Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of
P
ower E
le
ctr
on
i
cs a
n
d
Drive
S
ystem
(I
J
PE
D
S
)
Vo
l.
11
,
N
o.
3
,
Septem
be
r
2020
, pp.
16
0
3
~
16
0
9
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8694
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ij
peds
.
v
1
1
.i
3
.
pp
16
0
3
-
16
0
9
1603
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
pe
ds
.i
aescore.c
om
Decrysta
llizati
on with
hig
h curre
nt puls
es
t
echniqu
e for
capacity
restor
ation o
f i
ndustrial n
ickel
-
cadm
ium batte
ry
M.
P.
M
art
in
1
,
As
mar
as
hid
Pon
nir
an
2
,
R.
A.
R
ah
m
an
3
,
N.
S. M.
Ibr
ahi
m
4
, A. E
ah
am
bram
5
,
M.
H. Azi
z
6
,
A.
M. Y
as
sin
7
1,
2,
4
Facul
ty
of El
ec
tr
ic
a
l and Elec
troni
c
Engi
n
ee
r
i
ng,
Univer
si
ti T
un
Hus
sein
Onn
Mala
ysia
,
Ma
la
y
sia
3
Facul
ty
of
Me
c
hani
c
al
and
Man
ufa
ct
ur
ing, Univ
ersit
i
Tun
Hus
se
in
Onn Mal
aysia,
Mal
aysia
5,6,7
Rene
wce
ll (
M) Sdn.
Bhd.
,
B
anda
r
Buk
it Ra
j
a
,
Mal
aysia
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Feb
1
9
, 20
20
Re
vised
A
pr
5
,
20
20
Accepte
d
A
pr
20
, 20
20
The
proc
ess
of
cry
stallizati
on
o
cc
urre
d
du
e
to
t
he
proc
ess
of
c
har
ging
and
discha
rging
dur
i
ng
the
usag
e
of
the
Nick
el
-
C
ad
mi
um
(Ni
-
Cd)
b
at
t
ery
where
cry
stalline
form
ed
on
the
surfac
e
of
the
batter
y
pla
t
e.
Thi
s
si
tuation
ca
uses
the
im
p
eda
n
ce
o
f
th
e
Ni
-
Cd
ba
tt
e
ry
in
creased
and
con
tri
but
e
to
th
e
inc
r
em
en
t
of
th
e
b
atter
y
t
e
mpe
ra
ture
and
b
at
t
ery
im
ped
ance.
High
batter
y
t
em
per
at
ure
will
c
ause
the
per
forma
n
ce
of
Ni
-
Cd
bat
t
ery
det
er
iora
t
es.
Th
ere
fore
,
th
is
study
is
inve
stig
at
ed
on
the
per
f
orma
nc
e
of
indu
stria
l
Ni
-
Cd
batt
ery
during
the
pro
ce
ss
of
cr
ystal
liza
ti
on
and
de
-
cry
st
allizati
o
n
with
h
igh
cur
r
ent
pu
lses.
By
thi
s
t
ec
hniq
ue,
it
is
ca
p
abl
e
to
bre
ak
th
e
fo
rme
d
cry
stalline
to
re
cover
bac
k
the
ca
p
ac
i
ty
loss
and
enh
anc
ed
the
per
fo
rma
nc
e
of
Ni
-
C
d
bat
t
ery
.
The
ref
or
e,
th
e
st
udy
resul
ts
show
n
th
at
the
li
fe
cy
cl
es
and
c
apaci
t
y
of
the
Ni
-
Cd
batter
y
inc
r
e
ase
d
up
to
41%
of
i
ts
c
apaci
ty
aft
er
th
e
de
-
cry
stal
liza
ti
on
ta
ke
p
l
a
ce
by
injecting
high
cur
re
nt
pulses.
Conse
quent
ly
,
th
e
li
f
e
span
of
the
Nicke
l
-
C
adm
iu
m
ba
tt
ery
enh
an
ce
d,
and
th
e
ba
ttery
is r
evi
v
ed.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Ca
pacit
y
lo
ss
Current
pulse
s
De
-
c
rysta
ll
iz
ation
Nickel
-
Ca
dm
i
um
batte
r
y
High
batte
ry tempe
ratur
e
This
is an
open
acc
ess arti
cl
e
un
der
the
CC
BY
-
SA
l
ic
ense
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Asm
a
ras
hid
Ponn
i
ran,
Faculty
of Elec
tric
al
an
d El
ect
ronic E
ng
i
neeri
ng
,
Un
i
ver
sit
i
T
un
Hu
s
sei
n O
nn
M
al
aysia,
86400 Pa
rit R
aj
a, Joh
or
,
M
al
aysia.
Emai
l:
asmar
@u
t
hm
.e
du.m
y
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
In
recent
year
s
,
high
needs
in
the
mainte
nance
of
batte
ries
is
emerg
i
ng
du
e
to
the
en
er
gy
transiti
on
from
veh
ic
le
s
that
us
e
d
co
mbusti
on
a
s
e
ne
rgy
t
o
el
ect
rical
energ
y
[
1
-
5].
With
this
the
e
missi
on
of
gr
e
enho
use
gases
is
re
du
c
ed
as
it
becom
e
majo
r
c
on
ce
r
n
i
ss
ues
nowa
days
[
6
-
9].
Ba
t
te
ry
is
a
te
ch
nolo
gy
that
ca
pa
ble
to
trans
form
che
mica
l
energ
y
t
o
el
ect
rical
.
T
he
e
nerg
y
st
ored
in
the
batt
ery
is
us
ed
th
rou
gh
the
pro
cess
o
f
ox
i
dation
-
re
du
ct
ion
w
he
re
th
e
moveme
nt
of
the
el
ect
ron
pro
duced
a
n
el
e
ct
ro
m
otive
for
ce
wh
ic
h
al
so
known
as
volt
age.
Ba
tt
eries
are
generall
y
cl
assifi
e
d
as
ei
ther
pri
mar
y
or
seco
ndar
y.
Pr
ima
r
y
batte
ries
are
th
e
typ
e
that
ma
y
only
use
one
ti
me
bec
ause
th
e
a
ct
ive
mate
rial
s
are
us
e
d
up
wh
e
n
the
cel
l
discha
rg
e
s.
O
nc
e
th
e
pr
ima
ry
ba
tt
ery
is
discha
r
ge
d
c
omplet
el
y,
it
is
discar
ded.
M
ea
nwhile
,
t
he
sec
onda
ry
batte
ries
ma
y
be
us
e
d
rep
eat
e
dly
bec
ause
t
he
c
hemi
cal
reacti
on
w
hich
pro
duces
el
ect
rical
energy
ca
n
be
rev
e
rsed
by
rec
hargin
g
t
he
batte
ry.
Ni
-
Cd
batte
ries
is
on
e
of
the
sec
ondary
batte
ries
t
hat
ha
ve
u
se
d
in
massi
ve
a
pp
li
cat
ion
s
in
dif
fer
e
nt
industrial
a
rea
es
pecial
ly
i
n
trans
portat
ion
and
UP
S
due
to
t
heir
hi
gh
performa
nce
a
nd
a
ble
t
o
rec
harg
e
rap
i
dly
[10
].
More
over,
the
Ni
-
Cd
batte
r
y ha
ve hig
h
e
nerg
y de
ns
it
y.
In
the
Ni
-
C
d
c
el
l,
nickel
ox
yhyd
roxide
(
Ni
OOH)
is
t
he
c
harge
d
act
ive
mate
rial
in
t
he
po
sit
ive
plate
.
Durin
g
disc
harge,
the
c
harge
nickel
hy
droxi
de
goes
to
a
lowe
r
vale
nce
sta
te
by
acce
pt
ing
el
ect
rons
fro
m
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dr
i
S
ys
t
,
V
ol
.
1
1
, N
o.
3
,
Se
ptembe
r
2020
:
16
0
3
–
16
0
9
1604
exter
nal
ci
rcu
it
Ni
-
Cd
batte
ry.
M
ean
w
hile,
cadmiu
m
(C
d)
meta
l
is
the
char
ge
act
ive
m
a
te
rial
i
n
the
ne
gative
plate
.
D
ur
i
ng
discha
rg
e
it
is
ox
i
dize
to
cad
mium
hydro
xi
de
an
d
release
el
ect
ro
n
t
o
th
e
exter
nal
ci
rcu
it
.
al
s
o
us
e
a
queo
us
s
olu
ti
on
of
pot
assium
hydr
oxide
as
t
heir
el
ect
ro
lyte.
T
hes
e
reacti
ons
oc
cur
in
t
he
el
ec
troly
te
wh
ic
h
act
as
medium
of
i
on
trans
fer
only,
therefo
re
the
re
is
no
sig
nifica
nt
cha
nges
tha
t
can
obse
rv
e
durin
g
the ch
a
r
ge or d
isc
harge c
ycle.
Howe
ver,
t
he
performa
nce
of
t
he
Ni
-
C
d
ba
tt
eries
de
gr
a
de
d
over
pe
rio
d
after
unde
r
go
chargin
g
an
d
discha
rg
i
ng
process
du
e
to
t
he
f
ormat
ion
of
c
ry
sta
ll
ine
[
11].
Cr
ys
ta
ll
iz
at
ion
is
an
el
e
ct
ro
c
hemical
r
eact
ion
that
occ
ur
s
w
he
n
the
Ni
-
Cd
ba
tt
ery
in
disc
ha
rg
e
sta
te
that
bu
il
d
gra
du
al
l
y
on
the
batte
r
y
cel
l
plate
s
[
12
-
13].
Durin
g
the
dis
chargin
g
proce
ss,
the
Nickel
-
Hydro
xid
e
i
n
s
ta
te
of
li
quid
is
trans
f
orm
i
nto
so
li
d
c
rysta
ll
i
ne
a
nd
forme
d
on
t
he
plate
s
urface
of
t
he
batte
r
y.
As
t
he
f
ormat
ion
of
the
cr
ys
t
al
li
ne
is
acc
umulat
ed,
the
siz
e
of
the
su
r
face
a
rea
of
the
plate
decr
e
ase
an
d
the
i
ntern
al
im
ped
a
nc
e
of
t
he
Ni
-
C
d
batte
r
y
is
higher
.
T
hu
s
,
the
batte
ry
t
emper
at
ur
e
al
so
i
ncr
ease
d
[14].
T
his
c
onditi
on
ca
us
e
the N
i
-
Cd
batte
r
y
su
f
fer
e
d
from
capacit
y
l
os
s
a
s
the
li
f
e
exp
ect
a
nc
y
to
be
c
orres
ponding
l
y
r
ed
uce
d
[
15
-
17].
T
he
f
ormat
io
n
of
t
he
cry
sta
ll
ine
al
s
o
co
ntribute
as
f
act
or
that ca
us
e
the
memor
y
ef
fect
in the
Ni
-
C
d b
at
te
ry
[1
8
-
19].
In
ord
er
to
overc
om
e
this
issue,
the
pro
cess
of
de
-
cr
ys
ta
ll
iz
at
ion
is
re
qu
i
red.
T
he
re
a
re
few
researc
hes
have
been
c
onduct
ed
to
im
prov
e
the
perf
orman
ce
of
Ni
-
Cd
ba
tt
ery
.
O
ne
of
t
he
wa
ys
is
us
i
ng
t
he
conve
ntion
al
way
w
her
e
a
ddit
ives
suc
h
as
carbo
n
po
wd
e
r,
car
bon
na
no
tub
es
,
ti
ta
niu
m
dioxide
,
glass
fibr
e
s
,
sil
ic
on
dioxi
de
,
al
um
ini
um
oxide
a
nd
boric
aci
d
[20
-
22]
i
s
add
e
d.
Othe
r
than
that,
the
app
li
cat
ion
of
low
current
a
nd
hi
gh
c
urre
nt
pul
ses
meth
od
t
o
resto
re
the
ca
pacit
y
of
the
batte
ri
es
is
al
so
possi
ble
[
23
,
24]
.
Howe
ver,
thes
e
methods
ha
ve
ow
n
merit
s
and
deme
rits
in
te
rms
of
t
he
ef
fecti
ven
e
ss
of
t
he
te
ch
nique.
Ther
e
f
or
e,
i
n
this
stu
dy,
de
-
c
ry
sta
ll
iz
at
ion
with
te
ch
nique
of
high
cu
rr
e
nt
pulse
s
is
ch
os
e
n
as
stu
dy
fo
c
us
wh
e
re
the
inje
ct
ed
high
c
urr
ent
pulse
s
f
or
c
e
the
el
ect
rons
at
the
batte
ry
plate
move
a
nd
c
hemical
re
act
ion
occurs.
T
o
ge
ne
rate
high
c
urr
ent
pu
lse
s
duri
ng
de
-
c
rysta
ll
i
zat
ion
,
a
powe
r
c
onve
rter
[
25
,
26]
is
c
onsid
ered
to
gen
e
rate
DC pulses as
the
ma
in po
wer su
pply
from
t
he
m
ai
n gr
i
d
in
A
C
sta
te
.
Ther
e
a
re
tw
o
typ
es
of
c
ry
sta
ll
ine
wh
ic
h
a
re
so
ft
cr
ys
ta
ll
in
e
and
hard
cr
yst
al
li
ne
No
r
ma
ll
y,
mo
st
of
the
s
of
t
c
rysta
ll
ine
able
to
break
do
wn
int
o
el
ect
r
oly
te
t
hro
ugh
norm
al
proces
s
of
di
schargin
g.
But
,
s
of
t
-
cry
sta
ll
ine
that
un
a
ble
to
br
ea
k
du
rin
g
the
di
schargin
g
proc
ess
will
form
ha
rd
-
cr
ys
ta
ll
ine
on
t
he
batte
ry
plate
after
per
io
d
of
ti
me.
The
refore
,
high
c
urre
nt
pu
lse
s
are
require
d
injec
te
d
t
o
the
Ni
-
C
d
ba
tt
ery
so
that
s
ome
o
f
the
hard
c
rysta
ll
ine
in
s
olid
sta
te
is
able
t
o
break
do
wn
a
nd
tran
sf
orm
int
o
li
qu
i
d
sta
te
of
Nic
kel
-
H
ydr
oxide.
Hen
ce
,
the
ai
m
of
t
his
stu
dy
is
to
obse
rve
the
sign
i
ficant
paramet
ers
of
the
Ni
-
C
d
batte
ry
s
uc
h
a
s
batte
ry
gro
up
vo
lt
age
,
disc
hargi
ng
t
ime
a
nd
batte
ry
ca
pacit
y
du
rin
g
befo
re
a
nd
a
fter
de
-
c
ry
t
al
li
zat
ion
by
u
sin
g
te
chn
iq
ue o
f high cu
rr
e
nt
pu
ls
es.
The
re
main
der
of
the
pap
e
r
is
orga
nized
as
f
ol
lows
.
A
br
ie
fly
te
c
hnic
al
f
ra
mew
ork
an
d
e
xp
e
rime
ntal
blo
c
k
dia
gr
a
m
descr
i
ption
is
discusse
d
i
n
Sect
ion
2.
T
he
resu
lt
s
a
nd
a
na
lysis
are
deliberate
d
in
Sec
ti
on
4.
Last
ly,
Se
ct
i
on 5
s
ummari
zes
al
l t
he
fin
dings
.
2.
DESCRIPTI
ON OF
DE
-
C
RYSTALL
IZ
TION
SYST
EM
2.1.
B
attery
R
egener
ator
Ba
tt
ery
reg
e
ne
rator
is
us
e
d
to
help
the
batte
ry
un
dergo
c
apacit
y
rest
or
a
ti
on
(r
e
viv
i
ng
batte
ry)
i
n
order
to
im
pro
ve
the
pe
rfo
rm
ance
of
the
de
grade
d
batte
ries
and
exte
nd
the
batte
ry
li
fe.
F
or
Ni
-
Cd
batte
r
y,
de
-
cry
sta
ll
iz
at
ion
process
is
one
of
t
he
refurbi
sh
me
nt
te
ch
ni
qu
e
s
to
rev
e
rs
e
the
cr
ys
ta
ll
iz
at
i
on
of
t
he
Ni
-
Cd
batte
ry.
De
-
cr
ys
ta
ll
iz
at
ion
is
achie
ve
d
by
s
end
i
ng
high
c
urren
t
pulse
s
that
br
e
a
k
do
w
n
t
he
c
r
ys
ta
ll
ine
la
yer
forme
d
by
a
m
orp
hous
Nic
ke
l
-
H
ydroxide
.
T
he
batte
r
y
r
eg
ener
at
or
s
re
sto
re
th
e
lo
st
batte
ry
ca
pacit
y
t
hro
ug
h
caref
ully
co
ntr
olled
cu
rr
e
nt
pulse
s.
T
hese
c
urren
t
pulse
s
s
ent
by
t
he
rect
ifie
r
c
ontrolle
r
is
s
uffici
ent
to
break
so
ft
-
cr
ys
ta
ll
iz
at
ion
a
nd
ha
r
d
-
cry
sta
ll
iz
at
ion
of
Nick
el
-
H
yd
roxide
.
By
thi
s,
the
ca
pacit
y
of
the
re
gen
e
rated
batte
ry
is
e
nha
nced,
a
nd
t
he
l
ife
cycles
of
t
he
batte
ry
e
xte
nd.
Be
sides
,
th
e
process
of
th
e
de
-
c
r
ys
ta
ll
iz
at
ion
al
so
can
ac
hie
ve
by
se
nd
i
ng
low
f
re
qu
e
nc
y
of
el
ect
rical
pulse
s.
T
his
res
ult
the
capaci
t
y
of
the
reg
e
ne
rated
batte
ry an
d
t
he
li
fe s
pa
n o
f
th
e b
at
te
r
y
is i
nc
reased
.
2.2. Hi
gh C
ur
rent P
ulses
Durin
g
t
he
pro
cess
of
de
-
cr
yst
al
li
zation
,
c
ur
ren
t
pulse
s
with
high
-
powe
re
d
is
a
ppli
ed
t
o
the
Ni
-
C
d
batte
ry
to
b
re
ak
the
f
ormed
cryst
al
li
ne
accor
ding
t
o
the
feedbac
k
of
the
batte
r
y.
H
igh
batte
r
y
vo
lt
ag
e
ind
ic
at
es
high
internal
im
pe
da
nce
wh
ic
h
in
di
cat
e
the
cr
ys
ta
ll
ine
formati
on
on
the
surf
ace
of
the
plate
is
high.
Ther
e
f
or
e,
h
ig
h
c
urre
nt
pu
lse
s
in
ra
nge
of
100
A
t
o
3
00
A
is
require
d.
H
ow
e
ve
r,
i
f
t
he
vo
lt
age
detect
ion
i
s
low,
the
w
orki
ng
pri
nci
ple
t
hat
ap
pl
y
is
vi
ce
ve
rsa.
The
blo
c
k
diag
ram
on
t
he
work
i
ng
pri
nci
ple
of
high
current
pulse
s i
n de
-
c
rysta
ll
ine the
Ni
-
Cd
b
at
te
ry
is
sho
wn in follo
wing
Figure
1.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8
694
Decrystall
izati
on wi
th
high c
ur
re
nt pulses t
echn
i
qu
e
for
c
apacity
resto
rat
ion
of in
dustri
al
…
(
M. P
. M
ar
ti
n
)
1605
Ni
-
Cd
Ba
t
t
e
ry
P
a
c
k
Ba
t
t
e
ry
T
e
m
p
e
ra
t
u
re
S
e
n
s
o
r
Ce
l
l
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
S
e
n
s
o
r
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
S
e
n
s
o
r
Cu
rre
n
t
S
e
n
s
o
r
T
ra
n
s
fo
rm
e
r
T
e
m
p
e
ra
t
u
re
S
e
n
s
o
r
Co
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
T
h
y
ri
s
t
o
r
Co
n
t
r
o
l
T
h
y
ri
s
t
o
r
T
ra
n
s
fo
rm
e
r
A
C
S
u
p
p
l
y
F
i
l
t
e
r
fo
r
M
a
i
n
S
u
p
p
l
y
P
o
w
e
r
e
d
b
y
A
C
S
u
p
p
l
y
P
o
w
e
r
e
d
b
y
D
C
S
u
p
p
l
y
Figure
1: Bloc
k diag
ram o
n work
i
ng
pr
inci
ple of t
he
re
vi
ve
d Ni
-
Cd
b
at
te
ry sy
ste
m.
Fr
om Fi
gure
1,
the buc
k
-
boost
tran
sf
ormer
is
supp
li
ed
w
it
h
3
-
phase
AC po
wer
sup
ply
to
powe
red
up
the
th
yr
ist
or
.
As
the
batte
r
y
is
co
nn
ect
e
d
to
the
s
ys
te
m
,
the
relat
e
d
da
ta
su
ch
as
batte
ry
c
el
l
te
mp
e
ratur
e
,
vo
lt
age
ac
ro
ss
the
re
fer
e
nce
c
el
l,
trans
forme
r
te
m
per
at
ur
e
,
batte
ry
volt
age
an
d
batte
r
y
c
urren
t
is
se
nd
to
th
e
con
t
ro
ll
er
of
t
he
syst
em.
T
he
n,
the
t
hyristor
c
on
t
ro
ll
er
a
nalyze
the
sig
nals
fee
d
bac
k
from
the
c
ontr
oller
to
regulat
e
the
s
ui
ta
ble
cu
rr
e
nt
pulse
s
t
o
br
ea
k
the
c
r
ys
ta
ll
ine.
The
th
yr
ist
or
ge
ner
at
e
cu
rr
e
nt
pulse
s
base
d
on
t
he
su
it
able
fire
s
witc
hing
sc
he
me.
T
his
proce
ss
is
rep
eat
e
d
unti
l
the
ref
e
rence
d
batte
r
y
cel
l
is
achieved
it
desire
d
vo
lt
age
.
I
n
th
e
batte
r
y
te
ch
no
l
ogy,
te
mp
e
ratur
e
is
one
of
t
he
im
porta
nt
pa
rameter
to
ob
se
r
ve
in
order
t
o
pr
ese
r
ve
the
performa
nce
of
the
re
ge
ner
a
te
d
batte
r
y
[27
-
28]
.
T
her
e
fore,
t
he
re
ge
ne
rator
mac
hin
e
must
capab
le
to
det
ect
the
cel
l
te
mp
e
ratur
e
of
ref
e
ren
c
e
batte
ry.
If
the
te
mp
e
ratur
e
is
r
eached
the
refe
ren
ce
te
mp
erat
ur
e
,
t
he
use
d
m
achi
ne
will
i
ncr
ease
the
per
i
od
of
the
pulsa
ti
on
i
n
orde
r
to
al
lo
w
t
he
te
mp
e
rat
ur
e
of
the r
e
fer
e
nce
ba
tt
ery
belo
w
th
an
the
r
e
fer
e
nc
e tempe
ratu
re.
2.3.
Ex
peri
ment
al Setup
The
flo
wchart
of
the
e
xperim
ent
pr
ocess
on
the
rev
i
ving
t
he
Ni
-
Cd
ba
tt
eries
by
rest
or
in
g
c
harge
ca
pac
it
y
of
the
batte
r
y
is s
how
n
in
Fig
ure
2.
M
ea
nwhile
,
the
e
xp
e
rime
nt
al
set
up
o
f
the
resea
rch
is
show
n
i
n
Fi
gure 3
.
The
sel
ect
ed
Ni
-
C
d
batte
ry
ba
nk
ha
ve
bee
n
us
e
d
in
rail
wa
y
tran
sp
ort
at
ion
a
s
a
n
eme
rg
e
nc
y
ba
ck
-
up
sou
rce
for
5
year
s
an
d
the
sp
eci
ficat
io
ns
of
t
he
batte
r
y
is
giv
e
n
in
T
a
ble
1.
T
he
sp
e
ci
ficat
ion
s
us
e
d
du
rin
g
the
Ni
-
Cd
batte
ry r
e
ge
nerat
ion
is stat
e
d as i
n
Ta
ble
2.
Table
1.
Sp
eci
f
ic
at
ion
s
of
sel
ect
ed
Ni
-
Cd
bat
te
ry
Item
s
Descripti
o
n
Battery
Brand
Saft
Battery
Pr
o
d
u
ctio
n
Year
2009
No
m
in
al Cap
acity
1
4
0
AH
Cell Vo
ltag
e
1
.2 V
Disch
arge Rate
5
H
Cell Nu
m
b
er
24
Table
2: S
pecif
ic
at
ion
s
of
t
he Ni
-
Cd
Bat
te
ry
Re
gen
e
rati
on
Item
s
Para
m
eter
No
m
in
al Cap
acity
1
5
0
AH
Cell Vo
ltag
e
1
.2 V
Grou
p
Voltag
e
3
8
V
Item
s
Para
m
eter
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dr
i
S
ys
t
,
V
ol
.
1
1
, N
o.
3
,
Se
ptembe
r
2020
:
16
0
3
–
16
0
9
1606
S
t
a
r
t
S
e
t
pa
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
s
s
u
ch
a
s
ba
t
t
e
r
y
t
e
m
pe
r
a
t
ur
e
s
e
n
s
or
,
ce
l
l
v
ol
t
a
g
e
s
e
n
s
or
,
t
r
a
ns
f
o
r
m
e
r
t
e
m
pe
r
a
t
ur
e
s
e
n
s
or
,
v
ol
t
a
g
e
s
e
n
s
or
a
nd
cur
r
e
nt
s
e
ns
or
C
onn
e
ct
t
he
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
ba
nk
t
o
t
he
ba
t
t
e
r
y
r
e
g
e
ne
r
a
t
or
P
r
e
s
s
S
t
a
r
t
but
t
on
on
t
he
ba
t
t
e
r
y
r
e
g
e
ne
r
a
t
or
C
ont
r
ol
l
e
r
B
a
t
t
e
r
y
ba
nk
r
e
ce
i
v
e
d
t
h
e
cur
r
e
nt
f
e
e
dbac
k
t
o
br
e
a
k
t
he
cr
y
s
t
a
l
l
i
ne
o
n
t
he
e
l
e
ct
r
o
de
.
I
s
t
he
V
o
l
t
a
ge
of
t
he
r
e
f
e
r
e
nce
ce
l
l
a
chi
e
v
e
d
e
s
i
r
e
d
v
ol
t
a
g
e
?
D
i
s
char
g
e
t
h
e
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
u
n
t
i
l
i
t
r
e
a
che
d
0
.
6
V
ce
l
l
v
ol
a
t
g
e
.
E
nd
No
Y
e
s
A
A
B
a
t
t
e
r
y
r
e
ge
ne
r
a
t
or
de
t
e
ct
t
h
e
r
e
a
d
i
ng
o
f
t
he
c
e
l
l
v
ol
t
a
g
e
,
ba
t
t
e
r
y
gr
oup
v
ol
t
a
ge
a
n
d
ce
l
l
r
e
f
e
r
e
n
ce
t
e
m
pe
r
a
t
ur
e
.
Figure
2
: Fl
owchar
t
for
t
he
r
e
viv
in
g batt
er
y process
.
Figure
3: Bloc
k diag
ram of
bat
te
ry
re
ge
ner
a
ti
on
set
up
.
Wh
e
n
t
he
Ni
-
Cd
ba
tt
eries
is
receive
d,
pro
pe
r
ins
pecti
ons
are
performe
d
on
the
batte
r
y
by
fill
ing
the
serv
ic
e
f
or
m
,
ba
tt
ery
cl
eani
ng
an
d
rep
ai
r
an
y
visible
e
xter
na
l
dama
ge.
The
n,
t
he
receive
d
Ni
-
C
d
batte
ries
will
unde
rgo
c
omplet
e
chargin
g
proces
s
by
co
nnect
ing
it
to
th
e
charger
mac
hin
e
with
set
par
a
mete
rs.
Aft
er
th
e
chargin
g
proc
ess
is
com
plete
,
the
Ni
-
Cd
batte
ries
un
de
rgo
f
or
disc
ha
rg
i
ng
process
by
us
i
ng
disc
harger
machine
with
set
pa
rameters
.
D
ur
i
ng
the
di
schargin
g
proc
e
ss,
t
he
Ni
-
Cd
batte
ries
unde
rgo
dee
p
disch
arg
e
wh
e
re
t
he
disc
harge
volt
age
is
set
t
o
0.6
V
to
cl
ea
r
t
he
me
mory
ef
fect
[10]
.
Af
te
r
c
omp
le
ti
ng
the
disc
hargin
g
process
,
the
ba
tt
eries
were
r
eady
to
ente
r
reg
e
ner
at
i
on
proces
s.
The
pr
ocess
is
re
peat
ed
unti
l
the
de
sired
batte
ry volt
age
which is
abo
ve
0
.
8
V
is
achi
eved.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8
694
Decrystall
izati
on wi
th
high c
ur
re
nt pulses t
echn
i
qu
e
for
c
apacity
resto
rat
ion
of in
dustri
al
…
(
M. P
. M
ar
ti
n
)
1607
3.
RESU
LT
S
AND
A
N
ALYSIS
In
t
his
sect
ion,
resu
lt
s
a
nalys
is
on
de
-
c
r
ys
ta
ll
iz
at
ion
of
Ni
-
Cd
batte
ry
is
discusse
d
.
Be
f
or
e
t
he
de
-
cry
sta
ll
iz
at
ion
process is
start,
capacit
y
te
st i
s
p
er
f
or
m
ed o
n t
he
Ni
-
C
d ba
tt
ery
with
80%
of d
e
pth o
f disc
harge
to
ide
ntif
y
t
he
init
ia
l
per
f
orm
ance
of
the
Ni
-
Cd
batte
ries.
T
he
obser
ve
d
pa
rameters
are
ba
tt
ery
gro
up
volt
age,
discha
rg
e
d
ti
m
e
and
ca
pacit
y
of
the
batte
r
y.
The
gra
ph
of
discha
rg
e
d
batte
ry
gr
oup
vo
lt
age
be
f
o
re
a
nd
after
de
-
c
rysta
ll
iz
at
i
on
is s
how
n
in
Figure
4.
60
4
.
5
%
Figure
4:
Gr
a
ph
of b
at
te
r
y group
volt
age a
ga
inst disc
harge
ti
me.
Fr
om
the
gr
a
ph
t
hat
presente
d
i
n
the
Fi
gure
4,
it
is
obser
ve
d
that
t
he
tren
d
of
t
he
Ni
-
C
d
ba
tt
ery
total
vo
lt
age
is
dec
r
ease
against
ti
me.
Be
f
or
e
t
he
process
of
dec
ry
sta
ll
iz
at
ion
,
mo
st
of
the
Ni
-
Cd
batte
ry
volt
age
is
on
the
a
ver
a
ge
of
1.3
V
a
nd
the
total
Ni
-
C
d
batte
r
y
volt
age
is
26.
95
V
.
A
fter
an
hour
of
disc
harged
be
for
e
decryata
ll
iz
at
i
on
,
t
he
ba
tt
er
y
gro
up
vo
lt
age
dro
pp
e
d
10.
9
%
f
rom
t
he
i
niti
al
batte
r
y
gro
up
volt
age
a
nd
th
e
ti
me
ta
ken
f
or
the
Ni
-
Cd
batte
ry
bank
co
mp
le
te
disc
harge
d
is
95
mi
nu
te
s
.
T
hi
s
ha
ppene
d
du
e
to
the
accu
m
ulati
on
of
cr
ys
ta
ll
ine
a
t
the
s
urface
of
the
Ni
-
C
d
ba
tt
ery
el
ect
r
od
e
w
hich
res
ult
th
e
inte
rn
al
resi
sta
nce
of
t
he
Ni
-
Cd
batte
ry
is
high
and
c
reate
me
mory
e
ff
ect
.
T
he
hi
gh
i
nter
na
l
resist
ance
in
the
Ni
-
C
d
batt
ery
ca
us
e
the
ba
tt
ery
un
a
ble
to
deliv
er
the
c
urren
t
t
o
the
l
oad
e
ff
e
ct
ively.
M
ore
over
,
hi
gh
i
nter
nal
resist
ance
i
n
the
Ni
-
C
d
ba
tt
ery
le
ads
to inc
rem
ent of tempe
ratur
e a
nd volt
ag
e to d
r
op.
T
herefo
re
, th
e
Ni
-
C
d
batte
r
y
is
re
quire
d
to
underg
o
th
e
de
-
c
rysta
ll
ine
process
to
br
ea
k
the
cr
ys
ta
ll
in
e
f
ormat
io
n
on
the
batte
ry
pla
te
and
dee
p
dis
charge
d
to
cl
ear
the
memor
y
ef
fect.
A
fter
t
he
pro
cess
of
de
-
cr
yst
al
li
zation
wi
th
high
c
urre
nt
pulse
s
te
ch
nique
,
the
bat
te
ry
vo
lt
age
dro
pp
e
d
7.2
%
fro
m
the
init
ia
l
batte
r
y
gro
up
vo
lt
age
aft
er
a
n
hour
a
nd
t
he
total
dis
charge
d
ti
me
i
s
300
minu
te
s
.
F
r
om
this
res
ults,
t
he
dif
fer
e
nce
pe
r
centage
of
t
he
batte
ry
gr
oup
vo
lt
age
at
4.5
%
bet
ween
befor
e
de
-
cry
sta
ll
iz
at
ion
and
a
fter
de
-
c
r
ys
ta
ll
ine
after
an
ho
ur
is
obs
erv
e
d
.
More
over,
the
discha
r
ged
ti
me
afte
r
the
Ni
-
Cd
batte
r
y
ba
nk
un
derg
o
de
-
c
ry
sta
ll
iz
at
ion
i
s
exten
de
d
f
or
205
mi
nu
te
s
.
T
his
in
dicat
ed
that
the
te
ch
nique
of
h
ig
h
c
urren
t
pulse
s
is
a
ble
to
en
han
ce
the
c
apacit
y
of
the
Ni
-
Cd
batte
r
y
and
th
us
t
he
li
f
e
cycles
of
the
Ni
-
C
d
batte
ry
is
imp
r
ov
e
d.
T
his
is
be
cause
the
cr
yst
al
li
ne
that
for
med
on
the
s
ur
face
of
t
he
el
ect
rode
is
bro
ke
by
t
he
injec
te
d
high
c
urren
t
pulse
s
wh
ic
h
up
to
150
A
int
o
the
Ni
-
Cd
ba
tt
ery
.
He
nce,
the
dis
charge
ca
pacit
y
of
th
e
Ni
-
Cd
batte
r
y
is
inc
rease
d
from
22
A
H
to
58
A
H.
T
he
pe
rformance
pa
ra
mete
r
of
the
N
i
-
Cd
batte
ries
befor
e
and after
r
e
ge
ne
rati
on is tab
ul
at
ed
as i
n
Ta
bl
e 3
.
Table
3: T
he o
v
erall
perform
ance
par
a
mete
r
of N
i
-
C
d batt
e
ries.
Befo
re
Reg
en
erat
i
o
n
After R
eg
en
eratio
n
Diff
e
rence
Total d
isch
arge ca
p
acity
2
2
AH
5
8
AH
3
6
AH
Tim
e
of dis
ch
arge
1
ho
u
r
3
2
m
in
u
tes
(95
m
in
u
tes)
4
ho
u
rs 15
m
in
u
tes
(25
5
m
in
u
tes)
2
ho
u
rs 40
m
in
u
tes
(16
0
m
in
u
tes)
Percentag
e of
capa
city
40%
81%
41%
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dr
i
S
ys
t
,
V
ol
.
1
1
, N
o.
3
,
Se
ptembe
r
2020
:
16
0
3
–
16
0
9
1608
With
re
fer
e
nce
from
Ta
ble
3,
it
is
ob
ser
ve
d
that
the
ti
me
of
disc
harge
is
enh
a
nce
d
f
rom
95
min
utes
to
255
min
ute
s
an
d
capaci
t
y
per
c
enta
ge
of
the
Ni
-
Cd
batte
ry
is
i
ncrea
sed
f
or
41
%.
Be
side
s,
the
t
otal
discha
rg
e
ca
pa
ci
ty
of
the
Ni
-
Cd
batte
r
y
is
i
mpro
ve
d
from
22
AH
t
o
58
AH
a
fter
the
de
cry
sta
ll
iz
at
ion.
With
this, it
is pr
ov
e
d
that t
he
te
c
hniqu
e
of
high c
urre
nt pulses i
n resto
rin
g
the
Ni
-
Cd
batte
ry ca
pacit
y
is
reli
ab
le
.
4.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
Ba
sed
on
t
he
resu
lt
s
discuss
ed,
t
he
de
-
c
rysta
ll
iz
ation
of
Ni
-
Cd
batte
rie
s
with
high
c
urre
nt
pulse
s
mana
ged
e
nh
a
nced
the
pe
rfo
rma
nce
of
the
Ni
-
Cd
batte
ry
as
the
disc
harg
e
capaci
ty
is
i
nc
reased
f
or
41%
an
d
the li
fe c
ycles
of the
Ni
-
C
d b
at
te
ry
is e
xten
de
d
as
the
disch
arg
i
ng ti
me is i
mpro
ve
d 160 mi
nu
te
s
.
At
fi
rst,
t
he
pe
rio
d
of
the
Ni
-
C
d
batte
ry
us
a
ge
is
s
hort
du
e
to
the
f
ormat
ion
of
cr
ys
ta
ll
ine
t
hat
hav
e
accum
ulate
d
on
t
he
s
urface
of
t
he
batte
r
y
pl
at
e
duri
ng
t
he
process
of
c
ha
rg
i
ng
a
nd
disc
hargin
g
pr
oces
s.
D
ue
to
this
c
r
ys
ta
ll
ine
formati
on,
the
i
ntern
al
resi
sta
nce
of
the
N
i
-
Cd
batte
ry
i
s
high
as
the
dis
chargin
g
ti
me
of
the
batte
ry sho
rten
and th
us t
he p
erforma
nce
of
the b
at
te
r
y dec
li
ned
.
Howe
ver,
wit
h
high
c
urre
nt
pulse
s
t
he
formati
on
of
the
c
r
ys
ta
ll
ine
is
cap
abl
e
to
br
ea
k.
Con
se
quently
,
the
par
amet
e
rs
of
the
Ni
-
C
d
ba
tt
ery
s
uc
h
as
batte
ry
cap
aci
ty,
batte
r
y
cel
l
vo
lt
age
a
nd
li
f
e
cycle
of
the
Ni
-
C
d
ba
tt
ery
is
impro
ved
a
nd
the
Ni
-
Cd
batte
ry
i
s
rev
i
ved.
Last
but
not
le
ast
,
the
us
ed
te
c
hn
i
que
is
env
i
ronme
ntal
fr
ie
ndly
as it
use
elec
tric
al
ene
rgy d
ur
in
g
t
he
pro
ces
s
of
dec
ry
sta
ll
iz
at
ion
.
ACKN
OWLE
DGE
MENTS
The
a
uthor
s
w
ou
l
d
li
ke
t
o
e
xpress
their
grat
it
ud
e
to
the
U
niv
e
rsiti
Tu
n
Hu
s
sei
n
O
nn
M
al
aysia
a
nd
Re
new
cel
l
(
M)
Sdn.
B
hd.
T
hi
s
resea
rch
is
f
unde
d
under
M
T
UN
G
ran
t
(Vot
N
o.
K
118)
a
nd
I
ndust
rial
Gr
a
nt
(Vot No.
M
00
6).
REFERE
NCE
S
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Sen,
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Jian
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Xianz
h
ang,
W
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Ha
ife
ng
,
X
.
,
“
An
Innova
t
i
ve
VRLA
B
at
t
ery
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ion
fo
r
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rgy
Saving
&
Em
ission
Re
duct
ion
,
”
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E
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ernati
onal
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igh,
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“
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ul
traca
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ci
tor
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l
c
el
l
,
and
hybrid
e
ner
gy
stor
age
sy
stem
s
for
el
e
ct
ri
c,
hybrid
e
lectr
i
c
,
fue
l
cell
,
and
pl
ug
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in
hybr
id
ele
ct
r
i
c
v
ehicle
s:
S
ta
t
e
of
the
ar
t
,
”
IE
EE
Tr
ansacti
ons
on
Ve
h
ic
u
l
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Exp
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al
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ti
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l
e
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ut
ant
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l
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at
ion
drivi
ng
cy
cl
es
,
”
At
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e
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“
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ert
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e
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iv
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ea
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ci
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ie
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fec
ts
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me
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fr
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le
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tra
lian
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tra
nsi
ti
o
n
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l
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duty
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ic
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ew
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ron
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ie
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d
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ey
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ara
m
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ers
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e
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abl
e
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erg
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ppli
c
at
io
n
,
”
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c.
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uropean
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onfe
renc
e
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troni
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ic
at
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ana
pa
la
n
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d
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J.,
“
Techni
ques
for
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th
e
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t
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egr
ad
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on
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,
”
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ere
nc
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ra
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50
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”
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ariati
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In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8
694
Decrystall
izati
on wi
th
high c
ur
re
nt pulses t
echn
i
qu
e
for
c
apacity
resto
rat
ion
of in
dustri
al
…
(
M. P
. M
ar
ti
n
)
1609
[16]
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il
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“
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