I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
P
o
w
er
E
lect
ro
nics
a
nd
Driv
e
Sy
s
t
e
m
(
I
J
P
E
DS
)
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
1
7
,
p
p
.
686
~
6
9
4
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
,
DOI
: 1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/
i
j
p
ed
s
.
v8
i
2
.
pp
6
8
6
-
694
686
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ia
e
s
jo
u
r
n
a
l.c
o
m/o
n
lin
e/in
d
ex
.
p
h
p
/I
JP
E
DS
Buck Co
nv
ert
er
Co
ntrol
for Lea
d
Acid Ba
tt
ery Cha
rg
er u
sing
Peak Cur
rent
Mo
de
Asep Nug
ro
ho
1
,
E
s
t
i
k
o
R
ij
a
nto
2
,
L
a
t
if
Ro
za
qi
3
Re
se
a
rc
h
Ce
n
ter f
o
r
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
P
o
w
e
r
a
n
d
M
e
c
h
a
tro
n
ics
,
I
n
d
o
n
e
sia
n
In
sti
tu
te
o
f
S
c
ien
c
e
s,
Ba
n
d
u
n
g
,
In
d
o
n
e
sia
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
ST
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
Feb
4
,
2
0
1
7
R
ev
i
s
ed
A
p
r
4
,
2
0
1
7
A
cc
ep
ted
A
p
r
1
8
,
2
0
1
7
DC
-
DC
b
u
c
k
c
o
n
v
e
rters
a
re
u
se
d
f
o
r
b
a
tt
e
r
y
c
h
a
rg
e
rs
in
m
a
n
y
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
in
c
lu
d
in
g
re
n
e
w
a
b
le
e
n
e
rg
y
so
u
rc
e
s,
in
v
e
rters
,
e
lec
tri
c
v
e
h
icle
s
a
n
d
r
o
b
o
ts.
In
th
is
p
a
p
e
r
a
b
u
c
k
c
o
n
v
e
rter
w
a
s
b
u
il
t
a
n
d
it
s
c
o
n
tr
o
ll
e
r
w
a
s
d
e
v
e
lo
p
e
d
u
sin
g
p
e
a
k
c
u
rre
n
t
c
o
n
tr
o
l
m
o
d
e
f
o
r
c
u
rre
n
t
lo
o
p
a
n
d
p
h
a
se
lag
fo
r
v
o
lt
a
g
e
lo
o
p
.
T
h
is
p
a
p
e
r
p
r
o
p
o
se
s
a
f
o
rm
u
latio
n
o
f
p
lan
t
d
ist
u
rb
a
n
c
e
d
u
e
to
l
o
a
d
v
a
riatio
n
to
o
b
tain
a
n
o
m
in
a
l
m
o
d
e
l
b
a
se
d
o
n
sm
a
ll
sig
n
a
l
a
p
p
ro
a
c
h
.
T
h
e
c
o
n
tro
ll
e
r
w
a
s
d
e
riv
e
d
a
n
a
l
y
ti
c
a
ll
y
b
a
se
d
o
n
th
e
n
o
m
in
a
l
m
o
d
e
l.
Ex
p
e
rime
n
t
re
su
lt
s
sh
o
w
th
a
t
th
e
b
u
c
k
c
o
n
tro
l
sy
ste
m
f
u
n
c
ti
o
n
s
w
e
ll
in
re
g
u
latin
g
th
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
v
o
lt
a
g
e
.
Du
rin
g
th
e
sta
rt
u
p
w
it
h
o
u
t
a
n
y
lo
a
d
it
c
a
n
re
d
u
c
e
in
p
u
t
v
o
lt
a
g
e
f
ro
m
3
0
0
V
t
o
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
l
tag
e
o
f
1
3
3
.
9
V
in
1
9
.
3
m
s.
T
h
e
d
e
v
e
lo
p
e
d
c
o
n
tro
ll
e
r
c
a
n
m
a
in
tain
th
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
v
o
lt
a
g
e
u
n
d
e
r
lo
a
d
v
a
riatio
n
f
ro
m
n
o
lo
a
d
to
su
d
d
e
n
lo
a
d
o
f
0
.
2
6
A
.
W
h
e
n
it
wa
s
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
ted
to
c
h
a
rg
e
a
lea
d
a
c
id
b
a
tt
e
ry
strin
g
,
c
o
n
sta
n
t
c
u
rre
n
t
o
f
3
.
3
6
A
w
a
s
c
h
a
rg
e
d
in
th
e
f
irst
1
7
3
m
in
u
tes
f
o
ll
o
w
e
d
b
y
c
o
n
sta
n
t
v
o
lt
a
g
e
o
f
1
3
4
.
7
V
u
n
ti
l
th
e
e
n
d
o
f
c
h
a
rg
in
g
a
t
ti
m
e
4
8
3
m
in
u
tes
.
T
h
u
s,
th
e
d
e
v
e
lo
p
e
d
c
o
n
tr
o
l
sy
ste
m
o
f
le
a
d
a
c
id
b
a
tt
e
ry
c
h
a
rg
e
r
w
o
rk
s
we
ll
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
:
B
u
ck
co
n
v
er
ter
C
h
ar
g
er
C
o
n
tr
o
l
L
ea
d
ac
id
b
atter
y
P
ea
k
cu
r
r
en
t
m
o
d
e
Co
p
y
rig
h
t
©
201
7
In
s
t
it
u
te o
f
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
S
c
ien
c
e
.
Al
l
rig
h
ts
re
se
rv
e
d
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Asep
Nu
g
r
o
h
o
,
R
esear
ch
C
en
ter
f
o
r
E
lectr
ical
P
o
w
er
an
d
Me
c
h
atr
o
n
ics
,
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
I
n
s
titu
te
o
f
Scie
n
c
es
(
L
I
P
I
)
,
Ko
m
p
lek
L
I
P
I
Gd
.
2
0
,
J
l.
C
is
i
tu
Sa
n
g
k
u
r
ian
g
2
1
/1
5
4
D
,
B
an
d
u
n
g
,
I
n
d
o
n
esia
.
T
el:
+6
2
-
22
-
2
5
0
3
0
5
5
E
m
ail:
asep
.
n
u
g
r
o
h
o
.
lip
i@
g
m
ail.
co
m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
Desp
ite
o
f
lo
w
e
n
er
g
y
d
e
n
s
i
t
y
,
lead
ac
id
b
atter
ies
ar
e
s
ti
ll
co
m
m
o
n
l
y
u
s
ed
f
o
r
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
,
e
m
er
g
e
n
c
y
p
o
w
er
b
ac
k
u
p
,
en
g
in
e
ig
n
it
io
n
,
v
e
h
icle
lig
h
ti
n
g
,
an
d
g
e
n
er
ato
r
s
tar
ti
n
g
d
u
e
to
th
eir
lo
w
co
s
t
a
n
d
ea
s
y
o
f
av
a
ilab
ilit
y
.
I
n
o
f
f
g
r
id
P
V
ap
llicatio
n
,
lead
ac
id
b
atter
y
h
as
le
s
s
b
e
n
ef
it
co
s
t
r
a
tio
an
d
s
i
m
p
le
n
et
p
r
esen
t
v
al
u
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
lit
h
iu
m
-
io
n
b
atter
y
[
1
]
Ho
w
e
v
e
r
,
lead
ac
id
b
att
er
y
r
eq
u
ir
es
h
ig
h
m
ai
n
te
n
a
n
ce
to
k
ee
p
it
at
ce
r
tain
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
ca
p
ac
ity
.
T
h
e
f
ail
u
r
e
to
f
u
ll
y
r
ec
h
ar
g
e
t
h
e
b
atter
y
m
a
y
c
au
s
e
p
late
s
u
lf
at
io
n
w
h
ic
h
i
n
t
u
r
n
r
ed
u
ce
s
ce
ll
ca
p
ac
it
y
.
C
o
n
v
er
s
el
y
,
h
i
g
h
er
ch
ar
g
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
m
a
y
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
h
y
d
r
o
g
en
g
a
s
s
g
en
er
atio
n
an
d
h
ea
t
as
w
el
l
a
s
ac
ce
ler
ates
t
h
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
p
lat
e
co
r
r
o
s
io
n
an
d
s
h
o
r
ten
s
t
h
e
lif
e
o
f
th
e
b
atter
y
.
L
ea
d
ac
id
b
atter
y
m
a
n
u
f
ac
t
u
r
er
s
clas
s
i
f
y
t
h
eir
o
w
n
c
h
a
r
g
in
g
m
et
h
o
d
s
[
2
]
[
3
]
.
C
h
a
r
g
in
g
m
et
h
o
d
s
ar
e
d
ep
en
d
en
t
o
n
b
atter
y
ap
p
lica
tio
n
s
i
n
cl
u
d
in
g
m
ai
n
p
o
w
er
s
o
u
r
ce
ap
p
licatio
n
s
a
n
d
s
ta
n
d
-
b
y
/b
ac
k
-
u
p
p
o
w
er
ap
p
licatio
n
s
[
2
]
.
Stan
d
ar
d
ch
ar
g
in
g
w
h
ich
i
n
co
r
p
o
r
ates
co
n
s
tan
t
cu
r
r
e
n
t
f
o
llo
w
ed
b
y
co
n
s
t
an
t
v
o
lta
g
e
as
w
el
l
as
r
ap
id
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
w
h
ic
h
i
n
co
r
p
o
r
ates
co
n
s
tan
t
cu
r
r
e
n
t
f
o
ll
o
w
ed
b
y
t
w
o
s
tep
s
co
n
s
tan
t
v
o
ltag
e
ar
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
m
ai
n
p
o
w
er
s
o
u
r
ce
ap
p
licatio
n
s
[
2
]
.
W
h
ile
tr
ick
le
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
an
d
f
lo
at
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
ar
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
s
tan
d
-
b
y
p
o
w
er
ap
p
licatio
n
s
[
2
]
.
A
s
m
ar
t c
h
ar
g
er
s
u
p
p
lies
co
n
s
tan
t c
u
r
r
en
t
t
o
in
itiall
y
c
h
ar
g
e
t
h
e
b
atter
y
,
t
h
en
it a
u
to
m
atica
l
l
y
s
w
itc
h
es
to
a
co
n
s
tan
t
v
o
lta
g
e
m
o
d
e
to
f
lo
at
ch
ar
g
e
o
r
m
ain
t
ain
th
e
b
atter
y
[
3
]
.
A
s
m
ar
t
ch
ar
g
er
also
m
o
n
ito
r
s
th
e
b
atter
y
’
s
s
tate
o
f
c
h
ar
g
e
(
SOC
)
an
d
w
i
ll
a
u
to
m
atica
l
y
s
tar
t
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
b
at
ter
y
f
a
lls
b
elo
w
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
v
o
ltag
e
[
3
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
PEDS
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
B
u
ck
C
o
n
ve
r
ter C
o
n
tr
o
l
fo
r
L
ea
d
A
cid
B
a
tter
y
C
h
a
r
g
er u
s
in
g
P
ea
k
C
u
r
r
en
t Mo
d
e
(
A
s
ep
N
u
g
r
o
h
o
)
687
I
n
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
ap
p
licatio
n
s
s
o
m
e
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
m
e
th
o
d
s
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
b
y
m
a
n
y
r
ese
ar
ch
er
s
i
n
o
r
d
er
to
k
ee
p
th
e
b
atter
y
i
n
h
i
g
h
er
S
OC
w
i
th
i
n
s
h
o
r
ter
ti
m
e
w
h
e
n
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
e
n
er
g
y
o
f
s
o
l
ar
ce
ll
is
s
u
f
f
icie
n
t
[
4
]
-
[
5
]
.
T
h
e
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
c
u
r
r
en
t
an
d
b
atter
y
v
o
ltag
e
ar
e
co
n
t
in
u
o
u
s
l
y
m
o
n
ito
r
ed
.
First
t
h
e
b
atter
y
is
c
h
ar
g
ed
w
it
h
i
n
m
ax
i
m
u
m
ch
ar
g
e
r
ate
u
n
t
il
th
e
v
o
lta
g
e
r
ea
ch
es
p
r
ed
ef
i
n
ed
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
li
m
it
v
o
ltag
e.
T
h
en
in
t
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
s
tag
e
th
e
b
atter
y
is
ch
ar
g
ed
a
g
ain
w
it
h
i
n
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
ch
ar
g
e
r
ate
w
h
ich
is
lo
w
er
t
h
an
t
h
e
f
ir
s
t
c
h
ar
g
e
s
ta
g
e.
E
v
er
y
ti
m
e
it
s
v
o
lta
g
e
r
ea
ch
es
th
e
p
r
ed
ef
i
n
ed
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
li
m
it
v
o
lta
g
e
th
e
c
h
ar
g
e
r
ate
is
r
ed
u
ce
d
u
n
til
it
s
p
r
ed
ef
in
ed
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
c
h
ar
g
e
r
ate
w
h
ic
h
in
d
icate
s
1
0
0
%
o
f
SOC
[
4
]
.
A
m
et
h
o
d
ca
lled
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
ch
ar
g
in
g
cu
r
r
en
t
b
ased
o
n
S
OC
e
n
h
a
n
ce
s
th
e
ab
o
v
e
m
et
h
o
d
b
y
co
m
b
in
i
n
g
t
h
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
li
m
it
v
o
ltag
e
a
n
d
SO
C
esti
m
ated
u
s
i
n
g
a
s
u
itab
le
m
o
d
el
to
d
eter
m
i
n
e
th
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
r
ate
o
f
ea
ch
s
ta
g
e
[
5
]
.
C
o
n
ce
r
n
i
n
g
b
atter
y
m
o
d
eli
n
g
,
r
es
u
lts
o
f
e
x
p
er
i
m
en
tal
s
tu
d
y
r
e
v
ea
led
th
a
t
L
e
ad
ac
id
b
atter
y
m
o
d
el
n
a
m
e
d
C
I
E
MA
T
C
o
p
etti
m
o
d
el
ca
n
ex
p
r
es
s
w
ell
t
h
e
c
h
ar
ater
is
tic
s
o
f
L
ea
d
ac
id
b
att
er
y
[
6
]
.
I
m
p
ac
t
o
f
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
n
L
ea
d
ac
id
b
atter
y
an
d
th
e
b
eh
ia
v
o
u
r
o
f
d
if
f
er
en
t
in
ter
n
al
p
ar
a
m
e
ter
s
o
f
th
e
b
attr
y
w
as
s
i
m
u
late
d
u
s
i
n
g
C
I
E
M
A
T
m
o
d
el
[
7
]
.
Sli
d
in
g
m
o
d
e
co
n
tr
o
l
(
SMC
)
h
as
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
to
co
n
tr
o
l
d
c
-
d
c
b
u
ck
co
n
v
er
ter
s
[
8
]
-
[
9
]
.
T
h
e
s
lid
in
g
m
o
d
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
w
as
p
r
o
v
ed
t
o
b
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
n
u
m
er
ical
s
i
m
u
lat
io
n
o
f
a
d
c
-
d
c
b
u
c
k
co
n
v
er
ter
h
av
i
n
g
in
p
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
o
f
2
0
V
an
d
n
o
m
in
al
ca
p
ac
it
y
o
f
ar
o
u
n
d
2
.
5
W
[
8
]
.
A
d
y
n
a
m
ical
m
o
d
el
o
f
d
c
-
d
c
b
u
c
k
co
n
v
er
ter
w
it
h
SMC
b
y
u
s
in
g
g
en
er
al
i
ze
d
s
tate
s
p
ac
e
av
er
a
g
in
g
w
a
s
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
an
d
p
r
o
v
ed
to
ef
f
ec
ti
v
el
y
r
ep
r
esen
t
sw
itc
h
in
g
m
o
d
el
i
n
less
co
m
p
u
tat
io
n
al
ti
m
e
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
n
u
m
er
ical
s
i
m
u
latio
n
[
9
]
.
A
b
atter
y
ch
ar
g
er
w
a
s
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
u
s
i
n
g
to
p
o
lo
g
y
o
f
f
u
ll b
r
id
g
e
D
C
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
co
n
n
ec
ted
in
s
er
ies
w
it
h
SEP
I
C
co
n
v
er
ter
f
o
r
p
o
w
er
f
ac
to
r
co
r
r
ec
ti
o
n
[
1
0
]
.
T
h
ey
ex
p
lain
t
h
e
to
p
o
lo
g
y
an
d
ex
p
er
i
m
en
t
r
es
u
lt
s
b
u
t
t
h
e
y
d
id
n
o
t
d
escr
ib
e
ab
o
u
t
co
n
tr
o
ller
d
esig
n
i
n
d
etail
[
1
0
]
.
I
n
th
is
p
ap
er
,
a
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e
o
f
b
atter
y
ch
ar
g
er
is
b
u
ilt
an
d
its
co
n
tr
o
ller
is
d
ev
elo
p
ed
.
T
h
e
b
atter
y
ch
ar
g
er
u
s
e
s
a
b
u
c
k
d
c
-
d
c
co
n
v
er
ter
to
p
o
lo
g
y
w
h
ic
h
m
in
i
m
izes
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
.
T
h
e
co
n
v
er
ter
i
s
to
co
n
v
er
t
a
DC
v
o
lta
g
e
s
o
u
r
ce
o
f
2
8
0
V
t
o
3
2
5
V
in
to
a
v
o
ltag
e
lev
el
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
ch
ar
g
in
g
a
s
er
ies
o
f
lead
ac
id
b
atter
ies
h
av
i
n
g
ter
m
i
n
al
v
o
lt
ag
e
o
f
1
2
0
V.
T
o
r
ea
lize
s
u
ch
a
co
n
v
er
ter
,
a
p
o
w
er
elec
tr
o
n
ic
cir
cu
it
is
b
u
il
t
u
s
i
n
g
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iatel
y
s
elec
ted
in
d
u
cto
r
,
ca
p
ac
ito
r
,
MO
SF
E
T
an
d
o
th
er
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
.
T
h
en
a
co
n
tr
o
ller
is
d
esig
n
ed
to
p
r
o
p
er
ly
ch
ar
g
e
th
e
b
atter
y
.
T
o
d
esig
n
a
co
n
tr
o
ller
,
f
ir
s
tl
y
s
m
all
s
i
g
n
al
d
y
n
a
m
ical
m
o
d
el
i
s
d
er
iv
ed
.
T
h
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
is
co
m
p
o
s
ed
o
f
t
w
o
co
n
tr
o
l
lo
o
p
s
th
o
s
e
ar
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
co
n
tr
o
l
lo
o
p
an
d
v
o
lta
g
e
co
n
tr
o
l
lo
o
p
.
T
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
co
n
tr
o
ller
i
s
d
esi
g
n
ed
u
s
i
n
g
p
ea
k
c
u
r
r
en
t
m
o
d
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
w
h
ile
t
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
i
s
d
esig
n
ed
u
s
i
n
g
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
in
teg
r
al
(
P
I
)
ac
tio
n
.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
p
r
o
p
o
s
es
a
f
o
r
m
u
latio
n
o
f
n
o
m
i
n
al
p
lan
t
an
d
p
lan
t
d
is
tu
r
b
a
n
ce
b
ased
o
n
lo
ad
v
ar
iatio
n
.
T
h
e
P
I
co
n
tr
o
ller
is
an
al
y
t
icall
y
d
es
ig
n
ed
b
ased
o
n
th
e
n
o
m
i
n
al
p
lan
t.
Fin
a
ll
y
,
t
h
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
was i
m
p
le
m
e
n
ted
to
th
e
co
n
v
er
t
er
th
r
o
u
g
h
ex
p
er
i
m
en
t.
Sectio
n
2
o
f
th
i
s
p
ap
er
p
r
ese
n
ts
co
n
ce
p
t
u
al
d
esi
g
n
,
s
p
ec
i
f
i
ca
tio
n
a
n
d
d
y
n
a
m
ical
m
o
d
eli
n
g
o
f
t
h
e
b
u
ck
D
C
-
D
C
co
n
v
er
ter
.
Secti
o
n
3
is
d
ev
o
ted
to
co
n
tr
o
ller
d
esig
n
o
f
t
h
e
b
u
ck
DC
-
D
C
c
o
n
v
er
ter
u
s
i
n
g
th
e
d
er
iv
ed
d
y
n
a
m
ical
m
o
d
el.
Se
ctio
n
4
d
escr
ib
es
ex
p
er
i
m
e
n
t
r
esu
lt
s
an
d
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
.
Sectio
n
5
s
u
m
m
ar
izes
t
h
e
co
n
clu
s
io
n
s
.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
M
o
delin
g
o
f
t
he
B
uck
DC
-
DC
Co
nv
er
t
er
Fig
u
r
e
1
s
h
o
w
s
b
lo
ck
d
ia
g
r
a
m
o
f
t
h
e
b
u
c
k
D
C
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
co
n
tr
o
l
s
y
s
te
m
d
ev
e
lo
p
ed
in
t
h
is
p
ap
er
.
T
h
is
co
n
tr
o
l
s
y
s
te
m
co
n
s
i
s
ts
o
f
a
b
u
c
k
DC
-
D
C
co
n
v
er
ter
an
d
its
co
n
tr
o
ller
.
T
h
e
b
u
ck
co
n
v
er
ter
is
co
n
s
tr
u
cted
b
y
i
n
d
u
cto
r
L
,
d
io
d
e
D1
,
ca
p
a
cito
r
C
,
an
d
s
w
itc
h
SW
1
w
h
ic
h
is
eq
u
ip
p
ed
w
ith
i
ts
d
r
iv
er
ci
r
cu
it.
C
o
D
1
V
i
S
W
1
L
V
o
s
I
L
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
V
r
e
f
V
o
L
o
a
d
R
1
I
a
I
o
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
DC
-
DC
b
u
ck
co
n
v
er
ter
co
n
tr
o
l s
y
s
te
m
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
IJ
PEDS
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
1
7
:
6
8
6
–
6
9
4
688
T
h
e
b
u
ck
co
n
v
er
ter
o
p
er
ates
in
t
w
o
s
w
itch
in
g
m
o
d
es
t
h
o
s
e
ar
e
clo
s
ed
m
o
d
e
(
s
w
itc
h
o
n
)
an
d
o
p
en
m
o
d
e
(
s
w
itc
h
o
f
f
)
.
T
h
e
d
y
n
a
m
ics
o
f
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
is
g
o
v
e
r
n
ed
b
y
t
h
e
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
s
w
itc
h
ed
m
o
d
el
d
y
n
a
m
ical
eq
u
atio
n
s
.
(
)
=
−
(
)
+
(
1
)
(
)
=
−
(
)
+
(
)
(
2
)
w
h
er
e
d
en
o
tes
th
e
s
w
itch
s
ta
tu
s
.
T
h
e
s
tatu
s
=
1
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
clo
s
ed
m
o
d
e
w
h
i
le
=
0
r
ex
p
r
ess
es
th
e
o
p
en
m
o
d
e.
Fro
m
t
h
e
d
y
n
a
m
ics
eq
u
at
io
n
s
i
n
(
1
)
-
(
2
)
th
e
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
a
v
er
ag
e
s
m
all
s
i
g
n
al
m
o
d
el
ca
n
b
e
d
er
iv
ed
.
[
̇
1
̇
2
]
=
[
0
−
1
1
−
1
]
[
1
2
]
+
[
0
]
̂
+
[
0
]
̂
(
3
)
w
h
er
e
1
is
s
m
all
d
ev
iat
io
n
o
f
cu
r
r
en
t
v
a
lu
e
ar
o
u
n
d
its
n
o
m
i
n
al
v
al
u
e
an
d
2
is
s
m
al
l
d
ev
ia
tio
n
o
f
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
v
alu
e
ar
o
u
n
d
its
n
o
m
i
n
al
v
al
u
e.
̂
an
d
̂
r
ep
r
esen
t
d
ev
iatio
n
o
f
d
u
t
y
r
atio
ar
o
u
n
d
n
o
m
i
n
al
v
al
u
e
an
d
th
e
d
ev
iatio
n
o
f
i
n
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
v
alu
e
ar
o
u
n
d
its
n
o
m
i
n
al
v
al
u
e,
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
I
t
is
ass
u
m
ed
th
at
th
e
d
e
v
iatio
n
o
f
t
h
e
lo
ad
ca
n
b
e
r
ep
r
esen
t
ed
b
y
t
h
e
d
ev
iat
io
n
o
f
lo
ad
r
esis
ta
n
ce
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
ca
n
b
e
f
o
r
m
u
lated
.
1
=
1
(
+
∆
)
=
1
±
(
4
)
=
2
(
1
2
)
(
1
+
2
)
(
5
)
≤
1
(
2
−
1
)
2
(
1
2
)
(
6
)
is
n
o
m
i
n
al
v
al
u
e
o
f
th
e
lo
ad
r
esis
tan
ce
,
w
h
i
le
1
an
d
2
ar
e
g
i
v
en
v
al
u
es
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
a
n
d
m
ax
i
m
u
m
lo
ad
s
elec
ted
.
B
y
s
u
b
s
tit
u
ti
n
g
(
4
)
an
d
(
6
)
in
to
(
3
)
th
e
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
s
tate
s
p
ac
e
eq
u
atio
n
is
o
b
tain
ed
.
̇
=
̂
+
1
̂
+
2
̂
+
3
(
,
̂
)
(
7
)
=
[
0
−
1
1
−
1
]
;
1
=
[
0
]
;
2
=
[
0
]
;
3
=
[
0
1
]
}
(
8
)
(
,
̂
)
=
̂
2
(
9
)
Fro
m
(
7
)
it
is
o
b
v
io
u
s
t
h
at
e
f
f
ec
t
o
f
in
p
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
v
ar
ia
tio
n
ca
n
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
as
ex
ter
n
al
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
w
i
th
t
h
e
in
p
u
t
m
atr
i
x
2
w
h
ile
e
f
f
ec
t
o
f
lo
ad
v
ar
iatio
n
ca
n
b
e
h
an
d
l
ed
as
an
in
ter
n
al
d
is
t
u
r
b
an
ce
r
ep
r
esen
ted
b
y
(
,
̂
)
.
2
.
2
.
Sp
ec
if
ica
t
io
n o
f
t
he
B
uc
k
D
C
-
DC
Co
nv
er
t
er
T
ab
le
1
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
d
esi
g
n
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
o
f
t
h
e
b
u
ck
D
C
-
D
C
co
n
v
er
ter
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Sp
ec
if
icatio
n
o
f
th
e
B
u
ck
D
C
-
DC
C
o
n
v
er
ter
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
V
a
l
u
e
U
n
i
t
M
a
x
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
e
r
,
P
max
1
2
0
0
W
M
a
x
i
m
u
m
i
n
p
u
t
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
,
V
i
max
3
2
8
V
M
i
n
i
m
u
m
i
n
p
u
t
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
,
V
i
mi
n
2
8
0
V
N
o
mi
n
a
l
i
n
p
u
t
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
,
V
i
n
3
0
8
V
R
e
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
o
u
p
u
t
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
,
V
r
e
f
1
3
2
V
S
w
i
t
c
h
i
n
g
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
,
f
s
3
6
0
0
0
Hz
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
PEDS
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
B
u
ck
C
o
n
ve
r
ter C
o
n
tr
o
l
fo
r
L
ea
d
A
cid
B
a
tter
y
C
h
a
r
g
er u
s
in
g
P
ea
k
C
u
r
r
en
t Mo
d
e
(
A
s
ep
N
u
g
r
o
h
o
)
689
Fro
m
T
ab
le
1
,
v
alu
es
o
f
n
o
m
i
n
al
d
u
t
y
r
atio
,
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
d
u
t
y
r
atio
an
d
m
ax
i
m
u
m
d
u
t
y
r
ati
o
ar
e
=
0
.
43
,
=
0
.
4
,
an
d
=
0
.
47
.
T
h
e
m
in
i
m
u
m
o
u
tp
u
t c
u
r
r
en
t a
n
d
t
h
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
o
u
t
p
u
t c
u
r
r
en
t a
r
e
s
et
to
b
e
=
0
.
87
A
,
an
d
=
9
A
.
T
h
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
r
ip
p
le
is
1
.
7
4
A
a
n
d
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
r
ip
p
le
is
0
.
2
3
V.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
v
alu
e
s
o
f
lo
ad
r
esis
ta
n
ce
s
ar
e
1
=
14
.
67
Oh
m
,
2
=
151
.
95
Oh
m
,
a
n
d
=
26
.
76
Oh
m
.
3.
CO
NT
RO
L
L
E
R
DE
SI
G
N
Fro
m
th
e
s
tate
s
p
ac
e
E
q
u
atio
n
in
(
7
)
th
e
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
tr
a
n
s
f
er
f
u
n
ct
io
n
s
c
a
n
b
e
o
b
tain
ed
.
[
1
1
]
̂
1
(
)
=
(
+
1
)
(
̂
+
̂
)
−
(
)
2
+
+
1
=
(
)
̂
+
̂
+
}
(
1
0
)
̂
2
(
)
=
̂
+
̂
+
(
)
2
+
+
1
=
(
)
̂
+
̂
+
}
(
1
1
)
P
ea
k
cu
r
r
en
t
m
o
d
e
co
n
tr
o
lle
r
h
as
m
an
y
ad
v
an
ta
g
es
o
v
er
d
u
t
y
-
r
atio
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
u
c
h
a
s
b
etter
lin
e
n
o
is
e
r
ej
ec
tio
n
,
au
to
m
atic
o
v
er
lo
ad
p
r
o
tectio
n
,
an
d
esp
ec
iall
y
d
esig
n
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
i
n
i
m
p
r
o
v
in
g
s
m
al
l
-
s
i
g
n
a
l
d
y
n
a
m
ics
[
1
2
]
.
A
lar
g
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
m
all
-
s
ig
n
al
m
o
d
els
o
f
p
ea
k
cu
r
r
e
n
t
m
o
d
u
lato
r
h
av
e
b
ee
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
,
f
o
r
ex
a
m
p
le
[
1
1
]
-
[
1
2
]
.
T
h
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
m
o
d
els
g
i
v
e
ac
c
u
r
ate
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
s
f
o
r
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
-
to
-
o
u
tp
u
t
tr
an
s
f
er
f
u
n
ct
io
n
an
d
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
i
m
p
ed
an
ce
b
u
t
n
o
t
f
o
r
th
e
au
d
io
s
u
s
ce
p
tib
il
i
t
y
s
o
th
e
i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
m
o
d
els
h
av
e
b
ee
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
[
1
3
]
-
[
1
4
]
.
B
y
ad
o
p
tin
g
th
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
r
esu
lt
s
o
f
o
th
er
r
esear
ch
er
s
,
th
e
p
ea
k
c
u
r
r
en
t
m
o
d
u
la
to
r
ca
n
b
e
m
o
d
eled
as f
o
llo
w
s
.
̂
=
{
̂
−
̂
1
−
̂
−
̂
2
}
(
1
2
)
=
1
;
=
2
2
;
=
(
1
−
2
)
2
(
1
3
)
is
r
ate
o
f
ad
d
itio
n
al
ex
ter
n
al
c
u
r
r
en
t r
a
m
p
i
n
A
/s
ec
.
Fro
m
(
1
0
)
,
(
1
1
)
an
d
(
1
2
)
th
e
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
co
n
tr
o
l
-
to
-
o
u
tp
u
t v
o
lta
g
e
tr
a
n
s
f
er
f
u
n
c
tio
n
ca
n
b
e
d
er
iv
ed
.
(
)
=
̂
2
(
)
̂
(
)
|
̂
(
)
=
(
)
2
+
+
1
(
1
4
)
Su
b
s
it
u
ti
n
g
p
ar
a
m
eter
v
al
u
e
s
o
f
t
h
e
b
u
c
k
DC
-
D
C
co
n
v
er
t
e
r
th
e
v
al
u
es
o
f
th
e
p
ea
k
c
u
r
r
en
t
m
o
d
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
p
ar
am
eter
s
ca
n
b
e
o
b
tain
ed
as lis
ted
in
T
ab
le
2
.
T
ab
le
2
.
E
x
am
p
le
o
f
p
ea
k
cu
r
r
en
t
m
o
d
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
p
ar
a
m
eter
v
alu
e
s
P
a
ra
m
e
ter
V
a
lu
e
34
.
42
0
.
0
0
2
0
.
0
0
1
6
25
.
61
106
.
8
7
7
,
23
0
.
01
T
h
u
s
th
e
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
tr
a
n
s
f
er
f
u
n
ctio
n
i
s
o
b
tain
ed
.
(
)
=
2
,
9
×
10
11
2
+
8
,
5
×
10
6
+
1
,
1
×
10
10
(
1
5
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
IJ
PEDS
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
1
7
:
6
8
6
–
6
9
4
690
A
v
o
lta
g
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
is
d
esi
g
n
ed
b
ased
o
n
eq
u
atio
n
(
1
5
).
Vo
ltag
e
lo
o
p
is
clo
s
ed
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
a
s
sh
o
w
n
in
F
ig
u
r
e
2
.
G
v
c
(
s
)
K
(
s
)
S
T
(
s
)
1
/
R
s
v
o
(
s
)
e
(
s
)
v
r
e
f
(
s
)
y
(
s
)
i
c
(
s
)
u
c
(
s
)
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
e
d
esig
n
ed
v
o
lta
g
e
co
n
tr
o
l lo
o
p
An
au
g
m
en
ted
v
o
ltag
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
is
co
m
p
o
s
ed
b
y
(
)
an
d
1
w
h
er
e
d
en
o
tes
cu
r
r
en
t
s
en
s
o
r
g
ain
.
T
h
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
is
d
esig
n
ed
s
o
th
at
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
(
)
f
o
llo
w
s
t
h
e
g
i
v
en
r
e
f
er
en
ce
(
)
.
T
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
r
ec
eiv
es
v
o
ltag
e
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
s
ig
n
al
(
)
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
v
o
lta
g
e
s
e
n
s
o
r
(
)
.
T
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
cu
r
r
en
t
co
m
m
an
d
s
ig
n
al
(
)
to
th
e
p
ea
k
c
u
r
r
en
t
co
n
tr
o
l
lo
o
p
(
)
.
I
n
th
i
s
p
ap
er
,
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
is
d
esi
g
n
ed
u
s
i
n
g
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
an
d
in
te
g
r
al
ac
tio
n
s
as
E
q
u
atio
n
1
6
.
T
h
is
v
o
ltag
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
is
eq
u
ip
p
ed
w
it
h
a
lo
w
p
a
s
s
f
il
ter
to
f
ilter
o
u
t n
o
is
e
d
u
e
to
h
i
g
h
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
.
1
(
)
=
[
+
]
[
1
1
+
1
]
(1
6
)
B
y
s
etti
n
g
cr
o
s
s
o
v
er
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
v
al
u
e
an
d
p
h
ase
an
g
le
m
a
r
g
in
v
al
u
e
,
th
e
v
o
lta
g
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
p
ar
am
eter
v
alu
e
s
ca
n
b
e
ca
lc
u
lated
u
s
in
g
u
n
it
y
g
ain
a
n
d
p
h
ase
a
n
g
le
m
ar
g
in
.
4.
I
M
P
L
E
M
E
NT
AT
I
O
N
R
E
S
UL
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
Fig
u
r
e
3
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
e
x
p
er
i
m
e
n
t
s
et
u
p
co
n
s
is
ti
n
g
o
f
a
L
ea
d
A
cid
b
atter
ies
s
tr
in
g
a
n
d
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
ch
ar
g
er
u
s
i
n
g
b
u
c
k
D
C
-
D
C
co
n
v
er
ter
to
p
o
lo
g
y
.
T
h
e
co
n
tr
o
ll
er
is
r
ea
lized
u
s
i
n
g
an
a
lo
g
a
n
d
d
ig
ital
c
ir
cu
it
s
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
v
er
if
y
th
e
e
f
f
ec
ti
v
en
ess
o
f
th
e
d
ev
e
lo
p
ed
co
n
tr
o
l
s
y
s
te
m
s
o
m
e
ex
p
er
i
m
en
ts
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
co
n
d
u
cted
.
First
e
x
p
er
i
m
e
n
ts
w
i
th
o
u
t
lo
a
d
an
d
w
i
th
a
r
e
s
is
t
iv
e
lo
ad
w
e
r
e
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
u
s
i
n
g
in
p
u
t
v
o
lt
ag
e
o
f
3
0
0
V.
T
h
en
th
e
ch
ar
g
er
w
as
ap
p
lied
to
1
0
L
ea
d
A
c
ied
b
atter
ies
co
n
n
ec
ted
in
s
e
r
ial.
E
ac
h
b
atter
y
h
as
t
h
e
ca
p
ac
it
y
o
f
4
5
A
h
.
(
a)
L
ea
d
A
cid
b
atter
y
s
tr
i
n
g
(
b
)
T
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e
o
f
c
h
ar
g
er
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
T
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
p
r
o
t
o
tip
e
o
f
L
A
b
atter
y
c
h
ar
g
er
Fig
u
r
es
4
to
8
s
h
o
w
e
x
p
er
i
m
e
n
t
r
es
u
lt
s
w
it
h
o
u
t
an
y
lo
ad
an
d
w
it
h
a
r
es
is
ti
v
e
lo
ad
.
Fi
g
u
r
e
4
s
h
o
ws
th
e
e
x
p
er
i
m
e
n
tal
r
esu
lt
w
h
e
n
th
e
c
h
ar
g
er
is
s
ta
r
ted
u
p
w
it
h
o
u
t
a
n
y
lo
ad
w
h
i
le
F
i
g
u
r
e
5
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
lo
ad
w
as
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
PEDS
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
B
u
ck
C
o
n
ve
r
ter C
o
n
tr
o
l
fo
r
L
ea
d
A
cid
B
a
tter
y
C
h
a
r
g
er u
s
in
g
P
ea
k
C
u
r
r
en
t Mo
d
e
(
A
s
ep
N
u
g
r
o
h
o
)
691
s
u
d
d
en
l
y
ad
d
ed
u
n
d
er
s
tead
y
s
tate
co
n
d
itio
n
.
T
h
e
h
o
r
izo
n
t
al
ax
i
s
i
n
d
icate
s
ti
m
e
in
s
ec
o
n
d
an
d
th
e
v
er
tical
ax
is
i
s
v
o
lta
g
e
i
n
Vo
lt.
T
h
e
b
lu
e
li
n
e
r
ep
r
esen
ts
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
w
h
ile
th
e
r
ed
lin
e
e
x
p
r
ess
e
s
o
u
tp
u
t c
u
r
r
e
n
t.
Fo
r
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t p
u
r
p
o
s
e,
th
e
g
a
i
n
s
o
f
b
lu
e
li
n
e
v
o
ltag
e
a
n
d
r
ed
lin
e
c
u
r
r
en
t se
n
s
o
r
s
ar
e
2
,
86
133
[
V/V]
an
d
5
,
03
2
,
6
[
V/A
]
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
Fro
m
F
ig
u
r
e
4
it
ca
n
b
e
n
o
ted
th
at
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
r
is
es
s
m
o
o
th
l
y
f
r
o
m
0
V
to
th
e
s
ea
d
y
s
tate
v
alu
e
o
f
1
3
3
.
9
V
w
it
h
s
ettli
n
g
ti
m
e
ar
o
u
n
d
1
9
.
3
m
s
.
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
cu
r
r
en
t
k
ee
p
s
co
n
s
t
an
t
d
u
r
in
g
tr
a
n
s
ie
n
t
p
h
ase
.
I
n
F
ig
u
r
e
5
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t v
o
lta
g
e
is
k
ep
t c
o
n
s
tan
t
w
h
ile
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t c
u
r
r
en
t r
aises
f
r
o
m
0
A
to
0
.
2
6
A
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
o
u
p
u
t
s
ig
n
al
o
f
v
o
ltag
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
(
(
)
)
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
s
ig
n
al
(
(
)
)
d
u
r
in
g
s
tar
t
u
p
w
it
h
o
u
t
lo
ad
,
w
h
ile
F
ig
u
r
e
7
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
s
a
m
e
s
ig
n
al
s
u
n
d
er
lo
ad
in
g
.
T
h
ese
f
i
g
u
r
e
s
d
e
m
o
n
s
tate
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
s
o
f
t
h
e
p
ea
k
cu
r
r
en
t
co
n
tr
o
l
lo
o
p
.
I
t
ca
n
b
e
n
o
ted
th
at
th
e
p
ea
k
v
al
u
e
o
f
(
)
i
s
al
w
a
y
s
le
s
s
th
an
th
e
v
al
u
e
o
f
(
)
w
h
ic
h
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ates
t
h
at
t
h
e
p
ea
k
cu
r
r
en
t
co
n
tr
o
ller
w
o
r
k
s
w
ell.
T
h
eir
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
m
a
y
b
e
ex
p
r
ess
ed
as
_
(
)
≤
1
(
)
−
2
w
h
er
e
_
,
1
,
2
ar
e
all
p
o
s
itiv
e
v
al
u
es.
F
ig
u
r
e
8
s
h
o
w
s
c
u
r
r
en
t
co
m
m
a
n
d
s
ig
n
al
(
)
an
d
PW
M
o
u
p
u
t
s
ig
n
al.
No
te
th
at
d
u
t
y
r
atio
o
f
P
W
M
o
u
tp
u
t
s
ig
n
al
v
ar
ies ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
t
h
e
v
al
u
e
o
f
(
)
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Ou
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
(
b
lu
e
)
an
d
o
u
tp
u
t c
u
r
r
en
t (
r
ed
)
d
u
r
i
n
g
s
tar
t u
p
w
it
h
o
u
t lo
ad
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Ou
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
(
b
lu
e
)
an
d
o
u
tp
u
t c
u
r
r
en
t (
r
ed
)
u
n
d
er
s
u
d
d
en
l
y
ad
d
ed
r
esis
ti
v
e
lo
ad
(
1
R
)
ms
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
V
-
5
-
4
-
3
-
2
-
1
0
1
2
3
4
5
V
-
5
-
4
-
3
-
2
-
1
0
1
2
3
4
5
c
h
A:
DC
vo
l
ta
g
e
(
m
V)
2697
c
h
B
:
DC
v
o
lt
a
g
e
(
m
V
)
70.
19
s
0,
0
0,
1
0,
2
0,
3
0,
4
0,
5
0,
6
0,
7
0,
8
0,
9
1,
0
V
-
5
-
4
-
3
-
2
-
1
0
1
2
3
4
5
V
-
2,
0
-
1,
6
-
1,
2
-
0,
8
-
0,
4
0,
0
0,
4
0,
8
1,
2
1,
6
2,
0
c
h
A:
DC
vo
l
ta
g
e
(
m
V)
2920
c
h
B
:
DC
v
o
lt
a
g
e
(
m
V
)
465.
5
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
IJ
PEDS
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
1
7
:
6
8
6
–
6
9
4
692
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
I
n
ter
n
al
v
o
lta
g
e
co
n
t
r
o
ller
o
u
p
u
t (
b
lu
e)
(
=
cu
r
r
en
t c
o
m
m
a
n
d
)
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
(
r
ed
)
d
u
r
in
g
s
tar
t
u
p
w
ith
o
u
t lo
ad
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
C
u
r
r
en
t c
o
m
m
a
n
d
(
b
lu
e)
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t f
ee
d
b
ac
k
(
r
ed
)
u
n
d
er
r
esis
ti
v
e
lo
ad
(
1
R
)
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
C
u
r
r
en
t c
o
m
m
a
n
d
(
b
lu
e)
an
d
P
W
M
o
u
tp
u
t (
r
ed
)
u
n
d
er
r
e
s
is
tiv
e
lo
ad
(
1
R
)
s
0,
0
0,
1
0,
2
0,
3
0,
4
0,
5
0,
6
0,
7
0,
8
0,
9
1,
0
V
-
5
-
4
-
3
-
2
-
1
0
1
2
3
4
5
V
-
2,
0
-
1,
6
-
1,
2
-
0,
8
-
0,
4
0,
0
0,
4
0,
8
1,
2
1,
6
2,
0
c
h
A:
DC
vo
l
ta
g
e
(
m
V)
1327
c
h
B
:
DC
v
o
lt
a
g
e
(
m
V
)
46.
67
ms
0,
0
0,
2
0,
4
0,
6
0,
8
1,
0
1,
2
1,
4
1,
6
1,
8
2,
0
V
-
5
-
4
-
3
-
2
-
1
0
1
2
3
4
5
V
-
2,
0
-
1,
6
-
1,
2
-
0,
8
-
0,
4
0,
0
0,
4
0,
8
1,
2
1,
6
2,
0
c
h
A:
DC
vo
l
ta
g
e
(
m
V)
1986
c
h
B
:
DC
v
o
lt
a
g
e
(
m
V
)
54.
01
ms
0,
0
0,
2
0,
4
0,
6
0,
8
1,
0
1,
2
1,
4
1,
6
1,
8
2,
0
V
-
5
-
4
-
3
-
2
-
1
0
1
2
3
4
5
V
-
20
-
16
-
12
-
8
-
4
0
4
8
12
16
20
c
h
A:
DC
vo
l
ta
g
e
(
m
V)
2299
c
h
B
:
DC
v
o
lt
a
g
e
(
m
V
)
1849
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
PEDS
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
B
u
ck
C
o
n
ve
r
ter C
o
n
tr
o
l
fo
r
L
ea
d
A
cid
B
a
tter
y
C
h
a
r
g
er u
s
in
g
P
ea
k
C
u
r
r
en
t Mo
d
e
(
A
s
ep
N
u
g
r
o
h
o
)
693
Nex
t,
th
e
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
DC
-
D
C
b
u
ck
co
n
v
er
ter
w
a
s
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
ted
to
ch
ar
g
e
t
h
e
L
ea
d
A
cid
b
atter
ies.
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
v
alu
e
w
as
s
e
t
to
1
3
5
.
1
V
an
d
th
e
i
n
iti
al
b
atter
y
v
o
lta
g
e
w
a
s
1
2
3
.
3
V.
Du
r
in
g
ex
p
er
i
m
e
n
t,
at
th
e
b
eg
i
n
i
n
g
th
e
s
a
m
p
l
i
n
g
ti
m
e
w
a
s
v
ar
ied
d
u
e
to
r
ap
id
ch
an
g
e
in
t
h
e
b
att
er
y
v
o
ltag
e.
Af
ter
8
m
i
n
u
te
s
s
in
ce
t
h
e
e
x
p
er
i
m
e
n
t
s
tar
ted
th
e
s
a
m
p
li
n
g
ti
m
e
w
a
s
s
et
co
n
s
tan
t
at
5
m
i
n
u
te.
Fi
g
u
r
es 9
to
1
0
s
h
o
w
t
h
e
ex
p
er
i
m
e
n
tal
r
es
u
lt
s
.
Fi
g
u
r
e
9
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
d
u
r
i
n
g
b
atter
y
ch
a
r
g
i
n
g
.
Fro
m
ti
m
e
0
to
8
m
i
n
u
tes t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
r
is
e
s
r
ap
id
l
y
f
r
o
m
1
2
3
.
3
V
to
1
2
9
.
4
V.
I
n
1
7
3
m
i
n
u
te
s
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
r
ea
ch
ed
1
3
4
.
5
V.
A
t
ti
m
e
2
3
8
m
i
n
u
tes
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
b
ec
a
m
e
1
3
4
.
7
V.
Un
t
il
th
e
e
n
d
o
f
e
x
p
er
i
m
e
n
t
at
t
i
m
e
4
8
3
m
i
n
u
te
s
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
w
as
k
ep
t a
l
m
o
s
t c
o
n
s
ta
n
t a
t t
h
e
a
v
er
ag
e
v
al
u
e
o
f
1
3
4
.
7
2
V.
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
o
u
p
u
t
c
u
r
r
en
t.
Fro
m
ti
m
e
0
t
o
1
7
3
m
i
n
u
tes
th
e
o
u
p
u
t
cu
r
r
en
t
w
a
s
al
m
o
s
t
co
n
s
ta
n
t
at
t
h
e
av
er
ag
e
v
al
u
e
o
f
3
.
3
6
A
.
Af
ter
th
at
t
h
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t d
ec
r
ea
s
es u
n
til 0
.
7
A
at
ti
m
e
4
8
3
m
i
n
u
tes.
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
Ou
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
d
u
r
in
g
b
atter
y
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
.
Ou
tp
u
t c
u
r
r
e
n
t d
u
r
i
n
g
b
atter
y
c
h
ar
g
in
g
T
h
ese
ex
p
er
i
m
e
n
tal
r
es
u
lts
m
a
y
b
e
an
alize
d
u
s
i
n
g
L
ea
d
ac
id
b
atter
y
m
o
d
el
[
6
]
-
[
7
]
.
W
h
en
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
in
g
t
h
e
f
u
l
l
State
o
f
C
h
ar
g
e
(
SO
C
)
,
in
ter
n
al
r
esis
tan
ce
a
n
d
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
in
cr
ea
s
e
r
ap
id
l
y
.
T
h
is
p
h
en
o
m
e
n
a
lead
s
to
th
e
d
ec
r
ea
s
in
g
r
ate
o
f
c
h
an
g
e
o
f
t
h
e
v
o
lta
g
e.
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
ON
Fro
m
t
h
e
e
x
p
er
i
m
e
n
tal
r
esu
lts
th
e
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
co
n
cl
u
s
io
n
ca
n
b
e
d
r
a
w
n
.
D
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
s
tar
t
u
p
w
i
th
o
u
t
an
y
lo
ad
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
o
f
th
e
d
ev
e
lo
p
ed
b
u
ck
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
r
is
es
s
m
o
o
th
l
y
f
r
o
m
0
V
to
th
e
s
tead
y
s
tate
v
al
u
e
o
f
1
3
3
.
9
V.
W
h
en
it
is
s
u
d
d
en
tl
y
lo
ad
ed
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
i
s
w
ell
r
eg
u
lat
ed
w
h
ile
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
cu
r
r
en
t
r
is
es
s
m
o
o
th
l
y
.
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
c
u
r
r
en
t
is
al
w
a
y
s
les
s
th
an
t
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
co
m
m
a
n
d
w
h
ich
p
r
o
v
es
th
at
th
e
p
ea
k
cu
r
r
e
n
t
co
n
tr
o
l
w
o
r
k
s
well.
T
h
e
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e
w
o
r
k
ed
w
e
ll
w
h
en
it
w
a
s
u
s
ed
to
ch
ar
g
e
a
L
A
b
atter
y
s
tr
i
n
g
w
h
o
s
e
ca
p
ac
it
y
is
4
5
A
h
.
I
t
wo
r
k
ed
w
it
h
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
s
tr
ate
g
y
o
f
co
n
s
ta
n
t
cu
r
r
en
t
co
n
s
ta
n
t
v
o
ltag
e
b
r
in
g
i
n
g
th
e
b
atter
y
ter
m
i
n
al
v
o
lta
g
e
f
r
o
m
1
2
3
.
3
V
to
1
3
4
.
7
2
V
in
to
tal
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
ti
m
e
o
f
4
8
3
m
i
n
u
tes.
ACK
NO
WL
E
D
G
E
M
E
NT
S
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
th
a
n
k
to
Gan
j
ar
A
r
i
P
r
i
y
atn
o
w
h
o
h
as
h
elp
ed
i
n
d
esig
n
i
n
g
a
n
d
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
t
h
e
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e
as
w
e
ll a
s
co
n
d
u
ctin
g
t
h
e
ex
p
e
r
i
m
en
t.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
S
.
A
n
u
p
h
a
p
p
h
a
ra
d
o
rn
,
S
.
S
u
k
c
h
a
i,
C.
S
iri
sa
m
p
h
a
n
w
o
n
g
,
a
n
d
N.
Ke
tj
o
y
,
“
Co
m
p
a
riso
n
th
e
Eco
n
o
m
i
c
A
n
a
l
y
sis
o
f
th
e
Ba
tt
e
r
y
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
L
it
h
iu
m
-
io
n
a
n
d
L
e
a
d
-
a
c
id
in
P
V
S
ta
n
d
-
a
lo
n
e
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
,
”
En
e
rg
y
Pro
c
e
d
ia
,
v
o
l.
5
6
,
n
o
.
C,
p
p
.
3
5
2
–
3
5
8
,
2
0
1
4
.
[2
]
M
a
tsu
sh
it
a
Ba
tt
e
ry
In
d
u
strial
Co
.
L
td
.
,
“
P
a
n
a
so
n
ic S
e
a
led
Lea
d
-
Ac
i
d
Ba
tt
e
ries
T
e
c
h
n
ica
l
H
a
n
d
b
o
o
k
2
0
0
0
,
”
p
p
.
1
-
7
7
,
Ja
n
u
a
ry
2000.
[3
]
Yu
a
sa
,
“
T
e
c
h
n
ica
l
M
a
n
u
a
l
P
o
w
e
r
sp
o
rts
Ba
tt
e
ries
,
”
2
9
0
1
M
o
n
tro
se
Ave
n
u
e
,
L
a
u
re
ld
a
le,
PA
1
9
6
0
5
-
2
7
5
2
,
y
u
a
sa
b
a
tt
e
rie
s.co
m,
2
0
1
4
.
[4
]
E.
Ko
u
tro
u
li
s
a
n
d
K.
Ka
laitza
k
is,
“
No
v
e
l
b
a
tt
e
ry
c
h
a
rg
in
g
re
g
u
lati
o
n
sy
ste
m
f
o
r
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s,
”
IE
E
E
Pro
c
.
-
El
e
c
tr.
P
o
we
r A
p
p
l.
,
v
o
l.
1
5
1
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
.
1
9
1
,
2
0
0
4
.
[5
]
T
.
W
u
,
Q.
X
iao
,
L
.
W
u
,
J.
Zh
a
n
g
,
a
n
d
M
.
W
a
n
g
,
“
S
tu
d
y
a
n
d
Im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
o
n
Ba
tt
e
ries
Ch
a
rg
in
g
M
e
th
o
d
o
f
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
122
124
126
128
130
132
134
136
T
i
m
e
(
M
i
n
u
t
e
s
)
O
u
t
p
u
t
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
V
o
l
t
)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
0
0
.
5
1
1
.
5
2
2
.
5
3
3
.
5
4
T
i
m
e
(
M
i
n
u
t
e
s
)
O
u
t
p
u
t
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
(
A
m
p
e
r
e
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
IJ
PEDS
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
1
7
:
6
8
6
–
6
9
4
694
M
icro
-
G
rid
P
h
o
to
v
o
lt
a
ic S
y
ste
m
s
,
”
S
ma
rt Gri
d
Ren
e
w.
En
e
rg
y
,
v
o
l
.
0
2
,
n
o
.
0
4
,
p
p
.
3
2
4
–
3
2
9
,
2
0
1
1
.
[6
]
N.
A
c
h
a
ib
o
u
,
M
.
Ha
d
d
a
d
i,
a
n
d
A
.
M
a
lek
,
“
M
o
d
e
li
n
g
o
f
L
e
a
d
A
c
id
Ba
tt
e
ries
in
P
V
S
y
ste
m
s,”
En
e
rg
y
Pro
c
e
d
ia
,
v
o
l
.
1
8
,
p
p
.
5
3
8
–
5
4
4
,
2
0
1
2
.
[7
]
A
.
S
e
l
m
a
n
i,
A
.
Ed
-
Da
h
h
a
k
,
M
.
O
u
tan
o
u
te,
A
.
L
a
c
h
h
a
b
,
M
.
G
u
e
rb
a
o
u
i,
a
n
d
B.
Bo
u
c
h
ik
h
i,
“
P
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
Ev
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
o
f
M
o
d
e
ll
in
g
a
n
d
S
im
u
latio
n
o
f
L
e
a
d
Ac
id
Ba
tt
e
ries
f
o
r
P
h
o
t
o
v
o
l
taic
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
,
”
In
t.
J
.
Po
we
r
El
e
c
tro
n
.
Dr
ive
S
y
st.
,
v
o
l.
7
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
.
4
7
2
,
Ju
n
.
2
0
1
6
.
[8
]
H.
G
u
ld
e
m
ir,
“
S
tu
d
y
o
f
S
li
d
in
g
M
o
d
e
Co
n
tro
l
o
f
DC
-
DC Bu
c
k
C
o
n
v
e
rter,”
En
e
rg
y
Po
we
r E
n
g
.
, v
o
l.
0
3
,
n
o
.
0
4
,
p
p
.
401
–
4
0
6
,
2
0
1
1
.
[9
]
S
.
Ch
o
n
sa
ti
d
jam
ro
e
n
,
“
D
y
n
a
m
ic
M
o
d
e
l
o
f
a
Bu
c
k
Co
n
v
e
rter
w
it
h
a
S
li
d
i
n
g
M
o
d
e
Co
n
tro
l,
”
v
o
l.
5
,
n
o
.
1
2
,
p
p
.
3
8
6
–
3
9
1
,
2
0
1
1
.
[1
0
]
M
.
Z.
Ef
e
n
d
i,
N.
A
.
W
in
d
a
rk
o
,
a
n
d
M
.
F
.
Am
ir,
“
De
sig
n
a
n
d
Im
p
le
m
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
Ba
tt
e
r
y
Ch
a
r
g
e
r
w
it
h
P
o
w
e
r
F
a
c
to
r
Co
rre
c
ti
o
n
u
sin
g
S
e
p
ic
Co
n
v
e
rter
a
n
d
F
u
ll
-
b
ri
d
g
e
DC
-
DC
Co
n
v
e
rter,”
J
.
M
e
c
h
a
tro
n
ics
,
El
e
c
tr
.
Po
we
r,
Veh
.
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
.
,
v
o
l
.
4
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
.
7
5
,
De
c
.
2
0
1
3
.
[1
1
]
F
.
D.
T
a
n
a
n
d
R
.
D.
M
id
d
leb
r
o
o
k
,
“
A
u
n
if
ied
m
o
d
e
l
f
o
r
c
u
rre
n
t
-
p
ro
g
ra
m
m
e
d
c
o
n
v
e
rters
,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.
Po
we
r
El
e
c
tro
n
.
,
v
o
l.
1
0
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
3
9
7
–
4
0
8
,
Ju
l
.
1
9
9
5
.
[1
2
]
R.
B.
Ri
d
ley
,
“
A
n
e
w
,
c
o
n
ti
n
u
o
u
s
-
ti
m
e
m
o
d
e
l
f
o
r
c
u
rre
n
t
-
m
o
d
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l
(
p
o
w
e
r
c
o
n
v
e
rto
rs),”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.
P
o
we
r
El
e
c
tro
n
.
,
v
o
l.
6
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
2
7
1
–
2
8
0
,
A
p
r.
1
9
9
1
.
[1
3
]
B.
Jo
h
a
n
ss
o
n
,
“
Im
p
ro
v
e
d
M
o
d
e
ls
f
o
r
DC
-
DC
Co
n
v
e
rters
,
”
I
S
BN
9
1
-
8
8
9
3
4
-
29
-
2
,
L
ice
n
t
ia
te
T
h
e
sis,
L
u
n
d
Un
ive
rs
it
y
,
L
u
n
d
S
we
d
e
n
,
2
0
0
3
.
[1
4
]
B.
Jo
h
a
n
ss
o
n
,
“
DC
-
DC Co
n
v
e
rters
-
D
y
n
a
m
i
c
M
o
d
e
l
De
sig
n
a
n
d
Ex
p
e
rime
n
tal
V
e
rif
ica
ti
o
n
,
”
IS
BN
9
1
-
8
8
9
3
4
-
34
-
9
,
Do
c
to
ra
l
Diss
e
rta
t
io
n
,
L
u
n
d
Un
ive
rs
it
y
,
L
u
n
d
S
we
d
e
n
,
2
0
0
4
.
B
I
O
G
RAP
H
I
E
S
O
F
AUTH
O
RS
A
se
p
N
u
g
r
o
h
o
w
a
s b
o
rn
in
Ba
n
t
u
l
-
Yo
g
y
a
k
a
rta,
In
d
o
n
e
sia
in
1
9
8
7
.
He
re
c
e
iv
e
d
Ba
c
h
e
lo
r
d
e
g
re
e
f
ro
m
G
a
d
jah
M
a
d
a
Un
iv
e
rsity
in
El
e
c
tro
n
ic
a
n
d
I
n
tr
u
m
e
n
tatio
n
i
n
2
0
1
1
a
n
d
c
o
m
p
lete
d
M
a
ste
r
d
e
g
re
e
in
sa
m
e
u
n
iv
e
risty
in
2
0
1
5
.
His
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
w
a
s
o
n
DC/DC
c
o
n
v
e
rter,
m
o
d
e
ll
in
g
c
o
n
tro
l
sy
ste
m
,
c
h
a
r
g
in
g
s
y
ste
m
,
b
a
tt
e
r
y
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
sy
st
e
m
a
n
d
c
o
n
tr
o
l
a
lg
o
rit
h
m
.
He
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
w
o
rk
s
a
s
a
n
ju
n
io
r
re
s
e
a
rc
h
e
r
in
In
d
o
n
e
sia
n
I
n
stit
u
te
o
f
S
c
ien
c
e
s
(
L
IP
I)
to
d
e
v
e
lo
p
DC/DC
c
o
n
v
e
rter an
d
b
a
tt
e
ry
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
s
y
ste
m
s
f
o
r
L
i
-
io
n
b
a
tt
e
ries
.
Esti
k
o
Rija
n
to
wa
s
b
o
rn
in
P
u
rb
a
li
n
g
g
a
–
Ce
n
tral
Ja
v
a
,
In
d
o
n
e
sia
in
1
9
6
7
.
He
e
n
ro
ll
e
d
a
t
IT
B
(In
d
o
n
e
sia
)
in
1
9
8
7
,
late
r
h
e
m
o
v
e
d
to
Ja
p
a
n
in
1
9
8
8
a
n
d
c
o
m
p
lete
d
h
is
B.
E
ng
.
d
e
g
re
e
a
t
T
o
k
y
o
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
Ag
ricu
lt
u
re
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
(
T
U
AT
),
in
1
9
9
3
.
He
re
c
iev
e
d
th
e
M
.
En
g
.
a
n
d
Dr.E
n
g
.
d
e
g
re
e
s
f
ro
m
T
U
AT
in
1
9
9
5
a
n
d
1
9
9
8
,
re
sp
e
c
ti
v
e
ly
.
He
to
o
k
p
o
st
d
o
c
to
ra
l
p
r
o
g
ra
m
s
a
t
V
BL
T
o
k
y
o
w
h
e
re
h
e
c
o
m
p
lete
d
h
is
b
o
o
k
o
n
Ro
b
u
st
Co
n
tr
o
l:
T
h
e
o
ry
f
o
r
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
,
a
n
d
at
in
d
u
stry
in
M
a
e
b
a
sh
i
w
h
e
re
h
e
e
n
v
o
lv
e
d
in
R&
D
o
f
E
P
S
.
S
in
c
e
2
0
0
2
h
e
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
c
o
n
d
u
c
ti
n
g
R&
D
a
t
th
e
In
d
o
n
e
sia
n
In
stit
u
te
o
f
S
c
ien
c
e
s
(L
IP
I).
P
re
se
n
tl
y
h
e
is
a
P
ro
f
e
ss
o
r
Re
s
e
a
rc
h
o
n
A
p
p
li
e
d
Co
n
tro
l
a
t
L
I
P
I.
His
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
a
re
in
c
o
n
tro
l
sy
s
tem
a
n
d
it
s
a
p
p
l
ica
ti
o
n
s
f
o
r
m
e
c
h
a
tro
n
ics
,
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
p
o
w
e
r,
p
o
w
e
r
e
lec
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
b
i
o
-
c
h
e
m
ica
l
p
ro
c
e
ss
e
s.
La
tif
Ro
z
a
q
i
w
a
s
b
o
rn
in
T
e
m
a
n
g
g
u
n
g
-
Ce
n
tral
Ja
v
a
,
In
d
o
n
e
sia
i
n
1
9
89
.
He
re
c
e
iv
e
d
b
a
c
h
e
lo
r
d
e
g
re
e
f
ro
m
Dip
o
n
e
g
o
ro
Un
iv
e
rsity
in
M
e
c
h
a
n
ica
l
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
2
0
1
3
.
His
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
w
a
s
o
n
c
h
a
rg
in
g
s
y
ste
m
,
b
a
tt
e
r
y
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
s
y
ste
m
a
n
d
c
o
n
tro
l
a
lg
o
rit
h
m
.
He
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
w
o
rk
s
a
s
a
n
ju
n
i
o
r
re
se
a
rc
h
e
r
in
In
d
o
n
e
sia
n
In
stit
u
te
o
f
S
c
ien
c
e
s
(L
IP
I)
to
d
e
v
e
lo
p
c
h
a
rg
in
g
a
n
d
b
a
tt
e
ry
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
s
y
ste
m
s
f
o
r
L
i
-
io
n
b
a
tt
e
ries
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.