Internati
o
nal
Journal of P
o
wer Elect
roni
cs an
d
Drive
S
y
ste
m
(I
JPE
D
S)
Vol
.
5
,
No
. 2, Oct
o
ber
2
0
1
4
,
pp
. 20
3~
21
0
I
S
SN
: 208
8-8
6
9
4
2
03
Jo
urn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
: h
ttp
://iaesjo
u
r
na
l.com/
o
n
lin
e/ind
e
x.ph
p
/
IJPEDS
Photovoltaic Cell Fed 3-Phase
Induction Motor Using MPPT
Technique
Gudimetl
a
Ramesh*,
Kari Vas
a
vi**,
S.L
a
ksh
m
i Sirish
a*
* Depart
em
ent o
f
El
ectr
i
c
a
l
and
Ele
c
troni
cs
Eng
i
neering
,
Jawah
a
r
l
al Nehru
techno
l
ogical un
iversity
K
a
kinad
a
** Depart
em
ent
of El
ectr
i
c
a
l
and
El
ectron
i
cs
Eng
i
neer
ing,
K L
Univers
i
t
y
Article Info
A
B
STRAC
T
Article histo
r
y:
Received
Mar 17, 2014
Rev
i
sed
May
4, 201
4
Accepte
d J
u
n2, 2014
This Paper emp
h
asizes on propo
sing a co
st eff
e
ctive photovo
ltaic (PV) fed 3
phase Induction
motor drive which se
rves for
rural pumping applications.
General
l
y
in a standalon
e
s
y
stem
, the PV unit will charge the ba
tt
er
y
and th
e
batt
er
y
se
t up in turn will serve as a source for the inver
t
er
. A
new single
stage batter
y
les
s
power conversion is
emplo
y
ed
b
y
design
ing a maximu
m
power point tracker (MPPT) embedde
d boost converter which
makes the
overal
l
cos
t
of th
e s
e
tup
to go
do
wn cons
iderab
l
y
. Th
e r
eal
ized
as
a pro
t
ot
ype
consisting PV array
of
500watts, MPPT aided boost converter
, three phase
inverter and
a three ph
ase squirrel
cage induction drive of 30
0 watts. An
effic
i
ent
and
lo
w cos
t
m
i
cro co
ntrolle
r ds
pic40
11 is used a p
l
atform to code
and implement the prominent pert
urb
and
observe MPPT technique.
Sinusoidal puls
e
width modulation (
SPWM)
is the con
t
ro
l technique
em
plo
y
ed for th
e thre
e phas
e
in
verter
. To v
a
lid
ate
the
experim
e
nta
l
res
u
lts
sim
u
lation of
the whol
e set
up is c
a
rri
ed
out in
m
a
tl
a
b
/sim
ulink
environm
ent.
Si
m
u
lation
and h
a
rdware
results
reve
al
tha
t
th
e s
y
st
em
is
vers
ati
l
e.
Keyword:
D
C
-D
C Conv
er
ter
Dspi
c
4
01
1
MPPT
Pho
t
oVo
ltaic
Copyright ©
201
4 Institut
e
o
f
Ad
vanced
Engin
eer
ing and S
c
i
e
nce.
All rights re
se
rve
d
.
Co
rresp
ond
i
ng
Autho
r
:
S.La
kshm
i
Si
ri
sha,
Depa
rtem
ent of Electrical a
n
d
El
ect
ro
ni
cs E
n
gi
nee
r
i
n
g,
Jawa
harl
al
Ne
hr
u t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
gi
cal
uni
versi
t
y
Kaki
nada
.
Em
a
il: slsirish
a.s@g
m
ai
l.com
1.
INTRODUCTION
Th
e indu
ctio
n
m
o
to
rs d
o
no
t
requ
ire an
electrical
con
n
ect
i
on bet
w
een
st
a
t
i
onary
a
nd r
o
t
a
t
i
ng part
s of
t
h
e
m
o
t
o
r. T
h
e
r
ef
ore
,
t
h
ey
do
not
nee
d
any
mechanical commutato
r (brushes), leading to
the fact that they are
main
ten
a
n
ce
free m
o
to
rs. Indu
ctio
n m
o
to
rs
also
h
a
v
e
l
o
w
wei
g
ht
an
d i
n
ert
i
a
,
hi
gh efficiency and a
high
o
v
e
rlo
a
d
cap
a
b
ility. Th
erefore, th
ey are ch
eap
er an
d
m
o
re
robu
st, and
less prov
es
to
an
y failure
at h
i
g
h
spee
ds.
A va
ri
able fre
que
ncy
is re
quire
d
because t
h
e
rot
o
r spe
e
d de
pe
nds
on the
speed
of the
rot
a
ting
m
a
gnet
i
c
fi
el
d
pr
o
v
i
d
e
d
by
t
h
e st
at
or. A
va
ri
abl
e
v
o
l
t
a
ge i
s
req
u
i
r
e
d
beca
u
s
e t
h
e m
o
t
o
r i
m
pedance re
du
ces at
lo
w
frequ
en
cies and
con
s
eq
uen
tly th
e cu
rren
t has to
b
e
limited
b
y
m
e
a
n
s
o
f
redu
cing th
e sup
p
l
y
voltag
e
s.
Before the
day
s
of
power electronics, a lim
ited speed
co
nt
rol
of
i
n
duct
i
o
n m
o
t
o
r
was a
c
hi
eve
d
by
swi
t
chi
n
g
th
e three-stator wi
n
d
i
ng
s fro
m
d
e
lta co
nn
ectio
n to
st
ar conn
ection
,
allo
wing
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
at th
e m
o
to
r
wind
ing
s
to
b
e
redu
ced
.
Ind
u
ctio
n
m
o
to
rs are also
av
ailable with
m
o
re th
an
t
h
ree stat
or wi
n
d
i
n
g
s
t
o
allo
w a
change
of the
num
b
er of
pole
pairs.
2.
PHOTO
V
OL
TAIC TECH
N
OLO
G
Y
Co
nv
erting
th
e su
n’s rad
i
ation
d
i
rectly in
to
electricity
is d
one
by solar cells. These cells are
m
a
de of
semico
n
d
u
c
ting
m
a
terials si
milar to
th
o
s
e u
s
ed
in
co
m
p
u
t
er ch
ip
s. Wh
en
sun
ligh
t
is ab
so
rb
ed
b
y
th
ese
m
a
t
e
ri
al
s, t
h
e sol
a
r e
n
er
gy
k
noc
ks el
ect
r
o
n
s
l
oose
f
r
om
their atom
s, allowi
ng t
h
e elec
trons to
flow t
h
rough
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
088
-86
94
I
J
PED
S
Vo
l.
5
,
No
.
2
,
O
c
t
o
b
e
r 201
4 :
2
03 –
21
0
20
4
th
e m
a
terial to
p
r
od
u
c
e electricity. Th
is pro
c
ess of co
nv
ertin
g lig
h
t
(p
ho
ton
s
) to
electricity (vo
ltag
e
) is called
t
h
e p
hot
ov
ol
t
a
i
c
effect
. P
hot
ov
ol
t
a
i
c
’s (
P
V
)
are t
h
us t
h
e
fi
el
d o
f
t
ech
nol
ogy
a
nd
re
search
rel
a
t
e
d
t
o
t
h
e
ap
p
lication
o
f
so
lar cells th
at
conv
ert sun
lig
h
t
d
i
rec
tly into
electricity. So
lar cells,
wh
ich were
o
r
i
g
in
ally
devel
ope
d
for
space a
pplications
in the
1950s, a
r
e used
i
n
consum
er products suc
h
as ca
lculators
or
wa
tches,
m
ount
ed o
n
r
o
o
f
s o
f
h
o
u
ses
or assem
b
l
e
d
i
n
t
o
l
a
rge
po
wer st
at
i
o
ns.
To
day
,
t
h
e m
a
jo
ri
t
y
of p
h
o
t
o
vol
t
a
i
c
m
odul
es are
u
s
ed
fo
r
gri
d
-c
o
n
n
ect
ed
p
o
w
er
gene
rat
i
o
n,
b
u
t
a sm
al
l
e
r
m
a
rket
f
o
r
of
f-
gri
d
p
o
we
r i
s
g
r
ow
i
n
g
i
n
rem
o
t
e
areas a
n
d
de
vel
o
pi
n
g
cou
n
t
r
i
e
s.
Gi
v
e
n t
h
e
en
o
r
m
ous
pot
e
n
t
i
a
l
of
sol
a
r e
n
e
r
gy
,
p
hot
ov
ol
t
a
i
c
m
a
y
wel
l
becom
e
a
major s
o
urce of
clean elect
ricit
y
in
th
e fu
tu
re. Howev
e
r, fo
r th
is to
h
a
pp
en, th
e electricity
gene
rat
i
o
n co
st
s fo
r P
V
sy
st
e
m
s need t
o
be
red
u
ce
d an
d
t
h
e efficiency
of conve
rting
sun
lig
h
t
i
n
to
electricity
needs to incre
a
s
e.
3.
PHOTO
V
OL
TAIC ARRAYS
Du
e t
o
th
e low v
o
ltag
e
of an
in
d
i
v
i
d
u
a
l so
lar cell typ
i
cally
0
.
5
V
, sev
e
ral
cells are wired in
series in
the m
a
nufacture of
a "laminate". The lam
i
nate is assem
b
led int
o
a
protective weathe
r
p
ro
of encl
osu
r
e,
t
hus
m
a
ki
ng a p
hot
ov
ol
t
a
i
c
m
odu
l
e
or sol
a
r
pan
e
l
.
These sol
a
r
panel
s
are l
i
n
ked t
o
get
h
e
r
t
o
fo
rm
phot
o
v
o
l
t
a
i
c
Arrays. T
h
e
pa
nels are
conne
c
ted in
series
The c
u
rre
n
t
thro
ugh
th
e cell is con
s
tan
t
and
th
e vo
ltag
e
acro
ss t
h
e
cell adds
up.
The
panels a
r
e
connected i
n
parallel The
vo
ltag
e
throug
h th
e cell is co
n
s
tan
t
an
d
t
h
e
cu
rren
t
acros
s the
cell adds
up.
Figu
re
1.
P
V
a
rray
Whe
n
p
hot
on
s
of
l
i
ght
st
ri
k
e
t
h
e m
a
t
e
ri
al
, h
o
we
ver
,
s
o
m
e
no
rm
all
y
no
n
-
m
obi
l
e
el
ect
ro
ns i
n
t
h
e
m
a
t
e
ri
al
absor
b
t
h
e
ph
ot
o
n
s,
and
bec
o
m
e
m
obi
l
e
by
vi
rt
ue
o
f
t
h
ei
r i
n
c
r
ea
sed e
n
er
gy
.
Th
i
s
creat
es
new
hol
e
s
to
o
-
wh
ich
are ju
st th
e v
a
can
c
ies created
by th
e newl
y created m
obile electrons
. Beca
use
of the
"bui
lt in"
electric field, the ne
w m
obile electrons
i
n
t
h
e n-m
a
t
e
ri
al
cann
ot
cr
oss
ove
r i
n
to the
p-m
a
terial. In fact, i
f
they
are create
d
ne
ar or in the
junction
where
the electric fiel
d e
x
ists, they
are pus
h
e
d
by
the field t
o
wa
rds the
uppe
r surface
of t
h
e n-m
a
terial. If a
wire is
connecte
d
from th
e n
-
m
a
teri
al to
th
e p-m
a
t
e
rial, ho
wev
e
r, th
ey
can
f
l
ow
thr
oug
h th
e
w
i
r
e
, and
d
e
liver their
energy to a loa
d
.
On
t
h
e
o
t
h
e
r han
d
, th
e
ho
les
created
in th
e
n
-
m
a
terial, wh
i
c
h
are
po
sitiv
ely ch
arg
e
d, are
p
u
s
h
e
d
o
v
e
r
in
to
th
e p-m
a
t
e
rial. In
fact,
wh
at is
really h
a
pp
en
ing
h
e
re is th
at an
electron
fro
m
th
e p
-
m
a
terial, wh
ich
was
al
so m
a
de
m
obi
l
e
by
t
h
e a
d
s
o
r
p
t
i
o
n o
f
a
ph
ot
o
n
, i
s
pu
she
d
by
t
h
e el
ect
r
i
c fi
el
d acr
oss
t
h
e j
u
nct
i
on a
n
d i
n
t
o
th
e n-m
a
terial
to
fill th
e n
e
wly created
ho
le. Th
is co
m
p
letes th
e circu
it as th
e electron
s
flo
w
s in
all th
e
ways
ar
oun
d th
e circu
it, dro
p
p
i
ng
t
h
e e
n
ergy they
acqui
red
f
r
om
ph
ot
o
n
s
at
a l
o
ad.
4.
BLOCK
DI
AGRAM OF
P
HOTO
V
OLT
A
IC P
U
MPING S
Y
STEM
The
desi
g
n
of
an e
ffect
i
v
e
PV
pum
pi
n
g
s
y
st
em
wi
t
hout
t
h
e u
s
e o
f
a
bat
t
e
ry
ba
n
k
r
e
prese
n
t
s
a
si
gni
fi
ca
nt
c
h
a
l
l
e
nge.
It
i
s
ne
cessary
t
o
d
eal
with th
e effect
of th
e sto
c
h
a
st
ic n
a
ture
o
f
so
lar in
stallatio
n
o
n
th
e
entire ene
r
gy
conve
r
sion ch
ain
,
in
clud
ing
th
e no
n
lin
ear
ch
aracteristics o
f
PV pu
m
p
ing
,
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
b
o
o
s
t
conve
r
ter, and
the electrom
ech
an
ical
po
wer
co
nv
ersion
d
e
vice. In
g
e
n
e
ral
term
s, it is n
ecessary to ob
tain
the
best
perform
a
nce from
each s
y
ste
m
co
m
ponent ove
r
a
wide
input
powe
r ra
nge
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
PED
S
I
S
SN
:
208
8-8
6
9
4
Ph
ot
ov
ol
t
a
i
c
C
e
l
l
Fed
3-P
h
as
e I
n
d
u
ct
i
o
n M
o
t
o
r U
s
i
n
g MP
P
T
Tec
hni
que
(
G
u
d
i
m
et
l
a
R
a
mesh)
20
5
Fi
gu
re
2.
P
hot
ov
ol
t
a
i
c
p
u
m
p
i
n
g
sy
st
em
s
Currently, sol
a
r water pumps are
used i
n
the western United States
as well as in
m
a
ny other
cou
n
t
r
i
e
s
o
r
re
gi
o
n
s
wi
t
h
a
b
u
nda
nt
s
u
nl
i
ght
.
Sol
a
r
p
u
m
p
s
have
p
r
ove
n t
o
be a
cost
e
ffe
ct
i
v
e an
d
depe
nda
bl
e
m
e
t
hod f
o
r pr
ovi
di
n
g
wat
e
r i
n
si
t
u
at
i
o
ns w
h
ere wat
e
r
res
o
u
r
ces
a
r
e
s
p
r
ead ove
r
l
o
n
g
di
st
ances,
p
o
w
er
l
i
n
e
s
are
fe
w or non-existent,
a
n
d fuel
an
d m
a
intenance c
o
sts a
r
e
considera
b
le.
Fi
gu
re
3.
M
P
P
T
co
nt
r
o
l
t
ech
n
i
que
o
f
I
n
duct
i
on
M
o
t
o
r
5
.
PV CELL
MODELLING
R
e
newa
bl
e ene
r
gi
es a
r
e o
n
de
m
a
nd t
h
ese
da
y
s
and am
on
gs
t
t
h
em
, Sol
a
r i
s
t
h
e m
o
st
pop
u
l
ar beca
use
o
f
th
e
b
a
sic
fact th
at it is clean
,
green and
its av
aila
b
ility is bo
und
less.
It’s alm
o
st b
e
en
d
ecad
e
s and u
s
i
n
g
solar ene
r
gy has becom
e
a tr
adition now an
d
th
e b
e
st p
a
rt is th
at it
is st
ill
escalatin
g
at t
r
em
en
d
o
u
s
p
a
ce with
newe
r and m
o
re efficient te
chnologi
es. Ri
ght from
m
onocrystalline and
polycrystalline we
have l
eaped
to
ward
s am
o
r
ph
ou
s silicon
, t
h
in
fil
m
tech
no
log
y
, Cd-teTh
i
n
fil
m
, CIGS th
in
film
an
d
flex
ib
le th
i
n
fil
m
s.
Tho
ugh
th
ese
trend
s
are still in
th
e
research
stag and
no
t yet p
opu
lar t
w
o p
l
ayers who
h
a
v
e
con
t
ri
bu
ted
t
o
al
m
o
st 9
0
%
o
f
th
e so
lar
p
a
n
e
ls are Mon
o
c
rystallin
e a
n
d
Po
lycrystallin
e Silico
n
.
So
lar
cells are con
n
e
cted
in
seri
es an
d pa
ra
l
l
e
l
t
o
get
t
h
e desi
red
out
put
a
s
a si
ngl
e sol
a
r
cel
l
coul
d o
n
l
y
cont
ri
b
u
t
e
a peak
v
o
l
t
a
ge o
f
0.
5 t
o
0.
7 v
o
l
t
.
Such
desi
g
n
e
d
uni
t
i
s
cal
l
e
d a PV
panel
an
d t
h
es
e p
a
n
e
ls are in tu
rn
arrang
ed
series an
d
p
a
rallel
to
fo
rm
PV ar
ray
.
Fi
gu
re
4.
P
V
c
e
l
l
equi
v
a
l
e
nt
di
ag
ram
In
t
h
e e
q
ui
val
e
nt
ci
rc
ui
t
,
I
pv
an
d V
pv
ar
e
th
e
P
V
cu
rr
en
t a
nd vo
lta
g
e
r
e
s
p
ectiv
e
l
y.
R
s
and
R
sh
are the
ser
i
es an
d shunt r
e
sistan
ces
r
e
sp
ectiv
ely.
N
o
w
th
e cur
r
e
n
t
t
o
th
e lo
ad
is
g
i
v
e
n b
y
:
sh
s
s
s
s
p
pv
p
R
I
R
V
KT
nN
I
R
V
q
I
N
I
N
I
1
exp
(1
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
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:
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94
I
J
PED
S
Vo
l.
5
,
No
.
2
,
O
c
t
o
b
e
r 201
4 :
2
03 –
21
0
20
6
In th
is equ
a
tion
,
I
pv
i
s
t
h
e
p
hot
ocu
rre
nt
,
I
s
is th
e
rev
e
rse satu
rati
o
n
curren
t
o
f
th
e d
i
od
e,
q
is th
e
electron charge, V
is
t
h
e voltage
ac
ross the diode, K
is th
e B
o
ltzman
n
'
s co
n
s
tan
t
, T
is t
h
e
ju
nctio
n
te
m
p
erature
,
n
is th
e id
eality f
acto
r
of th
e d
i
o
d
e
, and
R
s
and R
sh
are the series and shunt
resistors
of the cell,
respectively. N
s
and
N
p
are
the num
b
er of ce
lls connected
in
series an
d p
a
rallel resp
ectively.
As m
e
nt
i
one
d
earl
i
e
r P
V
c
u
r
r
e
nt
i
s
a
fu
nct
i
o
n
of
t
e
m
p
erat
ure a
n
d
sol
a
r i
r
r
a
di
at
i
on.
1000
298
T
K
I
I
i
sc
pv
(
2
)
Whe
r
e K
i
=0.001
7 A
/
◦
C is t
h
e
cell'
s short circ
uit curre
nt temperat
ure c
o
e
ffi
cient and
β
is th
e so
lar
rad
i
atio
n
(
W
/
m
2). T
h
e
d
i
ode
re
verse
sa
t
u
rat
i
o
n c
u
r
r
en
t
vari
es a
s
a c
u
bi
c f
u
nct
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e t
e
m
p
erat
ur
e an
d i
t
ca
n
be
expresse
d as:
t
g
nom
nom
s
s
nV
E
T
T
T
T
I
T
I
1
exp
3
(
3
)
Whe
r
e I
s
is the
d
i
od
e
rev
e
rse satu
ration
cu
rren
t, T
nom
is th
e
n
o
m
in
al te
m
p
eratu
r
e, E
g
i
s
t
h
e ba
nd
ga
p e
n
e
r
gy
of
th
e sem
i
co
n
ducto
r and
V
t
is t
h
e th
erm
a
l v
o
ltag
e
.
6.
PERT
URB
A
N
D
OBSE
R
V
E
MPPT TE
CH
NIQ
U
E:
The ba
sic disa
dva
ntage
s
which PV system
face is th
at the irradia
n
ce of sun is
neve
r c
onsta
nt and
h
e
n
ce it is d
i
ffi
cu
lt to
yield
th
e fu
ll p
e
rfo
rm
an
ce fro
m
th
e panel. He
nce whene
v
e
r
the source is va
rying one it
is ofte
n
better
to work
on the
existing
out
put obtaine
d
a
n
d
m
ould it accordingly suc
h
t
h
at des
p
ite the l
o
ss at
in
pu
t sid
e
, th
e o
u
t
pu
t rem
a
i
n
s un
altered. Th
is is wh
at
a MPPT d
o
e
s p
r
ecisely. Max
i
m
u
m Po
wer Po
i
n
t
Tracki
ng is electronic tracki
n
g-usually
di
gi
t
a
l
.
The char
g
e
cont
r
o
l
l
e
r l
o
oks at
t
h
e o
u
t
put
o
f
t
h
e pa
n
e
l
s
, and
co
m
p
ares it to
th
e b
a
ttery
vo
ltag
e
.
It th
en
fi
g
u
res
ou
t wh
at
is th
e
b
e
st
p
o
wer t
h
at th
e p
a
n
e
l can pu
t t
o
ch
arge
th
e b
a
ttery.
It tak
e
s th
is an
d
co
nv
erts it to
b
e
st vo
ltag
e
to g
e
t m
a
x
i
m
u
m AMPS t
o
th
e b
a
ttery. MPPTs are
m
o
st
effective whe
n
weathe
r is
cold, whe
n
t
h
e battery
ch
arg
e
is l
o
/w and
th
e cab
le wires u
s
ed
for con
n
ectio
n
are l
o
ng
. He
nc
e t
h
ese day
s
M
PPTs
have
bec
o
m
e
m
a
ndat
o
r
y
. In
pert
ur
b a
nd
o
b
ser
v
e t
e
c
hni
que
,
t
h
e c
o
nt
r
o
l
l
e
r
adj
u
st
s t
h
e v
o
l
t
age by
a sm
all
am
ount
fr
om
t
h
e array
and
m
easures p
o
w
er;
i
f
t
h
e p
o
w
er i
n
c
r
eases,
furt
her
ad
ju
stm
e
n
t
s in
th
at d
i
rection
are tried
un
til po
wer
n
o
lon
g
e
r in
creases. Th
i
s
is called
t
h
e pert
ur
b
a
nd o
b
s
erve
m
e
thod a
n
d is
m
o
st co
m
m
on, although t
h
is
m
e
thod ca
n
res
u
lt in
oscillations
of power.
Fi
gu
re 5.
Pert
u
r
b
an
d o
b
ser
v
e M
PPT
t
ech
ni
q
u
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
PED
S
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S
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:
208
8-8
6
9
4
Ph
ot
ov
ol
t
a
i
c
C
e
l
l
Fed
3-P
h
as
e I
n
d
u
ct
i
o
n M
o
t
o
r U
s
i
n
g MP
P
T
Tec
hni
que
(
G
u
d
i
m
et
l
a
R
a
mesh)
20
7
7.
IN
D
UCTI
O
N MOT
O
R
:
Th
e on
ly effectiv
e way o
f
p
r
o
d
u
c
ing
an
in
fin
itely v
a
riab
le in
du
ctio
n
m
o
to
r sp
eed
driv
e
is to
su
pp
ly
th
e indu
ctio
n
m
o
to
r with three
p
h
a
se
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
s
of
v
a
riable frequ
en
cy an
d variab
le am
p
l
itu
d
e
.
A
variab
le
fre
que
ncy
i
s
re
qui
red
beca
use
t
h
e
rot
o
r
sp
ee
d
depe
n
d
s
o
n
t
h
e s
p
ee
d
of
t
h
e
r
o
t
a
t
i
ng m
a
gn
et
i
c
fi
el
d
pr
ovi
ded
by
the stator.
A
varia
b
le voltage is re
qui
red because
the
m
o
tor im
pedance re
duces at
low
fre
que
nc
ies and
con
s
eq
ue
nt
l
y
the cu
rre
nt
has
t
o
be l
i
m
i
t
e
d by
m
eans of
red
u
ci
n
g
t
h
e s
u
p
p
l
y
vol
t
a
ges
.
B
e
fo
re t
h
e d
a
y
s
of
powe
r electronics, a lim
ited
spee
d control
of i
n
ductio
n
m
o
tor was ac
hieve
d
by swi
t
ching the thre
e-stator
wi
n
d
i
n
gs f
r
om
del
t
a
con
n
ect
i
on t
o
st
ar co
nn
ect
i
on, al
l
o
wi
n
g
t
h
e v
o
l
t
a
ge a
t
t
h
e
m
o
t
o
r wi
ndi
ng
s t
o
be re
duce
d
.
Indu
ctio
n
m
o
to
rs are also
availab
l
e with
mo
re th
an
th
r
ee
stator windings to allow
a change
of t
h
e n
u
m
ber of
pol
e
pai
r
s.
H
o
weve
r, m
o
t
o
r
wi
t
h
se
veral
w
i
ndi
n
g
s i
s
m
o
r
e
expe
nsi
v
e be
cause m
o
re t
h
a
n
t
h
ree co
n
n
ec
t
i
ons t
o
t
h
e
m
o
t
o
r are
neede
d
a
nd
on
l
y
cert
a
i
n
di
scret
e
spee
ds ar
e avai
l
a
bl
e. A
not
her al
t
e
r
n
at
i
v
e
m
e
t
hod
of
spee
d
cont
rol ca
n be
realized by m
e
ans of a
wound rot
o
r i
ndu
ction
m
o
to
r
,
wh
er
e th
e ro
to
r
w
i
ndin
g
en
ds ar
e
b
r
o
ugh
t
out
t
o
sl
i
p
ri
n
g
s
.
8.
IN
D
UCTI
O
N MOT
O
R
SPECIFI
C
AT
IONS
:
Tabl
e 1. In
d
u
ct
i
on
M
o
t
o
r
s
p
ec
i
f
i
cat
i
ons
Rated Power
0.
37kW
/0.
5
HP
Rated Cur
r
e
nt
1.
4A
Voltage 415V
Speed 1330
r
p
m
% Ef
f
i
ciency
64
Fr
equency 50Hz
9
.
RESULTS
Com
puter simulation is a
widely accepted
tool for
an
alys
is
and design of
elect
rical syste
m
s, the large
in
terconn
ected
p
o
wer system
s
.
Di
g
ital si
m
u
latio
n
too
l
s lik
e MATLAB
o
ffer a co
nv
en
ien
t
m
ech
an
is
m
to
so
lv
e
these problem
s.
Fig
u
re
6
.
Co
mp
lete system
si
m
u
la
tio
n
Diag
ra
m
o
f
PV Cell Fed
i
n
du
ction
Mo
to
r
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
088
-86
94
I
J
PED
S
Vo
l.
5
,
No
.
2
,
O
c
t
o
b
e
r 201
4 :
2
03 –
21
0
20
8
Fi
gu
re
7.
S
ubs
y
s
t
e
m
of P
V
C
e
l
l
Fi
gu
re
8.
S
ubs
y
s
t
e
m
of V
o
l
t
a
ge S
o
urse
I
n
ve
rt
er
Fig
u
re 9
.
V-I Ch
aractorstics Of In
du
ction
Mo
to
r
Fig
u
re
10
.
P-V Ch
aract
ro
stics of Ind
u
c
tion
Mo
to
r
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
PED
S
I
S
SN
:
208
8-8
6
9
4
Ph
ot
ov
ol
t
a
i
c
C
e
l
l
Fed
3-P
h
as
e I
n
d
u
ct
i
o
n M
o
t
o
r U
s
i
n
g MP
P
T
Tec
hni
que
(
G
u
d
i
m
et
l
a
R
a
mesh)
20
9
Fi
gu
re 1
1
. In
ve
rt
er Out
put
V
o
l
t
a
ges
o
f
Va, V
b
, Vc
Fi
gu
re 1
2
. Spe
e
d
a
n
d
T
o
r
que
ch
aracteristics Indu
ctio
n m
o
to
r
10
. CO
NCL
U
S
ION
The m
a
i
n
ob
je
ct
i
v
es wer
e
t
o
achi
e
ve m
a
xim
u
m
powe
r
o
u
t
p
ut
fr
om
t
h
e PV
array
a
nd t
o
i
n
ject
a
hi
g
h
q
u
a
lity AC cu
rren
t in
to
th
e
g
r
id
to
tran
sfer th
at p
o
wer.
To
th
at ai
m
,
th
e P
V
cell eq
u
i
v
a
len
t
circu
it
m
o
d
e
l was
obt
ai
ne
d t
o
c
o
nst
r
uct
t
h
e sy
st
em
and t
h
e
n
f
o
cu
s was
di
rec
t
ed t
o
wa
rd
s t
h
e po
wer c
o
ndi
t
i
oni
n
g
sy
st
em
(PC
S
)
an
d its con
t
ro
ls.Th
e
first stag
e o
f
th
e
PCS
was a DC
-DC
boo
st conv
erter respo
n
s
i
b
le fo
r
ex
tracting
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
p
o
wer fro
m
th
e PV array and
in
creasing
it
s ou
tpu
t
voltage. T
h
e s
econd stage
of the
PCS
was a c
u
rrent
cont
rol
l
e
d
v
o
l
t
a
ge so
u
r
ce i
n
vert
er
(
V
SI
) t
h
at
co
nve
rt
ed
the DC power of the
a
rray
into
AC po
we
r
a
n
d
in
j
ected
it in
to th
e grid
.
Th
e
co
n
t
ro
l techn
i
qu
e relied
on
tran
sform
i
n
g
th
e th
ree
p
h
a
se cu
rren
ts and
voltag
e
s
in
to
a
ro
tatin
g
referen
c
e frame and
th
en
reg
u
lated
th
e
resu
ltin
g
dq
c
u
r
r
ent
com
pone
nt
s.
ACKNOWLE
DGE
M
ENTS
The a
u
thors
gratefully ack
n
o
wledg
e
th
e K.Vasav
i
,
K L
Un
iv
ersity
, Vijayawad
a
. and
particu
l
arly th
e
Prin
ci
p
a
l, Prof. K
.
Ph
an
i
d
ra Ku
m
a
r for th
e fi
n
a
n
c
ialy
su
pport and
for t
h
e facilities o
ffered
in th
ese research
es.
REFERE
NC
ES
[1]
X W
a
ng, Z Fang
, J Li
, L W
a
ng
,
S Ni. Modeling
and contro
l
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u
al-stag
e
high-p
o
wer m
u
ltifunct
i
onal PV s
y
stem
in
d
–
q
–
o
coordin
a
te.
I
E
EE Trans. I
nd. Electron.
, 20
13; 60(4): 1556–
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[2]
B Indu Rani, G Saravana Ilang
o
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gamani. Control strateg
y
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flo
w
management in a PV sy
stem
supply
i
ng
DC lo
ads.
IEEE Trans. Ind
.
Electron.
,
2013; 60(8): 318
5–3194.
[3]
N Femia, G Petrone, G Spa
gnuolo, M Vitelli. A techni
qu
e for improving P&O MPPT performances of double-stage
grid-connected
p
hot
ovoltaic s
y
stems.
IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron
.
, 2
009; 56(11): 447
3–4482.
[4]
E
S
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e
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aj
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