Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of
P
ower E
le
ctr
on
i
cs a
n
d
Drive
S
ystem
s
(
IJ
PEDS
)
Vo
l.
12
,
No.
1
,
M
a
r 202
1
, p
p.
489
~
498
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8694
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ij
peds
.
v12.i
1
.
pp4
8
9
-
498
489
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
pe
ds
.i
aescore.c
om
Load flo
w analys
is us
i
ng
Newton
-
Raphson
met
hod in pres
ence
of distri
buted g
ener
ation
Te
bba
k
h
Nou
reddine
,
L
ab
e
d Djame
l
La
bora
tory
of
Elec
tr
ic
a
l Engi
ne
er
ing,
Dep
artme
nt
of
Elec
tr
ical Eng
ine
er
ing, Unive
r
sity
of
Const
ant
i
ne
1,
Constan
ti
n
e
,
Alger
ia
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
A
pr
18
, 20
20
Re
vised
Jan
19
, 20
21
Accepte
d
Fe
b
2
, 2
0
21
Distribut
ed
gen
e
rat
ions
(
DG
)
,
sp
ec
i
al
ly
in
cl
ud
ing
ren
ewa
bl
e
sour
ce
s
such
as
wind
and
sun
ar
e
offe
r
ing
seve
r
a
l
opportunitie
s
f
or
the
cur
ren
tl
y
i
n
exi
sten
ce
distri
buti
on
netw
orks
and
bec
o
mi
ng
one
o
f
th
e
keys
of
tr
eat
me
nt
of
it
s
proble
ms.
Know
ing
the
eff
e
ct
s
o
f
ea
ch
kind
of
D
G
on
distri
buti
o
n
net
works
is
a
pri
mordi
a
l
t
ask
be
ca
use
DG
im
p
acts
diff
er
f
rom
on
e
k
ind
to
ano
the
r.
In
thi
s
pap
er,
we
h
ave
analyz
ed
an
d
co
mpa
red
the
eff
ects
of
two
ki
nds
of
DG
,
DG
which
provi
des
re
al
power
o
nly
and
DG
whi
ch
prov
ide
s
re
al
p
ower
and
rea
c
ti
ve
powe
r
at
the
sa
me
t
ime
connect
ed
at
t
he
critical
bus
i
n
DN
on
th
e
volt
ag
e
prof
ile,
rea
l
and
r
eact
iv
e
power
losses.
We
hav
e
propos
ed
Newton
-
Raphson
m
et
ho
d
using
Matl
ab
t
o
inve
stigate
the
im
pa
ct
s
of
the
s
e
two
kinds
of
DG
on
57
-
bus
IEE
E
dist
ribu
t
ion
te
st
sys
te
m
.
The
obt
ai
ned
r
esult
s
have
bee
n
expose
d
in det
a
il
at t
he
end
of
thi
s p
ape
r
.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Distrib
uted ge
ner
at
io
n
Distrib
ution ne
tworks
Power flo
w
s
yst
em
Power
l
os
ses
Re
new
a
ble s
ources
Vo
lt
age
pr
of
il
e
This
is an
open
acc
ess arti
cl
e
un
der
the
CC
BY
-
SA
l
ic
ense
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Teb
bakh N
our
edd
i
ne
Lab
or
a
to
r
y of
Ele
ct
rical
En
gi
neer
i
ng
Dep
a
rtme
nt of
Ele
ct
rical
En
gi
neer
i
ng, Uni
ve
rsity
of Co
ns
ta
ntine
1,
C
onsta
ntine,
Alge
ria
Emai
l:
te
bb
a
kh.noure
dd
i
ne@yah
oo.c
om
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
These
la
st
ye
ars,
t
he
ren
e
w
able
s
ources
i
nteg
rati
on
in
distrib
ution
ne
tworks
(
DN
)
,
desire
d
by
env
i
ronme
ntal
protect
io
n
de
man
ds
a
nd
t
he
mar
ket
de
regulat
ion,
raises
the
at
te
ntion
f
or
decen
t
rali
zed
gen
e
rati
on
pro
blems
[
1]
-
[3].
Distribut
ed
g
enerat
ion
(
DG
)
is
r
ou
ti
nel
y
cal
le
d
decen
t
rali
zed
gen
e
rati
on,
on
-
sit
e
gen
e
rati
on,
e
m
bedde
d gen
e
rat
ion
,
or
disp
e
rse
d gen
e
rati
on [4
]
-
[6].
Ther
ea
fter
the
insertio
n
of
di
sp
ers
ed
ge
nera
ti
on
i
n
distrib
ut
ion
netw
orks
DN,
the
netw
ork
volt
age
prof
il
e
an
d
po
wer
los
ses
a
re
aff
ect
ed
[7].
T
he
distrib
ute
d
gen
e
rato
rs
co
nt
ai
n
se
ver
al
ki
nd
s
of
e
nerg
y
so
urces
,
as
c
ombu
sti
on
gas
tur
bin
e
s,
in
du
ct
io
n
ge
ne
ra
tors,
s
ynch
ron
ou
s
ge
ner
at
ors
and
ren
e
wa
ble
energ
y
s
ources
suc
h
as
s
un
a
nd
wind,
with
m
odest
e
qua
ntit
ie
s.
It
su
ppli
ed
in
the
ove
rtakin
g
en
ergy
b
y
mea
ns
of
the
instal
la
ti
on
of
the
new
distri
buti
on
netw
ork.
[
8]
-
[
10].
A
D
G
un
it
sho
uld
be
e
xploit
ed
in
a
ma
nner
that
ma
y
be
e
xploi
te
d
in
par
al
le
l wit
h t
he
ex
ist
in
g dist
r
ibu
ti
on
netw
orks [11]
.
The
c
onnecti
on
of d
ist
ri
bu
te
d ge
ner
at
io
n
is
re
li
ant o
n:
[12]
•
the d
e
gree
of
ge
ner
at
io
n pre
vi
ou
sl
y
li
nke
d
•
the volt
age
lev
el
w
he
re i
n
the
DG
will
b
e li
nked
•
the great
nes
s
of the
DG
be
li
nked
•
the cat
eg
ory o
f
the
DG sug
ges
te
d
•
the ro
bu
st
ness of el
ect
rical
n
e
twork
at the
po
int o
f
c
onnecti
on
So
,
DG
siz
es
di
ff
ere
d
ac
co
rd
i
ng
to
the
cat
eg
ory
of
us
e
rs
a
nd
a
ppli
cat
ion
s,
it
can
be
li
nk
e
d
at
va
rio
us
vo
lt
age
le
vels,
small
siz
es
are
integ
rated
at
l
ow
est
evels,
m
edium
siz
es
a
nd
hight
siz
es
a
re
li
nked
at
me
diu
m
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
1
,
Ma
rch
20
21
:
489
–
498
490
and
high
vo
lt
age
le
vels
resp
e
ct
ively
[12]
-
[14
]
.
T
he
D
G
is
gro
up
e
d
f
ollo
wing
t
he
t
yp
e
powe
r
s
upplie
d
t
o
t
he
distrib
ution n
et
work, i
n
se
ver
a
l ranges
[
15]
-
[
18]:
-
Ki
nd 1
: DG p
rovi
des on
l
y real
p
o
w
e
r
:
T
h
i
s
k
i
n
d
c
o
n
t
a
i
n
s
m
i
c
r
o
t
u
r
b
i
n
e
s
,
f
u
e
l
c
e
l
l
s
,
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
l
t
a
i
c
a
n
d
ba
tt
eries.
-
Ki
nd 2
:
DG pro
vi
des real
po
wer
a
nd
r
eact
ive
powe
r: Th
is
k
i
nd co
t
ai
ns
s
yn
c
hro
no
us
machi
ne
li
ke
Com
bin
e
d Hea
t and P
ow
e
r
a
nd
gas
t
urbine.
-
Ki
nd 3
: DG p
rovi
des on
l
y react
ive
powe
r: s
yn
c
hro
nous
co
mp
e
ns
a
tors
a
re a
mon
g t
his
kind.
-
Ki
nd 4
:
D
G
pro
vide
s
real
powe
r
but
s
oa
k
up
reacti
ve
po
wer
:
This
ki
nd
is
ma
de
up
of
i
nductio
n
ge
ner
at
ors
exp
l
oited i
n wind id
us
tr
y.
Pr
e
vious
li
te
ra
ture
stu
dy
s
ho
ws
t
hat
volt
ag
e
val
ue
of
D
N
s
houl
d
be
preser
ve
d
i
n
a
well
-
de
fine
d
interval,
this
i
nter
val
is
bet
w
een
the
nomi
na
l
vo
lt
age
of
DN
min
us
5%
an
d
the
nomi
nal
volt
age
of
DN
pl
us
5%.
I
t
mea
ns
t
hat
t
he
volt
age
va
lue
at
al
l
t
he
bu
sse
s
is
in
t
his
ra
ng
e
[19],
[
20],
powe
r
lo
sses
i
n
t
ran
s
mi
ssion
and
distrib
utio
n
li
nes
ac
hiev
e
4%
to
5%
of
total
us
a
ge
[
21].
T
hu
s
,
t
he
minimi
zat
ion
of
act
ive
a
nd
r
eact
ive
powe
r
los
ses
i
n
the
distrib
ution
net
wor
ks
ha
ve
a
great
im
portance
f
or
ut
il
ities
in
w
orl
dwide
[
22],
[
23].
T
he
inco
rpor
at
io
n
of
disp
e
rse
d
ge
ner
at
io
n
un
it
at
un
reli
able
locat
ion
a
nd
siz
e
may
ha
ve
ad
verse
ef
f
ect
s
of
increase
d
s
ys
te
m
losses
an
d
c
os
ts.
[24
],
[2
5]
,
on
oth
e
r
hand
op
ti
mal
placement
e
nh
a
nce
the
DN
be
ha
vi
or
on
vo
lt
age
pr
of
il
e
plan, dec
rease
powe
r
loss
es, a
nd inc
rease
qual
it
y
of sup
plied
powe
r
[
26]
, [27].
Fu
rt
hermo
re,
s
ever
al
researc
he
rs
ha
ve
ca
rr
ie
d
out
works
on
the
rig
ht
sit
e,
siz
e
an
d
num
ber
of
D
G
un
it
s
i
n
DN.
These
w
orks
va
ry
bet
ween
the
a
nalytic
al
a
nd
opti
miza
ti
on
a
ppr
oach
e
s
wh
ic
h
have
pe
rf
ect
ly
determi
ned
the
ideal
sit
e,
siz
e
an
d
num
be
r
of
D
G
unit
s.
A
ut
or
in
[
28]
s
ugge
ste
d
a
met
hod
f
ounde
d
on
c
uc
koo
search
al
gorithm
(
C
SA
)
to
detect
the
ri
gh
t
sit
e
an
d
dimensi
on
of
DG
a
nd
ST
A
TCOM
i
n
the
rad
ia
l
distrib
ution
ne
twoks
R
DS
,
t
he
sugg
e
ste
d
m
et
hod
is
te
ste
d
on
se
ver
al
IE
EE
te
st
sy
ste
m
s
su
c
h
as
33
bus
a
nd
136
bus,
the
obta
ined
r
esults
we
re
face
d
up
to
oth
e
r
ap
pro
aches
al
ready
exist,
the
se
res
ults
in
dicat
e
th
at
the
su
ggest
e
d
ap
proac
h
has
a
preci
se
view
point
of
t
his
crti
cal
issue
an
d
causes
po
sit
iv
e
eff
ect
s
on
t
he
D
N
beh
a
vior.
A
utor
in
[
29]
pr
ese
nted
a
loa
d
fl
ow
al
gorit
hm
ba
sed
on
the
ba
ckw
a
r
d/for
ward
s
weep
ap
pro
ach
to
determi
ne
l
oa
d
fl
ow
iss
ues
in
RD
S,
the
s
ug
gested
a
ppr
oac
h
ca
n
be
us
e
d
in
va
rio
us
D
N
app
li
cat
io
ns
.
P
.
Gur
u
et
al
in
[30]
use
d
PS
O
al
gor
it
hm
t
o
i
nv
est
i
gate
t
he
i
deal
arr
a
ng
e
ment
of
D
G
i
n
IEEE
sta
ndar
d
33
bus,
the
ob
ta
ine
d
outc
ome
s
hav
e
al
so
bee
n
ve
rified
by
c
ompa
rin
g
with
t
he
pr
e
vious
w
ork
di
scusse
d
i
n
li
te
rature
su
r
ve
y.
M
.
Da
nes
hv
a
ret
et
al
in
[
31]
use
d
e
xc
hange
ma
r
ket
al
gorithm
(
E
M
A
)
to
detect
the
rig
ht
D
G
l
ocati
on
and
size
in
RD
S,
E
M
A
a
ppli
ed
to
s
olv
e
t
he
DG
al
locti
on
a
nd
siz
e p
r
oble
m
on
va
rio
us
t
est
sy
ste
ms
e
ffec
ti
vely
that
include
s
33
bus
a
nd
69
bu
s
IEEE
te
st
sy
ste
ms
,
the
nume
rical
resu
lt
s
ind
ic
at
ed
t
ha
t
act
ive
and
r
e
act
ive
powe
r
l
os
ses
are
minimi
ze
d,
t
he
volt
age
prof
il
e
is
im
pro
ve
d,
an
d
th
e
c
os
t
of
e
ne
rgy
not
sup
plied
is
minimi
zed
.
K
.
Ad
et
unji
et
al
in
[
32]
im
pro
ved
t
he
pa
rtic
le
swar
m
op
ti
miza
ti
on
(
PSO
)
a
nd
t
he
wh
al
e
op
ti
miza
ti
on
a
lgorit
hm
(
WOA
)
to
ha
ve
the
pr
eci
se
sit
ing
and
siz
in
g
of
DG
unit
s.
A
uto
rs
i
n
[
33]
pr
opose
d
gr
a
vitat
ion
al
s
earch
al
gorith
m
(
GSA
)
to
fi
nd
the
opti
mal
sit
e
of
DG
an
d
D
-
STATC
O
M
t
he
al
go
rith
m
ha
s
app
li
ed
on
69
bu
s
IEEE
te
st
s
ys
te
m
an
d
oth
e
r
sy
ste
m
s.
A
no
ther
ap
proac
h
adopted
by
D.
Kim
an
d
I
.
Ki
m
[34
]
wh
e
rein
t
hey
pro
posed
a
Ne
wton
-
Ra
phson
al
gorithm
us
i
ng
MATL
AB
for
the
opti
miza
ti
on
of
DG
unit
s.
In
this
pa
per
,
we
hav
e
c
hose
n
N
ewto
n
-
Ra
phson
meth
od
us
i
ng
M
at
la
b
to
in
vestigat
e
the
i
mp
act
s
of
tw
o
kinds
of
DG
c
onnected
at
the
c
riti
cal
bu
s
on
DN
be
hav
i
or.
It
is
an
al
yzed
the
im
pa
ct
of
D
Gs
on
volt
age
prof
il
e
an
d
powe
r
loss
es.
2.
RESEA
R
CH MET
HO
D
2.1.
Loa
d
f
l
ow ana
ly
sis
Power
flo
w
stu
dy
is
t
he
sig
nif
ic
ant
basic
to
ol
t
o
a
n
a
l
y
s
e
p
o
w
e
r
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
a
n
d
s
t
u
d
y
t
h
e
i
r
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
s
[35],
the
ai
m
of
loa
d
fl
ow
an
al
ys
i
s
(
LF
A
)
is
to
com
pu
te
t
he
volt
age,
phase
plu
s
real
a
nd
r
eact
ive
powe
r
of
t
he
whole
busses
in
t
he
powe
r
s
yst
ems.
T
he
bus
es
ty
pes
in
t
he
LF
A
a
re
swi
ng
bus
w
her
e
w
e
kn
ow
vo
lt
ag
e
an
d
ph
a
se,
P
V
bus
wh
e
re
we
know
volt
age
a
nd
real
powe
r,
P
Q
bu
s
w
her
e
we
know
real
an
d
re
act
ive
po
wer
[36].
New
t
on
-
Ra
phs
on
a
nd
Fast
-
D
ecoupled
meth
od
s
a
re
m
os
t
known
in
pow
er
flo
w
stu
die
s.
T
he
nodal
powe
r
sy
ste
m e
quat
io
n
is
us
e
d
to
dri
ve
the
b
a
sic
po
wer flo
w PF
[37]. As s
how
n
i
n (1) is
for n
-
bus s
ys
te
m
.
[
]
=
[
]
∗
[
]
(
1)
w
he
re
[
]
is
admitt
ance
M
at
rix
,
[
]
is curre
nts v
al
ue
at eac
h
no
de
M
at
rix
.
[
]
is b
us
es
volt
ag
es
M
at
rix.
=
∗
∗
=
+
(
2)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Load f
low
anal
ysi
s u
si
ng n
ew
t
on rap
hsonmet
hod
i
n prese
nc
e o
f
distri
bu
te
d
…
(
Te
bbak
h
N
ou
r
ed
din
e
)
491
As results,
w
e
hav
e
;
−
=
∗
∗
=
∗
∗
∑
(
∗
)
=
1
(3)
=
|
|
∑
|
|
=
1
[
cos
(
−
)
+
(
−
)
]
(
4)
=
|
|
∑
|
|
=
1
[
sin
(
−
)
−
(
−
)
]
(
5)
i=1,2
……….,
nb
w
he
re
|
|
:
is v
oltage ma
gn
it
ude
pe
r
-
un
i
t at
b
u
s
(i
).
|
∗
|
:
is co
njugate
c
urren
t
mag
nitu
de per
-
unit
at
bus
(i).
|
|
:
is real p
ower
injec
te
d per
-
un
it
inject
ed
at
th
e bus
(i).
|
|
:
is react
ive
po
wer pe
r
-
unit
in
je
ct
ed
at
the
bu
s (
i)
:
are c
onduct
an
ce
an
d
s
us
ce
ptance s
hunte
d
t
o
the
li
ne (ij
).
:
is
volt
age a
ngle
o
f
the
bus
(i)
:
is
volt
age a
ngle
o
f
the
bus
(j)
N
b
: numbe
r of b
use
s.
Power
l
os
ses
i
n
D
N
vary
acc
ordin
g
to
seve
ral
facto
rs,
a
s
the
s
ys
te
m
c
onfig
ur
at
io
n,
t
he
losses
le
ve
l
acro
s
s
sy
ste
m
powe
r
li
nes,
tr
ansfo
rmers,
et
c.
there
a
re
tw
o
cat
eg
or
ie
s
of
powe
r
losses:
real
powe
r
los
ses
an
d
reacti
ve powe
r
l
os
ses.
T
otal p
ow
e
r
l
os
ses i
n DN are
calc
ula
te
d
by
t
he (6
)
a
nd (7
)
[
38].
=
∑
|
2
|
∗
=
1
(
6)
=
∑
|
2
|
∗
=
1
(7
)
w
he
re
nbr
:
br
a
nc
hes num
ber in s
ys
te
m
|Ii|
: t
he
cu
rr
e
nt
m
agn
it
ude ci
rcu
l
at
ed
in
branc
h (i)
xi and
ri
:
reacta
nce a
nd
r
esi
sta
nce
of
branc
h (i).
Four
va
riables
are r
e
quire
d
to
com
pu
t
powe
r flo
w paramet
re
s,
w
hic
h
are
P,
Q,
V
a
nd
=
−
.
2.2.
Newton
-
R
ap
h
so
n
meth
od
It
is
obser
va
ble
th
at
i
n
t
he
nonlinea
r
(4)
and
(
5),
the
num
ber
of
f
un
c
ti
on
s
a
nd
t
he
numb
e
r
o
f
var
ia
bles
are
uneq
uals,
Th
us
the
cl
assic
al
m
et
hods
ca
nnot
so
lve
t
hese
e
quat
ions
;
w
hich
ex
plains
the
use
of
numerical
met
hods
to
s
olve
t
his
kind
of
eq
uations
New
t
on
-
Ra
phson
me
thod,
base
d
on
the
Jac
obia
n
matri
x.
The
el
ements
of
ja
c
ob
ia
n
matr
ix
ar
e p
art
ia
ls der
i
vatives v
al
ues
of
P
o
r
Q
w
it
h
res
pect
to
V
or
δ,
the
n
w
e
w
rite
the
(
8) [3
9]
.
[
2
3
⁞
+
1
+
2
⁞
]
=
[
2
2
2
3
…
.
2
2
|
̅
+
1
|
2
|
̅
+
2
|
…
.
2
|
̅
|
3
2
3
3
…
.
3
3
|
̅
+
1
|
3
|
̅
+
2
|
…
.
3
|
̅
|
⁞
⁞
⁞
⁞
⁞
⁞
⁞
⁞
2
3
…
.
|
̅
+
1
|
|
̅
+
2
|
…
.
|
̅
|
+
1
2
+
1
3
…
.
+
1
+
1
|
̅
+
1
|
+
1
|
̅
+
2
|
…
.
+
1
|
̅
|
+
2
2
+
2
3
…
.
+
2
+
2
|
̅
+
1
|
+
2
|
̅
+
2
|
…
.
+
2
|
̅
|
⁞
⁞
⁞
⁞
⁞
⁞
⁞
⁞
2
3
…
.
|
̅
+
1
|
|
̅
+
2
|
…
.
|
̅
|
]
[
2
3
⁞
|
̅
+
1
|
|
̅
+
2
|
⁞
|
̅
|
]
(
8)
w
he
re:
an
d
:
are
power ga
p
at
bus (
i
).
:
Vo
lt
age
an
gle
g
a
p
at
bus (
i
).
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
1
,
Ma
rch
20
21
:
489
–
498
492
Vo
lt
age
ma
gnit
ud
e a
nd
ph
a
se
angle va
riat
io
ns
wer
e
g
et
ti
ng
by:
[
[
(
)
]
[
|
|
̅
̅
̅
(
)
]
]
=
[
]
−
1
[
[
(
)
]
[
(
)
]
]
(
9)
Ther
e
by the
ne
w vo
lt
age
ma
gnit
ud
e
and
volt
age a
ng
le
val
ue
s ar
e:
(10)
The
it
erati
ve
s
ys
te
m
st
ops
w
hen the c
onve
r
gen
ce
crite
ri
on is co
mp
le
te
d.
(11)
w
he
re:
k
is i
te
rati
on
ɛ
is t
oleran
c
e
2.3.
Metho
do
l
og
y
An
IEEE
57
-
bus
distri
buti
on
sy
ste
m
c
on
ta
in
s
seve
n
ge
ne
ra
tors;
f
or
t
y
-
t
wo
load
buses
(PQ
bu
se
s)
a
nd
ei
gh
ty
br
a
nc
he
s
hav
e
bee
n
c
on
si
der
e
d.
T
he
sy
ste
m
to
stu
dy
has
been
operate
d
in
M
a
tl
ab
us
in
g
Ne
wton
-
Ra
ph
s
on
met
hod;the
IEE
E
57
-
bus
dist
rib
ution
s
ys
te
m
is
pr
ese
nted
in
F
igure
1.
Line
s
data
an
d
ge
ne
rators
powe
r
li
mit
s are
provide
d
i
n
T
able
s
2
a
nd
3 i
n
the
appe
nd
i
x
[40].
Figure
1. Sin
gl
e
li
ne
dia
gr
a
m
IEEE 5
7
bus te
st system
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Load f
low
anal
ysi
s u
si
ng n
ew
t
on rap
hsonmet
hod
i
n prese
nc
e o
f
distri
bu
te
d
…
(
Te
bbak
h
N
ou
r
ed
din
e
)
493
The
meth
odol
ogy
incl
ud
es
th
r
ee
sta
ges
.
T
he
sta
ge
numb
e
r
on
e
is
t
o
inte
rpret
the
loa
d
flo
w
a
nalysis
on
t
he
power
s
ys
te
m
without
DG.
T
he
sta
ge
num
ber
tw
o
is
to
locat
ed
bus
es
with
vo
lt
a
ge
vio
la
ti
on.
Avo
lt
age
vio
la
ti
on
ap
pe
ars
w
he
n
the
bus
vo
lt
age
is
le
ss
than
95%
or
more
tha
n
105%
of
per
-
un
it
nominal
vo
lt
a
ge
an
d
the
sta
ge
num
ber
th
ree
is
t
o
inter
pret
th
e
l
oad
flo
w
anal
ys
is
with
the
DG
at
ta
che
d
a
t
the
crit
ic
al
bus
.
DG
wh
ic
h
pro
vid
e
s
real
powe
r
only
(
kind1)
a
nd
a
D
G
pro
vide
s
real
powe
r
and
reacti
ve
powe
r
at
t
he
sa
me
ti
me
(K
i
nd2) h
a
ve b
een c
onnecte
d separatel
y at
th
e
bus
with t
he si
gn
ific
a
nt
vo
lt
age
vio
la
ti
on (c
riti
cal
b
us).
Ther
e
are
prop
os
e
d
the
foll
owin
g
sce
nar
i
os:
•
Ca
se 00: sim
ulati
on
without
c
onnecti
ng a
ny
DG in t
he dist
r
ibu
ti
on
netw
ork.
•
Ca
se 01: Co
nn
ect
ing
DG w
it
h
P
DG
=
12.5
MW,
Q
DG
=
0 MVA
r
a
nd P
ower
f
act
or =
1
•
Ca
se 02: Co
nn
ect
ing
DG w
it
h
P
DG
=
25 M
W,
Q
DG
=
0 M
VAr a
nd P
ow
e
r
fact
or =
1
•
Ca
se 03: Co
nn
ect
ing
DG w
it
h
P
DG
=
12.5
MW,
Q
DG
=
6 MVA
r
a
nd P
ower
f
act
or =
0.
90
•
Ca
se 04: Co
nn
ect
ing
DG w
it
h
P
DG
=
25 M
W,
Q
DG
=
12
M
V
A
r
a
nd P
ower
f
act
or =
0.
90
3.
RESU
LT
S
AND
DI
SCUS
S
ION
The ob
je
ct
if
of this sect
ion i
s
to ex
a
mine t
he e
ff
ect
of
D
G
c
onnected
at the
criti
cal
b
us
i
n dist
rib
ution
netw
ork.
As
it
was
me
nt
ione
d
at
meth
odol
ogy
s
ub
-
sect
io
n.
T
he
loa
d
fl
ow
a
nalysis
w
as
carr
y
out
on
the
distrib
ution n
et
work wit
hout
di
stribu
te
d g
ene
rati
on, th
is
will
b
e
us
e
d
as
a
re
fer
e
nce case
.
-
Ca
se
n°
00:
T
he
sy
ste
m
was
ope
rated
with
ou
t
li
nkin
g
a
ny
D
G,
the
ref
e
ren
ce
case
res
ults
in
dicat
e
t
ha
t
vo
lt
age
of
bus
ses
31,
33,
46
an
d
51
li
ste
d
in
Ta
ble
1
is
no
t
withi
n
the
5
pe
rcen
t
ma
rg
i
n,
t
he
rest
of
bu
s
ses
are
within
the
al
lo
we
d
volt
age
ra
ng
e
,
the
bus
nu
mb
e
r
31
is
th
e
bu
s
with
sig
nificant
vo
lt
ag
e
vio
la
ti
on,
t
he
Figures
2,
3
an
d
4
il
lustrate
t
he
vo
lt
ag
e
profi
le
.
Re
al
powe
r
a
nd
reacti
ve
powe
r
los
ses
a
re
equ
al
s
to 2
7.86 MW a
nd
121.67 MV
Ar
su
cc
essivel
y.
Table
1
.
B
us
es
with
volt
age
vi
olati
on
i
n
case
00
Bu
s
P
er
u
n
it vo
ltag
e
Refere
n
ce
v
o
ltag
e
|
Δ V | %
31
0
.93
6
1
.00
6
.40
33
0
.94
8
1
.00
5
.20
46
1
.06
0
1
.00
6
.00
51
1
.05
2
1
.00
5
.20
To
e
valuate
th
e
impact
of
D
G
co
nnect
ed
at
the
crit
ic
al
bus
on
the
s
ys
te
m
powe
r
lo
sse
s
an
d
volt
age
prof
il
e, t
he
fo
ll
ow
i
ng cases
w
her
e
conside
re
d.
-
Ca
se
n°
01:
a
12.50
MW
D
G
was
li
nke
d
t
o
bus
31,
the
r
esults
in
dicat
e
that
po
wer
lo
sses
de
crease
and
become
25.74 M
W
a
nd 11
2.9
3 MVA
r.
-
Ca
se n
°
02: a
25
MW DG
was
conn
ect
e
d
t
o b
us
31, t
he
re
su
l
ts
ind
ic
at
e
that
powe
r
loss
es
ha
ve
c
on
ti
nue
to
decr
ease
and
be
come
24.
94
MW a
nd 10
8.2
0 MVA
r.
-
Ca
se
n°
03
:
a
12.50
M
W
a
nd
6
MV
Ar
DG
was
co
nnect
ed
to
bus
31,
t
he
resu
lt
s
in
dicat
e
that
powe
r
los
ses
increase li
tt
le
bi
t
and
bec
om
e
25.47 M
W
a
nd
112.03
MVA
r
.
-
Ca
se n
°
04:
a 25 MW
an
d 12 M
V
A
r
D
G
wa
s
c
onnected
t
o
bu
s
31,
in
this
cas
e w
e
ha
ve
got
t
he
best
res
ul
ts
24.52 M
W
a
nd
106.91
MVA
r
.
3.1.
Vo
l
tage
profi
le
3.1.1.
DG
kin
d 01
T
he
Fi
gure
2
i
nd
ic
at
e
that
i
n
the
case
n°
01
(
12.
5
MW)
t
he
volt
age
ma
gnit
ud
e
is
im
pro
ve
d
tha
n
i
n
the case
n°0
2
(
25
MW
)
, i
ncr
e
asi
ng
D
G
siz
e i
s not
necessaril
y
a
good
fact.
Figure
2. V
oltage
prof
il
e
var
ia
ti
on
s
with
D
G
ki
nd
01
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
1
,
Ma
rch
20
21
:
489
–
498
494
3.1.2.
DG
kin
d 02
The
Fig
ur
e
3
rev
eal
e
d
that
t
he
vo
lt
age
ma
gn
it
ude
i
n
the
case
n°
03
(
12.
5
M
W
a
nd
6
M
V
A
r)
i
s
adequate
,
but
i
n
the
case
n°
04
the
volt
age
mag
nitud
e
at
bus
31
is
inc
rea
sed
over
t
he
i
nt
ern
at
io
nal
sta
nd
a
r
ds
range
(
1.1
28
p
u)
,
i
ncr
ea
sin
g
DG
siz
e
is
not
necessarily
a
good
fact
in
t
his
ki
nd
of
D
G.
T
he
Fi
gure
4
al
so
sh
ow th
at
case n
°
03
is
perfect
than
case
n°
01.
So
DG
w
hich
pr
ov
i
des
bot
h
act
ive a
nd
re
act
ive p
owe
r
is
more
us
ef
ul tha
n D
G
w
hich p
rovide
s
act
ive
power
on
l
y
.
Figure
3
.
Volt
age
prof
il
e
var
ia
ti
on
s
with
D
G
kind
02
Figure
4
.
Com
par
is
on am
ong ca
se
n°
01 et c
ase 0
3
3.2.
Po
wer los
ses
R
e
a
l
a
n
d
r
e
a
c
t
i
v
e
p
o
w
e
r
l
o
s
s
e
s
w
i
t
h
o
u
t
a
n
y
i
n
t
e
r
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
i
n
g
D
G
a
r
e
e
q
u
a
l
s
t
o
2
7
.
8
6
M
W
a
n
d
1
2
1
.
6
7
MV
Ar.
It
is
cl
ear
f
rom
the
Fig
ure
s
5
(a)
a
nd
(
b)
t
ha
t
kind
01
case
01
real
power
losses
wer
e
di
minishe
d
by
7,
61
%
and
r
eact
ive p
ower
l
os
ses w
er
e
diminis
hed
by
7,1
8
%,
case 02
r
eal
po
wer
l
os
ses w
ere
dim
inishe
d
by 1
0,
48
%
and
rea
ct
ive
powe
r
l
os
ses
w
ere
diminis
hed
by
11,
07
%
,
ki
nd
02
case
03
real
powe
r
l
osse
s
wer
e
dimi
ni
sh
ed
by
8,5
7
%
a
nd
reacti
ve
po
we
r
losses
we
re
di
minishe
d
by
7,7
0
%
case
04
real
powe
r
los
ses
we
re
dimi
ni
sh
ed
by
11,
99
%
a
nd
re
act
ive
pow
er
losse
s
wer
e
diminis
hed
by
12,13
%
as
D
G
siz
e
is
i
ncr
e
ased
as
po
wer
losse
s
are
re
du
ce
d,
e
sp
eci
al
ly
f
or
DG
ty
pe
02.
Ther
e
f
or
e,
siz
e
an
d
kind
of
a
D
G
pla
y
an
a
ccur
at
e
r
ole
i
n
po
wer
losses.
(a)
(b)
Figure
5
.
P
ow
e
r
l
os
s
es
var
ia
ti
on
s
;
(a
)
real
po
wer, (b
)
reacti
ve
pow
e
r
4.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
Du
e
th
e
c
urre
nt
a
nd
fu
t
ur
e
tren
d
of
el
ect
r
ic
it
y
us
e
rs
(s
uppliers
a
nd
c
onsume
r
s)
is
s
et
to
wards
increasin
g
the
integrati
on
of
DG
s
,
in
pa
rtic
ular
re
ne
wab
le
ene
r
gy
s
ource
s,
a
c
omplet
e
a
nalysis
ha
s
t
o
be
done
befor
e
li
nkin
g
DG
unit
s
to
pr
edict
the
impa
ct
s
of
D
Gs
kind
an
d
siz
e
on
distrib
ution
ne
twork
be
hav
i
or,
but
without
forg
et
t
ing
t
he
c
os
ts.
I
n
this
pa
per,
t
he
auth
ors
us
e
d
a
simple
nume
rical
meth
od
to
com
pa
re
the
impact
of
a
D
G
pro
vi
des
real
powe
r
a
nd
reacti
ve
po
wer
at
t
he
same
ti
me
an
d
D
G
pr
ov
i
des
on
l
y
real
p
ower
o
n
distrib
ution
network
vo
lt
age
pro
file
,
re
al
po
wer
losse
s
a
nd
reacti
ve
po
we
r
lo
sses
at
the
crit
ic
al
bu
s
.
N
ewto
n
-
Ra
ph
s
on
loa
d
flo
w
meth
od
without
an
d
w
it
h
distrib
uted
gen
e
rati
on
has
been
us
e
d.
F
r
om
the
res
ults,
it
has
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Load f
low
anal
ysi
s u
si
ng n
ew
t
on rap
hsonmet
hod
i
n prese
nc
e o
f
distri
bu
te
d
…
(
Te
bbak
h
N
ou
r
ed
din
e
)
495
been
s
how
n
t
ha
t
integ
rati
on
of
th
e
tw
o
ki
nd
s
in
distri
bu
ti
on
net
works
(cr
it
ic
al
bus)
ha
s
al
l
ow
e
d
en
ha
ncin
g
t
he
sy
ste
m
in
te
r
ms
of
powe
r;
unf
or
tu
natel
y,
wh
e
n
we
i
nce
ase
the
siz
e
of
D
Gs
a
neg
at
i
ve
ef
fect
a
pr
e
ared
on
vo
lt
age
prof
il
e
at
the
crit
ic
al
bus
a
nd
the
nei
ghbor
’s
buses.
Re
su
lt
s
ob
ta
i
ne
d
are
c
onfirme
d
by
A.
S
.O.
Ogu
njuyig
be,
et
al
.,
[41]
a
nd
oth
er
res
ults
avail
able
in
th
e
li
te
ratur
e.
T
he
r
ef
or
e
,
D
G
pr
ov
i
des
act
ive
powe
r
and
reacti
ve
powe
r
at
the
sa
me
ti
me
is
more
us
e
f
ul
than
DG
pro
vid
es
only
act
ive
pow
er
an
d
inc
reasi
ng
D
G
siz
e is n
ot n
e
c
e
ssaril
y
a
go
od fa
ct
f
or
distrib
ut
ion
netw
orks.
APPE
ND
I
X
Table
2.
Li
nes
data
N°
F
-
Bu
s
T
-
Bu
s
r
x
b
Ratio
1
1
2
0
.00
8
3
0
.02
8
0
0
.12
9
0
0
2
2
3
0
.02
9
8
0
.08
5
0
0
.08
1
8
0
3
3
4
0
.01
1
2
0
.03
6
6
0
.03
8
0
0
4
4
5
0
.06
2
5
0
.13
2
0
0
.02
5
8
0
5
4
6
0
.04
3
0
0
.14
8
0
0
.03
4
8
0
6
6
7
0
.02
0
0
0
.10
2
0
0
.02
7
6
0
7
6
8
0
.03
3
9
0
.17
3
0
0
.04
7
0
0
8
8
9
0
.00
9
9
0
.05
0
5
0
.05
4
8
0
9
9
10
0
.03
6
9
0
.16
7
9
0
.04
4
0
0
10
9
11
0
.02
5
8
0
.08
4
8
0
.02
1
8
0
11
9
12
0
.06
4
8
0
.29
5
0
0
.07
7
2
0
12
9
13
0
.04
8
1
0
.15
8
0
0
.04
0
6
0
13
13
14
0
.01
3
2
0
.04
3
4
0
.01
1
0
0
14
13
15
0
.02
6
9
0
.08
6
9
0
.02
3
0
0
15
1
15
0
.01
7
8
0
.09
1
0
0
.09
8
8
0
16
1
16
0
.04
5
4
0
.20
6
0
0
.05
4
6
0
17
1
17
0
.02
3
8
0
.10
8
0
0
.02
8
6
0
18
3
15
0
.01
6
2
0
.05
3
0
0
.05
4
4
0
19
4
18
0
.00
0
0
0
.55
5
0
0
.00
0
0
0
.97
0
20
4
18
0
.00
0
0
0
.43
0
0
0
.00
0
0
0
.97
8
21
5
6
0
.03
0
2
0
.06
4
1
0
.01
2
4
0
22
7
8
0
.01
3
9
0
.07
1
2
0
.01
9
4
0
23
10
12
0
.02
7
7
0
.12
6
2
0
.03
2
8
0
24
11
13
0
.02
2
3
0
.07
3
2
0
.01
8
8
0
25
12
13
0
.01
7
8
0
.05
8
0
0
.06
0
4
0
26
12
16
0
.01
8
0
0
.08
1
3
0
.02
1
6
0
27
12
17
0
.03
9
7
0
.17
9
0
0
.04
7
6
0
28
14
15
0
.01
7
1
0
.05
4
7
0
.01
4
8
0
29
18
19
0
.46
1
0
0
.68
5
0
0
.00
0
0
0
30
19
20
0
.28
3
0
0
.43
4
0
0
.00
0
0
0
31
21
20
0
.00
0
0
0
.77
6
7
0
.00
0
0
1
.04
3
32
21
22
0
.07
3
6
0
.11
7
0
0
.00
0
0
0
33
22
23
0
.00
9
9
0
.01
5
2
0
.00
0
0
0
34
23
24
0
.16
6
0
0
.25
6
0
0
.00
8
4
0
35
24
25
0
.00
0
0
1
.18
2
0
0
.00
0
0
1
36
24
25
0
.00
0
0
1
.23
0
0
0
.00
0
0
1
37
24
26
0
.00
0
0
0
.04
7
3
0
.00
0
0
1
.04
3
38
26
27
0
.16
5
0
0
.25
4
0
0
.00
0
0
0
39
27
28
0
.06
1
8
0
.09
5
4
0
.00
0
0
0
40
28
29
0
.04
1
8
0
.05
8
7
0
.00
0
0
0
41
7
29
0
.00
0
0
0
.06
4
8
0
.00
0
0
0
.96
7
42
25
30
0
.13
5
0
0
.20
2
0
0
.00
0
0
0
43
30
31
0
.32
6
0
0
.49
7
0
0
.00
0
0
0
44
31
32
0
.50
7
0
0
7
5
5
0
0
.00
0
0
0
45
32
33
0
.03
9
2
0
.03
6
0
0
.00
0
0
0
46
34
32
0
.00
0
0
0
.95
3
0
0
.00
0
0
0
.97
5
47
34
35
0
.05
2
0
0
.07
8
0
0
.00
3
2
0
48
35
36
0
.04
3
0
0
.05
3
7
0
.00
1
6
0
49
36
37
0
.02
9
0
0
.03
6
6
0
.00
0
0
0
50
37
38
0
.06
5
1
0
.10
0
9
0
.00
2
0
0
51
37
39
0
.02
3
9
0
.03
7
9
0
.00
0
0
0
52
36
40
0
.03
0
0
0
.04
6
6
0
.00
0
0
0
53
22
38
0
.01
9
2
0
.02
9
5
0
.00
0
0
0
54
11
41
0
.00
0
0
0
.74
9
0
0
.00
0
0
0
.95
5
55
41
42
0
.20
7
0
0
.35
2
0
0
.00
0
0
0
56
41
43
0
.00
0
0
0
.41
2
0
0
.00
0
0
0
57
38
44
0
.02
8
9
0
.05
8
5
0
.00
2
0
0
58
15
45
0
.00
0
0
0
.10
4
2
0
.00
0
0
0
.95
5
59
14
46
0
.00
0
0
0
.07
3
5
0
.00
0
0
0
.90
0
60
46
47
0
.02
3
0
0
.06
8
0
0
.00
3
2
0
61
47
48
0
.01
8
2
0
.02
3
3
0
.00
0
0
0
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
1
,
Ma
rch
20
21
:
489
–
498
496
62
48
49
0
.08
3
4
0
.12
9
0
0
.00
4
8
0
63
49
50
0
.08
0
1
0
.12
8
0
0
.00
0
0
0
64
50
51
0
.13
8
6
0
.22
0
0
0
.00
0
0
0
65
10
51
0
.00
0
0
0
.07
1
2
0
.00
0
0
0
.93
0
66
13
49
0
.00
0
0
0
.19
1
0
0
.00
0
0
0
.89
5
67
29
52
0
.14
4
2
0
.18
7
0
0
.00
0
0
0
68
52
53
0
.07
6
2
0
.09
8
4
0
.00
0
0
0
69
53
54
0
.18
7
8
0
.23
2
0
0
.00
0
0
0
70
54
55
0
.17
3
2
0
.22
6
5
0
.00
0
0
0
71
11
43
0
.00
0
0
0
.15
3
0
0
.00
0
0
0
.95
8
72
44
45
0
.06
2
4
0
.12
4
2
0
.00
4
0
0
73
40
56
0
.00
0
0
1
.19
5
0
0
.00
0
0
0
.95
8
74
56
41
0
.55
3
0
0
.54
9
0
0
.00
0
0
0
75
56
42
0
.21
2
5
0
.35
4
0
0
.00
0
0
0
76
39
57
0
.00
0
0
1
.35
5
0
0
.00
0
0
0
.98
0
77
57
56
0
.17
4
0
0
.26
0
0
0
.00
0
0
0
78
38
49
0
.11
5
0
0
.17
7
0
0
.00
3
0
0
79
38
48
0
.03
1
2
0
.04
8
2
0
.00
0
0
0
80
9
55
0
.00
0
0
0
.12
0
5
0
.00
0
0
0
.94
0
Table
3.
Ge
nerat
or
s
powe
r
li
mit
s
N°
Bu
s
P m
ax
(M
W
)
P m
in
(M
W
)
Q max
(
M
VAr
)
Q m
in
(M
VAr
)
1
1
5
7
5
.88
0
200
-
140
2
2
100
0
50
-
17
3
3
140
0
60
-
10
4
6
100
0
25
-
8
5
8
550
0
200
-
140
6
9
100
0
9
-
3
7
12
410
0
155
-
150
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
A.
Sorin,
et
al.,
"S
olut
ions
for
e
ner
gy
losses
red
uct
ion
in
power
ne
tworks
with
ren
ewa
bl
e
ene
rg
y
source
s,"
201
6
Inte
rnational
Co
nfe
renc
e
on
App
li
ed
and
Theoret
ic
al
Elec
tri
ci
t
y
(
ICATE)
,
Cr
ai
ov
a
,
2016
,
pp
.
1
-
6.
[2]
L.
Ione
l
,
et
a
l.,
"
Impa
c
t
of
Distr
i
bute
d
Gen
erati
o
n
on
vol
ta
ge
pro
fil
e
and
pow
er
l
oss
es
in
a
te
st
p
ower
grid,
"
201
7
Inte
rnational
Co
nfe
renc
e
on
Opt
imizati
on
of
Ele
ct
rical
and
E
lec
tronic
Equ
ipmen
t
(OPTIM)
&
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017
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t
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ISSN
:
2088
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8
694
In
t J
P
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Ele
c
&
D
ri S
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t,
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Ma
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498
BIOGR
AP
H
I
ES
OF
A
UTH
ORS
Tebb
ak
h
Nou
red
din
e
:
was
born
in
Ta
dj
ena
n
et
,
Alger
ia
in
(1971
),
h
e
re
ce
iv
ed
hi
s
B.
S
and
M.S
degr
ee
s
in
Elec
t
ric
a
l
Engi
ne
eri
n
g
Pow
er
sys
te
m
from
Seti
f
1
U
nive
rsity
(Alge
r
i
a)
in
1994
and
2017
respe
c
ti
v
e
ly.
He
is
cur
re
ntl
y
a
Ph.D.
st
udent
at
a
la
bo
rat
ory
of
E
le
c
tr
ic
Engi
ne
eri
ng
,
Depa
rtment
o
f
E
le
c
tri
c
al E
ngin
eering
Constan
ti
ne
.
Univer
si
ty
of
C
onstant
ine 1(Alg
eri
a)
.
His re
sea
r
ch
a
cti
vit
ie
s
are c
urr
ently
intere
st
ing
on
distri
bute
d
gen
er
at
ion
im
p
ac
t
on
volt
ag
e
profil
e
and
ener
gy
losses on
th
e el
e
ct
ri
ca
l
power
sys
te
m.
E
-
mail: te
bb
akh.noureddi
ne@y
a
hoo.
com
Lab
ed
Djamel
:
recei
ved
his
B
.
Sc.
d
egr
e
e
in
El
e
ct
ri
ca
l
Engi
n
ee
ring
from
the
Univer
sity
o
f
Annaba
,
Alger
ia,
in
1983,
th
e
M.Sc.
degr
e
e
in
E
le
c
trica
l
R
ese
arc
h
Network
fr
om
the
E
col
e
Polyte
chni
qu
e
o
f
Montre
al
,
Can
ada
,
in
1986
,
an
d
a
Ph.D.
degr
ee
in
Elec
tri
c
al
En
gine
er
ing
f
ro
m
Mentouri
Univ
er
sity
of
Const
ant
i
ne,
Alg
eria.
In
1987,
h
e
jo
ined Ment
ouri
Univ
ersit
y
Constan
ti
n
e,
Alg
eria,
h
as
l
e
ct
ure
r
with the
Depa
rt
me
nt
of
El
e
ct
ri
ca
l
Engi
n
ee
ring
,
where
h
e
has
bee
n
a
F
ull
Profess
or,
a
nd
ac
tu
al
ly
h
e
is
Dire
ct
or
of
El
e
ct
ri
ca
l
Eng
in
ee
r
i
ng
L
abor
at
or
y
Constantine L
GEC.
His
rese
arc
h
a
ctivit
i
es
fo
cus
on
:
Imp
ac
ts
of
Dis
tri
bute
d
Gen
erat
ion;
Diffe
r
ent
t
e
chni
ques
for
opti
mizing
the
o
pti
mal
power
f
lo
w;
Ide
nti
f
icati
on
of
the
we
ake
st
b
uses
to
facil
i
ta
t
e
the
sea
r
ch
for
opti
mal
lo
ca
t
ion
of
Var
source
s
;
Ext
r
em
e
learni
ng
ma
ch
ine
b
ase
d
alleviat
ion
For
over
loa
d
ed
power
sys
te
m;
Stabi
lity
of
gro
ups;
Pow
er
flo
w
me
thod
for
DC
net
works
in
te
gra
te
d
int
o
A
C;
Analysis
of
var
i
ous
kinds
of
issue
quality
of
el
e
ctric
power
ca
used
by
ren
ewa
b
le
e
ner
gy
source
s.
E
-
m
a
il
:
djame
l_labed@ya
hoo
.
fr
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.