In
te
r
n
ation
a
l Jou
rn
al
o
f Po
we
r
Elec
tron
ic
s an
d
D
r
ive S
y
stem
(IJ
PED
S
)
V
o
l.
10, N
o.
3, S
ep 2019,
pp.
1
6
5
5
~1
6
6
1
ISSN: 2088-
8694,
DOI
:
10.11591
/ijpeds.
v10.
i
3.pp1655-1661
1655
Jou
rn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
:
ht
tp:
//i
a
e
score
.
com
/
j
o
u
r
na
l
s
/
i
n
d
e
x
.
p
hp/IJ
PED
S
Output e
nergy m
aximizat
i
on of a
single axis photovoltaic solar
tracking system: ex
p
erimental verification
S
.
H
. Chong,
N. N.
C
h
an
d
r
en, C
. R
.
Allan Soon
Cen
t
er f
or
R
obo
ti
cs an
d
Aut
o
m
ation
,
F
acu
lt
y of El
ectrical
En
g
i
n
eering, Unive
rsi
ti Teknikal
M
al
a
y
s
i
a M
e
lak
a
, M
a
la
y
s
i
a
Art
i
cl
e In
fo
ABSTRACT
A
r
tic
le hist
o
r
y
:
R
e
c
e
i
v
e
d
Au
g
2
1
,
2
018
Re
vise
d D
e
c 22,
201
8
Ac
ce
p
t
ed
M
ar 6
, 2
0
19
Ma
jor
de
p
l
e
tion
of
f
ossi
l
fue
l
a
nd
t
he
i
n
c
re
a
s
e
of
g
re
e
n
ho
use
g
as
ses
s
u
ch
a
s
carbo
n
d
i
o
x
id
e,
c
h
l
o
r
oflu
rocarb
ons
(
CF
Cs),
h
y
d
rofl
uro
carbon
(
HF
Cs
)
,
perf
l
u
rocarbons
(
PFC
s
)
a
nd
S
u
l
phur
h
exaf
l
u
ori
d
e
(SF6)
wor
l
dwide
a
re
t
he
catal
ys
t
f
o
r
t
h
e
i
n
t
e
res
t
o
f
many
co
un
ti
es
t
o
w
ard
s
r
enew
a
b
l
e
e
n
ergy
.
Th
e
ri
s
i
ng
cos
t
o
f
electri
c
i
t
y
d
u
e
t
o
hig
h
er
d
em
and
an
d
les
s
r
e
s
o
u
r
ce
al
so
l
ed
to
t
he
r
e
n
e
w
a
b
le
e
n
e
rgy
ve
nture
.
O
n
e
o
f
th
e
mos
t
f
a
m
ou
s
re
ne
wa
b
le
e
n
e
r
g
y
is
s
ol
ar
e
nerg
y.
U
nf
ort
unat
e
ly,
ren
e
wab
l
e
en
ergi
es
a
re
d
ep
end
e
n
t
on
env
i
ro
nm
ent
con
d
i
t
i
ons,
t
oo.
O
ne o
f
th
e m
a
jo
r probl
ems
t
h
at
a
ff
ect
t
he o
ut
p
u
t
e
n
e
r
gy
o
f
th
e
sol
a
r
p
a
ne
l
is
t
he
c
lo
ud
s
ha
d
o
w
ing
p
r
ob
le
m.
P
h
o
t
o
vo
l
t
ai
c
s
o
l
a
r
and
wi
nd
h
y
b
rid
sy
st
em
i
s
capab
le
t
o
redu
c
e
th
e
ef
f
ects
o
f
t
he
c
l
ou
d
sh
ado
w
in
g
by
h
a
rves
tin
g
tw
o
diff
ere
n
t
e
n
erg
y
r
eso
u
rce
s
.
Howev
e
r
,
the
a
v
a
i
la
b
ili
ty
o
f
win
d
e
ne
rg
y
ha
rv
e
s
ting
h
a
s
sh
own
it
s
in
sta
b
il
ity
perf
o
r
man
ce.
I
n
t
h
i
s
w
ork,
t
he
p
ho
to
voltai
c
s
o
l
ar
a
rray
o
f
t
he
l
a
boratory-
scal
e
s
i
n
g
l
e
a
x
i
s
sol
a
r
tracki
n
g
s
y
s
t
em
t
o
m
a
xim
i
ze
th
e
o
u
t
put
energ
y
o
f
th
e
sola
r
pa
n
e
l
is
e
x
a
m
i
n
e
d
e
x
pe
rim
e
nta
l
ly
.
The
so
la
r
a
rra
y
is
c
on
n
e
c
t
ed
i
n series
and
p
a
rallel
co
nfig
urat
ions,
an
d
i
s
e
xp
erim
ented
und
er
d
iff
e
ren
t
p
a
rtical
-
sh
ado
w
ed
c
ond
it
io
n
s
.
Th
e
exp
e
rim
e
n
t
ati
o
n
is
done
t
o
devel
o
p
a
s
olar
a
rray
t
h
a
t
h
a
s
a
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
e
f
f
e
c
t
t
o
w
a
r
d
s
t
h
i
s
t
y
p
e
o
f
o
c
c
u
r
a
n
c
e
s
.
E
x
p
e
ri
m
e
ntal
resu
lts
p
ro
ved
th
at
t
h
e
p
aral
lel
conf
i
g
u
r
ed
s
o
l
ar
p
an
el
h
as
s
ho
wed
l
e
ss
in
flue
n
c
e
by
t
h
e
c
lo
ud
sh
a
d
o
w
i
n
g
a
s
c
omp
a
re
d to
t
he
s
in
gle
on
e
.
K
eyw
ord
s
:
H
ybri
d
sys
tem
Ma
ximum
ou
t
p
u
t
ene
rg
y
Phot
o
v
o
lta
ic
Sing
le
a
x
i
s
tra
c
k
in
g
sy
s
t
em
So
lar
en
erg
y
Co
pyri
gh
t © 2
019 In
stit
u
t
e
of Advanced
En
gi
neeri
n
g
an
d
S
c
ien
ce.
All
rights
res
e
rv
ed.
Corres
pon
d
i
n
g
Au
th
or:
S. H
. Chong,
Ce
nter
f
or
R
ob
ot
i
c
s a
nd
A
u
t
o
ma
t
i
o
n
,
F
a
culty
o
f
El
e
c
t
rica
l
En
gin
e
e
ri
ng,
U
n
i
v
ersi
ti
T
e
k
ni
ka
l Ma
la
ysia
M
ela
k
a,
Ha
n
g
Tu
ah
Jaya
M
e
l
a
k
a
7
6100
, M
a
l
a
y
s
i
a
.
Em
ail:
hor
ng
@u
t
e
m.
edu.
my
1.
I
N
TR
OD
U
C
TI
O
N
C
o
u
n
t
r
i
es
a
cr
o
ss
the
g
l
obe
a
r
e
c
urre
nt
l
y
s
how
i
n
g
i
n
t
e
rest
t
ow
a
r
ds
h
a
r
ves
t
i
n
g
re
new
a
bl
e
e
n
ergy
re
so
u
r
c
e
s
.
Th
e
ri
sin
g
c
on
su
mp
tio
n
of
e
n
e
rgy
an
d
f
a
i
l
i
ng
a
c
c
e
ssi
bi
l
ity
o
f
nat
u
ra
l
re
sour
ces
s
uc
h
as
f
oss
il
fue
l
s
a
r
e
i
n
cre
a
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
co
st
o
f
el
e
c
tri
c
it
y
.
R
e
n
e
w
a
b
l
e
e
n
e
rgy
re
sou
r
ce
s
su
ch
a
s
so
l
a
r
a
n
d
win
d
e
n
e
r
g
y
h
a
v
e
e
n
o
ugh
po
te
nt
i
a
l
to
b
e
c
o
me
a
n
imp
o
r
t
a
n
t
s
o
urc
e
f
or
p
ow
er
g
e
n
era
tio
n
i
n
t
he
f
ut
ur
e
d
u
e
to
e
nc
iro
n
me
nt
a
l
,
s
o
cia
l
a
n
d
ec
onom
ica
l
b
e
n
e
f
i
t
s
[1]
.
H
o
w
eve
r
,
the
de
ve
lo
p
m
en
t
an
d
ado
p
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
se
e
nergi
e
s
for
lar
g
e
scale
e
n
erg
y
gene
ra
ti
o
n
s
ec
tor
has
bec
o
m
e
a
m
a
j
o
r
c
hal
l
e
nge.
A
se
t
b
ac
k
tha
t
is
c
om
m
on
t
o
w
i
nd
a
nd
s
o
lar
resou
r
c
e
s
i
s
the
i
r un
pre
d
ic
t
a
ble
n
a
t
u
re
a
nd
de
p
en
de
nce
o
n
w
eathe
r a
nd
clim
a
t
e
co
ndi
tio
n
s
.
Ma
ny
r
esea
rch
e
rs
h
a
v
e
dev
o
t
ed
t
o
mi
nim
i
z
e
t
h
e
i
n
fl
uenc
e
of
w
e
a
t
h
e
r
a
nd
c
l
i
m
at
e
c
ond
iti
o
n
s
t
o
th
e
ou
tpu
t
e
nerg
y
pro
d
u
c
t
i
on.
F
ortu
nate
l
y
,
the
a
b
ovem
e
n
t
i
one
d
pro
b
l
em
c
a
n
b
e
par
tia
l
l
y
o
v
er
com
e
b
y
t
h
e
in
t
e
grat
io
n of t
w
o
d
i
f
fe
rent re
s
ourc
e
s to
ge
th
e
r
t
o form
a
h
y
b
ri
d sys
t
em
[
2]
. Instea
d
o
f
o
n
l
y us
ing p
h
o
t
ov
ol
ta
ic
(P
V
)
s
olar
p
a
n
e
l
t
o
ge
nera
t
e
e
lec
t
r
i
c
i
t
y
,
w
i
nd
e
n
er
gy
is
a
ls
o
u
se
d
t
o
h
a
r
v
e
st
e
ne
rgy
a
t
t
he
s
am
e
t
i
me
a
nd
t
h
e
ene
r
g
y
p
rod
u
c
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
w
i
n
d
t
u
rb
ine
is
s
uppl
ie
d
to
t
he
l
o
a
d
a
n
d
t
he
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
b
a
n
k
[3]
.
I
n
199
4,
B
o
r
ow
y
a
n
d
S
a
l
a
me
h
de
t
e
r
m
i
n
e
d
t
he
w
i
n
d
spe
e
d
d
is
tri
but
io
ns,
so
lar
irra
di
a
n
ce
d
ist
r
ib
ut
ions,
an
d
calc
u
la
t
e
d
t
h
e
w
i
n
d
tur
b
ine
a
n
d
ph
ot
o
vol
tai
c
a
vera
ge
o
u
t
pu
t
.
I
n
the
i
r
r
e
sea
r
ch,
th
e
y
st
r
e
sse
d
t
h
at
h
y
b
ri
d
s
y
s
t
em
a
ll
ow
s
re
d
u
c
t
io
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
Int J
P
o
w
El
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
,
V
ol.
10,
N
o.
3
, S
e
p
2
0
1
9
:
165
5
– 1
661
1
656
in
b
at
tery
s
iz
e
due
t
o
c
o
n
t
in
uous
s
u
p
p
l
y
fr
o
m
w
i
nd
sour
ce
[4].
Cel
i
k
[5]
anal
yze
d
a
n
au
to
s
ma
l
l
s
c
a
le
d
P
V
and
w
i
nd
h
y
b
rid
for
o
p
t
i
m
iza
t
i
o
n
pur
pose.
T
he
o
ptim
iza
t
i
o
n
an
d
t
e
chn
o
-
ec
o
n
o
m
i
cal
a
nal
y
si
s
of
a
ut
ono
mo
us
P
V
a
nd
w
i
n
d
hybr
i
d
e
ne
r
g
y
i
n
c
om
paris
o
n
to
s
ing
l
e
P
V
a
n
d
w
in
d
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
w
a
s
d
o
n
e
.
T
h
e
r
e
s
u
l
t
s
s
h
o
w
e
d
t
h
a
t
the
h
ybr
id
o
f
P
V
s
ol
a
r
a
n
d
w
i
nd
is
t
ec
hn
o-
ec
on
om
i
c
a
l
ly
b
e
tte
r
c
om
pare
d
t
o
s
ing
l
e
w
i
nd
syste
m
o
r
si
ng
le
P
V
sol
a
r
sy
st
em.
In
2
010
,
Dih
r
ab
e
t
al
.
u
s
e
d
M
ATLAB
t
o
a
n
a
ly
ze
t
h
e
P
V
s
o
l
a
r
and
w
i
nd
hyb
ri
d
sy
st
e
m
t
h
a
t
pow
er
s
7
5
0
h
o
u
ses
in
I
raq
w
h
ich
co
ns
ume
3
0
k
W
per/
da
y
[6].
T
h
e
to
tal
p
l
a
n
t
ge
ne
rates
6
MW,
w
h
ic
h
5
M
W
is
g
ener
ate
d
f
r
o
m
the
PV
s
o
l
ar
a
n
d
1
M
W
is
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
by
t
h
e
wi
nd
s
yste
m.
I
n
201
5,
B
hat
t
ac
harj
ee
a
nd
A
c
ha
rya
o
p
t
i
m
a
l
l
y
h
a
r
ness
ed
t
he
w
ind
r
e
so
urce
w
it
h
supp
or
t
of
s
o
l
a
r
e
ne
rgy
t
h
ro
u
gh
hy
bri
d
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
og
y.
In
t
he
s
tu
dy,
h
y
b
ri
d
o
p
tim
iz
ati
o
n
m
o
de
l
for
elec
t
r
i
c
a
l
r
e
n
ew
a
b
l
e
s
o
f
t
w
a
r
e
w
a
s
u
s
e
d
a
n
d
t
h
e
y
i
n
t
r
o
d
u
c
e
d
ec
onom
ic
p
a
r
am
eter
a
nd
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
i
z
i
ng
as
w
ell
[7]
.
T
able
1
c
o
m
p
are
s
t
he
c
har
acter
i
s
tics
a
n
d
a
d
va
nta
g
e
s
of
t
he
P
V
sola
r
system
a
n
d
t
he
h
y
b
ri
d
of
P
V
solar
a
nd
w
i
nd
s
y
s
t
e
m
s.
A
l
t
h
o
u
g
h
numbe
r
s
o
f
a
d
van
t
ges
of
t
he
hy
bri
d
s
ys
tem
has
bee
n
d
o
c
ume
n
te
d,
t
he
s
uitab
i
l
ity
o
f
im
pl
e
m
e
n
t
a
tion
of
h
y
b
ri
d
of
s
ol
a
r
a
n
d
w
in
d
in
Ma
lays
ia
i
s
repor
t
e
d
less
eff
ecti
v
e
d
u
e
t
o
t
he
w
ind
i
n
sta
b
il
i
t
y
c
on
d
i
tio
n.
T
o
de
ve
lo
p
a
hy
bri
d
o
f
s
o
l
a
r
and
w
i
n
d
s
ystem
,
t
he
w
i
n
d
spe
e
d
h
a
s
t
o
be
c
o
n
s
i
st
e
n
t
a
n
d
s
t
ro
n
g
t
hr
o
ugh
o
u
t
the
ye
ar.
Low
and
inc
onsis
te
nt
w
i
n
d
spee
d
i
n
M
a
l
a
y
s
i
a,
e
spe
c
i
al
l
y
M
a
l
acc
a,
h
a
s
s
t
o
p
p
e
d
t
he
a
pp
l
i
cab
ili
ty
o
f
th
e
w
i
nd
r
e
s
o
u
r
ce
.
Se
ct
ion
2
wil
l
prese
n
t
the f
i
n
d
i
n
gs t
o show
t
he
w
in
d re
sour
ce
cond
i
t
i
o
n
i
n
Mal
ay
si
a
.
Tab
l
e
1.
C
om
p
a
r
i
so
n be
tw
ee
n
the P
V
solar
sys
t
e
m
and
t
h
e
hy
bri
d
of P
V
solar
an
d w
i
n
d
s
ys
tem
Photovolta
ic
s
ola
r
sy
s
t
e
m
P
hotovolta
i
c
s
ol
a
r
a
nd
wi
nd
h
y
brid
s
y
st
e
m
Ha
r
v
e
s
ting
only
one
s
our
c
e
o
f
r
e
n
e
wabl
e
e
n
e
r
gy w
h
ic
h i
s
t
he
s
ol
ar
e
n
e
r
gy
f
r
o
m
sunli
ght
H
a
rv
e
s
ting
tw
o
sour
c
e
s
of
r
e
n
ewa
b
le e
ne
rgy
whi
c
h
w
o
ul
d
be
the
w
i
nd
e
n
e
r
gy
a
nd
s
o
l
a
r
e
n
e
r
g
y
C
o
sts
l
e
ss
th
a
t
h
y
b
r
i
d
P
V
s
ol
a
r
a
nd
wind
sy
stem
C
os
ts m
or
e
th
a
n
PV
sola
r s
y
st
e
m
Poore
r
outp
u
t
e
n
e
r
gy
p
e
r
fo
r
m
a
n
ce
a
nd
l
e
ss
t
e
c
hno-ec
on
om
i
c
a
l
B
e
t
t
e
r out
put
e
n
e
r
g
y
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
a
nd
be
tt
e
r
t
e
c
hno-
eco
n
o
m
i
cal
De
p
e
nds
only
on
t
h
e
str
e
ngth
of
one
r
e
n
ewa
b
l
e
s
ource
S
tre
ngth
o
f on
e
rene
wa
bl
e sourc
e
will ove
rc
o
m
e th
e
w
e
a
k
n
e
ss
o
f
th
e
o
th
er r
e
n
e
w
ab
le so
u
r
c
e
S
i
m
p
l
e
r
s
y
st
e
m
a
s
co
m
p
ar
ed
t
o
t
h
e
h
y
b
r
i
d
PV
s
o
lar
an
d
wi
n
d
s
y
s
t
em
C
o
m
p
l
ex
s
ys
t
e
m
as
co
m
p
a
r
e
d
t
o
t
h
e
P
V
s
o
l
a
r
s
y
s
t
e
m
The
op
t
i
mum
of
o
u
t
p
u
t
e
n
e
r
gy
c
o
l
l
e
c
t
e
d
f
r
o
m
P
V
s
olar
s
ys
t
e
m
dep
e
n
d
s
m
a
i
nly
on
t
h
e
P
V
p
ane
l
s
con
f
ig
ura
tio
ns.
A
num
ber
of
s
olar
p
a
n
e
l
s
t
h
at
a
r
e
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
e
d
e
i
t
he
r
i
n
s
e
r
ies
or
p
ara
l
le
l
c
o
n
f
igur
a
tio
ns
a
r
e
referr
ed
a
s
solar
array
[
8
].
I
n
t
h
e
serie
s
a
r
r
ay,
t
h
e
s
o
lar
pa
n
e
l
s
i
n
t
he
a
rray
a
r
e
co
n
n
ec
te
d
in
s
erie
s,
w
h
e
re
as
i
n
para
l
l
e
l
a
rr
ay,
the
so
lar
pa
ne
l
s
i
n
t
h
e
arr
a
y
a
r
e
con
n
ec
te
d
in
pa
ral
l
e
l
.
We
a
t
he
r
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
s
a
ls
o
in
flue
nc
e
t
h
e
efficie
n
c
y
.
U
n
der
ce
rtai
n
c
l
o
ud
c
o
ndi
ti
o
n
s,
t
he
c
ha
ng
es
c
a
n
b
e
dram
ati
c
a
nd
fa
st.
P
a
ssi
ng
c
l
ou
d
re
sul
t
s
i
n
p
o
w
e
r
v
a
r
i
a
ti
on
i
n
t
h
e
ph
otov
ol
t
a
i
c
g
en
e
r
a
t
o
r
a
nd
t
h
e
c
on
d
i
t
i
on
f
urt
h
er
w
or
sens
w
he
n
t
h
ere
is
l
a
r
g
e
l
o
a
d
dem
a
nd.
T
he
re
a
r
e
t
e
n
t
y
p
e
s
o
f
c
l
o
u
d
p
at
tern
t
hat
ca
n
a
ffe
c
t
t
h
e
PV
o
u
t
pu
t
wh
en
t
h
e
y
are
sh
ad
o
w
e
d
.
The
c
l
o
uds
c
a
n
b
e
c
h
ara
c
te
rize
d
hy
i
t
s
s
h
ape,
s
ize
,
s
p
e
e
d
,
d
i
r
e
c
t
i
o
n,
o
p
t
ical
t
r
a
ns
missi
o
n
a
n
d
o
pt
ica
l
p
r
o
p
e
r
t
i
e
s
w
h
e
r
e
e
a
c
h
c
l
o
u
d
p
a
t
t
e
r
n
p
e
r
m
i
t
s
a
c
e
r
t
a
i
n
p
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
o
f
i
rr
ad
iance
to
p
e
n
e
t
r
a
te
i
t
[
9
].
T
hi
s
paper
,
there
f
ore,
d
e
a
l
s
w
ith
t
he
i
nv
est
i
ga
tio
n
o
n
t
he
i
mpa
c
t
o
f
so
l
a
r
array
connec
t
i
o
ns
i
n
the
change
s
of
c
l
oud
c
o
ndi
ti
o
n
s ex
pe
ri
me
n
t
al
ly
.
2.
L
A
BORATORY SCAL
E S
I
NG
LE AX
I
S
S
O
LAR TRA
C
KING SYSTEM
The
la
b
o
r
a
t
o
ry
-sc
a
le
s
in
gle
a
x
is
s
o
l
a
r
t
rac
k
ing
s
y
ste
m
t
hat
i
s
u
s
e
d
t
o
b
e
o
p
t
i
m
i
z
e
d
h
a
s
a
s
c
a
l
e
d
r
a
t
i
o
of
4
6
2
:1
a
s
co
m
p
are
d
t
o
the
a
c
tua
l
s
o
l
ar
t
ra
cki
n
g
p
l
an
t
[
1
0
]
.
F
igure
1
sho
w
s
labor
a
t
ory-
sca
l
e
si
n
g
le
a
x
i
s
so
lar
trac
k
i
n
g
s
y
s
te
m
that
u
se
d
i
n
t
he
e
xpe
rime
n
t
.
The
di
m
e
nsi
on
of
t
he
s
olar
p
ane
l
i
s
4
5
0
(l
)
x
340
(
w
)
mm
w
i
th
ma
ximum
o
u
t
p
ut p
ower
o
f 2
0
W. The t
r
ack
in
g system
u
se
s a po
ly-
c
ry
st
all
i
n
e
(p
-si
)
t
yp
e
SOLAR
L
AND
s
ol
a
r
pane
l
(
m
ode
l
:
S
LP-
0
2
0
-
12).
T
h
e
trac
k
i
ng
sys
t
em
i
s
ac
t
u
a
t
ed
b
y
a
D
C
ge
ar
ed
m
ot
or
(
mot
o
r
dri
v
er:
L
293D
)
,
and a
n
e
nc
o
d
er
is use
d
t
o
dete
r
m
ine the a
n
gle
of ro
t
at
i
on of th
e
mot
o
r. This
t
r
a
c
ki
ng
sys
te
m i
s
i
n
t
e
g
ra
t
e
d
wit
h
the
A
r
du
ino
Me
ga
2
5
60 c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
er
.
F
o
t
he so
l
ar
a
rray co
nfi
gura
t
i
o
ns, a so
l
ar
pa
n
e
l
w
it
h m
odel
:
S
LP
-01
0
-1
2 is
adde
d.
Ta
b
le 2
p
resens
t
he
sp
e
c
i
fica
ti
o
n
s
of
t
he
s
olar
p
ane
l
s S
LP
-
020-1
2
and
S
L
P
-
010-1
2
.
To
m
a
x
i
m
ize
the
lab
o
ra
tor
y
-s
cale
s
o
la
r
tra
c
k
i
ng
sys
t
em
,
so
la
r
a
rray
i
s
d
e
v
el
o
p
ed
b
y
i
n
cr
easin
g
the
numbe
r
of
s
o
l
a
r
p
a
n
e
l
s.
T
he
s
ola
r
a
r
r
ay
i
s
d
e
vel
o
ped
t
o
i
n
c
re
as
e
the
rate
d
ou
t
p
u
t
p
ow
er
t
w
o
time
s
h
ighe
r
as
com
p
are
d
t
o
th
e
exis
tin
g
rate
d
o
u
t
p
u
t
p
ow
er
[
1
0
].
T
w
o
10
W
pa
ne
ls
a
re
c
hos
e
n
i
n
s
tea
d
o
f
one
2
0
W
p
a
nel
t
o
deve
l
o
p
t
h
e
so
la
r
ar
ray,
w
her
e
i
t
w
i
l
l
b
ring
t
he
s
am
e
m
a
xi
m
u
m
p
ow
er
c
urre
nt
a
s
the
2
0
W
one.
In
o
r
d
er
t
o
ma
ke
s
ure
t
h
e
exi
s
ti
ng
ac
t
u
a
t
or
a
nd
gea
r
bo
x
c
o
u
l
d
s
u
p
p
o
rt
t
he
m
o
d
if
i
c
at
io
n
m
a
de
.
The
c
a
lcu
l
a
t
io
n
o
f
t
orq
u
e
pro
duce
d
is ca
l
c
ula
t
e
d
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
P
o
w
Elec
&
D
r
i
S
y
st
I
S
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
O
u
t
p
u
t
ener
gy
m
a
x
i
m
i
za
t
i
o
n
o
f
a
si
ng
le
ax
i
s
ph
o
t
ov
o
l
t
a
ic so
la
r
track
i
ng sy
stem
…
(
S
.
H
.
C
h
o
n
g
)
1
657
The
tor
que de
s
ir
ed t
o r
o
t
a
te th
e
s
olar
p
ane
l
is
c
a
lcul
ate
d
:
F
d
(1
)
wh
ere
d
e
n
o
t
e
s
t
h
e
s
u
m
m
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
c
o
u
p
l
e
m
o
m
e
n
t
s
(
N
m
)
,
F
r
e
pr
e
s
ent
s
t
he
m
ag
n
i
tu
de
f
or
ce
(
N
)
,
an
d
d
r
e
pr
e
s
e
n
ts
t
he
p
e
r
pe
nd
ic
ular
d
i
s
t
a
nce
fr
om
t
he
l
i
n
e
o
f
a
c
tio
n
o
f
th
e
f
o
rce
t
o
t
h
e
axi
s ro
ta
ti
o
n
(m)
.
T
o
c
a
lc
ula
t
e
t
h
e
m
a
gnit
u
de
o
f
for
ce,
F
:
F
ma
(2
)
wh
ere
m
is
t
he
m
ass
of
b
o
dy
(
kg)
,
and
a
i
s
t
h
e
bod
y
a
c
c
e
ler
a
tio
n
(
m
s
-2
).
A
g
ear
bo
x
is
m
oun
te
d
on
the
sha
f
t
of
t
h
e
D
C
m
o
tor
t
o
i
ncr
e
ase
the
r
a
te
d
tor
que
i
n
or
der
t
o
o
v
e
rco
m
e.
t
h
e
frictio
n
c
o
effici
ent
an
d
th
e
su
rro
un
ding
c
o
e
ffi
c
i
e
n
t
s
uc
h
as
w
ind
e
ffe
t.
I
t
c
onsis
ts
o
f
tw
o
ge
ar
he
a
d
s
w
h
i
c
h
is
1
4
a
n
d
25
r
e
spec
t
i
ve
ly
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
D
C
mot
o
r
t
o
r
q
u
e
,
w
i
t
h
a
n
i
n
p
u
t
t
o
r
q
u
e
o
f
0
.
0
7
N
m
.
To
calc
u
l
a
t
e
t
h
e
outp
u
t
tor
q
ue
o
f
the
ge
ar
e
d
m
otor
:
ou
t
p
u
t
input
G
(3
)
wh
ere
G
de
no
t
e
s
t
o
t
he
g
ea
r
r
a
ti
o,
ou
t
p
ut
r
epr
e
se
n
t
s
t
h
e
ou
tp
ut
t
or
q
u
e
pr
o
d
u
ced
b
y
the
ge
ar
h
ea
d,
a
n
d
t
h
e
input
is
t
he
i
n
p
u
t
t
o
r
que
a
p
p
l
i
e
d
to
t
he
g
ear
h
ea
d.
T
her
e
f
o
r
e
,
the
ou
tp
ut
t
o
r
qu
e
,
output
=
1
4
x
25
x
0
.0
7
Nm.
If
t
he
tor
que
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
a
d
d
i
t
i
ona
l
pa
ne
l
s
w
i
t
h
the
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I
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0
8
8
-
86
94
I
n
t
J Po
w
Elec
&
Dr
i
Sy
st,
Vo
l. 1
0
,
No
. 3
,
S
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p
2
019
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1
6
5
5
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1
661
1
658
F
i
gur
e
2.
T
he
s
che
m
a
tic
v
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of
s
o
l
ar
a
r
r
ay
3.
RESU
L
T
S
A
ND ANALY
S
IS
I
n
t
h
i
s
se
c
t
i
o
n,
i
t
is
e
x
p
l
a
i
ne
d
the
s
t
ud
i
e
s
of
possi
b
ili
ti
es
o
f
h
y
b
r
id
pho
t
ovo
lt
ai
c
a
n
d
wind
s
y
s
t
e
m
in
Ma
la
ysia
.
T
h
e
n
,
e
xpe
r
i
me
n
t
s
ar
e
d
one
t
o
i
nve
st
iga
t
e
the
e
ffe
c
t
of
c
lo
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d
s
ha
dow
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n
g
an
d
sola
r
pane
l
c
o
n
f
ig
u
r
at
io
n
t
o
t
he
o
utp
u
t
e
n
e
r
gy
ge
ner
a
te
d
.
3.
1.
S
t
ud
ies
of
p
o
ssib
i
lit
ie
s
of
h
yb
rid
p
h
o
t
ov
olt
a
ic
a
n
d
w
in
d
sy
stem in Ma
l
ay
s
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a
F
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gur
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3
il
lustr
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t
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the
a
n
n
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l
f
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q
u
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nc
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d
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str
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bu
tio
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w
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pe
ds
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M
a
l
a
y
s
ia
.
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n
nua
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e
que
n
c
y
di
str
i
b
u
t
i
on
s
h
ow
s
tha
t
t
he hi
ghe
st
w
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d
spe
e
d
i
s
a
r
o
un
d
2
m
/
s
t
o
4
m
/s
.
I
n
M
e
l
a
k
a
,
t
h
e
h
i
g
h
e
s
t
f
r
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q
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e
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hich
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3
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%
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f
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l
l
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i
gur
e
4
s
h
o
w
s
t
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a
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n
u
a
l
m
e
a
n
w
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M
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k
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.
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s
c
a
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c
l
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a
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t
h
a
t
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n
w
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d
s
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i
n
M
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is
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,
w
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ch
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s
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s
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i
t
a
b
l
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h
y
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r
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d
t
h
e
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l
a
r
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w
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s
y
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e
m
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s
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ll
y
2.
5 m
/
s.
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e
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e
,
it c
a
n
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d
t
h
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t,
M
e
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s
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t a
su
itab
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to
g
e
ner
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te
pow
e
r
us
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g
w
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n
d
e
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r
gy.
3.
2.
Ou
tp
u
t
e
n
e
r
gy
op
t
i
miz
a
t
i
on
o
f
t
h
e
lab
o
r
a
t
o
r
y
s
c
a
le
s
ol
ar
pa
n
e
l a
r
ra
y
Th
e
l
a
bo
ra
ot
ry
s
c
a
l
e
s
in
gl
e
axi
s
s
o
l
a
r
t
ra
ck
i
n
g
sy
st
em’s
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u
t
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ner
g
y
is
m
axim
i
z
e
d
b
y
de
ve
l
opi
ng
a
s
o
l
a
r
a
r
r
a
y
.
T
h
e
s
o
l
a
r
a
r
r
a
y
i
s
a
r
r
a
n
g
e
d
i
n
t
w
o
w
a
y
s
:
s
e
r
i
e
s
o
r
p
a
r
al
le
l.
I
n
t
h
i
s
s
e
c
tio
n,
t
he
e
x
p
erim
en
t
is
d
o
n
e
to
se
l
ec
t
the
be
st c
on
f
i
g
u
r
a
t
i
o
n of s
o
l
ar
pa
n
e
l
t
ha
t
has
l
e
sse
r
aff
ect
b
y t
h
e
clo
u
d
s
had
o
w
i
ng
a
n
d
pr
o
duc
e be
tt
e
r
ou
t
p
u
t
e
ner
gy.
T
he
o
utp
u
t
p
ow
er
o
f
the
s
o
l
a
r
ar
r
a
y
is
c
omp
a
r
e
d
w
i
t
h
t
he
s
olar
i
r
r
ad
ia
nce
l
e
ve
l
to
v
a
l
i
d
a
t
e
the
ir
r
e
gu
lar
c
h
a
n
ges
i
n
o
u
t
put
pow
e
r
.
The
ex
per
i
me
nt
w
a
s
d
o
n
e
i
n
c
a
m
p
u
s
of
U
n
i
ver
s
i
t
i
Te
kn
i
k
a
l
M
alay
si
a
Me
la
ka.
F
i
gur
e
s
5
a
nd
6
sh
ow
t
he
a
ve
r
a
ged
o
u
t
p
u
t
e
n
er
g
y
f
or
f
i
v
e
day
s
,
in
t
he
a
r
e
a
of
U
n
i
ver
s
it
y
’
s
cam
pus
.
F
o
u
r
c
o
ndi
t
i
on
o
f
s
ol
ar
p
an
el
a
re
i
nv
e
s
tig
a
t
ed
,
wh
i
c
h
are
no
rma
l
(
w
itho
u
t
shad
ow
ed)
,
1
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sha
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20
W
sha
dow
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d
,
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s
ha
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d.
T
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ola
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a
r
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ays
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exa
m
ine
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eri
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s
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d
pa
ral
l
e
l
c
on
figura
t
io
n
s
.
Th
e
p
a
r
t
i
a
l
-
s
h
ad
o
w
i
n
g
cl
oud
i
s
c
r
e
a
t
e
d
by
u
s
ing
th
e
sh
eer
c
l
o
t
h
(
Q
P
F
12
5)
w
hic
h
i
s
a
sem
i
-
t
r
a
nspa
r
e
n
t
m
a
ter
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al.
A
c
co
r
d
i
ng
t
o
t
he
T
a
b
l
e
s
3
an
d
4
a
nd
F
i
g
u
r
e
s
5
a
nd
6,
t
h
e
o
u
t
p
ut
pow
er
o
f
th
e
so
lar
pa
nel
a
r
r
a
y
is
d
i
rect
ly
p
erp
e
nd
i
c
ul
a
r
t
o
t
h
e
so
l
a
r
i
r
ra
di
a
n
c
e
l
ev
el
.
As
t
h
e
s
o
lar
irr
a
d
i
ance
i
nc
rea
s
es,
the
ou
t
p
u
t
p
owe
r
o
f
t
h
e
so
lar
pa
ne
l
a
r
r
a
y
i
n
c
r
ea
ses.
T
h
e
i
rreg
u
l
a
rity
o
f
solar
irr
a
d
i
an
c
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i
s
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e
to
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oud
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in
t
h
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s
ky
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ai
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h
u
m
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d
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nd
.
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l
a
r
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an
ce
d
at
a
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s
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s
e
d
to
v
ali
d
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t
e
th
e
i
r
re
g
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l
a
ri
t
y
ou
tpu
t
pow
e
r
o
f
t
h
e
sola
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pane
l
a
r
r
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t
h
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t
p
u
t
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n
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is
s
ec
ti
on
i
s
p
r
ove
n
to
b
e
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ca
use
of
i
r
r
e
g
ula
r
s
olar
i
r
r
a
di
a
n
ce
le
ve
l.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
P
o
w
Elec
&
D
r
i
S
y
st
I
S
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
O
u
t
p
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a
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m
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1
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h
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se
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ent
dr
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c
ur
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n
t
fr
om
t
he
p
a
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e
l
s
th
at
a
r
e
n
o
t
s
ha
dow
e
d
.
Th
is
t
hen
c
o
n
t
r
i
b
u
te
s
t
o
t
h
e
l
ar
ge
d
r
o
p
w
h
e
n
t
he
f
i
r
st
1
0
W
pa
n
e
l
i
s
shad
ow
ed.
A
c
cor
d
in
g
t
o
[
8]
,
[
12]
,
the
sa
me
p
he
n
o
m
e
no
n
occ
u
r
s
w
hen
the
so
la
r
c
e
ll
s
i
s
s
ha
do
w
e
d
par
tia
l
l
y.
I
n
c
o
n
t
r
a
st,
t
h
e
o
u
t
p
ut
e
ner
gy
on
l
y
sh
o
w
s
sl
ig
htl
y
d
ec
remen
t
i
n
p
a
ral
l
e
l
c
onne
ct
e
d
s
o
l
ar
p
an
e
l
a
rr
a
y
bec
a
u
se
t
he
r
edu
c
tio
n
d
o
es
n
o
t
c
ause
the
o
t
he
r
pane
l
s
o
u
t
p
u
t
e
ne
r
g
y
ge
ner
a
t
i
o
n
.
F
i
gur
e
3.
T
he
a
nn
ua
l
fr
eque
nc
y
di
st
r
i
b
u
t
i
on
o
f
w
in
d
spee
ds
i
n
M
a
l
ays
i
a
[11
]
F
i
gur
e
4.
A
nnu
al
m
e
a
n
w
i
nd
s
p
e
e
d
in
M
e
l
a
k
a,
M
ala
y
sia
[1
1]
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
Int J
P
o
w
El
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
,
V
ol.
10,
N
o.
3
, S
e
p
2
0
1
9
:
165
5
– 1
661
1
660
Tab
l
e
3.
A
veraged o
f
o
ut
p
u
t
e
n
er
g
y
duri
n
g n
o
rm
al
and
p
a
r
tia
l-sha
dow
in
g c
ond
i
t
i
on – se
ries c
o
n
fig
u
r
e
d so
lar
array
Tim
e
(H
o
u
rs
)
No
r
m
a
l
(W
)
10
W
sh
a
dow
e
d
(W
)
20
W
sh
a
dowe
d
(W)
3
0
W
sh
a
d
o
w
ed
(W
)
S
o
la
r irra
di
a
n
ce
(W
/m
2
)
1115
16.
68
9
.
3
0
8.
20
7
.
6
0
711.
80
1145
20.
52
12.
20
10.
76
11.
04
761.
40
1215
12.
76
7
.
2
2
6.
56
6
.
3
8
539.
00
1245
15.
22
7
.
9
8
7.
34
6
.
9
4
651.
40
1315
19.
28
9
.
8
4
9.
06
8
.
5
4
781.
20
1345
15.
56
9
.
2
6
8.
26
7
.
9
2
688.
60
1415
18.
38
10.
08
8
.
6
4
8.
28
694.
00
Tab
l
e
4.
A
veraged o
f
o
ut
p
u
t
e
n
er
g
y
duri
n
g n
o
rm
al
a
n
d
par
tia
l-sha
dow
in
g
co
nd
iti
on –
para
l
l
e
l
c
on
fig
u
re
d
so
l
a
r
arr
ay
Tim
e
(H
o
u
rs
)
No
r
m
a
l
(W
)
10
W
sh
a
dow
e
d
(W
)
20
W
sh
a
dowe
d
(W)
3
0
W
sh
a
d
o
w
ed
(W
)
S
o
la
r irra
di
a
n
ce
(W
/m
2
)
1100
19.
22
16.
98
14.
86
13.
18
734.
00
1130
23.
50
20.
86
18.
86
17.
00
856.
40
1200
15.
60
13.
62
11.
88
10.
30
566.
00
1230
18.
26
16.
26
14.
52
12.
78
649.
00
1300
17.
04
14.
90
12.
86
11.
64
722.
20
1330
16.
02
14.
06
12.
32
11.
00
673.
00
1400
25.
86
23.
04
20.
04
17.
76
884.
60
F
i
gur
e 5.
Compa
rat
i
ve
a
ver
a
g
e
d
exper
i
m
e
nta
l
o
u
t
pu
t
e
n
erg
y
o
f n
o
rm
al
a
nd sh
od
o
w
ed
c
on
di
tio
ns
for
series
c
on
fi
gura
t
i
o
n solar
pane
l
F
i
gur
e 6.
Compa
rat
i
ve
a
ver
a
g
e
d
exper
i
m
e
nta
l
out
pu
t
e
n
erg
y
of n
o
rm
al
a
nd sh
od
o
w
ed
c
on
di
tio
ns
for
par
a
l
l
el c
on
fig
u
r
a
tio
n
so
l
a
r pa
nel
4.
CONCL
U
S
ION
Re
ne
w
a
b
l
e
ene
r
gy
ha
r
v
es
tin
g
has
h
i
gh p
o
t
e
n
tia
l
t
o
b
e
c
o
me
a
n
im
p
ortant
s
ource
f
o
r
power
generatio.
In
t
his
res
e
ar
ch,
t
h
e
s
t
udies
on
po
ssib
i
l
iti
es
o
f
h
y
b
rid
s
o
la
r
a
nd
w
i
n
d
s
y
s
t
e
m
w
e
r
e
done
a
nd
d
u
e
t
o
t
h
e
l
ow
and
i
n
c
ons
i
s
te
nt
o
f
w
i
n
d
r
eso
u
rce
s
,
Mela
ka
i
s
no
t
s
u
ita
b
l
e
to
h
a
v
e
w
i
nd
e
n
erg
y
p
la
nt.
T
h
en,
the
o
p
timi
z
a
t
io
n
of
output
ener
gy
i
n
cloud-free
a
nd
cloud-s
h
adowe
d
c
ondition
was
exam
i
n
e
d b
y
us
i
n
g
ser
ie
s an
d para
l
l
e
l
sol
a
r
pane
l
a
rra
nge
me
nt.
Ex
per
i
m
e
tal
e
v
a
l
ua
t
i
ons
w
e
r
e
d
o
n
e
i
n
t
h
e
c
a
m
p
u
s
of
U
n
i
ve
rs
iti
Tek
n
i
ka
l
Ma
lays
i
a
Me
laka,
an
d
c
o
mpa
r
at
ive
a
n
a
l
ysis
w
a
s
s
ho
w
e
d.
T
he
r
esult
s
p
r
o
ve
d
t
hat
the
ef
fec
t
o
f
clo
u
d
s
ha
d
o
w
i
ng
is
sever
e
a
s
a
s
udde
n
passa
ge
o
f
c
l
ou
d
ba
nk
c
o
u
l
d
s
w
e
e
p
t
he
e
n
tire
p
ho
tov
o
lta
ic
g
e
n
e
r
ator
a
nd
caus
e
l
a
r
ge
pow
er
v
a
r
ia
tio
n.
H
ow
ever
,
the
para
l
l
e
l
a
r
r
ange
me
nt
o
f
s
o
la
r
pan
el
h
as
r
ed
u
c
e
d
t
h
e
e
ffe
ct
o
f
c
l
o
u
d
sh
a
d
o
w
i
n
g
on i
t
s ge
ne
rat
i
on o
f
o
utp
u
t e
n
ergy.
ACKNOW
LEDG
E
MEN
T
S
The
a
u
th
ors
w
o
u
l
d
li
ke
t
o
be
obl
i
g
ed
t
o
M
o
t
i
on
C
o
n
t
rol
Resea
r
ch
L
a
b
o
r
atory,
C
e
n
t
e
r
for
Ro
bot
ics
and
A
u
tom
a
t
i
o
n,
F
ac
ul
t
y
o
f
Elec
t
r
i
c
a
l
E
n
g
i
nee
r
i
ng,
U
nive
rsi
t
i
T
e
k
n
i
ka
l
Ma
lays
ia
M
e
l
a
k
a
f
o
r
pr
ov
id
i
ng
t
h
e
lab
o
ra
tory
f
aci
li
ties
a
nd
e
q
u
i
pm
ent
su
p
por
t.
T
he
p
ro
ject
i
s
fun
de
d
b
y
a
r
esea
rch
gra
n
t
p
r
ov
ide
d
by
U
n
i
v
ersi
ti
Te
kn
ik
al
M
al
a
y
si
a M
e
l
a
k
a
(PJP/
2
017/
F
K
E/
HI1
1
/
S015
33
).
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
El
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
IS
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
O
u
t
p
u
t
e
n
er
gy
m
a
xim
i
za
t
i
o
n
o
f
a
si
ng
le
ax
is ph
o
t
ov
o
lta
ic
so
l
a
r track
i
n
g
sy
stem
… (
S
. H
.
Cho
n
g
)
1
661
REFE
RENCES
[1]
M.
E
rogl
u
, et a
l
.
,
"A
m
obil
e
r
enewab
le
h
ous
e
us
in
g
P
V
/
wi
nd/
f
uel
cell
h
y
b
r
id
p
o
wer
sys
t
em,"
International
J
o
urna
l o
f
Hy
dr
og
e
n
En
e
r
g
y
,
vo
l
.
3
6,
n
o
.
1
3
,
p
p.
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85-7
9
9
2
,
J
u
l
y
201
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[2]
F.
G
ira
u
d,
et
al
.
,
“
A
n
a
lysis
of
T
he
E
ff
ect
s
of
a
P
a
s
si
ng
Clo
ud on
a
G
rid-Intera
t
i
v
e
P
h
o
t
o
v
o
l
t
ai
c
s
y
st
e
m
wi
t
h
B
a
t
t
e
r
y
S
t
o
r
age
us
ing
Neu
r
a
l
N
etw
o
rks,”
IEEE T
r
an
sact
io
n on
Energy Con
vers
i
o
n
,
vo
l.
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,
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f
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r
O
p
tim
a
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y
S
izi
n
g
the
Combina
t
i
o
n
of
a
B
at
ter
y
Ba
nk
a
n
d
P
V
Arra
y
in
a
Wi
nd/PV.
H
yb
rid
S
y
stem
”
I
E
E
E
Tran
sac
t
io
n
o
n
Ene
r
gy
Co
nv
e
r
stion
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Borowy,
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“
O
pti
m
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A
rray
Size
f
o
r
a
Hyb
r
if
W
i
n
d
/
P
V
S
y
s
tem
,
”
IEEE
Tr
ansac
t
ion
s
on
Ener
gy
Conversi
on
,
vo
l.
9
,
n
o
. 3
, p
p
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2
-
4
8
8
, Sep
t 19
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A. N
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elik,
et
a
l
.
,
“O
ptim
i
z
atio
n
and
Techn
o
-E
c
ono
m
i
c A
n
al
y
s
is
o
f
A
u
t
onom
ou
s
P
V
-W
i
nd
Hy
brid
E
nergy
S
y
stem
i
n
C
o
m
p
a
r
i
s
o
n
t
o
S
i
n
g
l
e
P
V
a
n
d
W
i
n
d
S
y
s
t
e
m
s
,
”
En
e
r
g
y
Con
v
e
r
sion
an
d Man
ag
e
m
e
n
t
,
vo
l.
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D
i
h
r
ab,
et al
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cit
y
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en
erati
on
o
f
P
V
/
W
i
n
d
S
ystem
s
i
n
Iraq,
”
Renewa
ble E
n
er
gy
,
v
o
l
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3
5
,
n
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pp
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201
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S
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B
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a
ttach
arjee
,
et
a
l
.
,
“
P
V-Wi
nd
H
y
b
ri
d
P
o
wer
O
p
t
i
on
f
o
r
a
L
o
w
W
in
d
T
o
p
o
l
ogy,
”
International Nuc
l
ear
I
n
d
o
t
m
at
i
o
n S
y
s
t
e
m
,
v
o
l
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4
9
,
no.
39
,
p
p.
942
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4
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201
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[8]
R.
R
am
abad
ran,
“
Eff
ects
of
S
h
a
di
ng
o
n
S
e
ri
e
s
a
n
d
P
ar
al
lel
Conn
e
cted
S
ol
ar
P
V
Mo
du
les,”
M
o
d
er
n Appli
e
d
Sci
e
nce
,
v
ol
.
3
, n
o.
1
0,
p
p
.
3
2
-
4
2
,
O
ct
2
009.
[9]
W.
J
ewe
l
l
,
et a
l
.
,
“
T
he
E
ff
ect
s
of
M
oving
C
l
ouds
o
n
El
ectri
c
U
t
ilities
w
ith
D
i
s
p
ers
e
d
Ph
ot
ov
oltaic
G
enerat
io
n,”
IEEE Transac
t
i
on
on
E
n
ergy Con
version
,
v
o
l
.
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. 4
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6
, Dec
1
98
7
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[10]
C.
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Al
la
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So
on
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et
a
l
.
,
“l
aborat
ory
-
S
c
al
e
S
i
ngl
e
Axis
S
olar
T
rack
in
g
S
y
stem
:
Desi
gn
a
nd
I
mple
mentation,
”
Int
e
rna
t
i
o
n
a
l
Jo
u
r
n
a
l of Po
wer
E
l
ectr
onics an
d
D
r
i
ve System (
I
JPED
S
)
,
vol
7
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[11]
K.
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opian,
et al.
,
“The
W
i
n
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oten
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al
o
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a
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ia,
”
Renewable Energy
,
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[12]
B.
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Y
o
un
t,
et al
.
,
“Q
uan
t
if
y
i
n
g
I
ns
ol
a
tio
n
in
M
u
lti
p
l
e
S
h
ad
ing
S
cen
arios
,
”
i
n
20
11 IEE
E
G
r
een
T
echn
o
l
ogi
e
s
Con
f
eren
ce
, pp
. 1
-6
,
2
0
1
1
.
B
I
OGRAPHIES
O
F AUTHO
RS
S.
H
.
Ch
o
n
g
r
e
ceived
h
e
r
B.
E
n
g
a
n
d
M
.
S
c
.
in
Electri
cal
E
ngin
eerin
g
f
r
o
m
th
e
Un
iv
e
r
s
i
t
i
Te
kn
olog
i
M
a
la
y
s
ia
(
UTM),
Ma
la
ysia
i
n
20
01
a
nd
2
0
0
3
r
e
s
pe
c
t
iv
e
l
y.
I
n
ye
a
r
2
01
0,
sh
e
receiv
e
d
her
D
o
cto
r
o
f
E
n
g
i
neeri
n
g
in
M
echano-M
i
cro
En
g
i
nee
ri
ng
f
r
om
T
okyo
I
ns
titut
e
of
T
echnol
o
gy
(
T
o
kyo
Tech),
J
ap
an.
She
is current
ly
a
n Associat
e P
r
of
es
s
o
r
in
t
he
D
ep
artm
en
t
of
C
ontrol,
I
n
s
trum
en
tati
on
a
nd
A
ut
o
m
ati
o
n
,
F
acu
lty
o
f
El
ectri
c
al
E
ngin
e
eri
n
g
,
U
ni
versiti
Tek
n
i
k
al
M
a
l
ay
si
a
M
e
lak
a
(
U
T
eM
).
H
er
r
es
ea
rch
in
terest
s
inclu
d
e
m
ot
io
n
c
o
ntrol
,
s
ma
r
t
m
a
nu
f
acturi
n
g
IR4.
0,
m
ech
atron
i
c
system
s
design
an
d
m
o
del
l
i
n
g
,
preci
sio
n
e
ngineeri
n
g
,
a
nd
rehab
i
l
i
t
a
tio
n
s
y
s
t
e
m.
S
h
e
i
s
f
oun
d
i
ng
m
em
b
e
r
and
s
e
cretar
y
of
Malaysian
Society
o
f
Automat
i
c
&
Control
E
ngineers
(M
ACE
)
– I
FA
C
NMO. She is
the
m
e
m
ber i
n
IFAC Tech
ni
c
a
l
Com
m
itt
e
e
C
on
trol
Desig
n
(IF
AC TC 2
.
1),
and
M
echatro
ni
cs (IF
A
C
TC 4
.2
),
t
o
o
.
N.
N
C
h
andren
w
as
w
it
h
t
h
e
M
o
t
i
o
n
C
ontro
l
Res
earc
h
G
ro
up
,
F
acult
y
o
f
E
l
ectri
cal
Engi
neering
,
Unive
rsi
ti Te
kn
ik
al M
al
a
y
si
a M
e
laka.
C.
-R
.
All
a
n
S
o
on
was
w
ith
t
h
e
M
otio
n
Cont
rol
Researh
Gro
u
p
,
F
aculty
o
f
El
ectrica
l
Engi
neering
,
Unive
rsi
ti Te
kn
ik
al M
al
a
y
si
a M
e
laka.
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