Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of
P
ower E
le
ctr
on
i
cs a
n
d
Drive
S
ystem
s
(
IJ
PEDS
)
Vo
l.
12
,
No.
2
,
Jun
2021
,
pp.
736
~
744
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8694
, DO
I:
10
.11
591/
ij
peds
.
v12.i
2
.
pp
736
-
744
736
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
pe
ds
.i
aescore.c
om
Compari
son betw
een butt
er
fl
y opt
imi
za
ti
on alg
orit
hm and
particle
swa
rm o
ptimizati
on for tunin
g cas
cade PID c
ont
rol
system
of PMD
C m
otor
Ka
reem
G. A
bdulhus
sei
n, Na
se
er
M.
Y
asi
n,
Ihs
an J
. Has
an
Depa
rtment
o
f
E
le
c
tri
c
al Pow
er
Engi
ne
eri
ng
Tec
hnique
s,
Midd
le
Te
chn
ic
a
l
Univ
e
rsity,
Ir
aq
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Ja
n
21
, 2
0
2
1
Re
vised
A
pr
3
,
20
21
Accepte
d
Apr
11
, 20
2
1
In
thi
s
p
ape
r
,
tw
o
opti
m
izati
on
me
thods
are
use
d
to
adj
ust
the
g
ai
n
v
al
ues
for
the
c
asc
ad
e
PID
cont
rol
le
r
.
Th
e
se
al
gori
thm
s
ar
e
the
butterfly
o
pti
mizatio
n
al
gorit
h
m
(BO
A),
which
is
a
mode
rn
met
hod
base
d
on
tra
ck
ing
the
move
m
ent
of
bu
tt
erf
li
es
to
the
sc
ent
of
a
fr
agr
ance
to
r
each
th
e
be
st
positi
o
n
and
the
sec
ond
m
et
hod
is
par
ti
cle
sw
arm
o
pt
im
izati
on
(PS
O).
The
PID
cont
rollers
in
t
his
sys
te
m
are
used
to
cont
rol
the
positi
on
,
v
el
oc
it
y,
and
cur
ren
t
of
a
p
er
ma
nen
t
ma
gn
et
DC
mot
or
(PM
DC)
with
an
ac
c
ura
te
tracki
ng
tra
j
ec
tory
to
re
a
ch
th
e
d
esire
d
positi
on.
Th
e
si
mul
ation
r
esult
s
using
the
MA
TL
AB
envi
r
onme
nt
show
ed
tha
t
th
e
but
te
rfl
y
opti
miza
ti
on
a
lgori
thm
is
bet
t
er
th
an
th
e
par
ti
c
le
sw
a
rmi
ng
opt
im
i
zation
(PS
O)
in
te
rms
o
f
per
forma
n
ce
and
over
shoot
or
an
y
deviati
on
in
tr
ac
king
the
pat
h
t
o
reach
th
e
desire
d
posit
ion. W
hile
an
over
sh
oot
of
2
.
557%
w
as
observe
d
whe
n
using t
he
PS
O
al
gorit
hm
,
and
a
posi
ti
on
d
evi
a
ti
on
of
7
.
82
degr
ee
s
was
obs
erv
ed
from
the
r
efe
r
ence
po
siti
on.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Butt
erf
ly
opti
miza
ti
on
al
gorithm
Ca
scade P
I
D
c
on
t
ro
ll
er
Partic
le
sw
a
rm
opti
miza
ti
on
PMDC
This
is an
open
acc
ess arti
cl
e
un
der
the
CC
BY
-
SA
l
ic
ense
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Kar
ee
m
Gh
azi
Abd
ulhussein
Dep
a
rtme
nt of
Ele
ct
rical
Pow
er E
ng
i
neer
i
ng Tech
niques
M
id
dle Tec
hnic
al
Un
i
ver
sit
y
Ba
by
l
on, Ira
q
Emai
l:
en
gka
rim1984
@gmai
l.com
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
A
pe
rma
ne
nt
mag
net
DC
m
otor
(PM
DC)
i
s
a
simple
str
uc
ture
ty
pe
of
DC
m
otor
in
wh
ic
h
the
fiel
d
windin
gs
ha
ve
bee
n
re
placed
by
pe
rma
nen
t
ma
gn
et
s
an
d
hav
e
ma
ny
a
ppli
cat
ion
s
so
It
operates
as
t
he
same
basic
pri
nciple
as
a
sh
unt
co
nn
ect
e
d
m
otor
bu
t
the
dif
fere
nc
e
is
that
th
e
permane
nt
mag
net
ge
ner
a
te
s
the
require
d flu
x
i
ns
te
ad
of
fiel
d win
dings
[1], [
2].
Perma
ne
nt
ma
gn
et
DC
mo
t
ors
pro
vid
e
le
ss
outp
ut
power
than
DC
shu
nt
m
otor
beca
us
e
t
he
fl
ux
gen
e
rated
f
rom
pe
rma
ne
nt
mag
nets
is
le
s
s
than
w
hat
ca
n
be
ac
hieve
d
wit
h
fiel
d
windin
gs
s
o
mo
st
typ
es
of
small
DC
m
ot
or
s
a
re
pe
rma
nen
t
ma
gnet
D
C
m
otors
a
nd
these
mo
t
or
s
usual
ly
ope
rate
at
hi
gh
velocit
y
a
nd
li
ttle
torque
[
1],
[
3].
This
m
otor
has
ma
ny
app
li
cat
ions
s
uch
as
it
s
us
e
in
car
f
ront
wipe
rs
an
d
m
ov
i
ng
windows
f
or
c
ars
a
nd
house
ho
l
d
a
ppli
ance
s
s
uch
as
f
oo
d
mixe
rs
an
d
oth
e
rs
[
4]
,
[5]
.in
a
dd
it
io
n
to
t
he
importa
nce
of
us
in
g
it
in
CN
C machi
nes,
r
obotics,
and ele
ct
ric v
e
hicle
s [6], [
7].
The
mai
n
pro
bl
em
sta
te
ment
in
this
pa
per
is
how
to
get
th
e
best
pa
ramet
er
valu
es
f
or
c
asc
ade
P
ID
con
t
ro
ll
er
w
hic
h
giv
es
the
bes
t
accu
rate
res
ul
ts
f
or
trac
king
traj
ect
ory
the
r
efere
nce
posit
ion
a
nd
reac
hing
t
he
desire
d po
sit
io
n
at
a
regular
ve
locit
y.
T
o
a
dd
ress
this
proble
m stat
ement,
a
com
par
is
on w
a
s mad
e
b
et
wee
n
the
BOA
an
d
PS
O
meth
ods
f
or
e
x
tract
in
g
t
he
pa
rameters
of
th
e
casca
de
PID
con
t
ro
ll
er,
i
n
a
dd
it
io
n
t
o
us
i
ng
one
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Compari
son
be
tw
een butte
rfl
y opti
miza
ti
on
al
go
rit
hm
and p
ar
ti
cl
e swar
m
…
(
Karee
m G.
Ab
du
l
hu
s
sei
n
)
737
of
the
perf
or
m
ance
crit
eria
w
hich
is
integ
ral
ti
me
a
bsolute
error
(I
T
AE
)
t
o
re
du
ce
t
he
er
ror
bet
ween
in
pu
t
a
nd
ou
t
pu
t
f
or
t
his
sy
ste
m.
The
casca
de
P
ID
c
on
t
ro
ll
er
wh
ic
h
is
us
e
d
in
this
pa
per
consi
sts
of
t
hree
con
t
ro
ll
ers
,
the
cu
rr
e
nt
con
t
ro
ll
er
is
de
sign
e
d
as
an
in
ner
lo
op,
an
d
both
posit
io
n
a
nd
velo
ci
ty
a
re
ou
te
r
c
ontr
ollers
[
8]
.
P
,
PI,
a
nd
P
I
con
t
ro
ll
ers
are
us
e
d
instea
d of a P
ID
co
ntr
oller fo
r po
sit
io
n, velocit
y, a
nd c
urren
t
r
es
pecti
vely [
9]
.
The
pu
rpose
of
us
in
g
the
casc
ade
co
ntr
ol
unit
is
du
e
to
se
ve
ral
reasons
,
the
mo
st
imp
ort
an
t
of
w
hich
is
to
reduce
or
reject
disturba
nce
an
d
r
et
urn
to
the
ste
ad
y
-
sta
te
[10]
-
[
12].
Ther
e
a
re
se
ve
ral
meth
od
s
t
o
tun
in
g
the
pa
rameters
of
P
I
D
an
d
us
e
it
in
P
MDC
mo
t
or
s
uc
h
as
Zie
gle
r
-
Nich
ols
M
et
hod
(Z
-
N
),
Co
hen
-
Coon
method,
a
rtific
ia
l
neu
ral,
network
fuzzy
lo
gic
[13
],
[
14],
par
ti
cl
e
swarm
opti
miza
ti
on
(PSO
)
[
15],
[16
]
,
gen
et
ic
al
gorithm
[
17],
a
nd
butt
erf
ly
opti
mi
zat
ion
al
gorith
m (
B
OA)
[18
].
To
c
ompa
re
t
hi
s
w
ork
with
si
mil
ar
w
orks
,
a
li
te
ratur
e
re
vi
ew
was
ma
de.
In
20
14
M
d
Mustafa
et
al
introd
uced
a
BLDC
s
pee
d
c
ontr
ol
s
ys
te
m
usi
ng
G
A
[
19].
I
n
2015,
Ta
ha
et
.
al
.
us
ed
th
re
e
meth
ods
t
o
c
on
t
r
ol
the
casca
de
co
ntr
ol
sy
ste
m
[
9].
I
n
2018,
Wisam
et
.
al
.
in
tro
duced
a
s
ys
te
m
f
or
co
nt
ro
ll
in
g
P
M
DC
velocit
y
us
in
g
the
G
A
a
nd
D
S
met
hods
[
20].
i
n
2019
,
Fa
dh
il
et
.
al
.
us
e
d
a
fr
act
io
na
l
PI
D
co
ntr
oller
to
c
ontr
ol
P
M
DC
sp
ee
d
based
on
PS
O
[
21]
.
In
2021,
A
hm
e
d
et
al
introd
uce
d
a
sy
ste
m
to
c
on
t
ro
l
t
he
s
pee
d
a
nd
posit
io
n
o
f
the
servo mot
or [2
2].
This
pa
per
is
orga
nized
as
f
ollows:
I
n
t
he
seco
nd
se
ct
io
n,
the
mathe
m
at
ic
al
mo
del
of
the
P
MDC
mo
to
r
is
re
pr
e
sented
an
d
e
xpla
in
t
he
gen
e
ral
str
uctu
re
of
the
s
ys
te
m,
i
n
the
thir
d
sec
ti
on
,
t
he
t
wo
tun
i
ng
methods
are
e
xp
la
ine
d
w
hich
ar
e
PS
O
a
nd
BOA
in
a
ddit
ion
to
t
he
us
e
of
IT
AE
.
T
he
f
ourth
sect
ion
inclu
des
the r
es
ults a
nd
com
par
is
on, w
hile t
he final
se
ct
ion
incl
udes
a co
nclusi
on.
2.
MA
T
HEM
AT
ICA
L
MODE
L OF P
M
DC
MOTO
R A
N
D
GE
NER
AL
STR
UC
T
U
R
E
2.1.
Mathem
ati
cal
Model
of PM
DC M
otor
The
eq
uiv
al
e
nt
ci
rcu
it
for
a
P
M
DC
m
otor
s
how
n
in
Fi
gure
1
c
on
sist
s
of
an
ar
mat
ur
e
ci
rc
uit
consi
sti
ng
of
inducta
nce
(L
a
)
an
d
re
sist
an
ce
(R
a
)
co
nne
ct
ed
on
series
.
A
n
el
ect
rom
otive
f
or
ce
(E
a
)
is
gen
e
rated
as
a
res
ult
of
c
utti
ng
the
li
nes
of
fl
ux
ge
ne
rated
by
t
he
pe
rm
anen
t
ma
gnet
,
and
it
has
a
di
recti
on
opposit
e
to
t
he
directi
on
of
the
s
ource
vo
l
ta
ge.
The
mec
han
ic
al
pa
rt
c
on
sist
s
of
m
ome
nt
inerti
a
(J
m
)
a
nd
fr
ic
ti
on co
e
ff
ic
ie
nt (
B
m
). Th
e
oth
e
r paramete
rs
ar
e to
rque c
on
sta
nt (K
t
)
and
back em
f
c
onsta
nt (K
v
). T
he
b
loc
k
diag
ram of
P
MDC m
otor
with
the
posit
ion
outp
ut s
howe
d
i
n
Fi
gure
2.
Figure
1. Eq
ui
valent circ
uit o
f perma
ne
nt
-
m
agn
et
DC
mo
t
or
[
23]
Figure
2. Bl
oc
k diag
ram of
perma
nen
t
-
ma
gnet
D
C
m
oto
r
[
23]
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
2
,
J
une
2021
:
736
–
744
738
Fr
om
t
he
blo
c
k
diag
ram,
T
he
M
at
hemati
cal
Mod
el
of
P
M
DC
m
otor
with
posit
io
n
ou
t
pu
t
c
an
be
li
ste
d
in the
(1) t
o (4)
[23]
.
v
a
(
t
)
=
e
a
(
t
)
+
R
a
i
a
(t)
+
L
a
d
dt
ia
(
t
)
(1)
e
a
(
t
)
=
k
e
ω
m
(
t
)
(2)
T
m
(
t
)
−
T
L
=
J
m
d
dt
ω
m
(
t
)
+
B
m
ω
m
(
t
)
(3)
T
m
(
t
)
=
K
t
i
a
(t)
(4)
By
us
in
g
La
pla
ce trans
f
or
mati
on for t
he (
1)
t
o (4)
we ob
ta
in
.
V
a
(
s
)
=
E
a
(
s
)
+
R
a
I
a
(
s
)
+
S
L
a
I
a
(
s
)
(5)
E
a
(
s
)
=
k
e
ω
m
(
s
)
(6)
T
m
(
s
)
−
T
L
=
S
J
m
ω
m
(
s
)
+
B
m
ω
m
(
s
)
(7)
T
m
(
s
)
=
K
t
I
a
(s)
(8)
The o
ver
al
l t
ra
ns
fe
r funct
io
ns are
def
i
ned f
or v
el
ocity
a
nd posit
ion co
ntr
ol
of
the
PMDC
mo
to
r, res
pecti
vely.
ω
m
(
s
)
V
a
(
s
)
=
k
e
J
L
a
S
2
+
(
J
R
a
+
B
L
a
)
S
+
B
R
a
+
k
e
2
(9)
θ
(
s
)
V
a
(
s
)
=
k
e
J
L
a
S
3
+
(
J
R
a
+
B
L
a
)
S
2
+
(
B
R
a
+
k
e
2
)
S
(10)
Wh
e
re
k
e
eq
ual t
o
K
t
[
24]
.
Table
1
li
sts t
he
main c
omp
onents
and t
heir val
ues
of PM
D
C mot
or
Para
m
et
ers.
Table
1.
T
he
P
M
DC
Par
a
met
ers
[9]
Moto
r
Par
am
et
ers
Valu
e
Torq
u
en
con
st
an
t
K
t
= 2.3
5
N.m
/
A
Armatu
re
in
d
u
ctan
ce
L
a
= 2.6
1
*
1
0
-
3
H
Armatu
re
resistan
c
e
R
a
2
.61
Ω
Inertia c
o
n
stan
t
J
m
= 0.0
6
8
k
g
.m
2
Friction
coeff
i
cien
t
B
m
= 0.0
0
8
N.m
.s/
r
ad
Back
emf con
stan
t
K
v
= 2.3
5
V.s/rad
Load
torq
u
e
T
L
= 17
.6N.m
Ap
p
lied
vo
ltag
e
V
a
= 23
0
v
2.2.
General
struc
tu
re
of system
Figure
3
re
pr
e
sents
t
he
gene
ral
str
uctu
re
of
the
s
ys
te
m,
wh
ic
h
c
onsist
s
of
t
hr
ee
co
nt
ro
ll
ers
f
or
current,
velocit
y,
an
d
po
sit
io
n.
T
he
outp
ut
f
r
om
the
po
sit
io
n
c
ontr
oller
re
pr
ese
nts
the
re
fer
e
nce
vel
ocity,
the
ou
t
pu
t
from
the
velocit
y
c
ontr
oller
re
pr
e
s
ents
the
re
fere
nce
c
urren
t,
wh
il
e
the
out
pu
t
from
the
current
con
t
ro
ll
er
re
presents
the
c
on
trol
volt
age
(
vc
)
an
d
it
is
co
mp
a
red
with
a
tria
ngular
wa
veform
sig
nal
that
is
gen
e
rated
inte
r
nally
i
n
t
he
P
W
M
ci
rc
uit,
pr
oducin
g
a
KPW
M
ga
in
that
simply
re
prese
nts
t
he
P
W
M
c
on
t
ro
ll
er
and
t
he
dc
-
dc
s
witc
hing
m
ode
conve
rter
(i.e.
H
bri
dge
).
KPW
M
can
be
re
pr
ese
nted
by
t
he
f
ollo
wing
e
qu
at
io
n
in La
place t
ra
nsfo
rm
after
ma
king li
nea
rized
of the
d
c
-
dc
c
onve
rter
[24]
.
V
a
(
s
)
=
KPWM
∗
V
c
(
s
)
(11)
On
e
o
f
the
b
en
efit
s
of
the
cas
cade
c
ontr
ol
s
yst
em,
i
n
a
ddit
ion
to
the
b
ene
f
it
s
mentio
ne
d
pr
e
viously
,
is
the
abili
ty
t
o
put
li
mit
s
on
t
he
ref
e
re
nce
si
gnal
s
f
or
the
s
yst
em
in
orde
r
t
o
protect
the
P
M
DC
m
otor
a
nd
the
powe
r
el
ect
r
on
ic
co
nverter
.
In
this
pa
pe
r,
li
mit
s
wer
e
placed
on
the
velocit
y
ref
e
re
nce
by
an
a
mou
nt
t
hat
does
no
t
e
xceed
t
he
rated
m
otor
vel
ocity,
as w
el
l
as
li
mit
,
was
pla
ced
on
the r
efe
ren
ce v
oltage
c
om
in
g
ou
t of
t
he
PI
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Compari
son
be
tw
een butte
rfl
y opti
miza
ti
on
al
go
rit
hm
and p
ar
ti
cl
e swar
m
…
(
Karee
m G.
Ab
du
l
hu
s
sei
n
)
739
current
by
5v,
wh
ic
h
re
pr
es
ents
the
co
ntr
ol
volt
age
(
vc
)
an
d
is
co
m
par
e
d
wit
h
a
tria
ngular
vo
lt
age
as
exp
la
ine
d
[
24]
.
Figure
3. Ge
ne
ral str
uctur
e
3.
TUNING
M
E
THOD
3.1.
Part
ic
le
s
w
ar
m o
p
timi
za
tio
n
(P
SO
)
Partic
le
s
wa
r
m
al
gorit
hm
(
PSO)
is
pr
opose
d
by
Ke
nn
e
dy
a
nd
E
berh
art
an
d
it
was
m
od
ifie
d
t
o
impro
ve
it
s
pe
rformance
by
add
i
ng
a
ne
w
par
a
mete
r
cal
le
d
inerti
a
wei
gh
t
[
25]
.
It
w
hi
ch
bases
on
a
swarm
base
f
or
u
si
ng
an
obse
rv
at
io
n
of
s
ocial
be
havi
or
of
m
ovin
g
orga
nisms
S
uc
h
as
a
gat
her
i
ng
of
fis
h
or
a
fl
ock
o
f
bir
ds
.
The
al
gorit
hm
is
rel
at
ed
to
t
he
co
mputat
io
nal
meth
od
th
at
op
ti
mize
s
th
e
pro
blem
W
he
re
floc
ks
of
bir
ds
ai
m
to
find
eat
in
g
be
ha
viors
a
nd
it
use
s
re
peated
ste
ps
t
o
reac
h
t
he
best
s
olu
ti
ons.
T
his
mea
ns
th
at
the
cand
i
date
s
olu
t
ion
s
are
pa
rtic
le
s
that
move
i
n
th
e
sea
rch
s
pa
ce
base
d
on
a
sp
eci
fic
f
ormu
la
ab
ov
e
the
pa
rtic
le
po
sit
io
n.
Ea
ch
par
ti
cl
e's
m
ov
e
ment
is
af
fected
by
it
s
local
va
lue,
an
d
it
s
obje
ct
ive
is
to
r
each
the
best
-
know
n
po
sit
io
ns
i
n
the
searc
h
-
s
pace
by
updatin
g bett
er
po
sit
io
ns
found b
y othe
r p
arti
cl
es.
The
al
gorithm
is
begu
n
by
est
ablishin
g
t
he
st
arti
ng
posit
ion
and
vel
ocity
ve
ct
or
s.
A
nd
ea
ch
it
erati
on
is
trie
d
to
fi
nd
the
be
st
value
by
eval
uatin
g
posit
io
n
a
nd
velocit
y
vectors.
E
ve
ry
par
ti
c
le
has
var
ia
bles
a
nd
dimensi
ons,
an
d
the
se
var
ia
bles
are
pro
blem
s
that
need
to
be
s
olv
e
d.
I
f
t
he
pro
blem
co
nsi
sts
of
fi
ve
dif
fer
e
nt
var
ia
bles,
t
he
par
ti
cl
es’
dime
ns
io
n
s
houl
d
be
ch
os
e
n
as
fi
ve.
This
al
gori
thm
depen
ds
mainly
on
fin
di
ng
t
he
po
sit
io
n
of
eac
h
pa
rtic
le
with
the
best
local
value,
a
s
well
as
fin
ding
the
best
ge
ner
al
s
warm
posi
ti
on
in
each
it
erati
on
. T
he
posit
ion an
d
s
pe
ed
a
re
updated
at
each
it
erati
on
base
d on (
12)
a
nd (13)
[21
]
,
{
26]
.
,
(
+
1
)
=
.
,
(
)
+
1
1
[
,
(
)
−
,
(
)
]
+
2
2
[
,
(
)
−
,
(
)
]
(12)
,
(
+
1
)
=
,
(
+
1
)
+
,
(
)
(13)
Wh
e
re
,
i=
pa
rtic
le
ind
e
x,
t=
it
erati
on
,
V
(i,j)
(t+1
)=
velocit
y
update
d
or
ne
w
velocit
y,
j=
dimesi
on
numb
e
r,
W=we
igh
te
d
i
ner
ti
a
it
s
value
betw
een
[
0
-
1],
V
(i,j)
(t
)=Cu
rr
e
nt
ve
locit
y,
r
1
,
r
(2)
=rand
om
coe
ffi
ci
ents
there
values
be
tween
[0
-
1]
,
X
(
i,j)
(t)=curre
nt
posit
ion,
c
1
,
c
2
=
acce
le
rati
on
c
oe
ff
ic
ie
nts
the
re
values
bet
wee
n
[
0
-
2]
a
nd
X
(i,
j)
(t
+1)
=
posit
ion
update
d
or
new
posit
ion
.
The
par
ti
cl
es
in
the
PSO,
posit
io
n
values
a
re
update
d
un
ti
l
the
numbe
r
of
it
erati
ons
is
reache
d
to
s
pecified
val
ue.
The
par
ti
cl
es’
changin
g
posit
ion
s
a
re
il
lustr
at
ed
in
Figure
4
a
n
d
Table
2
re
pr
es
ents
the
par
a
m
et
ers
of
the
PS
O
that
wer
e
use
d
in
t
his
w
or
k.
Fi
gure
5
s
hows
the
flo
wch
a
rt of t
he
p
a
rtic
le
sw
ar
m opti
miza
ti
on algorit
hm.
Table
2.
PS
O Paramet
er
s
PSO para
m
ete
rs
Valu
e
Iter
atio
n
10
Swar
m
size
20
No
dimens
io
n
5
W
eig
h
ted
inertia
0
.9
C1
,
C2
2
,
1
.5
LB,
UB
0
,
3
0
0
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
2
,
J
une
2021
:
736
–
744
740
Figure
4. The
c
on
ce
pt
of up
da
ti
ng
the
r
ese
arc
h
po
i
nt by
t
he
P
S
O
[
26
]
Figure
5. PS
O flo
wch
a
rt
[
27]
3.2.
Butt
er
fly
o
p
ti
mi
zat
io
n
algo
ri
th
m
(BOA)
In
this
pa
pe
r,
a
ne
w
meta
he
ur
ist
ic
al
gorith
m
in
sp
ire
d
by
nat
ur
e
cal
le
d
the
B
utterfly
I
mpro
veme
nt
Algorith
m
(B
OA
f
or
short
)
has
bee
n
pro
pose
d.
This
al
gorith
m
a
dopts
the
strat
e
gy
of
searc
hing
f
or
foo
d
or
mati
ng
bet
wee
n
bu
tt
er
flie
s
f
r
om
a
bi
ologica
l
po
i
nt
of
view
.
Butt
er
flie
s
use
sense
rece
pt
or
s
to
fin
d
t
he
so
urce
of food
by se
nsi
ng
t
he
sce
nt
of the
fr
a
gr
a
nce
(
nectar)
[
18],
[
28]
.
These
rece
ptor
s
are
s
pr
ea
d
ov
er
t
he
body
pa
r
ts
of
t
he
butt
er
fly,
s
uch
as
the
ante
nn
a
e
a
nd
t
he
le
gs
,
a
nd
they
a
re
ne
r
ve
cel
ls
that
are
fou
nd
on
the
s
urface
of
the
butt
erf
ly
’s
body
and
are
cal
le
d
chemical
rece
ptors.
The
butt
er
fly
ge
ner
at
es
a
sce
nt
of
di
ff
e
ren
t
i
ntensity
acc
ord
ing
to
it
s
fitnes
s,
meani
ng
tha
t
wh
e
n
the
bu
tt
erf
ly
moves
or
mov
es
from
one
pl
ace
to
an
oth
e
r,
the
f
ragranc
e
sp
rea
ds
ac
ross
these
dista
nces
,
an
d
oth
er
but
te
rf
li
es
can se
ns
e it
, a
nd thi
s
is the
me
thod
of co
mm
unic
at
ion
bet
we
en bu
tt
er
flie
s
[
18
]
,
[
28]
.
The
e
ntire
c
oncept
of
se
ns
in
g
an
d
odor
pro
c
essing
is
ba
sed
on
th
ree
im
portant
te
rm
s
,
a
)
t
he
sen
sory
modali
ty,
de
note
d
by
t
he
s
ymb
ol
c,
an
d
it
s
val
ue
betwe
en
[0
-
1]
,
b)
st
imulus
inten
sit
y,
symb
olize
d
by
t
he
sy
m
bol
I
,
a
nd
c)
t
he
siz
e
of
the
sti
mu
lu
s
or
force
on
w
hich
the
butt
er
fly
dep
e
nds.
It
is
known
as
powe
r
expo
nen
t a
nd
I
t i
s d
e
no
te
d by
the s
ymbo
l a
a
nd it
s v
al
ue
is
betwee
n [0
-
1].
The nat
ural
ph
enomen
on
of
butt
erf
li
es is
bas
ed on
t
w
o
imp
or
ta
nt issues
, whic
h
are
the
f
ormulat
io
n of
the
fr
a
gr
a
nce
functi
on
a
nd
t
he
va
riat
ion
in
t
he
i
ntensity
of
the
f
ragra
nce.
T
he
fr
a
gr
ance
f
un
ct
io
n
can
be
form
ulate
d
as
a f
un
ct
io
n of p
hy
sic
al
de
ns
it
y an
d
acc
ordin
g
to
(
14).
f
=
c
I
a
(14)
wh
e
re
f
is
the
per
cei
ved
ma
gnit
ud
e
of
the
f
ragrance
,
i.e
.,
how
stron
ger
t
he
fr
a
gr
a
nce
is
pe
rceive
d
b
y
oth
e
r
bu
tt
er
flie
s.
c,
I
and a a
re e
xp
la
ined
by
(14)
.
Wh
e
n
t
he bu
tt
e
rf
ly
can
sense t
he
smell
ema
na
ti
ng
fr
om
a
no
ther bu
tt
er
fly
, it wil
l mo
ve
to
wards it, a
nd
this
sta
ge
is
known
as
t
he
global
sea
rch
a
nd
can
be
re
pres
ented
by
(
15),
and
wh
e
n
t
he
bu
tt
er
fly
is
unable
to
sense
t
he
smel
l
emanati
ng
f
r
om
a
ny
oth
er
bu
tt
er
fly,
it
wi
ll
mo
ve
ra
ndoml
y
a
nd
this
st
age
is
cal
le
d
t
he
local
search
and
It c
an be
represe
nted b
y
(
16).
X
i
t
+
1
=
X
i
t
+
(
r
2
∗
g
∗
−
X
i
t
)
∗
f
i
(15)
X
i
t
+
1
=
X
i
t
+
(
r
2
∗
X
j
t
−
X
k
t
)
∗
f
i
(16)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Compari
son
be
tw
een butte
rfl
y opti
miza
ti
on
al
go
rit
hm
and p
ar
ti
cl
e swar
m
…
(
Karee
m G.
Ab
du
l
hu
s
sei
n
)
741
Wh
e
re
,
X
i
(t+1)
=
new
s
olu
ti
on
ve
ct
or
,
X
i
t
=s
olut
ion
vecto
r,
r=
ron
dom
numbe
r
(n)
betwee
n
[
0,1]
,
g=curre
nt
best
so
luti
on,
t=
it
er
at
ion
num
ber,
i=
bu
tt
erf
l
y,
X
j
t
an
d
X
k
t
are
jt
h
a
nd
kth
bu
tt
erf
li
es
from
th
e
s
olu
ti
on
s
pac
e,
a
nd
f
i
=t
he percei
ve
d
ma
gnit
ude
of the
fr
a
gr
a
nce.
The
bu
tt
er
flie
s'
search
f
or
f
ood
or
mati
ng
ca
n
occ
ur
on
both
local
a
nd
global
searc
hes.
T
he
butt
er
fl
y
can
s
witc
h
bet
ween
local
sea
rch
an
d
global
search
,
m
eani
ng
that
it
has
th
e
decisi
on
t
o
move
to
wa
rd
s
the
be
st
bu
tt
er
fly
or
m
ov
e
rand
om
ly
.
T
he
mode
t
o
switc
h
betw
een
l
ocal
a
nd
gl
ob
al
sea
rch
is
cal
le
d
a
s
witc
h
Pr
oba
bili
ty
an
d
denoted
by
t
he
s
ymbo
l
ρ
.
T
able
3
re
pr
ese
nt
s
the
pa
ramete
rs
of
t
he
BO
A
that
wer
e
use
d
in
this
work.
The
bu
tt
er
fly
op
ti
miza
ti
on
a
lgorit
hm
ca
n
be
re
presente
d
in
the
a
ppr
ox
imat
e
flo
wch
a
rt
sho
wn
i
n
Figure
6.
T
he
desig
n
of
a
ny
co
mp
le
x
s
yst
em
requires
the
sel
ect
ion
of
certai
n
c
rite
r
ia
that
giv
e
t
he
best
performa
nce.
These
f
unct
ions
are
known
as
pe
rfo
rma
nce
i
nd
ic
es
.
In
this
pap
e
r,
I
TAE
w
as
use
d
a
nd
it
can
be
represe
nted b
y (17)
.
ITAE
=
∫
t
|
e
(
t
)
|
dt
∞
0
(17)
Table
3.
Para
m
et
ers
of t
he
BO
A
Para
m
eters
Valu
e
Max iter
atio
n
5
No
searc
h
agen
ts
20
No
demens
io
n
5
Switch
pro
b
ab
ility
ρ
0
.8
Po
wer
ex
p
o
n
en
t a
0
.1
Sen
so
ry m
o
d
ality
0
.01
LB,
UB
0
.30
0
Figure
6. BO
A
f
lo
wc
har
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
2
,
J
une
2021
:
736
–
744
742
4.
RESU
LT
S
AND C
OM
PA
RIS
O
N
Simulat
io
n
wa
s
pe
rformed
on
the
s
ys
te
m
usi
ng
both
the
BOA
an
d
PS
O
meth
ods.
The
sy
ste
m
w
as
te
ste
d
in
case
s
of
loa
ding
a
nd
non
-
loa
ding,
a
s
well
as
in
the
case
of
a
sin
gl
e
in
put
or
m
ulti
ple
in
puts
t
o
e
ns
ur
e
that t
he
P
M
DC
mo
to
r ro
ta
te
s
a fu
ll
rotat
ion,
360 degrees
or a h
al
f ro
ta
ti
on.
Tab
le
4 re
pr
es
ents the casca
de
PID
par
a
mete
rs
e
xt
racted
by
bot
h
the
BO
A
a
nd
PS
O
meth
od
s
,
w
hile
Ta
ble
5
re
prese
nts
the
pe
rfo
r
mance
par
a
met
er
valu
es obtai
ne
d
f
r
om t
hese
tw
o
m
et
hods
.
Fo
r
the
purp
ose
of c
omparis
on
betwee
n
B
O
A
a
nd PSO
:
a.
An
ov
e
rs
hoot
was
obse
rv
e
d
wh
e
n
usi
ng
t
he
PS
O
met
hod
an
d
it
s
value
wa
s
2.5
57%.
T
his
i
nd
ic
at
e
s
a
dev
ia
ti
on
of
th
e
posit
ion
of
7.8
2
degrees
f
r
om
t
he
ref
e
re
nc
e
posit
i
on
w
hi
le
no
de
viati
on
of
the
posit
ion
occurre
d w
hen u
si
ng the B
O
A
met
hod see
Figure
7
(
a
)
.
b.
An
over
sho
ot
and
vel
ocity
de
viati
on
of
a
bout
18ra
d/sec
wer
e
obser
ve
d
w
hen
us
i
ng
the
P
SO,
w
hile
no
velocit
y de
viati
on
occ
urred w
hen usi
ng the
BOA met
ho
d
s
ee Fig
ur
e
8
(
a
)
.
c.
Wh
e
n
a
pplyin
g
f
ull
load
(
17.6N.m)
on
t
he
sy
ste
m
at
the
f
ifth
sec
ond,
it
was
no
ti
ced
t
ha
t
the
sy
ste
m
was
no
t
af
fected
w
hen
us
in
g
both
meth
ods,
or
w
as
af
fected
im
per
ce
ptibly
,
a
nd
t
his
in
dicat
es
the
dura
bili
ty
of
the casca
de
c
ontr
oller in
reje
ct
ing
the
d
is
t
urban
ce
see
Fig
ure
7
(
b
)
an
d
Fig
ur
e
8(b
)
d.
The
BO
A
met
hod
reac
he
d
th
e
require
d
val
ues
at
the
seco
nd
it
erati
on,
w
hile
the
PS
O
method
need
e
d
1
0
it
erati
on
s t
o
re
ach th
e
r
e
quire
d values
see Fi
gures 9
(a)
a
nd
9(b).
Table
4.
PID
pa
rameters
v
al
ue
s
PID
p
ar
am
e
ters
P
SO
BOA
KD po
sitio
n
1
3
2
.6568
7
7
.39
9
4
KP velo
city
1
0
2
.3941
5
5
.55
8
3
KI
v
elo
city
1
4
.21
4
0
0
.52
4
KP curr
en
t
2
3
.68
5
5
6
7
4
.30
4
4
KI
cu
r
rent
0
.17
2
5
0
.02
3
6
Table
5.
T
he
val
ues of
t
he per
forma
nce c
rite
r
ia
f
or
each tu
ning
me
thod
Perf
o
r
m
an
ce
crite
r
ia
PSO
BOA
Ris
e tim
e
(
m
s)
6
7
.31
6
6
8
.18
2
Settlin
g
tim
e
(s)
0
.2
0
.17
Ov
ersh
o
o
t
2
.57
7
0%
(a)
(b)
Figure
7 (a)
P
osi
ti
on
c
on
tr
ol s
ys
te
m at
no loa
d
case
(b) C
los
e up loa
d
ca
se
po
sit
io
n
c
ontro
l at
f
ifth
seco
nd
(a)
(b)
Figure
8. (a
)
ve
locit
y
c
on
tr
ol
sy
ste
m at
no lo
ad
case
(b) cl
ose
up l
oad case
v
el
ocity
c
on
tr
ol at fift
h
sec
ond
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Compari
son
be
tw
een butte
rfl
y opti
miza
ti
on
al
go
rit
hm
and p
ar
ti
cl
e swar
m
…
(
Karee
m G.
Ab
du
l
hu
s
sei
n
)
743
(a)
(b)
Figure
9. (a
)
B
OA cost
f
un
ct
i
on v
s
it
erati
on
(b)
P
SO cost
f
un
ct
io
n vs
it
er
at
ion
The
simulat
io
n
res
ults
sho
wed
that
there
was
no
posit
ion
de
viati
on
or
ove
rsho
ot
i
n
velocit
y
or
po
sit
io
n
w
hen
us
in
g
t
he
par
a
mete
rs
e
xtracte
d
by
the
BO
A
in
ad
diti
on
to
a
ccur
at
e
t
rack
i
ng
of
the
pat
h.
On
the
oth
e
r
hand,
w
hen
usi
ng
the
PSO,
a
posit
io
n
dev
ia
ti
on
of
7.8
2
de
gr
ees
and
an
ov
e
rs
hoot
of
2.557%
we
re
ob
s
er
ved,
in
a
dd
it
io
n
to
an
overs
hoot
i
n
the
velocit
y.
T
he
simulat
ion
res
ults
an
d
the
co
mp
a
rison
me
nt
ion
e
d
above
sho
wed
that t
he
B
OA a
lgorit
hm
ga
ve bett
er r
e
su
lt
s t
han the
PS
O
al
gorithm
.
5.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
In
this pap
e
r,
two
opti
miza
ti
on
al
go
rithms are
us
e
d
t
o
e
xtra
ct
the
P
ID
gai
ns
f
or
t
he
casca
de
c
on
t
ro
ll
er
of
a
P
MDC
m
otor.
T
hese
al
gorithms
are
P
SO
a
nd
BO
A.
The
simulat
io
n
re
su
lt
s
in
th
e
case
of
us
in
g
P
SO
sh
owe
d
a
cl
ea
r
de
viati
on
of
the
po
sit
io
n
f
rom
t
he
re
fer
e
nce
posit
ion
a
bout
7.8
2
de
grees,
in
a
dd
it
ion
,
a
n
ov
e
rs
hoot
of
2.5
57%.
O
n
t
he
ot
her
ha
nd,
no
posit
ion
de
vi
at
ion
or
overs
hoot
occ
urred
wh
e
n
us
i
ng
th
e
BO
A
al
gorithm.
Als
o,
there
is
no
over
sho
ot
in
the
velocit
y
w
hen
us
in
g
t
he
BO
A
al
gorith
m,
w
hich
le
d
to
a
n
accurate t
rack
i
ng of t
he path.
As
a
res
ult, the
BOA
alg
or
it
hm i
s
bette
r
tha
n
the
PSO al
gorithm.
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e
ct
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as
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I
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ero
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ca
n
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ahçe
,
“
Tun
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ca
sc
a
de
PI
(D)
con
tr
oll
ers
in
PM
DC
mot
or
drive
s:
A
per
form
ance
co
mpa
rison
fo
r
diff
ere
n
t
types
of
tuni
ng
m
e
thods,
”
2015
9t
h
Int
ernati
onal
Confe
renc
e
on
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lectric
a
l
a
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ineering
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ng
,
PID
co
ntrol
sys
tem
desi
gn
and aut
o
ma
t
i
c
tun
ing
usi
ng
MA
TL
AB/S
im
uli
n
k
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John
Wi
l
ey
&
Sons
,
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G.
L
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Ra
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and
A.
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,
“
Ser
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c
asc
ade
cont
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:
An
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surve
y,
”
2017
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Control
Conf
ere
nce
(ICC)
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J.
Jin
,
X
.
T
ang,
B
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Ye
,
a
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a
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“
Rob
ust
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sc
ade
p
at
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-
tra
ck
ing
con
trol
of
net
work
ed
i
ndustria
l
robo
t
using
constr
ai
n
ed
it
er
ative
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ee
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ck
tuni
ng
,
”
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,
D.
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y,
and
M.
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,
“
A
fuz
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c
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ase
d
brushless
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or
using
PF
C
c
uk
conve
r
te
r
,
”
Inte
rnational
Jo
urnal
of
Powe
r
El
e
ct
ronics
and
Dr
iv
e
Syst
em
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PE
DS)
,
vol.
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894
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IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
2
,
J
une
2021
:
736
–
744
744
[14]
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H.
Ahmed
,
B
.
Abd
E
l
Sa
mi
e
,
and
A.
M.
Al
i,
“
Compa
rison
betw
ee
n
fu
zz
y
log
i
c
and
PI
con
trol
for
th
e
sp
ee
d
of
BLDC
mot
or
,
”
I
nte
rnational
Jou
rnal
of
Pow
er
E
le
c
tronic
s
and
D
rive
Syste
m
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P
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,
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[15]
A.
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Obed,
A.
L.
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h
,
and
A.
K.
Kadhim,
“
S
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d
per
form
ance
eva
lu
at
ion
of
BLDC
mot
or
b
a
sed
on
dynamic
wave
let
neur
al
net
work
and
PS
O
al
gorit
h
m,
”
I
nte
rnational
Jo
urnal
of
Pow
er
El
e
ct
roni
cs
and
Dr
iv
e
Syst
e
m
(IJ
PE
DS)
,
vol
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,
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[16]
Y.
Ahmed
and
A.
Hobal
la
h,
“
Adapti
v
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il
t
er
-
FL
C
integra
t
ion
fo
r
torque
ripp
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