0
C
w
h
en
t
est
e
d
un
de
r
st
a
n
d
a
rd
l
ab
o
r
at
o
r
y
cond
i
t
i
on
s.
T
h
e
c
lo
ser
t
h
e
t
e
mp
era
t
u
r
e
coe
f
fic
i
e
n
t to
z
er
o, the
bet
ter
the pa
ne
l w
i
l
l
p
er
form
.
The
c
a
l
cu
la
t
i
on for t
h
e te
mpe
r
ature
der
a
t
i
ng
i
s
defin
e
d
b
y
t
he
te
st
e
d
tem
p
e
r
a
ture for
the panel
a
nd it
s
t
e
mp
e
r
at
u
r
e
coe
f
fi
ci
ent
. Th
e
val
u
e
t
h
a
t
wi
ll
a
f
f
ect
t
h
e
t
emp
e
ra
ture
de
r
a
t
i
n
g is the
am
b
i
e
n
t
t
em
p
e
rature
a
n
d
the
in
sta
l
lat
i
on
ty
pe
o
f
the
pa
nel
it
sel
f
.
From
t
h
e
calcu
la
ti
o
n
,
if
t
he
a
m
b
ie
nt
t
em
pera
tu
r
e
e
q
u
al
s
to
2
8
℃
a
nd
the
in
sta
l
lat
i
on
t
y
p
e
i
s
ra
ck,
t
h
e
p
a
nel
w
i
l
l
l
ose
13.
2%
o
f
i
t
s
o
u
t
p
u
t
[
3
].
S
tu
d
i
e
s
o
n
t
h
e
e
ffe
ct
o
f
tem
p
era
t
ur
e
and
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
P
o
w
Elec
&
D
r
i
S
y
st
I
S
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
Sim
p
le
co
n
t
rol
sc
hem
e
buck
-
b
oos
t
D
C
-
D
C conv
e
r
ter f
o
r st
an
d a
l
o
n
e
PV … (
M
.
Z.
Z
u
l
k
i
f
l
i
)
1
091
in
so
la
tio
n
o
n
t
he
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
of
t
he
P
V
panel
w
e
r
e
d
e
v
elo
p
e
d
u
s
i
ng
P
S
P
I
CE/MA
T
LA
B
m
ode
l
a
nd
ha
ve
be
en
p
r
e
se
nte
d
[
4-
6]
.
I
n
o
r
d
e
r
t
o
ma
xi
m
i
ze
t
he
p
ow
er
d
e
r
ive
d
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
s
o
lar
p
a
nel,
i
t
i
s
i
m
port
a
nt
t
o
op
era
t
e
th
e
p
a
n
e
l
at
it
s
o
p
tima
l
p
o
w
er
poi
n
t
.
The
r
ef
or
e,
t
he
pow
er
e
le
ctr
o
n
i
cs
c
on
ve
rter
i
n
t
erf
ace
b
e
t
we
en a so
l
a
r
p
a
n
e
l
a
n
d
a loa
d
ba
tte
r
y
i
s
i
n
tr
o
duce
d
.
The
se
ver
a
l
pu
l
s
e
w
i
dt
h
m
o
d
u
la
t
o
r
(
P
WM)
DC-D
C
co
n
v
e
r
ter
is
u
se
d
to
e
x
t
r
act
t
he
m
a
xim
u
m
pow
e
r
f
or
m
PV
s
ol
ar
p
a
n
el
[
7-
9]
.
The
c
o
nve
n
t
i
o
nal
of
p
h
o
t
ov
o
l
ta
ic
pow
er
s
ys
t
e
m
m
a
y
use
o
n
-
o
f
f
d
i
r
e
c
t
l
y
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
s
y
s
t
e
m
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
t
e
m
h
a
s
a
s
i
m
p
l
e
b
u
i
l
d
a
n
d
s
t
r
u
c
t
ur
e
s
.
H
o
w
e
ver
,
t
he
y
a
l
s
o
h
a
v
e
a
s
i
g
n
i
f
i
ca
n
t
dr
aw
bac
k
s
uc
h
a
s
,
ther
e
is
n
o
con
t
r
o
l
ap
p
lie
d
o
n
t
he
c
har
g
i
n
g
s
t
a
te
o
f
th
e
b
a
t
t
e
ry
.
Th
e
on
-o
ff
st
at
e
b
e
twee
n
the
ba
tter
y
a
n
d
t
he
P
V
pan
e
l
c
a
n
n
o
t
pr
o
v
i
de
s
upp
l
y
t
o
the
l
o
ad
s
i
m
u
l
t
ane
o
usly
a
nd
p
er
for
m
anc
e
pow
e
r
tr
a
n
sf
er
t
o
t
h
e
l
o
a
d
i
s
de
cr
e
a
sed
gr
ad
ua
l
l
y.
F
r
o
m
the
w
eakne
ss
of
t
he
c
onve
nti
ona
l
s
y
stem
,
the
aim
of
t
h
i
s
pa
per
is
t
o
pr
ese
n
t
t
h
e
s
i
mp
le
c
on
tr
o
l
ler
i
n
B
uc
k-
B
o
os
t
D
C
-
D
C
C
onv
e
r
te
r
fo
r
so
l
v
ing
t
h
e
li
mi
ti
ng
g
ene
r
at
i
on
pow
e
r
o
f
P
V
.
F
o
r
exa
m
ple
,
E
N
F
5
W
1
8
V
S
o
la
r
P
V
M
od
ule
ha
s
a
va
lu
e
of
1
8.
1V
a
t
m
a
ximum
pow
er
w
he
n
ther
e
i
s
a
h
i
g
h
in
te
ns
ity
o
f
s
u
nl
igh
t
[
1
0
].
I
n
th
i
s
c
a
s
e,
i
f
t
h
e
l
o
ad
n
eed
ed
o
n
l
y
12
V
o
f
i
npu
t
,
a
b
u
c
k
conv
e
r
t
e
r
in
n
ee
de
d.
M
e
a
nwh
ile,
if
t
he
i
nte
n
si
ty
o
f
t
h
e
s
u
n
l
igh
t
i
s
lo
w
,
a
boos
t
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
is
n
e
e
d
ed
t
o
ac
hie
v
e
t
h
e
vo
l
t
age
req
u
ire
d
by
the
l
o
ad.
2.
CONVENTIONAL D
C-
D
C
C
ON
VE
R
TER
F
i
gur
e
1
s
how
s
t
h
e
se
ve
r
a
l
c
o
m
m
onl
y
use
d
D
C-
D
C
c
on
v
e
r
t
e
r
c
ir
cu
i
t
s
s
u
c
h
a
s
B
u
c
k
,
B
o
o
s
t
a
n
d
B
u
ck-
B
o
o
s
t
c
on
ve
r
t
er
s
[
1
1
-
13]
.
These
inc
l
ude
s
w
itc
hi
n
g
p
ow
e
r
M
O
S
F
ET,
d
iode,
i
n
duc
t
o
r
and
ca
p
a
cit
o
r [
1
4
-
15
].
F
i
gur
e
1.
S
ever
al
b
a
s
ic
D
C-
D
C
C
on
ver
t
er
t
o
p
o
l
og
ie
s
[
11]
Th
e
v
o
lt
ag
e
lev
e
l
conv
e
r
sio
n
i
s
d
e
p
e
ndi
ng
o
n
th
e
ci
rc
ui
t
t
o
pol
o
gi
e
s
b
y
usi
n
g
a
v
o
l
t
-
se
c
o
nd
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
.
The
dc
v
o
l
t
a
ge
t
r
a
nsfer
of
b
o
o
s
t
c
on
ve
r
t
er
,
buc
k
co
n
v
er
t
e
r
and
b
u
c
k
-
b
o
o
s
t
c
o
nver
t
e
r
a
r
e
e
x
p
r
e
sse
d
i
n
T
a
ble
1.
The
aim
o
f
p
a
p
e
r
i
s
t
o
c
ontr
o
l
the
1
2
V
o
u
t
p
u
t
l
oa
d
f
o
r
st
a
nda
l
one
s
ys
te
m
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
t
o
con
t
r
o
l
t
h
e
de
si
r
e
d
vo
l
t
age,
t
h
e
p
a
r
a
m
e
t
er
s
of
t
he
s
i
m
ula
t
i
on
an
d
har
d
w
a
r
e
a
r
e
ill
u
stra
te
d i
n
Ta
b
le 2.
Ta
ble
1.
C
onve
r
t
er
’
s
e
qua
t
i
o
n
T
y
p
e
o
f c
onve
r
t
e
r
O
u
t
put
volta
g
e
e
qu
a
tion
B
u
c
k
C
onve
r
t
e
r
B
oost
C
onv
e
r
te
r
B
u
c
k
-
B
oost
C
onverte
r
Tab
l
e
2. P
a
r
ameters
used
Pa
r
a
m
e
te
rs
V
a
l
ue
L
o
a
d
volt
a
g
e
,
V
lo
ad
12
V
Ba
tte
ry volta
g
e
,
V
ba
t
6
V
Loa
d
,
10
0
P
V
p
an
e
l
v
o
lta
g
e
,
0
1
8
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
Int J
P
o
w
El
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
,
V
ol.
10,
N
o.
2
, June
20
1
9
:
109
0 –
1
1
01
1
092
2.1.
Bu
c
k
C
on
ver
t
er
The
ou
t
p
u
t
f
r
o
m
the
solar
pa
nel
is
b
uc
k
or
r
e
duce
by
us
i
n
g
a
bu
ck
c
o
nvert
e
r
.
Th
e
ou
tp
ut
v
olt
a
g
e
from
t
he
s
o
l
ar
p
ane
l
i
s
fe
d
to
t
he
M
O
S
F
E
T
.
W
he
n
MO
S
F
ET
is
on,
t
he
c
urrent
w
i
l
l
flo
w
f
r
o
m
load
t
h
r
ou
gh
the
in
duc
t
o
r.
I
nd
uc
tor
star
ts
b
u
i
l
d
i
n
g
u
p
o
s
c
illa
tio
ns
b
y
d
e
vel
o
p
i
n
g
m
a
g
n
e
tic
f
ie
l
d
acr
oss
it
an
d
ca
use
s
t
he
vo
lta
ge to be reduc
e
d
. Whe
n
MO
S
F
ET
is
o
f
f
, ele
c
trom
oti
v
e forc
e
(EMF
)
is
s
u
d
d
en
l
y
r
ever
se
d
in the
i
n
duc
t
o
r
tha
t
o
pp
oses f
u
r
ther
d
rop i
n
c
urre
nt
.
The
con
f
ig
ura
tio
n
use
d
fo
r
the
sim
u
lat
i
o
n
o
f buc
k is s
how
n in F
ig
ure
2
.
F
i
gure
2. Buc
k
conver
t
e
r
c
onfig
urat
i
o
n
In
t
his
s
i
mula
ti
on,
t
he
P
V
pan
e
l
val
u
e
is
s
e
t
t
o
be
a
t
1
8
V
w
i
t
h
t
he
c
onve
rte
r
s
w
itc
hi
n
g
f
re
que
nc
y
o
f
10
kH
z.
T
he
d
ut
y
r
a
t
i
o
for
th
e
simul
a
ti
on
i
s
66.6
7
%.
T
he
out
pu
t
o
f
the
i
n
p
u
t
v
o
lta
ge
i
s
ha
lve
d
b
e
c
a
u
s
e
o
f
th
e
66.6
7
%
d
u
t
y
c
y
cle
. F
igure
3 show
s
t
h
e
o
u
tp
ut v
o
lta
ge
w
av
e
f
orm
.
F
i
gur
e 3
Buc
k
o
u
t
pu
t
w
a
ve
form
F
r
om
F
i
gur
e 3
,
t
he
v
a
l
ue of th
e
o
u
t
p
ut v
o
l
t
a
g
e
from
t
h
e P
V
pane
l
is 1
8V
. Th
is
s
imul
at
i
o
n
s
how
s t
h
at
the i
n
p
u
t
v
o
l
t
a
ge ha
d
be
e
n re
duce
d
to 1
1
.
61V
fr
o
m it
s
ori
g
ina
l
val
u
e
by
u
sing
bu
ck c
o
n
v
e
rter
. Buc
k
c
o
n
v
er
t
e
r
ca
pab
i
lit
y
t
o
r
educ
e
vo
lta
g
e
i
s
g
o
o
d
f
or
i
n
t
egra
tin
g
i
t
w
i
t
h
a
P
V
s
ystem
.
M
ore
stab
le
a
nd
s
u
ita
b
l
e
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
leve
l
ca
n
be
o
bt
a
i
ne
d
bu
t
i
t
c
ann
o
t
p
rov
i
de
a
v
olta
ge
d
es
ired
i
f
t
h
e
per
f
orm
a
nc
e
of
t
he
P
V
pa
ne
l
is
p
oor
dur
in
g cl
ou
d
y
we
a
ther
. The
c
alcu
la
te
d
eff
i
c
i
ency
o
f b
u
c
k
c
on
ver
ter
i
s
9
6%
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
IS
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
Si
m
p
le
co
n
t
r
o
l
sche
m
e
buc
k-b
oos
t D
C
-D
C c
onve
r
ter
for
st
an
d a
l
o
n
e
PV …
(M. Z. Z
u
lki
f
l
i
)
1
093
2.2.
Boost
Converter
The
a
rrange
me
nt
o
f
the
com
p
one
n
t
for bo
o
s
t
conve
r
t
er
i
s
di
ffe
re
n
t
a
s show
n in F
igur
e
4
.
F
i
gure
4. Bo
o
s
t
c
on
ver
t
e
r
c
o
n
f
i
g
urati
o
n
B
oos
t
co
n
v
erte
r
is
u
sed
to
s
te
p
u
p
t
he
v
o
lta
ge.
The
o
u
tp
ut
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
fr
om
t
he
c
on
ve
rter
i
s
c
ontro
ll
e
d
by
vary
in
g
t
h
e
du
ty
c
yc
le.
Cur
r
ent
fl
ow
v
ia
i
n
duc
t
o
r
and
MO
S
F
ET
.
The
e
n
e
r
gy
s
t
ored
i
n
the
m
a
g
n
e
t
i
c
f
i
e
ld
a
c
ro
ss
t
h
e
i
ndu
c
t
o
r
a
n
d
t
h
e
r
e
i
s
n
o
cu
rren
t
f
l
o
w
i
ng
th
roug
h
dio
d
e
.
Th
e
lo
ad
i
s
supp
li
ed
b
y
t
h
e
c
a
pac
i
t
o
r.
Whe
n
MO
S
F
E
T
i
s
t
ur
ne
d
off,
i
n
duc
t
o
r
curre
nt
o
p
p
o
ses
b
y
i
mm
edia
t
e
l
y
re
versi
ng
E
M
F
.
T
he
i
n
duc
tor
vol
ta
g
e
add
s
w
it
h the
s
ource
v
ol
t
a
ge
a
nd t
h
us b
oos
t
i
n
g
t
he
v
o
lta
ge.
I
n
th
i
s
s
i
m
u
lat
i
on,
t
he
s
our
ce
i
s
s
e
t
as
a
6V
b
a
tter
y
w
i
t
h
th
e
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
sw
i
t
c
h
in
g fre
q
ue
ncy
of 10
k
H
z
.
Th
e
d
u
t
y
r
a
t
i
o
o
f
th
e
si
mul
a
ti
on
i
s
31
.5
%.
T
h
e
o
utp
u
t
vo
lt
a
g
e
o
b
t
ai
ne
d
from
t
he
s
i
m
ul
ati
on
is
d
o
u
b
l
e
d
t
h
e
in
put
v
olta
ge
v
alue
. F
igure
5 show
s t
h
e
w
a
v
e
form
of
t
h
e
o
u
t
p
ut
vol
t
a
g
e
.
F
i
gure
5.
Bo
o
s
t
ou
t
pu
t w
a
veform
F
r
o
m
F
i
g
u
r
e
5,
t
h
e
v
al
u
e
o
f
th
e
out
put
v
ol
t
a
g
e
i
s
7
.
79
3V.
Th
i
s
s
i
m
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
how
s
t
h
a
t
t
he
i
npu
t
vo
lta
ge
h
as
b
e
e
n
i
n
c
r
ea
se
d
b
y
t
he
c
o
nver
t
e
r
.
Bo
ost
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
c
a
n
bo
os
t
the
vo
l
t
age
fro
m
P
V
p
anel
e
ven
o
n
clo
u
d
y
w
eat
he
r
.
T
he
c
a
p
a
b
ili
t
y
t
o
s
t
ep
u
p
t
h
e
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
is
v
e
r
y
m
uch
ne
e
d
e
d
i
n
r
e
new
a
b
l
e
ener
gy
s
u
c
h
a
s
so
lar
w
h
ic
h
t
h
e
i
n
te
rm
i
tte
nc
y
is
sue
is
a
b
i
g
d
e
a
l
.
The
dr
aw
bac
k
o
f
a
bo
os
t
c
o
nv
e
r
ter
is
t
hat
i
t
o
n
l
y
c
a
n
s
t
e
p
up
bu
t
ca
nno
t
ste
p
do
w
n the
v
o
lta
ge le
v
e
l
. Bo
o
s
t
co
nve
r
t
er
e
ffi
c
i
e
n
c
y
tha
t
w
as c
alcula
te
d is 4
3.5
3
%.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
Int J
P
o
w
El
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
,
V
ol.
10,
N
o.
2
, June
20
1
9
:
109
0 –
1
1
01
1
094
2.3.
B
u
c
k
-
B
oost
Con
v
ert
er
The
c
onf
i
g
ur
at
i
o
n
for
Buc
k
-Boos
t c
o
n
v
erter
is sh
o
w
n
i
n F
i
g
u
r
e
6
.
F
i
gur
e 6.
Buc
k
-
Bo
os
t
con
v
er
te
r c
onfi
g
urat
io
n
I
n
t
his
c
o
nver
t
e
r
,
the
vol
ta
ge
c
a
n
b
e
e
i
ther
i
ncre
ase
d
o
r
d
e
cre
ased.
It
i
s
all
de
pe
n
d
i
n
g
on
t
h
e
du
ty
c
y
cl
e.
I
ndu
c
t
o
r
i
s
di
rec
t
l
y
s
t
o
re
e
n
e
rg
y
by
d
e
v
e
l
op
in
g
magn
e
t
i
c
f
i
e
l
d
w
h
e
n
M
O
S
E
F
T
i
s
o
n
.
B
e
c
a
u
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
di
ode
i
s
r
e
ver
s
e
d
b
iase
d
,
t
h
e
r
e
i
s
n
o
c
ur
rent
f
lo
w
to
t
h
e
l
oa
d.
C
a
p
ac
i
t
or
w
orks
d
uri
ng
t
h
i
s
t
ime
.
W
he
n
MO
S
F
ET
i
s
t
urne
d
of
f,
i
nd
uct
o
r
is
d
isc
o
n
n
e
c
te
d
for
m
t
h
e
s
o
u
rc
e.
I
t
op
pos
es
c
ur
rent
t
o
dr
o
p
i
n
s
ta
n
t
l
y
b
y
reve
rsin
g t
h
e
EM
F
.
T
he step-
up d
u
t
y ra
tio
i
s
above
5
0% m
ea
nw
h
i
l
e
, th
e
s
tep-
dow
n du
t
y
r
ati
o
is bel
o
w
50%
.
I
n
th
i
s
si
m
u
lat
i
o
n
,
the
PV
p
ane
l
i
s
set from
6V
to 18V
w
it
h the
c
o
n
v
erter
sw
itc
hi
n
g
fr
e
qu
enc
y
o
f
10
kH
z.
Tw
o
s
i
m
ula
t
ion
is
d
o
n
e
w
i
t
h
t
he
d
i
ffe
r
e
nt o
f d
u
t
y
cyc
le r
a
tio.
F
i
gur
e 7.
O
utp
u
t v
o
lta
ge
w
av
eform
w
h
en
d
u
t
y
cyc
l
e
is 6
8%
.
F
i
gure
7 sh
ow
s
t
h
e
ou
t
p
u
t
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
ob
t
a
i
n
e
d
w
h
en
t
he
d
ut
y cy
c
l
e
is 6
8%.
The
value
o
f
t
he
ou
t
pu
t
v
o
lta
ge is
bo
oste
d up fro
m
6V to
11.9
1
V
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
IS
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
Si
m
p
le
co
n
t
r
o
l
sche
m
e
buc
k-b
oos
t D
C
-D
C c
onve
r
ter
for
st
an
d a
l
o
n
e
PV …
(M. Z. Z
u
lki
f
l
i
)
1
095
F
i
gure
8.
O
utp
u
t
v
o
l
ta
ge
w
a
v
efor
m
w
h
en du
t
y
cyc
l
e
is
4
1.5
%
F
i
gure
8
s
h
ow
s
t
h
e
ou
t
put
v
o
lta
ge
o
bta
i
ne
d
w
h
en
t
he
d
u
t
y
cycle
is
4
1.5%
.
The
va
lue
is
buc
ke
d
fr
om
18V
t
o
11.9
8
V
.
F
rom
bo
t
h
s
im
u
l
a
t
i
o
ns,
i
t
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
a
t
Buc
k
-
B
o
o
st
c
on
ve
rt
er
i
s
ca
p
a
b
l
e
t
o
e
ithe
r
d
ec
rea
s
e
or
i
n
c
re
ase
the i
n
pu
t v
o
lta
ge.
Bu
c
k
-Boo
st
c
on
v
e
rt
e
r
i
s
di
ff
ere
n
t
th
an
b
u
c
k
co
nv
e
r
t
e
r
o
r
b
oo
st
co
n
v
er
t
e
r.
I
t
c
a
pa
ble
t
o
s
tep
u
p
o
r
st
e
p
d
ow
n
t
h
e vol
tage
l
e
v
e
l
.
I
t
i
s
ve
ry
m
uch su
it
a
b
l
e
f
or
r
enew
a
b
le
e
nergy app
l
ica
t
i
o
n.
T
h
e
e
ff
i
c
ie
nc
y
for
th
i
s
con
v
er
t
e
r
w
h
e
n
i
n
buc
k
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
on
i
s
27.
9
3
%
w
hi
le
i
n
bo
os
t
oper
a
ti
on,
t
he
e
ff
i
c
ie
nc
y
is
9
.
1
3%.
The
thre
e
c
o
nv
e
r
t
e
r
t
h
at
w
e
r
e
si
mu
l
a
t
e
d
b
e
fo
re
c
an
p
ro
vid
e
a
r
eg
ul
ated
v
o
lt
ag
e
l
e
vel
n
eed
e
d
f
o
r
P
V
sy
st
em.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
ea
ch
o
f
the
m
h
as
t
he
ir
o
w
n
d
ra
wbac
k
t
h
at
w
i
l
l
su
ffice
t
h
e
eff
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
o
f
a
P
V
s
y
s
t
e
m
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
.
T
a
b
l
e
3
show
s t
h
e sum
m
ariza
t
i
on
of t
he
s
i
m
u
l
at
ion.
Ta
b
l
e 3.
S
ummar
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
conve
r
t
ers
.
T
y
p
e
o
f c
onve
r
t
e
r
C
a
p
a
b
ili
ty
o
f
re
gula
ting
volt
a
ge
A
va
ila
bili
t
y
f
or
s
ec
onda
ry
s
upply
E
f
fic
i
e
n
c
y
B
u
c
k
C
onve
r
t
e
r
S
t
e
p-down
only
N
/
A
96%
B
oost
C
onv
e
r
te
r
Ste
p
-
up
only
N
/
A
26.
75%
B
u
c
k
-
B
oost
C
onverte
r
S
te
p-
up
a
nd
st
e
p
-dow
n
N
/
A
B
u
c
k
=
2
7
.
93%
B
oost =
9.
13%
Fro
m
T
a
b
l
e
3
,
ea
ch
o
f
th
e
con
v
e
rt
e
r
t
h
a
t
were
s
i
m
ul
a
t
ed
i
s
no
t
s
u
ita
ble
f
o
r
pl
a
c
i
ng
a
s
ec
on
da
ry
s
u
p
p
l
y
i
n
t
h
e
syste
m
.
The
se
con
d
ar
y
s
u
p
p
l
y
suc
h
a
s
t
h
e
ba
tter
y
i
s
impor
ta
nt
t
o
pr
o
v
ide
a
hi
gher
effic
i
e
n
c
y
s
y
s
t
e
m
.
F
or
exa
m
ple,
ba
t
te
r
y
is c
a
pa
ble t
o
prov
i
de a very
muc
h
nee
de
d sup
p
l
y for t
h
e l
o
ad in case
wh
er
e t
h
e
P
V
pa
n
el a
re
no
t ca
pa
bl
e to
p
ro
vide
o
ne.
The
ef
ficie
n
c
y
i
s
sa
tis
fyi
n
g
eve
n
t
ho
u
gh
t
o
t
he
lim
ite
d
capa
b
il
ity
o
f
t
h
e
c
o
nve
n
tio
n
a
l
c
o
n
v
erter
.
Eve
n
t
h
ou
g
h
t
h
e
e
ffic
i
e
n
cy
f
o
r
t
he
buc
k
c
o
n
v
erter
is
h
ig
h
w
h
ic
h
i
s
9
6%,
i
t
s
t
i
l
l
on
ly
f
o
r
s
t
e
pp
ing
do
w
n
t
he
vo
lta
ge
a
nd
c
a
n
n
o
t
s
te
up-
u
p
i
t
s
i
nce
its
o
n
l
y
a
b
u
ck
c
on
v
e
rter.
T
he
c
o
nve
n
tio
na
l
s
o
lu
tio
n
is
t
o
ma
nua
l
l
y
cha
nge
t
he
b
uc
k
co
n
v
er
t
e
r
t
o
b
o
o
s
t
c
on
verte
r
.
The
te
mpe
r
ature
d
e
r
ati
n
g
is
sue
a
dds
u
p
t
h
e
efficie
n
c
y
l
a
c
k
s
in
u
s
i
n
g
th
e
c
onve
n
t
i
o
n
a
l
co
nv
e
r
t
e
r.
B
u
c
k
-
Boost
DC-DC
Con
v
e
rt
er
i
s
capa
b
l
e
t
o
overc
o
m
e
these
iss
u
e
s
.
The
con
v
er
t
e
r
can
p
ro
vi
de
pow
er
f
l
o
w
w
h
en
u
si
ng
t
h
e
P
V
s
ys
t
e
m.
I
n
t
he
v
iew
p
o
i
nt
o
f
effic
i
e
n
c
y
,
t
h
e
onl
y
pro
b
lem
tha
t
w
i
l
l be
le
f
t
is
t
he
tem
per
a
ture
d
era
t
i
ng
if o
ther
i
ssue
ca
n be
s
olve
b
y us
in
g t
h
e
con
v
er
t
e
r.
3.
PROPOS
E
D
SYSTE
M
F
i
gure
9
sh
ow
s
o
n
how
t
he
m
ode
o
f
t
h
e
Buc
k
-
B
o
o
s
t
D
C-
D
C
C
o
nve
rte
r
will
operates
in
t
his
sys
t
em
.
A
s
s
how
n
i
n
t
he
f
ig
ure
,
t
he
c
on
ver
t
e
r
i
s
t
h
e
c
e
nterp
i
ec
e
be
t
w
ee
n
a
ll
t
h
e
t
h
r
ee
ma
i
n
b
loc
k
w
h
i
ch
a
r
e
t
he
P
V
p
a
n
e
l
,
t
h
e
b
at
te
ry
a
n
d
t
h
e
lo
ad
.
PV
p
an
el
i
s
p
l
ac
e
on
t
h
e
h
ig
h
v
o
l
ta
ge
s
id
e
w
h
ile
t
he
b
a
t
t
e
ry
i
s
pla
ced
o
n
t
h
e
low
v
o
l
t
a
ge
s
i
d
e.
P
ow
e
r
f
low
is
s
how
n
w
ith
t
he
ope
ra
ti
n
g
m
ode
o
f
the
con
v
e
r
ter
whi
c
h
ar
e
the
b
u
c
k
m
ode
and
the
bo
os
t m
ode. Buc
k m
ode is
w
h
ere
t
h
e pow
er fl
o
w
f
r
om the
PV pa
n
el t
o the
l
o
ad
a
nd t
h
e
bat
t
ery
.
Bo
o
st
mode
is w
h
e
r
e the p
o
w
e
r flo
w
fr
o
m
t
h
e
bat
t
e
r
y to t
he
l
oa
d.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
Int J
P
o
w
El
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
,
V
ol.
10,
N
o.
2
, June
20
1
9
:
109
0 –
1
1
01
1
096
F
i
gure
9.
B
uc
k
-
Bo
os
t Co
n
v
ert
e
r ope
rati
on d
i
agra
m
3.1.
Co
nv
er
ter
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
t
o
p
o
l
ogy
F
i
gure
1
0
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
Buc
k
-
B
oo
s
t
C
on
verter
c
irc
u
it
t
o
p
o
l
o
gy.
T
h
e
h
i
g
h
v
ol
ta
ge
s
ide
is
c
onne
c
t
ed
t
o
the
P
V
p
ane
l
w
hi
le
t
he
l
ow
v
o
l
t
a
ge
i
s
co
nne
c
t
e
d
t
o
t
h
e
bat
t
ery.
T
h
i
s
c
i
rcu
it
is
a
‘
”
boos
t-t
ype”
s
i
nc
e
t
h
e
bat
t
ery
is
p
lac
e
d
o
n
the
l
o
w
v
o
lta
ge
s
ide
[16].
Bo
th
w
i
ll
be
m
o
de
l
l
e
d
a
s
a
s
ourc
e
w
i
t
h
eq
u
i
va
le
nt
s
erie
s
impe
da
nce
. T
his c
i
rcu
it c
ons
i
s
t of
t
w
o
I
G
B
Ts a
s
a
sw
i
t
c
h
, a
n in
d
u
ct
or
a
nd
a
ca
paci
tor
F
i
g
u
r
e
10.
The
prop
o
sed
Buc
k
-Boos
t C
o
nve
rter
The
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter oper
a
tes i
n
t
w
o
mode
s
a
nd i
t
i
s de
fine
d
ac
c
o
rdi
n
g
t
o t
h
e
vol
ta
g
e
s
en
se
a
t
the
lo
a
d
.
The
tw
o
mo
de
s
are
b
u
ck
m
o
d
e
a
nd
b
o
os
t
m
o
de.
F
o
r
the
buc
k
mode
,
I
G
BT
i
s
t
h
e
m
a
i
n
s
w
i
t
c
h
a
nd
I
G
BT1
is
t
he
aux
i
li
a
r
y
sw
itc
h
wi
t
h
D
io
de
1
a
c
t
i
ng
a
s
t
h
e
fr
eew
h
e
el
d
i
o
d
e
.
For
t
h
e
boost
mod
e
,
IG
B
T
1
i
s
t
h
e
m
a
i
n
swi
t
c
h
and
IG
BT is t
h
e
auxi
liar
y
sw
i
tch w
i
th D
i
ode
a
c
t
a
s the
fr
eew
he
e
l
di
od
e
.
I
n
t
he s
ystem
,
t
here
a
re tw
o
pow
e
r
sour
ces: P
V
panel an
d
t
he ba
tter
y
.
The
r
efore,
t
he co
n
v
er
t
e
r need
s
to
m
ana
g
e
t
w
o
so
urce
s
t
o
e
n
s
ure
t
h
e
w
h
o
l
e
sys
t
em
o
pe
rat
e
s
with
hi
gh
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
a
n
d
h
i
gh
r
e
l
i
a
b
i
l
i
t
y.
T
h
e
ma
nagi
n
g
m
ode
o
f
t
h
e
co
n
v
e
r
te
r
is
d
e
f
ine
d
by
d
i
r
ect
ly
c
o
m
par
i
n
g
t
he
v
olta
ge
v
a
l
ue
s
e
n
se
d
at
t
he
l
oa
d
w
ith
the
refere
nce
vo
l
t
a
g
e.
T
he
vol
ta
ge
c
hose
n
f
or
t
he
l
oa
d
is
1
2
s
o
,
t
h
e
r
e
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
i
s
12
.
A
vol
ta
ge
s
e
n
s
i
ng
de
v
i
ce
i
s
p
l
a
c
e
d
i
n
pa
ralle
l
t
o
t
he
l
o
a
d
t
o
o
bta
i
n
th
e
re
al-time
r
e
a
d
i
n
g
o
f
t
he
l
o
a
d
vo
lta
ge.
If
,
the
c
onver
t
er
w
ill
op
e
r
a
t
e
in
b
o
o
st
m
ode
a
nd
t
h
e
bat
t
ery
nee
d
t
o
be
d
isc
h
ar
g
e
t
o
t
h
e
loa
d
.
The
ba
t
t
e
r
y
pow
er
w
ill
fl
ow
t
hrou
g
h
t
he
c
o
n
v
e
rter
a
nd
boo
s
t
e
d
t
o
t
h
e
des
i
re
d
vol
t
a
ge
l
e
v
e
l
o
f
t
h
e
loa
d
w
h
ic
h is
12
.
This
s
hows the
con
d
i
tio
n whe
r
e
the P
V
pa
n
el is not
capa
b
l
e
t
o
su
ppl
e
t
h
e l
o
ad
.
If
,
the
c
o
n
v
er
t
e
r
w
i
l
l
o
per
a
te
i
n
buc
k
mode
.
The
P
V
p
ane
l
v
o
lta
ge
i
s
b
u
c
ked
to
12
f
or
s
up
p
l
y
i
ng
t
h
e
l
o
a
d
vo
lta
ge.
Th
is
c
ond
it
i
on
s
h
ow
s
tha
t
t
he
P
V
pane
l
is
c
a
p
ab
le
t
o
s
u
p
p
l
y
t
he
l
o
a
d
an
d
the
ba
tt
e
r
y
is
n
o
t
n
ee
d
e
d
in
th
i
s
m
ode
.
Th
e
re
sid
u
a
l
p
o
w
er
t
hat
flow
s
t
h
ro
ug
h
the
b
u
ck
w
i
l
l
a
l
s
o
g
o
i
n
t
o
t
h
e
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
a
n
d
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
opera
tio
n
i
s
onli
n
e.
Ta
b
l
e
4
s
um
m
a
rize
the
m
ode
and
co
n
d
iti
on
o
f t
h
e
con
v
er
t
e
r.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
IS
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
Si
m
p
le
co
n
t
r
o
l
sche
m
e
buc
k-b
oos
t D
C
-D
C c
onve
r
ter
for
st
an
d a
l
o
n
e
PV …
(M. Z. Z
u
lki
f
l
i
)
1
097
Tab
l
e
4.
O
peratio
n
mode
s
of
t
he
B
uck-
Bo
ost
Co
nver
t
e
r
C
ond
it
i
ons
C
on
ver
t
e
r
Mo
d
e
Boos
t M
o
de
B
u
ck
Mod
e
3.2.
PWM f
o
r
the IGBTs
The
I
G
BT
a
re
u
se
d
in
t
h
i
s
c
onve
r
t
er
a
nd
the
y
n
ee
d
a
ga
t
e
s
ig
na
l
t
o
per
f
or
m
t
h
e
sw
i
t
ch
i
n
g
o
p
e
r
at
io
n.
Th
e
sw
i
t
c
hi
ng
o
p
e
ra
t
i
on
i
s
for
ei
t
h
er
b
u
c
k
or
b
oo
st
.
Th
e
loa
d
v
o
l
tage
t
ha
t
w
a
s
me
asure
d
i
s
c
o
mpa
r
ed
t
o
the
refere
nce
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
an
d
henc
e,
w
i
l
l
pro
d
u
ce
e
rr
or
vol
t
a
ge.
The
er
ror
vo
lta
g
e
i
s
t
h
e
n
f
e
d
t
o
t
h
e
PI
c
on
tro
lle
r
as
show
n in F
igur
e 12.
F
i
gure
1
1
.
Err
o
r
ne
t
w
or
k and
P
W
M
ge
ner
a
to
r for the
con
v
e
r
t
e
r
F
i
gur
e 1
2
.
P
I
con
t
r
o
lle
r
P
I
c
ontro
ller
i
s
u
sed
i
n
t
hi
s
opera
tio
n
to
t
r
a
ns
late
t
he
e
rror
vo
l
t
age
i
n
to
a
v
al
ue
r
ange
f
r
o
m
0
to
1
.
T
h
is
i
s
bec
a
u
s
e
t
h
e
er
ror
vo
lt
a
g
e
is
n
e
e
de
d
to
b
e
com
p
ar
ed
w
i
t
h
the
saw
t
o
o
t
h
w
a
vef
o
rm
i
n
o
r
de
r
to
p
r
o
d
u
c
e
t
he
PWM
signa
l
for
the I
G
B
T
s.
3.3.
Mo
de
sel
ec
ti
on c
o
n
tr
o
l
The
c
o
n
v
erter
w
o
r
k
s
i
n
t
w
o
m
ode
t
ha
t
is
d
efine
d
b
y
com
p
ari
ng
th
e
v
o
l
t
a
ge
m
ea
sur
e
d
at
t
he
l
oa
d
w
ith t
he refere
n
c
e
v
o
l
t
a
ge
. In
o
r
d
er t
o imple
m
e
n
t t
h
e p
o
w
e
r flo
w
,
the
r
efe
r
enc
e
v
ol
ta
ge a
nd me
as
ure
d
v
ol
t
a
ge
must
b
e
c
o
mp
a
r
ed
a
n
d
i
t
w
ill
dec
i
de
t
he
m
o
d
e
of
t
he
c
on
ve
rter.
The
dec
i
di
n
g
o
pera
t
i
o
n
i
s
sh
o
w
n
in
F
i
gure
13.
T
he
vol
tage
a
t
t
h
e
load
i
s
m
easure
d
.
S
i
nce
th
e
load
i
s
s
up
pose
d
t
o
be
a
t
12
,
s
o
t
h
e
r
e
f
eren
ce
vo
lta
ge
i
s
a
l
s
o
s
et
t
o
12
.
When
opera
tin
g,
t
he
r
efe
r
enc
e
v
o
l
t
a
ge
i
s
com
p
are
d
w
it
h
t
h
e
me
asure
d
v
o
lta
ge
.
In
si
m
u
lat
i
on,
a
c
om
par
a
t
o
r
bloc
k
is
u
sed
a
nd
the
r
e
sul
t
o
f
t
h
e
co
m
p
ar
i
s
o
n
i
s
e
i
t
h
er
1
o
r
0.
T
he
c
ompa
re
d
re
sult
w
ill
go t
o
tw
o
s
w
itc
h
bloc
ks.
B
o
th
o
f
th
is sw
itc
h b
l
oc
k
w
i
l
l
d
e
ci
de
t
he m
od
e
of the
c
o
n
v
er
ter.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
Int J
P
o
w
El
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
,
V
ol.
10,
N
o.
2
, June
20
1
9
:
109
0 –
1
1
01
1
098
F
i
gure
1
3
. Mo
d
e
dec
i
de
r of t
he
c
on
tro
l
l
e
r.
4.
S
I
M
U
LA
T
I
O
N
A
N
D
R
ES
UL
TS
The
s
i
m
u
l
a
ti
on
o
f
the
s
y
s
t
em
i
s
sim
u
l
a
te
d
by
u
s
i
ng
Ma
tla
b
S
i
m
u
l
i
n
k
sof
t
w
a
re
[
17]
.
F
i
g
u
re
1
4
show
s
the f
u
l
l
s
c
h
em
a
tic o
f t
h
e
sim
u
la
tio
n.
F
i
gure
1
4
.
Buc
k
-B
oo
s
t
C
o
nve
rte
r
system
simula
tio
n us
i
ng
Ma
tla
b
S
i
mul
i
nk.
Th
e
PV
p
an
el
i
s
re
p
r
esen
t
e
d
using
a
cont
ro
l
l
e
d
cu
rre
n
t
sou
r
ce
b
l
o
c
k
a
va
ila
b
l
e
i
n
t
he
S
im
u
lin
k
libr
a
ry.
I
t
r
epre
se
n
t
s
t
h
e
cur
r
ent
of
t
he
P
V
pa
ne
l
in
t
er
ms
o
f
cur
r
en
t
am
pere
.
The
c
o
n
t
r
o
lle
d
c
u
rrent
s
ource
i
s
place
d
on
the
hi
g
h
v
olta
ge
s
i
d
e
.
T
he
v
a
l
ue
o
f
the
P
V
c
urre
nt
i
s
v
a
r
ie
d
us
ing
t
w
o
va
lue
t
o
r
epr
e
se
nt
t
he
un
ba
lanc
e
sta
t
e
of
P
V
pa
nel
i
n
r
ea
l
life.
I
n
thi
s
c
ase,
t
he
v
al
ue
s
are
0.0
8
a
nd
0.
1
6
.
These
tw
o
va
lue
s
s
how
the c
a
pa
b
i
li
ty
o
f t
h
e
PV
p
ane
l
t
o s
u
p
p
l
y
the
loa
d
.
The
bat
t
er
y
is
p
l
a
ce
d
on
t
h
e
l
o
w
volta
ge
s
id
e.
T
he
r
atin
g
of
t
h
e
bat
t
ery
u
s
e
d
f
or
t
h
i
s
si
m
u
l
a
t
i
on
i
s
6
.
The
perc
enta
ge
o
f
th
e
b
a
tt
e
r
y
is
a
lso
va
rie
d
i
n
form
o
f
t
w
o
c
o
ndi
t
i
o
n
s.
T
h
e
c
on
di
t
i
ons
o
f
th
e
b
a
tt
e
r
y
are
90
%
(g
oo
d
c
ond
iti
on
) a
n
d
30
%
(
p
o
o
r c
ondi
ti
o
n
).
Buc
k
-
B
o
o
s
t
C
on
ve
rter
i
s
p
l
a
c
e
d
betw
ee
n
th
e
tw
o-
pow
e
r
s
o
u
r
ce
a
n
d
t
he
pow
er
f
low
w
i
ll
t
ra
nsfer
in
d
ir
ecti
on.
By
p
lac
i
n
g
t
he
l
oa
d
in
b
etw
e
en
t
he
P
V
p
a
n
e
l
a
n
d
the
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
w
i
l
l
c
re
ate
a
fra
c
t
i
on
i
n
c
u
rr
ent.
T
he
d
iv
ide
d
c
u
rre
n
t
w
i
ll
go
t
o
t
h
e
l
o
a
d
a
n
d
th
e
c
onv
e
r
t
e
r.
B
y
div
i
di
ng
t
h
e
c
u
rre
n
t
,
a
vol
ta
ge
t
ha
t
d
e
s
i
r
e
d
at
t
he loa
d can
b
e
ma
int
a
ine
d
w
h
i
l
e
t
he
r
e
s
i
d
ua
l
c
u
rre
n
t
can
c
harge
t
h
e
bat
t
ery.
T
h
e
p
arame
t
er
u
se
d
fo
r
t
h
i
s
s
i
m
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
are
summ
ar
i
z
ed in
t
h
e
Ta
ble
5.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
IS
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
Si
m
p
le
co
n
t
r
o
l
sche
m
e
buc
k-b
oos
t D
C
-D
C c
onve
r
ter
for
st
an
d a
l
o
n
e
PV …
(M. Z. Z
u
lki
f
l
i
)
1
099
Th
e
ma
in
o
b
j
ect
iv
e
of
s
i
m
ul
at
ing
t
h
e
sy
s
t
em
i
s
to
t
est
t
h
e
c
a
p
a
b
i
li
ty
o
f
t
h
e
c
o
nver
t
er
t
o
m
a
ke
t
he
p
ow
e
r
f
l
o
w
.
Be
s
i
de
s
tha
t
,
the
re
lia
bil
i
t
y
o
f
the
co
n
t
rol
l
er
t
o
deci
de
t
he
m
ode
o
f
t
h
e
c
o
n
v
er
t
e
r
a
l
so
n
eed
t
o
be
v
a
l
ida
t
e
d
.
The
sim
u
l
a
tio
n
s
a
re
done
w
i
t
h
v
ari
o
us
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
on
of
t
he
P
V
pa
nel
a
n
d
t
h
e
c
a
p
a
c
ity
o
f
th
e
b
a
t
t
e
ry
.
Th
is
i
s
t
o
show
t
he
r
ea
l
st
a
t
e o
f
t
hese
s
o
u
rce
s
i
n da
il
y u
s
age
.
T
he c
on
d
i
t
i
o
n
s
a
r
e
liste
d
in Ta
b
l
e
6.
Tab
l
e
5. P
a
r
a
m
eter
u
sed f
o
r th
e
si
m
u
la
ti
on
Pa
r
a
m
e
t
e
rs
V
a
l
ue
L
o
a
d
volt
a
g
e
,
12
Ba
t
t
e
r
y
volta
g
e
,
6
Lo
ad
,
10
0
PV
p
a
n
el
v
o
l
tag
e
,
0
18
Sim
u
l
a
ti
on ti
me
,
10
Ta
ble
6.
C
ond
i
t
i
ons
f
or
t
he
si
m
ulat
i
o
n
St
a
t
e
of
t
he
P
V
p
a
ne
l
C
ap
aci
t
y
o
f
t
h
e
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
%
90
%
90
%
30
%
30
%
F
i
gur
e 1
5
.
Induc
tor
cur
r
ent
F
i
gure
1
6
.
P
W
M
s
w
ave
f
orm
.
F
i
g
u
r
e
15
s
hows
t
h
e
wa
ve
form
o
f
t
h
e
curr
ent
flowing
through
the
c
o
nve
r
t
er.
F
o
r
the
fir
s
t
5
sec
o
n
d
,
the
P
V
p
a
n
e
l
v
o
lta
ge
i
s
hi
g
h
er
t
ha
n
t
h
e
refere
nce
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
w
h
ic
h
m
e
a
n
s
t
h
a
t
i
t
c
a
p
a
b
l
e
t
o
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
s
u
p
p
l
y
pow
er
t
o
th
e
loa
d
s
o,
t
he
c
ur
rent
i
s
p
o
si
ti
v
e
.
The
curr
ent
i
s
f
lo
wn
f
ro
m
t
h
e
PV
p
an
el
t
o
th
e
l
o
ad
a
n
d
th
e
bat
t
ery.
F
rom
F
i
gure
1
6
,
t
h
e
P
W
M
for
b
u
c
k
i
s
m
u
c
h
m
or
e
fre
q
uen
t
t
ha
n
the
PW
M
fo
r
the
b
o
o
st.
A
f
ter
5
seco
nd,
t
he
P
V
pa
n
e
l
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
is
l
ess
tha
n
t
he
r
efere
n
ce
v
o
l
tage
,
t
h
e
b
a
tter
y
now
i
s
the
m
a
in
s
up
p
l
y.
T
he
c
u
rre
n
t
b
e
co
me
n
eg
at
iv
e
b
eca
u
s
e
th
e
d
i
rec
t
i
o
n
of
t
h
e
c
u
r
ren
t
f
l
ow
i
s
re
ve
rsed
f
or
m
the
bat
t
er
y
t
o
t
he
l
oa
d.
I
n
F
i
gure
1
6
,
the bo
os
t P
W
M a
r
e
mor
e
freque
n
t
a
fte
r
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s
at
12
. The bat
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The
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esult
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