I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
P
o
w
er
E
lect
ro
nics
a
nd
Driv
e
Sy
s
t
e
m
(
I
J
P
E
DS
)
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
2
0
1
7
,
p
p
.
20
~
30
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
,
DOI
: 1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/
i
j
p
ed
s
.
v8
i
1
.
p
p
2
0
-
30
20
J
o
ur
na
l
ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ia
e
s
jo
u
r
n
a
l.c
o
m/o
n
lin
e/in
d
ex
.
p
h
p
/I
JP
E
DS
Sing
le Sw
itched
No
n
-
i
so
la
ted
H
ig
h G
a
in
Co
nv
erte
r
L
o
pa
m
ud
ra
M
it
ra
1
,
Ulla
s
h K
u
m
a
r
Ro
ut
2
1
,
2
De
p
a
rt
m
e
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
KIIT
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
,
In
d
ia.
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
ST
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
Sep
1
9
,
2
0
1
6
R
ev
i
s
ed
No
v
2
4
,
2
0
1
6
A
cc
ep
ted
Dec
05
,
2
0
1
6
T
h
is
p
a
p
e
r
p
re
se
n
ts
a
n
e
w
sin
g
le
s
w
it
c
h
e
d
in
d
u
c
to
r
-
c
a
p
a
c
it
o
r
c
o
u
p
led
tran
sf
o
r
m
e
r
-
les
s
h
ig
h
g
a
in
DC
-
D
C
c
o
n
v
e
rter
w
h
ich
c
a
n
b
e
u
se
d
in
re
n
e
w
a
b
le
e
n
e
rg
y
so
u
rc
e
s
li
k
e
P
V
,
f
u
e
l
c
e
ll
in
w
h
ich
t
h
e
l
o
w
DC
o
u
t
p
u
t
v
o
lt
a
g
e
is
to
b
e
c
o
n
v
e
rted
in
to
h
ig
h
d
c
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
lt
a
g
e
.
W
it
h
th
e
v
a
r
y
in
g
lo
w
in
p
u
t
v
o
lt
a
g
e
s,
th
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
o
f
DC
-
DC
c
o
n
v
e
rter
r
e
m
a
in
s
sa
m
e
a
n
d
d
o
e
s
n
o
t
c
h
a
n
g
e
.
A
sta
te
sp
a
c
e
m
o
d
e
l
o
f
th
e
c
o
n
v
e
rter
is
a
lso
p
re
se
n
ted
in
th
e
p
a
p
e
r.
T
h
i
s
c
o
n
sta
n
t
o
u
t
p
u
t
v
o
l
tag
e
is
o
b
tain
e
d
b
y
c
lo
se
lo
o
p
c
o
n
tro
l
o
f
c
o
n
v
e
rter
u
sin
g
P
ID
c
o
n
tro
ll
e
r.
Hig
h
v
o
l
tag
e
g
a
in
o
f
1
0
is
o
b
tain
e
d
w
it
h
o
u
t
u
se
o
f
tran
sf
o
r
m
e
r.
A
ll
th
e
sim
u
latio
n
s are
d
o
n
e
in
M
ATLA
B
-
S
IM
UL
IN
K en
v
iro
n
m
e
n
t.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
:
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
Hig
h
v
o
lta
g
e
g
ai
n
P
I
D
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
State
s
p
ac
e
m
o
d
elli
n
g
Co
p
y
rig
h
t
©
201
7
In
s
t
it
u
te o
f
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
S
c
ien
c
e
.
Al
l
rig
h
ts
re
se
rv
e
d
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
L
o
p
a
m
u
d
r
a
Mitr
a,
Dep
ar
t
m
en
t o
f
E
lectr
ical
E
n
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
,
KI
I
T
Un
iv
er
s
it
y
,
P
atia,
B
h
u
b
an
es
w
ar
7
5
1
0
2
4
,
I
n
d
ia
.
E
m
ail:
m
itra
lo
p
a2
0
1
1
@
g
m
ai
l.c
o
m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
As
t
h
er
e
is
a
s
teep
r
is
e
in
co
s
t
s
an
d
li
m
itatio
n
o
n
av
ailab
il
it
y
o
f
n
o
n
-
r
en
e
w
ab
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
h
a
s
led
to
th
e
d
ev
e
lo
p
m
en
t
o
f
r
en
e
w
ab
le
e
n
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
s
u
ch
as
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
(
P
V)
m
o
d
u
les,
w
i
n
d
e
n
er
g
y
s
y
s
te
m
s
,
f
u
el
ce
ll
s
etc.
P
o
w
e
r
co
n
d
itio
n
in
g
s
y
s
te
m
s
(
P
C
S
)
b
ec
o
m
e
an
i
n
teg
r
al
p
ar
t
o
f
r
en
e
w
ab
le
e
n
er
g
y
s
y
s
te
m
s
.
A
s
t
h
ese
s
o
u
r
ce
s
ar
e
n
o
t
d
is
p
atch
ab
le
an
d
th
e
p
o
w
er
o
u
tp
u
t
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
co
n
tr
o
lled
.
A
s
th
e
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
t
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
lta
g
es
ar
e
o
b
tai
n
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
P
V
p
an
el
d
u
e
to
v
ar
y
i
n
g
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
an
d
te
m
p
e
r
atu
r
e,
it
w
o
u
ld
b
e
b
en
ef
icia
l to
h
a
v
e
a
s
y
s
te
m
w
i
th
a
h
i
g
h
e
f
f
icie
n
c
y
o
v
er
t
h
e
e
n
tire
P
V
v
o
lta
g
e
r
an
g
e
to
m
a
x
i
m
ize
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
P
V
d
u
r
in
g
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
o
p
er
atin
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
An
o
th
er
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
p
ar
t
a
P
V
s
y
s
te
m
i
s
t
h
e
d
c
-
d
c
co
n
v
er
ter
f
o
r
w
h
ic
h
s
h
o
u
ld
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
v
o
lta
g
e
b
u
t
also
b
e
ab
le
to
im
p
le
m
en
t
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
er
p
o
in
t
tr
ac
k
i
n
g
(
MP
PT)
.
T
h
e
ab
ilit
y
to
i
m
p
le
m
en
t
MP
P
T
f
o
r
an
in
d
i
v
id
u
al
P
V
p
an
el
w
o
u
ld
e
n
s
u
r
e
t
h
at
a
lar
g
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
P
V
co
u
ld
m
ai
n
tai
n
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
er
o
u
tp
u
t
f
r
o
m
ea
ch
p
a
n
el
w
it
h
o
u
t
in
ter
f
er
i
n
g
w
i
th
t
h
e
o
th
er
p
an
els
i
n
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
.
I
n
th
i
s
p
ap
er
o
p
e
r
atio
n
o
f
a
s
i
n
g
le
s
w
itc
h
ed
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
-
le
s
s
d
c
–
d
c
co
n
v
er
ter
w
it
h
P
I
D
co
n
tr
o
ller
is
p
r
esen
ted
to
ac
h
iev
e
co
n
s
tan
t
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
o
v
er
w
id
e
in
p
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
r
an
g
es,
as
co
n
tr
o
lle
r
f
o
r
m
s
an
i
n
te
g
r
al
p
ar
t o
f
s
u
ch
s
y
s
te
m
s
.
2.
DE
S
I
G
N
O
F
T
H
E
P
RO
P
O
S
E
D
DC
-
DC
CO
NV
E
R
T
E
R
No
w
ad
a
y
s
,
P
V
s
y
s
te
m
s
h
as
h
ig
h
p
o
w
er
r
ati
n
g
w
h
ich
h
a
s
2
0
0
MW
an
d
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
.
T
h
is
r
eq
u
ir
es
p
o
w
er
co
n
v
er
ter
s
w
it
h
a
h
i
g
h
er
p
o
w
er
r
atin
g
an
d
h
i
g
h
er
v
o
ltag
e
le
v
el,
s
o
h
i
g
h
b
o
o
s
t
r
atio
co
n
v
er
ter
s
ar
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
.
So
a
s
i
n
g
le
s
w
itc
h
ed
in
d
u
cto
r
ca
p
ac
ito
r
co
u
p
led
h
i
g
h
-
v
o
ltag
e
-
g
ai
n
D
C
/D
C
co
n
v
er
ter
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
as
a
s
o
lu
tio
n
i
n
t
h
is
p
ap
er
[
1
]
,
[
5
]
.
T
h
eo
r
etica
ll
y
,
a
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
i
s
ab
le
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
h
ig
h
-
v
o
lta
g
e
-
g
ai
n
w
i
t
h
ex
tr
e
m
e
l
y
h
i
g
h
d
u
t
y
c
y
c
le.
I
n
p
r
ac
tice,
h
o
w
e
v
er
,
th
e
v
o
lta
g
e
g
ai
n
o
f
t
h
e
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
is
li
m
i
ted
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
th
e
lo
s
s
e
s
ass
o
ciate
d
w
it
h
t
h
e
p
o
w
er
d
ev
ices a
n
d
t
h
e
p
ass
i
v
e
ele
m
en
ts
s
u
c
h
as t
h
e
in
d
u
cto
r
an
d
th
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
PEDS
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
S
in
g
le
S
w
itch
ed
N
o
n
-
i
s
o
la
te
d
Hig
h
Ga
in
C
o
n
ve
r
ter (
Lo
p
a
mu
d
r
a
Mit
r
a
)
21
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
h
ig
h
d
u
t
y
c
y
cl
e
r
e
s
u
lt
s
i
n
s
er
io
u
s
r
ev
er
s
e
-
r
ec
o
v
er
y
p
r
o
b
le
m
s
an
d
i
n
cr
ea
s
es
t
h
e
r
atin
g
o
f
d
ev
ices.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
d
ea
l
w
it
h
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
e
f
f
icie
n
c
y
a
n
d
th
e
v
o
lta
g
e
g
ain
i
s
s
u
e
o
f
t
h
e
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
,
a
r
elativ
el
y
lar
g
e
v
ar
iet
y
o
f
h
ig
h
-
v
o
lta
g
e
-
g
ai
n
co
n
v
er
t
er
to
p
o
lo
g
ies
h
a
s
b
ee
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
[1
]
,
[
6
]
,
[
7
]
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
m
an
y
to
p
o
lo
g
ies
w
h
er
e
it
u
s
e
s
h
ig
h
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
an
d
m
a
n
y
s
w
itc
h
es
h
a
v
i
n
g
h
i
g
h
s
w
i
tch
i
n
g
s
tr
ess
.
Ag
ai
n
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
h
i
g
h
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
er
f
o
r
h
i
g
h
v
o
ltag
e
g
ai
n
h
as
s
o
m
e
l
i
m
i
t
atio
n
s
a
s
p
ar
asit
ic
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
ca
n
b
e
a
lar
g
e
s
o
u
r
ce
o
f
lo
s
s
in
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
er
.
T
h
e
leak
ag
e
i
n
d
u
c
tan
ce
o
f
a
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
o
f
te
n
ca
u
s
e
s
v
o
ltag
e
s
p
ik
e
s
d
u
r
i
n
g
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
ev
e
n
t
s
an
d
w
h
ic
h
i
n
cr
ea
s
es
w
it
h
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
i
n
o
p
er
atin
g
v
o
lt
ag
e.
Vo
ltag
e
d
r
o
p
s
ac
r
o
s
s
leak
a
g
e
r
ea
ctan
ce
o
f
te
n
r
esu
lts
i
n
u
n
d
es
ir
ab
le
s
u
p
p
l
y
r
eg
u
la
tio
n
w
it
h
v
ar
y
i
n
g
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
lo
ad
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
r
ed
u
cin
g
t
h
e
s
ize
o
f
m
a
g
n
e
tic
m
a
ter
ial
th
r
o
u
g
h
h
ig
h
er
o
p
er
atin
g
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
i
s
h
i
n
d
er
ed
f
o
r
h
i
g
h
er
v
o
lta
g
e
ap
p
licatio
n
s
d
u
e
to
in
s
u
latio
n
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
ts
.
A
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
er
-
les
s
c
o
n
v
er
ter
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
to
av
o
id
t
h
e
d
if
f
ic
u
ltie
s
o
f
h
i
g
h
v
o
ltag
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
[
8
]
-
[
16]
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
c
o
n
v
er
ter
i
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
2
w
h
ich
co
n
s
i
s
ts
o
f
S
1
is
t
h
e
MO
SF
E
T
s
w
itc
h
;
D
1
is
t
h
e
cla
m
p
in
g
d
io
d
e,
w
h
ic
h
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
cu
r
r
en
t
p
ath
f
o
r
th
e
i
n
d
u
cto
r
L
m
w
h
e
n
S
1
is
OFF,
C
c
ca
p
t
u
r
es
th
e
l
ea
k
ag
e
e
n
er
g
y
f
r
o
m
th
e
i
n
d
u
c
t
o
r
L
m
a
n
d
tr
an
s
f
er
s
it
to
th
e
r
eso
n
an
t
ca
p
ac
ito
r
Cr
b
y
m
ea
n
s
o
f
a
r
eso
n
an
t
cir
c
u
it
co
m
p
o
s
ed
o
f
C
c
,
Cr
,
Lr
,
an
d
Dr
;
Lr
is
a
r
eso
n
an
t
i
n
d
u
cto
r
,
w
h
ic
h
o
p
er
ates
in
t
h
e
r
eso
n
a
n
t
m
o
d
e;
an
d
Dr
is
a
d
io
d
e
u
s
ed
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
an
u
n
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
cu
r
r
en
t
f
lo
w
p
at
h
f
o
r
t
h
e
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
r
eso
n
an
t
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
c
ir
cu
it.
C
r
i
s
a
r
e
s
o
n
a
n
t
ca
p
ac
ito
r
.
Do
is
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t d
io
d
e
an
d
C
o
is
th
e
o
u
t
p
u
t c
ap
ac
ito
r
.
R
o
is
th
e
eq
u
iv
a
len
t r
esi
s
ti
v
e
lo
ad
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
co
m
p
lete
s
y
s
te
m
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Sin
g
le
S
w
itc
h
ed
I
n
d
u
c
to
r
C
ap
ac
ito
r
C
o
u
p
led
C
o
n
v
er
ter
2
.
1
.
M
o
des
o
f
O
pera
t
io
n
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Mo
d
e
-
I
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
IJ
PEDS
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
2
0
1
7
:
20
–
30
22
I
n
th
i
s
m
o
d
e,
MO
SF
E
T
S
1
is
s
w
itc
h
ed
ON,
th
e
in
d
u
cto
r
is
ch
ar
g
ed
b
y
in
p
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e,
C
r
is
ch
ar
g
ed
b
y
C
c.
T
h
e
e
n
er
g
y
ca
p
t
u
r
ed
b
y
C
c
is
tr
an
s
f
er
r
ed
to
Cr
,
wh
ich
i
n
t
u
r
n
is
tr
an
s
f
er
r
ed
to
th
e
lo
ad
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
o
f
f
-
ti
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
MO
SF
E
T
.
T
h
e
r
eso
n
an
t
c
u
r
r
en
t
to
g
eth
er
with
t
h
e
in
d
u
cto
r
cu
r
r
en
t
f
o
r
m
s
th
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
in
t
h
e
s
w
itc
h
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Mo
d
e
-
II
I
n
m
o
d
e
-
I
I
MO
SF
E
T
S
1
is
tu
r
n
ed
OFF,
th
e
cla
m
p
in
g
d
io
d
e
D
1
is
tu
r
n
ed
ON
b
y
th
e
lea
k
a
g
e
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ed
in
th
e
in
d
u
cto
r
d
u
r
in
g
ON
ti
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
s
w
itc
h
an
d
t
h
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
C
c
is
ch
ar
g
ed
w
h
ic
h
ca
u
s
e
s
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
o
n
th
e
MO
S
FET
to
b
e
clam
p
ed
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Mo
d
e
-
III
I
n
m
o
d
e
-
I
I
I
as
th
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
C
c
g
o
t
ch
ar
g
ed
s
o
th
at
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
d
io
d
e
Do
is
f
o
r
w
ar
d
b
iased
.
T
h
e
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ed
in
th
e
i
n
d
u
c
to
r
an
d
ca
p
ac
ito
r
C
c
is
b
ein
g
t
r
an
s
f
er
r
ed
to
th
e
lo
ad
an
d
th
e
cla
m
p
d
io
d
e
D1
co
n
tin
u
es to
co
n
d
u
ct
w
h
ile
C
c
r
em
a
in
s
ch
ar
g
ed
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Mo
d
e
-
IV
I
n
m
o
d
e
-
I
V
d
io
d
e
D1
is
r
ev
er
s
ed
b
iased
an
d
as
a
r
es
u
lt,
th
e
e
n
er
g
y
s
to
r
ed
in
i
n
d
u
c
t
o
r
an
d
in
ca
p
ac
ito
r
C
r
is
s
i
m
u
l
tan
eo
u
s
l
y
tr
an
s
f
er
r
ed
to
th
e
lo
ad
.
T
h
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
C
r
is
ch
ar
g
ed
to
s
a
tis
f
y
t
h
e
b
alan
ce
o
f
th
e
ch
ar
g
e
in
s
tead
y
s
tate
o
p
er
atio
n
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
PEDS
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
S
in
g
le
S
w
itch
ed
N
o
n
-
i
s
o
la
te
d
Hig
h
Ga
in
C
o
n
ve
r
ter (
Lo
p
a
mu
d
r
a
Mit
r
a
)
23
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
M
ode
-
V
I
n
m
o
d
e
-
V
th
e
M
OSFET
S1
is
tu
r
n
ed
ON
ag
a
in
a
n
d
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
d
io
d
e
Do
w
ill
b
e
r
ev
er
s
e
d
b
iased
at
th
e
en
d
o
f
t
h
is
m
o
d
e
th
e
n
th
e
n
ex
t
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
c
y
cle
s
tar
t
s
.
3.
ST
A
T
E
SP
ACE M
O
DE
L
O
F
T
H
E
P
RO
P
O
SE
D
CO
N
V
E
RT
E
R
W
h
en
t
h
e
s
w
itc
h
is
ON
(
1
)
State
s
p
ac
e
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
So
eq
u
atio
n
(
1
)
b
ec
o
m
es,
(
2
)
L
et
C
c=
C
1
,
C
r
=C2
,
C
o
=
C
3
,
R
o
=R2
an
d
in
d
u
cto
r
L
2
co
n
n
ec
ted
w
it
h
lo
ad
(
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
f
o
r
ca
lcu
latio
n
)
(
3
)
1
0
in
m
dI
VL
dt
5
4
2
4
3
2
2
3
2
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
x
x
I
x
x
q
I
x
q
x
I
x
x
q
I
x
q
1
in
m
V
I
L
1
in
m
V
x
L
0
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
dt
dI
L
dt
I
C
dt
dI
L
dt
I
C
m
1
1
1
1
12
0
q
dI
q
L
C
dt
C
1
1
1
1
12
0
q
q
dI
L
C
C
dt
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
d
I
q
q
d
t
C
L
C
L
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
IJ
PEDS
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
2
0
1
7
:
20
–
30
24
(
4
)
(
5
)
(
6
)
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t Y
is
(
7
)
W
h
en
t
h
e
s
w
itc
h
is
OFF,
L
et
R
is
t
h
e
r
esis
ta
n
ce
o
f
t
h
e
i
n
d
u
c
to
r
L
m
(
8
)
(
9
)
(
1
0
)
21
2
1
2
1
CC
x
L
C
C
0
1
2
2
2
2
2
3
I
R
dt
dI
L
dt
I
C
0
4
2
4
2
3
2
x
R
x
L
C
q
2
4
2
3
2
3
4
2
L
x
R
C
L
x
x
L
2
4
2
3
2
3
4
L
x
R
C
L
x
x
2
2
R
I
Y
4
2
x
R
Y
0
)
(
1
1
2
1
3
1
2
1
1
dt
I
I
C
dt
I
C
dt
dI
L
RI
V
i
n
m
0
)
(
3
2
1
2
1
1
1
C
q
q
C
q
dt
dI
L
RI
V
i
n
m
0
)
(
1
2
1
3
2
1
1
2
x
x
C
C
x
x
L
Rx
V
i
n
m
1
1
2
2
3
3
1
1
1
m
m
m
m
m
Vin
R
x
x
x
L
L
C
L
C
L
C
L
3
2
3
1
1
2
2
3
3
1
m
m
m
C
C
R
C
V
in
x
x
x
L
L
C
C
L
C
0
)
(
1
1
2
3
2
2
2
2
dt
I
I
C
R
I
dt
dI
L
0
3
1
3
2
4
2
4
2
C
q
C
q
x
R
x
L
0
3
1
3
3
4
2
4
2
C
x
C
x
x
R
x
L
3
1
3
3
4
2
4
2
C
x
C
x
x
R
x
L
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
PEDS
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
S
in
g
le
S
w
itch
ed
N
o
n
-
i
s
o
la
te
d
Hig
h
Ga
in
C
o
n
ve
r
ter (
Lo
p
a
mu
d
r
a
Mit
r
a
)
25
(
1
1
)
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t Y
is
(
1
2
)
So
,
th
e
s
tate
s
p
ac
e
m
o
d
el
d
u
r
i
n
g
O
N
co
n
d
itio
n
i
s
,
(
1
3
)
(
1
4
)
T
h
e
s
tate
s
p
ac
e
m
o
d
el
d
u
r
in
g
OFF co
n
d
itio
n
is
,
(1
5
)
(1
6
)
T
h
e
ab
o
v
e
s
tate
m
o
d
el
is
u
s
ed
to
f
o
r
d
esig
n
o
f
P
I
D
co
n
tr
o
ller
b
y
s
Sate
Sp
ac
e
A
v
er
a
g
i
n
g
T
ec
h
n
iq
u
e.
3
.
1
.
Sta
t
e
Sp
a
ce
Av
er
a
g
ing
T
ec
hn
iqu
e
T
h
e
s
tate
s
p
ac
e
m
o
d
el
is
u
s
ed
in
d
esig
n
o
f
t
h
e
co
n
v
er
t
er
[
1
7
]
-
[
20]
.
B
y
u
s
i
n
g
th
e
s
tate
s
p
ac
e
av
er
ag
i
n
g
(
SS
A
)
tech
n
iq
u
e
th
e
av
er
ag
ed
m
atr
ice
s
ar
e
o
b
tain
ed
as
1
2
(
1
)
1
2
(
1
)
1
2
(
1
)
1
2
(
1
)
A
A
d
A
d
B
B
d
B
d
C
C
d
C
d
D
D
d
D
d
T
h
e
co
n
tr
o
l tr
an
s
f
er
f
u
n
ctio
n
i
s
d
ef
i
n
ed
as th
e
r
atio
o
f
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
to
d
u
t
y
r
atio
an
d
it is
o
b
tain
ed
as
3
2
1
3
2
3
2
4
2
4
C
L
x
C
L
x
L
x
R
x
2
2
R
I
Y
4
2
x
R
Y
11
21
1
1
2
22
33
44
2
2
3
2
0
1
0
0
1
()
0
0
0
(
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
00
0
m
in
xx
CC
L
L
C
C
xx
V
xx
xx
R
L
C
L
4
3
2
1
2
]
0
0
0
[
x
x
x
x
R
Y
3
2
3
2
3
3
11
22
33
44
2
2
3
2
3
2
(
)
1
00
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
11
0
0
mm
m
C
C
RC
C
C
L
L
C
xx
L
xx
Vi
n
xx
xx
R
L
C
L
C
L
4
3
2
1
2
]
0
0
0
[
x
x
x
x
R
Y
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
IJ
PEDS
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
2
0
1
7
:
20
–
30
26
(
1
6
)
W
h
er
e
(
1
7
)
Fro
m
th
e
s
tate
s
p
ac
e
r
ep
r
esen
t
atio
n
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
el
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
MA
T
L
A
B
P
r
o
g
r
am
t
h
e
r
o
o
t
l
o
cu
s
p
lo
t
o
f
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
is
o
b
tain
ed
a
n
d
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
r
o
o
t
lo
cu
s
p
lo
t
c
r
itical
g
ai
n
K
c
a
n
d
cr
itical
ti
m
e
p
er
io
d
T
c
w
as
o
b
tain
ed
.
Z
ieg
ler
Nic
h
o
ls
m
e
th
o
d
is
u
s
ed
to
tu
n
e
p
ar
a
m
et
er
s
o
f
th
e
P
I
D
co
n
tr
o
ller
.
T
h
e
Z
ieg
ler
–
Nich
o
ls
tu
n
in
g
m
et
h
o
d
is
a
h
e
u
r
is
tic
m
et
h
o
d
o
f
t
u
n
i
n
g
a
P
I
D
co
n
tr
o
ller
.
A
M
A
T
L
A
B
/.
m
f
ile
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
i
s
w
r
i
tten
to
o
b
tain
th
e
r
o
o
t lo
cu
s
p
lo
t o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
co
n
v
er
ter
u
s
i
n
g
S
S
A
tec
h
n
iq
u
e.
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
R
o
o
t L
o
cu
s
P
lo
t o
f
t
h
e
co
n
v
er
ter
w
it
h
o
u
t c
o
n
tr
o
lle
r
Z
ie
g
ler
a
n
d
Nic
h
o
ls
s
u
g
g
este
d
r
u
les
f
o
r
t
u
n
in
g
P
I
D
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
r
eq
u
ir
ed
to
s
et
v
al
u
e
s
o
f
Kp
,
T
i,
an
d
T
d
[
1
8
]
-
[
2
0
]
.
T
ab
le
1
.
T
a
b
le
f
o
r
tu
n
i
n
g
o
f
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
o
f
co
n
tr
o
ller
B
y
Z
ie
g
ler
Nich
o
l
s
Me
th
o
d
W
h
er
e
K
c
is
th
e
cr
itical
g
ain
.
Her
e
f
o
r
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
c
o
n
v
er
t
er
w
e
w
ill
u
s
e
P
I
D
co
n
tr
o
ller
.
So
,
th
e
p
ar
am
eter
s
ar
e
c
p
K
K
6
.
0
c
i
T
T
5
.
0
7
0
.
3
6
8
5
1
0
i
T
s
ec
o
n
d
s
.
c
d
T
T
1
2
5
.
0
7
0
.
0
9
2
1
1
0
d
T
s
ec
o
n
d
s
.
d
p
d
i
p
i
T
K
K
T
K
K
,
X
A
A
A
SI
C
s
d
s
Vo
)
2
1
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
1
in
V
B
A
X
1
-
1
.
5
-1
-
0
.
5
0
0
.
5
1
1
.
5
x
1
0
8
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
x
1
0
8
R
o
o
t
L
o
c
u
s
R
e
a
l
A
x
i
s
I
m
a
g
i
n
a
r
y
A
x
i
s
Ty
p
e
o
f
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
K
p
T
i
T
d
P
0
.
5
K
c
∞
0
PI
0
.
4
5
K
c
0
.
8
2
T
c
0
P
I
D
0
.
6
K
c
0
.
5
T
c
0
.
1
2
5
T
c
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
PEDS
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
S
in
g
le
S
w
itch
ed
N
o
n
-
i
s
o
la
te
d
Hig
h
Ga
in
C
o
n
ve
r
ter (
Lo
p
a
mu
d
r
a
Mit
r
a
)
27
4.
SI
M
UL
AT
I
O
N
A
ND
RE
SU
L
T
S
Fro
m
t
h
e
v
o
lta
g
e
b
ala
n
ce
eq
u
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
co
n
v
er
ter
t
h
e
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
ar
e
o
b
tain
ed
.
T
h
ese
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
ar
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
t
h
e
d
esi
g
n
o
f
t
h
e
co
n
v
er
ter
.
T
h
e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
r
esu
lt
s
h
o
w
s
a
v
o
ltag
e
g
ai
n
o
f
1
0
is
o
b
tain
ed
f
o
r
d
if
f
er
e
n
t i
n
v
o
lta
g
es.
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t v
o
lta
g
e
w
a
v
ef
o
r
m
s
ar
e
also
s
h
o
w
n
w
it
h
an
d
w
it
h
o
u
t c
o
n
tr
o
ller
.
V
in
=3
0
V,
L
1
=2
.
2
x
1
0
-
6
H,
C
1
=2
0
x
1
0
-
6
F,
C
2
=1
x
1
0
-
6
F,
C
3
=3
3
x
1
0
-
6
F,
L
m
=1
8
x
1
0
-
6
H
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
Si
m
u
latio
n
Diag
r
a
m
o
f
th
e
co
m
p
lete
S
y
s
te
m
I
n
t
h
is
w
o
r
k
P
I
D
co
n
tr
o
ller
i
s
u
s
ed
to
k
ee
p
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
co
n
s
ta
n
t,
w
it
h
o
u
t
co
n
tr
o
ller
h
i
g
h
v
o
ltag
e
g
ai
n
o
f
1
0
i
s
o
b
tain
ed
f
o
r
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
t
i
n
p
u
ts
,
w
h
ic
h
i
s
s
h
o
w
n
in
th
e
ab
o
v
e
s
i
m
u
la
ti
o
n
r
es
u
lts
i
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
1
0
to
1
2
.
T
h
e
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
s
i
m
u
latio
n
r
esu
l
ts
s
h
o
w
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
co
n
v
er
ter
f
o
r
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
u
s
in
g
P
I
D
co
n
tr
o
ller
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
.
Ou
tp
u
t V
o
lta
g
e
o
f
t
h
e
co
n
v
er
ter
i
s
3
0
0
V
f
o
r
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
3
0
V
w
it
h
o
u
t c
o
n
tr
o
ller
C
o
n
t
i
n
u
o
u
s
v
+
-
V
o
lt
a
g
e
M
e
a
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
S
co
p
e
3
S
co
p
e
R
e
p
e
a
t
i
n
g
S
e
q
u
e
n
ce
<=
R
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
O
p
e
r
a
t
o
r
R5
R2
P
u
l
s
e
G
e
n
e
r
a
t
o
r
P
I
D
(
s
)
P
I
D
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
g
m
D
S
M
o
s
f
e
t
Lm
L2
L1
3
0
0
.
3
D
i
s
p
l
a
y
m
a
k
D
io
d
e
2
m
a
k
D
io
d
e
1
m
a
k
D
io
d
e
D
C
V
o
lt
a
g
e
S
o
u
r
c
e
i
+
-
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
M
e
a
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
1
300
C
o
n
s
t
a
n
t
C4
C3
C2
C1
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
IJ
PEDS
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
2
0
1
7
:
20
–
30
28
F
ig
u
r
e
1
1
.
Ou
tp
u
t V
o
lta
g
e
o
f
t
h
e
co
n
v
er
ter
i
s
2
5
0
V
f
o
r
in
p
u
t v
o
ltag
e
o
f
2
5
V
w
it
h
o
u
t c
o
n
tr
o
ller
Fig
u
r
e
1
2
.
Ou
tp
u
t V
o
lta
g
e
o
f
t
h
e
co
n
v
er
ter
i
s
2
0
0
V
f
o
r
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
2
0
V
w
it
h
o
u
t c
o
n
tr
o
ller
Fig
u
r
e
1
3
.
Ou
tp
u
t V
o
lta
g
e
o
f
t
h
e
co
n
v
er
ter
i
s
2
9
9
.
8
V
f
o
r
in
p
u
t v
o
lta
g
e
o
f
3
0
V
w
ith
co
n
tr
o
ller
F
ig
u
r
e
1
4
.
Ou
tp
u
t V
o
ltag
e
o
f
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
i
s
2
9
9
.
8
V
f
o
r
in
p
u
t v
o
lta
g
e
o
f
2
5
V
w
it
h
co
n
tr
o
ller
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
PEDS
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
S
in
g
le
S
w
itch
ed
N
o
n
-
i
s
o
la
te
d
Hig
h
Ga
in
C
o
n
ve
r
ter (
Lo
p
a
mu
d
r
a
Mit
r
a
)
29
T
ab
le
2.
Ou
tp
u
t V
o
ltag
e
o
f
t
h
e
C
o
n
v
er
ter
w
it
h
v
ar
iatio
n
i
n
i
n
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
I
n
th
i
s
w
o
r
k
a
n
e
w
h
i
g
h
v
o
lta
g
e
g
ai
n
d
c
-
d
c
co
n
v
er
ter
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
w
h
ich
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
w
it
h
P
V
ar
r
ay
to
g
et
h
ig
h
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
2
9
9
.
8
V
f
o
r
lo
w
i
n
p
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
.
T
h
e
n
e
w
to
p
o
lo
g
y
u
s
es
o
n
l
y
o
n
e
s
w
itc
h
h
en
ce
r
ed
u
ce
s
t
h
e
s
w
i
tch
s
tr
es
s
a
s
well
as
i
t
d
o
esn
’
t
u
s
e
an
y
h
i
g
h
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
f
o
r
h
ig
h
v
o
ltag
e
g
ai
n
a
n
d
all
th
e
li
m
itat
io
n
s
o
f
h
i
g
h
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
s
ar
e
o
v
er
co
m
e.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
k
ee
p
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t v
o
ltag
e
co
n
s
ta
n
t a
co
n
tr
o
ller
h
as
b
ee
n
d
esi
g
n
ed
.
Fo
r
an
y
ch
a
n
g
e
i
n
t
h
e
i
n
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e,
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
r
e
m
ain
s
co
n
s
ta
n
t,
s
o
th
e
d
esig
n
o
f
th
e
P
I
D
co
n
tr
o
ller
i
s
f
o
u
n
d
to
b
e
o
p
tim
u
m
.
As
a
h
ig
h
v
o
lta
g
e
g
ai
n
is
o
b
tain
ed
th
is
ca
n
b
e
co
u
p
led
w
it
h
a
P
V
ar
r
ay
an
d
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
is
m
a
in
ta
in
ed
co
n
s
ta
n
t
with
th
e
h
elp
o
f
th
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
,
h
en
ce
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
co
n
v
er
ter
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
in
d
if
f
er
en
t
s
tan
d
alo
n
e
ap
p
licatio
n
s
s
p
ec
iall
y
w
h
er
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
v
ar
iatio
n
s
is
n
o
t
r
eq
u
ir
ed
.
Mo
s
t
o
f
th
e
h
i
g
h
g
a
in
d
c
-
d
c
co
n
v
er
ter
s
e
m
p
lo
y
h
i
g
h
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
er
to
a
ch
iev
e
t
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
g
ain
lead
i
n
g
to
th
e
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
o
f
s
ize,
w
ei
g
h
t
an
d
co
s
t
o
f
t
h
e
co
n
v
er
ter
.
Ma
n
y
to
p
o
lo
g
ies
also
co
m
b
i
n
e
t
w
o
to
p
o
lo
g
ies
w
ith
a
r
eso
n
an
t
cir
cu
it
to
ac
h
ie
v
e
h
i
g
h
g
ai
n
as
well
as
h
i
g
h
ef
f
ic
ien
c
y
at
t
h
e
ex
p
en
s
e
o
f
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
w
itc
h
es.
So
m
e
to
p
o
lo
g
ies
al
s
o
u
s
e
m
u
ltip
lier
ce
lls
to
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
t
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
r
atio
w
it
h
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
o
f
s
w
i
tch
co
u
n
t.
Ot
h
er
to
p
o
lo
g
ies
also
u
s
e
in
ter
leav
ed
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
a
n
d
o
v
er
lap
p
in
g
g
ati
n
g
s
ig
n
al
s
w
h
ic
h
lead
s
to
th
e
co
m
p
le
x
it
y
o
f
t
h
e
g
ati
n
g
cir
cu
its
.
I
n
t
w
o
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
er
to
p
o
lo
g
y
,
t
w
o
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
s
a
r
e
u
s
ed
to
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
v
o
lta
g
e
g
ain
a
n
d
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
h
e
n
ce
i
n
cr
ea
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
v
o
lu
m
e
an
d
r
ed
u
ci
n
g
th
e
p
o
w
er
d
en
s
it
y
.
Hen
ce
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
h
ig
h
g
ai
n
co
n
v
er
ter
w
it
h
s
in
g
le
s
w
itch
ca
n
b
e
e
m
p
lo
y
ed
to
P
V
s
y
s
te
m
s
to
o
b
tain
h
ig
h
v
o
ltag
e.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
W
.
H.
L
i
a
n
d
X
.
N.
He
,
“
Re
v
ie
w
o
f
n
o
n
-
iso
late
d
h
ig
h
ste
p
-
u
p
DC/DC
c
o
n
v
e
rters
in
p
h
o
to
v
o
lt
a
i
c
g
rid
-
c
o
n
n
e
c
ted
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s,”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.
I
n
d
.
E
lec
tro
n
.
,
v
o
l
/i
ss
u
e
:
58
(
4
)
,
p
p
.
1
2
3
9
–
1
2
5
0
,
2
0
1
1
.
[2
]
J.
S
.
L
a
i,
“
P
o
w
e
r
c
o
n
d
it
io
n
in
g
c
ir
c
u
it
to
p
o
lo
g
ies
,
”
IEE
E
I
n
d
.
El
e
c
tr
o
n
.
M
a
g
.
,
v
o
l
/i
ss
u
e
:
3
(
2
)
,
p
p
.
2
4
–
3
4
,
2
0
0
9
.
[3
]
S
.
K.
Ch
a
n
g
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
No
v
e
l
h
ig
h
ste
p
-
u
p
DC
–
DC
c
o
n
v
e
rter
f
o
r
f
u
e
l
c
e
ll
e
n
e
rg
y
c
o
n
v
e
rsio
n
sy
ste
m
,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s
.
Po
we
r E
lec
tro
n
,
v
o
l
/i
ss
u
e
:
57
(
6
)
,
p
p
.
2
0
0
7
–
2
0
1
7
,
2
0
1
0
.
[4
]
K.
B.
P
a
rk
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
No
n
iso
late
d
h
ig
h
ste
p
-
u
p
sta
c
k
e
d
c
o
n
v
e
rter
b
a
se
d
o
n
b
o
o
st
-
in
teg
ra
ted
iso
late
d
c
o
n
v
e
rter,”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.
Po
we
r E
lec
tro
n
ics
,
v
o
l
/i
ss
u
e
:
26
(
2
)
,
p
p
.
5
7
7
–
5
8
7
,
2
0
1
1
.
[5
]
Y.
P
.
Hs
ieh
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
A
n
o
v
e
l
h
ig
h
ste
p
-
u
p
DC
–
DC
c
o
n
v
e
rter
f
o
r
a
m
icro
g
rid
s
y
ste
m
,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.
Po
we
r
El
e
c
tro
n
,
v
ol
/i
ss
u
e
:
26
(
4
)
,
p
p
.
1
1
2
7
–
1
1
3
6
,
2
0
1
1
.
[6
]
S.
Cu
k
,
“
S
tep
-
d
o
w
n
c
o
n
v
e
rter
h
a
v
in
g
a
re
so
n
a
n
t
i
n
d
u
c
to
r
,
a
re
s
o
n
a
n
t
c
a
p
a
c
it
o
r
a
n
d
a
h
y
b
rid
tra
n
sf
o
rm
e
r,
”
U.S
.
P
a
ten
t
,
v
o
l.
7
,
p
p
.
9
1
5
,
8
7
4
,
2
0
1
1
.
[7
]
Q.
Zh
a
o
a
n
d
F
.
C.
L
e
e
,
“
Hig
h
-
e
fficie
n
c
y
,
h
ig
h
ste
p
-
u
p
d
c
–
d
c
c
o
n
v
e
rters
,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
o
n
P
o
we
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
,
v
ol
/i
ss
u
e
:
18
(
1
)
,
p
p
.
6
5
–
7
3
,
2
0
0
3
.
[8
]
D.
M
a
k
si
m
o
v
ic
a
n
d
S
.
Cu
k
,
“
S
w
it
c
h
in
g
c
o
n
v
e
rters
w
it
h
w
id
e
DC
c
o
n
v
e
rsio
n
ra
n
g
e
,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.
Po
we
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
,
v
ol
/i
ss
u
e
:
6
(
1
)
,
p
p
.
1
5
1
–
1
5
7
,
1
9
9
1
.
[9
]
Q.
L
i
a
n
d
P
.
W
o
lf
s,
“
A
re
v
ie
w
o
f
th
e
sin
g
le
p
h
a
se
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic
m
o
d
u
le
i
n
teg
ra
ted
c
o
n
v
e
rter
to
p
o
lo
g
ies
w
it
h
th
re
e
d
if
fe
re
n
t
DC l
in
k
c
o
n
f
ig
u
ra
ti
o
n
s,”
IEE
E
T
r
a
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
o
n
I
n
d
.
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
,
v
ol
/
issu
e
:
23
(
23
)
,
p
p
.
1
3
2
0
–
1
3
3
3
,
2
0
0
8
.
[1
0
]
J.
M
.
Kw
o
n
a
n
d
B.
H.
Kw
o
n
,
“
Hig
h
ste
p
-
u
p
a
c
ti
v
e
-
c
la
m
p
c
o
n
v
e
rter
w
it
h
in
p
u
t
-
c
u
rre
n
t
d
o
u
b
ler
a
n
d
o
u
t
p
u
t
-
v
o
lt
a
g
e
d
o
u
b
ler
f
o
r
f
u
e
l
c
e
ll
p
o
w
e
r
s
y
st
e
m
s,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
Po
we
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
,
v
ol
/i
ss
u
e
:
24
(
1
)
,
p
p
.
1
0
8
-
1
1
5
,
2
0
0
9
.
[1
1
]
J.
L
iu
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
De
sig
n
o
f
h
ig
h
v
o
lt
a
g
e
,
h
ig
h
p
o
we
r
a
n
d
h
ig
h
fre
q
u
e
n
c
y
tra
n
sfo
rm
e
r
in
lc
re
so
n
a
n
t
c
o
n
v
e
rte
r
,
”
in
A
p
p
li
e
d
P
o
w
e
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
Co
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
a
n
d
Ex
p
o
si
ti
o
n
,
2
0
0
9
.
A
P
E
C2
0
0
9
.
T
w
e
n
t
y
-
F
o
u
rth
A
n
n
u
a
l
I
EE
E,
p
p
.
1
0
3
4
–
1
0
3
8
,
2
0
0
9
.
[1
2
]
G
.
G
a
n
e
s
a
n
R
a
n
d
M
.
P
ra
b
h
a
k
a
r,
“
M
u
lt
i
-
L
e
v
e
l
DC
-
DC
Co
n
v
e
rter
f
o
r
Hig
h
G
a
in
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
P
o
we
r E
lec
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Dr
ive
S
y
ste
m (
I
J
PE
DS
)
,
v
ol
/i
ss
u
e
:
3
(
4
),
p
p
.
3
6
5
-
3
7
3
,
2
0
1
3
.
[1
3
]
Ko
d
a
n
d
a
R
.
R
B
P
U
S
B,
M
.
V
.
G
.
Ra
o
,
“
Op
e
ra
ti
o
n
a
n
d
C
o
n
t
ro
l
o
f
G
rid
Co
n
n
e
c
ted
Hy
b
rid
A
C/
DC
M
icro
g
rid
u
sin
g
V
a
rio
u
s
RES
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Po
we
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Dr
ive
S
y
ste
m
(
IJ
PE
DS
)
,
v
ol
/
issu
e
:
5
(
2
)
,
p
p
.
195
-
2
0
2
,
2
0
1
4
.
[1
4
]
H
.
S
h
a
rm
a
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
De
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
S
im
u
latio
n
o
f
S
tan
d
A
lo
n
e
P
h
o
to
v
o
l
t
a
ic
M
o
d
e
l
Us
in
g
M
a
tl
a
b
/S
im
u
li
n
k
,
”
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
P
o
we
r E
lec
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Dr
ive
S
y
ste
m (
IJ
PE
DS
)
,
v
ol
/
issu
e
:
6
(
4
)
,
p
p
.
7
0
3
-
7
1
1
,
2
0
1
5
.
[1
5
]
V
.
Ra
m
e
sh
a
n
d
Y.
K
.
Lath
a
,
“
Co
m
p
a
riso
n
b
e
tw
e
e
n
a
n
In
terle
a
v
e
d
Bo
o
st
Co
n
v
e
rter
a
n
d
CUK
Co
n
v
e
rter
F
e
d
BL
DC
m
o
to
r
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Po
we
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
D
ri
v
e
S
y
ste
m
(
IJ
PE
DS
)
,
v
ol
/i
ss
u
e
:
6
(
3
)
,
p
p
.
5
9
4
-
6
0
2
,
2
0
1
5
.
S
l
.
N
o
.
I
n
p
u
t
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
o
f
t
h
e
C
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
O
u
t
p
u
t
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
o
f
t
h
e
C
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
1
30V
2
9
9
.
8
V
2
25V
2
9
9
.
8
V
3
20V
2
9
9
.
3
V
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.