Intern
ati
o
n
a
l
Jo
u
r
n
a
l
of
P
o
we
r El
ec
tr
on
i
c
s
an
d D
r
i
v
e
S
y
stem
(I
JPE
D
S)
V
o
l.
11
, N
o
. 2, Jun
e
20
20
, pp
. 65
1
~
65
7
I
SSN
:
208
8-8
6
9
4
, D
O
I:
10.
115
91
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jp
e
d
s.v
1
1
.i2
.
p
p65
1-6
57
6
51
Jo
urn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
: h
t
t
p
:/
/ijpe
d
s.
i
a
e
s
c
o
re.
c
o
m
Performance enhancement of
solar powered fl
oating
photovoltaic system using arduino approach
Nu
r Ami
r
ah Ab
d
u
l
J
a
mi
l
1
, S
i
ti
Am
el
y
Ju
m
aat
2
, Su
ri
an
a S
a
l
i
mi
n
3
, Mo
hd Noo
r
A
b
d
u
lla
h
4
,
A
h
ma
d Fateh M
o
hamad
Nor
5
1
D
e
parte
m
en
t o
f
El
ectr
i
cal
En
gin
eering
,
F
a
culty
of
Ele
c
t
rica
l
a
n
d
E
l
e
c
t
ro
nic
s
E
ngine
e
r
i
ng,
Universi
ti Tun
Hu
sse
in
On
n Ma
l
a
ysia,
Mal
a
ysia
2,
3,
4,
5
Green
and
S
u
s
t
ainable
En
er
gy
F
o
cu
s G
r
oup
(GS
E
nerg
y), F
a
c
u
lty o
f
El
ec
trical
and
Electro
n
i
cs
Eng
i
ne
ering
,
Universi
ti Tun
Hu
sse
in
On
n Ma
l
a
ysia,
Mal
a
ysia
A
r
ticle In
fo
A
B
S
T
RAC
T
A
r
tic
le
h
i
st
o
r
y:
Rec
e
i
v
ed
O
c
t
2
2
,
2
019
Rev
i
sed
D
e
c
21
, 20
19
A
c
ce
p
t
ed
Jan
30
, 20
20
Th
is
pap
e
r p
r
es
ents P
e
rform
an
ce Enh
a
nc
emen
t o
f
S
o
lar P
o
were
d F
l
oating
P
h
o
t
o
voltai
c
S
y
s
t
em us
in
g
A
r
d
u
ino
Ap
proa
ch
.
In
the
p
r
o
j
ect
,
an
A
r
duino
nan
o
as
a ma
in
co
ntro
ller
of
t
h
e sy
st
e
m
.
T
h
e o
b
j
ec
t
i
ve
of this pro
j
ec
t t
o
mon
i
tor
p
e
rform
ance
o
f
th
e
vo
lt
age, cu
rr
ent
and
po
wer ou
tp
u
t
r
e
sp
ectiv
ely
.
F
u
rthermore
,
th
e
p
r
o
t
otype
of
th
e
r
e
sear
ch is testi
n
g
i
n
two condit
ions: on
wa
te
r surf
a
ce and
on a la
n
d
a
r
e
a
. Ba
se
d on the re
sul
t
s,
the
po
we
r of
th
e
p
h
o
t
ov
ol
tai
c
on
th
e wa
ter
su
rface
is
in
creas
ed
comp
ar
ed on
th
e
l
a
nd
are
a
.
Th
e
co
n
c
lus
i
on
fo
r this pro
j
e
c
t is it can
g
e
ne
rat
e
el
ectr
i
c
i
ty
u
s
i
n
g
floating
ph
otov
olta
ic
a
n
d
the
sam
e
t
i
me
t
o
mo
nito
r
outpu
t o
f
th
e s
y
ste
m
.
Ke
yw
ords:
Ardui
n
o
Fl
oat
i
n
g
P
hot
o
vot
ai
c
Po
we
r en
ha
nce
m
e
n
t
PV
Th
is
is a
n
o
p
en
acces
s a
r
ticle
un
d
e
r the
C
C
B
Y
-SA
licens
e
.
Corres
p
o
n
din
g
A
u
t
h
or:
S
iti
A
m
e
l
y
Juma
at
,
G
r
een
a
n
d
Su
s
t
a
i
n
a
b
l
e En
ergy
F
o
c
u
s
Gr
oup
,
F
a
c
u
lty
of
El
ectr
i
c
a
l
a
n
d El
ec
tr
on
ic
s
Eng
i
n
e
e
r
ing
,
U
n
i
v
e
r
siti
Tu
n H
u
sse
i
n
On
n
M
a
la
y
s
ia
8
640
0 Par
it Ra
ja
, Ba
tu
Pah
a
t,
Jo
hor
,
M
a
lay
s
ia
Ema
i
l
:
s
itia
me
l
y
197
9@g
m
ai
l.co
m
1.
IN
TR
O
DUCTION
A
so
la
r te
chno
l
o
g
y
is no
t a r
e
c
e
n
t
d
e
v
e
lop
m
en
t,
it
sta
t
ed
on
th
e m
i
d 180
0’
s to
t
h
e
ind
u
st
r
i
a
l
re
vol
ut
i
o
n
w
h
en
sola
r pl
a
n
t
s
w
e
re
de
v
e
l
ope
d
a
hea
t
wa
te
r
i
s
pro
d
u
ce
d a
ste
a
m
t
o
dri
v
e
machi
n
e
r
y
[1
].
Th
orou
g
h
,
ren
e
wabl
e
e
n
erg
y
te
chn
o
l
o
gie
s
nee
d
t
h
e
use
o
f
l
a
rge
l
a
nd
s
p
a
c
e
s
i
n
o
r
der t
o
p
r
od
uc
e e
l
e
c
t
ri
ci
t
y
.
Defi
ni
t
e
l
y
,
fo
r
ph
ot
o
v
o
lt
ai
c
(P
V) s
y
st
ems,
gre
a
t
su
rfa
ce
a
r
e
a
s a
r
e
re
qui
red
beca
use
o
f
l
o
w
de
nsit
y
p
o
w
e
r
o
f
sola
r e
n
e
r
g
y
.
A
sol
a
r ene
r
gy
is ene
r
gy
fo
rme
d
by s
u
n cr
eat
e
d
ove
r a
t
h
e
r
mon
u
c
l
e
a
r
pr
ocess a
nd t
h
i
s
proce
s
s
creat
es
hea
t
an
d el
ec
tr
oma
g
n
e
t
i
c
radi
at
i
o
ns.
These
el
ec
tr
oma
gne
t
i
c
ra
di
a
t
ions
ha
ve t
h
e
ene
r
g
y
t
h
at
re
a
c
hes
th
e
e
a
r
t
h.
A
f
l
o
a
tin
g
P
V
re
f
e
r
s
to
th
e
i
n
sta
l
l
a
ti
o
n
of
pho
to
vo
l
t
ai
c o
n
wa
te
r
sur
f
a
c
e
s,
su
ch
a
s
la
k
e
s, p
ond,
re
se
rv
oi
rs,
h
y
d
r
oel
e
c
t
ri
c
dam
s
a
nd
ot
he
r
oft
e
n
un
der
-
ope
ra
te
d
w
a
t
e
r s
u
rfa
ce, wi
th
P
V
pa
ne
l
s
u
s
ual
l
y
a
t
t
a
c
h
ed
up
o
n
a
p
ont
o
o
n
-ba
s
e
d
floa
ti
ng st
ruct
ure
.
A fl
oa
ti
n
g
P
V
has
ma
ssi
v
e
ma
rket
pot
e
n
ti
al
. It
i
s
e
s
ti
mat
e
d t
o
bec
o
me
t
h
e t
h
ird
ma
j
o
r sec
t
or
f
o
r P
V
de
ve
lo
pme
n
t
a
f
t
e
r
gr
ou
n
d
a
t
t
a
c
h
e
d
and
ro
oft
o
p
P
V
.
N
o
w
a
da
ys,
t
h
e
use
of
ph
oto
v
o
l
t
a
i
c
s
y
st
em
has
e
xpa
n
d
e
d
qui
c
k
l
y
t
h
e
l
a
st
pe
ri
od
a
n
d
t
oda
y’s
ma
rke
t
co
nt
ai
ns
se
ve
ra
l
di
ffe
rent
sola
r e
xpl
oit
a
t
i
ons
, w
h
e
r
e
fl
oa
t
i
ng P
V
i
s
so
me o
f
the
m
[2
]. Ea
rl
i
e
r
st
u
d
ie
s
ha
ve ex
p
o
s
e
d h
o
w
fl
oa
ti
n
g
P
V
syste
m
ri
se
t
h
e ph
o
t
ov
ol
ta
i
c
pa
n
e
l
p
r
o
d
u
ct
i
v
i
t
y an
d
a
t
th
e
same t
i
me d
ecrease
t
h
e w
a
t
e
r eva
p
o
r
at
ion
.
A
fl
oat
i
n
g ph
ot
o
volt
a
i
c
e
n
erg
y
syst
e
m
offe
r n
u
me
ro
us
a
d
v
a
n
t
ag
e
s
ov
e
r
sy
stems
moun
t
e
d
on
lan
d
.
F
i
r
s
tly,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN
: 2
088
-8
6
94
Int
J
P
o
w
Ele
c
& D
r
i
S
y
st, V
o
l
.
1
1
,
N
o
.
2, Ju
ne
20
2
0
:
6
5
1
–
657
65
2
a flo
a
ti
ng
ph
ot
ovol
t
a
i
c
are
in
st
al
l
e
d o
n
wa
te
r s
u
rfa
c
e
,
t
h
e
l
a
nd
c
a
n
be
pre
s
erve
d
an
d
use
d
fo
r ot
her p
u
r
po
s
e
.
Se
co
ndl
y, a
fl
oa
t
i
ng
p
h
o
to
vol
t
a
i
c
del
i
ve
r ene
r
g
y
ge
ne
rat
i
on
e
ffi
ci
enc
y
si
nc
e t
h
e
am
bie
n
t
t
e
mpe
r
a
t
ur
e
of w
a
t
e
r
i
s
co
mpa
r
a
t
iv
e
l
y lo
w
.
F
i
nal
l
y,
e
v
a
p
o
r
at
i
o
n fr
om the
w
a
te
r
s
u
rfac
e
c
oul
d
be
re
d
u
c
e
d
w
h
en
a
fl
o
a
t
i
ng
p
h
o
t
ovo
lta
ic
s
y
ste
m
is
i
n
sta
l
le
d
in
a
lak
e
or
res
e
r
v
o
i
r.
A
sol
a
r p
h
o
t
o
volt
a
i
c
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
p
r
ot
ec
ts
pro
duct
i
ve l
a
nd
,
but
al
s
o
p
r
ot
e
c
t
s va
lua
b
le
fresh wa
te
r for
gene
rat
i
o
n
s
t
o
come. The
si
mul
a
t
e
d
o
u
t
c
o
m
es
sh
owe
d
h
o
w
t
h
e si
tua
t
i
o
n
s
c
onsi
d
eri
ng
fl
oat
i
ng
ph
oto
v
o
l
t
ai
c
sy
st
em
c
r
e
a
t
ed a
h
i
g
h
e
r
r
e
lia
b
il
ity
th
a
n
th
e
s
itu
a
t
io
n
s
co
nside
r
ing
groun
d
-
m
o
u
n
t
ed
pho
t
o
v
o
lta
ic
s
y
ste
m
[
3
]
.
A
modul
e c
l
e
a
ni
ng ha
s
a
ma
j
o
r
e
ffe
ct
on t
h
e
o
v
eral
l pe
rform
anc
e
o
f
uti
l
i
t
y-
sc
al
e, gro
u
n
d
-
mo
unt
e
d
P
V
p
r
oje
c
t
s
.
It
re
qui
res a
d
e
qua
te
g
o
o
d
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
w
a
t
e
r i
n
t
h
e vic
i
ni
t
y
o
f
t
h
e proj
ect
.
A
fl
o
a
t
i
ng P
V
pa
ne
ls are
i
n
st
al
le
d
i
n
l
o
w
dust l
o
cat
i
o
n
s
and ca
n
al
wa
y
s
use spri
nkl
e
r
s t
o
c
l
e
a
n the
m
se
lve
s
, t
h
e
s
y
ste
m
s
have
t
h
e p
o
te
nti
a
l
to
re
duc
e
e
v
ap
ora
tio
n up to
7
0
p
e
r ce
n
t
[4
]
.
Th
e
u
s
u
a
l
am
b
i
en
t te
mpe
r
at
u
r
e
o
n
wa
t
e
r
su
rf
ac
e
is l
o
we
r th
an
th
a
t
on
la
nd
due
t
o
t
h
e
w
a
t
e
r-c
ool
in
g e
ffe
c
t
, w
h
i
c
h e
n
ha
n
c
es t
h
e p
r
e
s
e
n
ta
ti
on
o
f
fl
oat
i
ng
PV
m
o
d
u
le
s. T
h
e
proj
ec
t c
a
n
b
e
c
o
mmi
ssi
o
n
e
d
f
a
s
t
e
r
th
an u
t
ilit
y
-
sc
a
l
e
pro
j
ec
t o
f
sim
ila
r
cap
a
c
it
y
si
n
c
e
it
d
o
e
s no
t in
vo
l
v
e
mov
e
men
t
o
f
a
n
y
hea
v
y
eq
ui
p
m
e
n
t
at
sit
e
.
A
fl
o
a
t
i
ng p
hot
ov
o
l
t
a
i
c
pa
ne
l t
ech
n
o
l
o
gy
ha
s
bee
n
ac
hie
v
ed
tract
i
o
n
a
s
a s
a
t
i
sfac
t
o
ry
a
n
d
co
st
-ef
f
e
c
t
iv
e
a
l
t
e
r
n
a
tiv
e
to
t
h
e
la
nd
-b
ased
PV
syst
em
s.
A
re
vo
lu
ti
on
to
r
e
n
e
w
a
b
l
e
e
n
e
r
gy
,
th
e
flo
a
ti
n
g
sola
r s
y
st
e
m
m
a
rke
t
a
t
t
i
t
ude
s a
s
one
o
f
t
h
e t
op
p
o
te
nti
a
l
eq
ui
pme
n
t
i
n
t
h
e
go gree
n sce
n
e
.
As m
o
r
e
an
d
mo
re
st
ate
s
g
r
adu
a
lly
b
e
aw
a
r
e of
t
h
e
ef
fe
c
tiv
e c
o
n
s
ump
t
io
n of
w
a
te
r bo
d
i
e
s
ov
e
r
th
e
lan
d
s
p
ac
e,
th
e
f
l
o
a
ti
ng
so
lar
pane
l
ma
rket
is p
r
e
d
i
c
t
a
bl
e
t
o
ga
in
a
furt
h
e
r e
d
ge
a
c
r
o
s
s
n
u
me
rous
ge
og
ra
phi
es.
In
pape
r
[
1
] di
scusses
t
h
e floa
t
i
n
g
p
h
o
to
vol
t
a
i
c
syst
ems
st
a
n
d
as
d
e
vel
o
pme
n
t
of t
ech
nol
o
g
y
t
h
at
sui
t
a
bl
e
for
l
a
rge
e
n
e
r
gy
pow
e
r
p
l
a
n
ts
e
s
p
e
cia
l
l
y
f
o
r
n
on-
u
s
age
w
a
te
r pon
d or la
k
e
.
The
p
r
oj
ect
s a
r
e col
l
a
b
o
ra
ti
ng
wi
t
h
a C
o
mpr
e
ssed
Ai
r E
n
e
r
gy
St
ora
g
e
(C
AES) s
y
st
em
i
n
t
o
fl
oat
i
ng
ph
oto
v
o
l
t
a
i
c
syst
em
usi
n
g t
h
e pi
pe
s, t
h
at
u
s
e
as m
o
dul
a
r
raft
st
ruc
t
u
r
e t
o
a
dde
d
b
u
o
y
a
n
c
y
. I
n
pa
pe
r [
2
] a
r
e
di
sc
usse
s
o
n
t
h
i
r
t
e
en fl
o
a
t
i
ng
ph
oto
v
o
l
t
a
i
c
p
o
we
r
pl
ant
s
i
n
Ko
rea
t
h
a
t
ha
v
e
bee
n
i
n
st
al
le
d
f
r
o
m
20
0
9
to
20
1
4
.
The
fl
oat
i
n
g p
hot
ov
olt
a
i
c
sys
t
em
ha
s
i
n
crea
se
d
i
n
t
e
re
st i
n
Ko
rea c
o
u
n
t
r
y
as o
n
e
of t
h
e
be
st re
ne
wa
ble
e
n
erg
y
al
t
e
rna
t
i
v
es.
N
e
xt
, in
pa
pe
r [
3
], a
ph
ot
ovol
t
a
i
c
ge
ne
rat
i
ng
pl
ant
wil
l
req
u
i
re a
gre
a
t
l
a
n
d
area
c
o
m
p
ar
ed
to
ot
he
r ge
nerat
i
ng met
h
o
d
s.
A smal
l
panel
s
of
p
h
ot
o
v
o
l
t
a
i
c
syst
em
devel
o
p
m
ent
w
i
l
l
o
n
l
y
inv
o
l
v
e
fl
oat
a
t
i
on in
a smal
l de
pth
of
wat
e
r, i
t
ma
y be i
n
sta
l
le
d
i
n
a p
o
n
d
, l
a
kes
or
whe
r
eve
r
n
e
eded
. T
h
e inc
r
ea
sin
g
i
n
ge
ne
ra
t
i
ng
ca
paci
t
y
c
o
ul
d
be
c
onsi
d
era
b
l
e
.
A
pla
t
fo
rm
fo
r
fl
oat
i
ng
must
be
ma
de of
a h
o
l
l
o
w
sec
t
i
ons
’ ma
te
ri
al
for
an
effec
t
i
v
e
b
u
o
y
a
nc
y t
o
se
l
f
-w
e
i
ght
ra
t
i
o
.
T
h
e pl
at
fo
rm
mat
e
ria
l
w
i
l
l
be d
e
si
gne
d t
o
a
n
y
de
sire
d fo
rm
a
nd c
a
n
be
at
t
ache
d
t
o
g
e
t
h
er
by c
h
emi
c
al
bo
ndi
ng
.
In
pape
r
[4
] sh
o
w
s a
st
u
d
y
ab
o
u
t
cana
l
t
o
p s
o
l
a
r
syst
e
m
wi
th
pla
n
e
re
fl
ect
o
r
s fo
r
t
h
e at
t
e
nt
i
on
of t
h
e e
n
e
r
gy
from su
nl
i
g
ht ha
s
bee
n
do
ne
. T
h
e
ke
y
para
met
e
rs t
h
a
t
affect
t
h
e fl
oat
i
n
g
ph
oto
vol
t
a
i
c
pe
rformance
i
s
a
m
ou
n
t
o
f
s
o
la
r
radi
at
i
on, te
mpe
r
a
t
ure
an
d
s
h
a
d
i
n
g are
a
w
h
i
c
h is
a
d
ju
st
e
d
.
A
d
d
itio
n
a
l c
o
o
lin
g
s
y
ste
m
is no
t co
mp
u
l
so
ry
for
th
is
f
l
o
a
tin
g
PV
sy
stem du
e
to
th
e
o
ccu
rren
c
e of
w
a
te
r
i
n
si
d
e
c
a
n
a
l wh
i
c
h
w
ill
c
o
nd
en
ses
t
o
pr
ov
id
e a
c
o
o
l
ing
ef
f
e
c
t
to t
h
e
sy
st
em
.
The
wa
te
r
e
v
a
p
o
r
a
t
i
o
n
l
o
ss
may red
u
ce
a
n
d a
n
a
ddi
t
i
ona
l
of
a
s
o
l
a
r ra
di
at
i
on wi
l
l
get
on
the
s
o
la
r
pane
l
by t
h
e
c
o
n
s
umpt
i
on
o
f
re
fl
ec
t
o
r.
Th
is
pape
r [5]
d
i
sc
usses a
go
o
d
p
o
t
e
nt
i
a
l
for
Fl
oa
ti
ng
S
o
l
a
r
PV
(F
SP
V
)
a
r
e
ins
t
al
l
e
d o
n
rese
r
v
oi
rs.
A
floa
ti
ng
s
o
l
a
r
p
h
o
to
vol
t
a
i
c
i
s
u
s
ed
wit
h
pu
m
p
ed
hy
d
r
o
e
n
er
gy
s
y
st
e
m
stora
g
e
an
d
hydr
oel
ect
ri
c
i
n
t
h
e
exi
s
ti
n
g
re
s
e
rv
o
i
rs. Thi
s
re
search is est
i
m
a
t
e
and a
n
al
ysi
s
of
p
o
te
nti
a
l
in Indi
a
fo
r the
mo
de
l
i
n
t
h
e p
r
esent
a
nd f
u
tu
re.
In p
a
pe
r [6],
i
t
st
a
t
e
s
tha
t
in or
d
e
r
t
o
dec
r
ea
se
t
h
e
re
servoi
r
s
h
a
d
in
g
area o
n
t
h
e
wat
e
r
su
rfac
e
,
a
great
e
r
fi
tt
e
d
po
we
r pe
r
p
a
n
e
l
was
se
l
ect
ed. It
was e
qual
t
o
1
0
3
.
5
kW
p,
equi
val
e
nt
t
o
a
b
o
u
t
30
0
pan
e
l
s
are
fi
tt
ed
o
n
4
6
st
ru
c
t
u
r
e
of
fl
oat
i
n
g
pa
nel
i
n
a
r
ea
ab
out
1.
5.
In
pa
pe
r
[7
]
di
sc
usse
d
a
flo
a
ti
ng s
o
l
a
r
p
h
o
t
o
vol
ta
ic
s
y
st
em
a
t
Kot
a
B
a
rra
g
e a
n
d
Ki
sh
ore
Sa
ga
r la
ke
K
o
ta
in
Ra
ja
s
t
ha
n.
Thi
s
pa
pe
r
c
o
n
cent
r
a
t
e
o
n
fl
o
a
t
i
ng
p
hot
ov
ol
t
a
i
c
te
chn
o
l
o
g
y
,
de
sc
ri
bi
ng
on
t
ypes
o
f
floa
t
i
n
g
p
h
o
t
ov
ol
ta
i
c
pl
ant
al
on
g wi
t
h
rese
arch
tha
t
bei
n
g
c
a
rrie
d out
o
n
some
fl
oat
i
n
g
s
o
la
r pl
ant
.
The
fl
oat
i
n
g
p
hot
ov
ol
t
a
i
c
pl
ant
c
a
n
be
set
u
p
o
n
a
p
o
n
d
,
l
a
ke
,
re
serv
oi
r,
or
on
a
n
y
ot
he
r
wa
te
r
surfa
ce.
1M
W floa
ti
n
g
pl
ant
i
n
K
o
t
a
ba
rra
g
e
c
a
n
ma
de
up t
o
18,
38
,5
1
9
k
W
h
el
ect
ri
c
a
l
ene
r
g
y
per
yea
r
a
n
d
might
sa
ve
3
7
mi
ll
i
on
l
i
t
e
r
s
o
f
w
a
t
e
r a
n
d
a
b
out
1
,
7
1
4
t
o
ns of emi
ssi
ons
c
a
n
be
re
d
u
c
e
d
ann
u
al
l
y
. F
o
r
Ki
sh
ore
S
a
g
a
r
la
k
e
Fl
oat
i
n
g
p
l
an
t
,
1MW
f
l
o
a
tin
g
pv
p
l
a
n
t
mi
g
h
t
har
v
e
s
t 18
,5
8,
95
9
kWh
en
ergy
an
nu
a
lly
a
nd
ca
n
s
a
v
e
up
wa
te
r t
o
3
7
mi
ll
i
on
l
i
te
rs a
n
d
re
d
u
ce
a
b
ou
t
1,
7
3
3
t
o
ns
o
f
emi
s
si
on
s ye
arl
y
. T
h
e
o
b
je
ct
i
v
es o
f
t
h
is
proj
ect
t
o
desi
g
n
of fl
oat
i
ng phot
o
v
o
l
t
a
i
c
t
o
ge
nerat
e
el
ec
t
r
i
c
i
t
y,
t
o
mo
ni
t
o
r
t
h
e
v
o
lt
a
g
e
a
nd
c
u
r
r
ent
per
f
o
r
ma
n
c
e
of
f
l
o
a
ting
so
la
r
sy
ste
m
and
to
e
v
a
l
u
a
te
th
e
effe
cti
v
en
e
ss of
sy
s
t
em
a
t
on
w
a
te
r
sur
f
a
c
e
.
2.
R
E
S
E
ARC
H M
ETH
OD
The
mai
n
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
of t
h
is
proj
ect
are
t
h
e
p
hot
ov
olt
a
i
c
p
a
ne
l, the
c
h
arg
e
c
ont
rol
l
e
r c
i
r
c
ui
t,
a
LC
D
di
spl
a
y a
n
d
a recha
r
gea
b
le
b
a
tt
ery
as
s
how
n
i
n
F
i
gu
re
1.
Ne
xt,
t
h
e
Fi
g
u
r
e
2
s
h
ows
t
h
e
bl
o
c
k
di
a
g
ra
m
o
f
a
sola
r c
h
a
r
ger
c
ont
roll
er to t
h
e
l
o
ad.
A
phot
o
vol
ta
i
c
pa
nel
i
s
fu
nct
i
o
n
t
o
t
r
ansfo
r
m s
o
l
a
r
ene
r
g
y
i
n
to e
l
e
c
t
r
i
cal
e
n
ergy
.
Th
e
n
t
h
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
w
ill
b
e
st
ore
d
in
side
a
b
a
t
t
er
y
so
th
at
t
h
e
el
ec
tr
ic
al
e
n
erg
y
sup
p
l
y
w
ill
c
o
n
tin
u
e
w
h
ile
at
nig
h
t
.
An
el
ec
tric
al
energ
y
i
s
save
d
a
t
a
n
en
or
mo
us le
v
e
l
by
co
ns
umi
n
g
t
h
e sol
a
r
t
o
p
o
we
r
up
t
h
e
l
o
ad
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
o
w
Elec &
Dri Sy
st
I
SSN
: 2
0
8
8
-8
69
4
Perf
orm
anc
e e
n
h
a
n
ce
me
nt
of
sol
a
r
p
o
w
e
re
d
fl
oat
ing
p
h
o
tov
o
lt
ai
c sy
ste
m
…
(Nur
Ami
r
a
h
A
b
dul J
a
mi
l
)
6
53
w
h
ile
s
o
la
r char
g
e
co
n
t
ro
ll
er fu
nct
i
o
n
is t
o
p
r
o
t
ec
t th
e c
h
ar
g
i
n
g
b
a
tte
ry
ag
a
i
n
s
t
e
x
ce
ss cu
rr
e
n
t.
Th
e fl
oat
i
n
g
ma
te
ria
l
d
e
v
e
l
o
pm
en
t in
t
h
e
o
t
h
e
r
h
a
nd i
s
mo
re
imp
o
r
t
an
t in
th
is pro
j
e
c
t
e
v
e
n
it i
s
no
t
sta
t
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
pr
oc
es
s
of
pr
o
j
e
c
t
be
caus
e
t
h
e
p
h
o
to
vol
t
a
i
c
pa
ne
l
wi
ll
be
pl
ace
d
a
t
t
h
e fl
oat
i
ng
mat
e
ri
a
l
[
8
-
1
3]
.
T
h
e p
r
oj
ect
is
dep
e
ndi
ng
o
n
t
h
e str
e
ng
th
of
th
e f
l
o
a
tin
g ma
te
r
i
a
l
t
o
w
i
t
h
sta
n
d
th
e
so
la
r
p
a
n
e
l
to
su
ppl
y
e
n
erg
y
.
F
i
gu
r
e
1.
B
l
oc
k di
ag
r
a
m of
t
h
e
p
r
oje
c
t
Fi
gu
re
2.
The
c
o
m
p
le
t
e
c
i
rcui
t
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
oje
c
t
2.
1.
C
o
mp
one
nt of
pr
oj
ec
t
Thi
s
sec
t
io
n d
i
sc
usses the
m
a
i
n
com
p
one
nt
s
i
n
t
h
is re
sea
r
ch suc
h
as a sola
r mo
dul
e,
a l
ead ac
e
d
r
echa
r
gea
b
le
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
, a
n
a
r
dui
no na
n
o
,
a
n
L
C
D
di
s
p
la
y
an
d a c
o
nve
rt
e
r
p
o
we
r mo
d
u
l
e
.
2.
1.
1.
S
o
l
a
r m
o
du
le
The t
y
pe
of s
o
l
a
r mo
d
u
l
e
i
s
a pol
y
c
r
y
st
al
l
i
ne
, 1
2
V as a
vo
l
t
a
ge
out
put
wi
th a
p
o
we
r r
a
t
i
ng
of
1
0
W
.
The
s
o
l
a
r
pa
ne
l
a
de
si
gn
wi
th a
fr
a
m
e
i
n
o
r
de
r
to
us
ed
f
o
r
out
do
or
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
ion.
I
t
i
s
s
u
i
t
a
bl
e
desi
g
n
e
d
f
o
r
ch
a
r
g
i
ng 12V
l
e
ad
a
c
i
d b
a
tte
ry
th
rou
gh so
la
r ch
a
r
g
i
n
g
c
o
nt
ro
l
l
e
r
.
A
F
i
gur
e
3 sh
ow
s th
e po
lyc
r
y
s
ta
llin
e
12
V
sol
a
r
mo
d
u
l
e
a
n
d
sp
eci
fi
ca
t
i
o
n
of
sol
a
r
pane
l as ta
b
u
la
te
d
i
n
Ta
ble
1 [
1
4-
18
].
F
i
gu
r
e
3.
The
pol
ycr
y
st
al
l
i
ne
1
2
V
so
l
a
r
mo
dule
Tabl
e 1
T
h
e
S
p
eci
fi
ca
t
i
on of
s
o
l
a
r
pa
ne
l
Va
r
i
able T
y
pe
p
ol
y
cr
y
sta
lline
12
V sola
r
module
1.
R
a
te
d
10W,
m
a
xim
u
m
ou
t
put ca
n
re
ac
h
2.
E
f
fi
c
i
e
n
cy of
sola
r
c
e
ll
~16.
5%
3.
D
i
m
e
nsion
36cm
x
24c
m
4.
We
ight
1.
5
kil
o
g
r
a
m
5 T
h
ic
kness
17m
m
2.
1.
2.
L
e
a
d
ac
id
r
ech
ar
ge
ab
l
e
ba
tt
ery
A
1
2
V
re
c
h
a
r
g
eabl
e
bat
t
e
ry s
eal
le
ad aci
d
(
S
LA)
a
s
s
h
o
w
n i
n
Fig
u
re 4.
Th
e
spec
ifi
cat
i
o
n of a
bat
t
e
r
y
a
s
t
a
bul
at
e
d
i
n
Tabl
e
2. T
h
e
adva
nta
g
e
s
of
bat
t
e
r
y
ar
e
ro
b
u
st,
c
h
eap
e
r
,
a
n
d
re
qui
re
d
a
l
e
ss
o
f
mai
n
t
e
n
a
nc
e
[
2
0
]
.
A
DC p
o
w
e
r
su
p
p
l
y
ca
n
be
use
d
t
o
c
h
a
r
ge
t
h
e
bat
t
e
r
y
as l
o
ng
a
s
i
t
de
li
ver
s
t
h
e
a
c
c
u
ra
t
e
v
o
lt
age
a
m
o
unt
t
o
the
b
a
tt
er
y.
This
bat
t
e
r
y
use is
ca
pa
bl
e
f
o
r
most
of
mot
o
r
s
,
12V
c
ont
r
o
ll
er
s,
o
r
a
n
y
ot
her
ci
rc
uit
o
r
a
ppli
a
nc
es [
2
1]
:
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN
: 2
088
-86
94
I
n
t J
P
o
w
El
ec
&
D
r
i S
y
st
,
V
o
l
.
11,
N
o
.
2,
J
u
ne
20
2
0
:
6
5
1
– 65
7
65
4
F
i
gu
r
e
4.
1
2
V
l
ead ac
id
rec
h
a
r
ge
abl
e
ba
t
t
e
r
y
Ta
ble
2. Speci
fi
ca
t
i
on o
f
1
2
V
l
ead ac
id
rec
h
a
r
ge
a
b
l
e
bat
t
e
r
y
Va
ri
ab
l
e
It
em
Val
u
e
1.
Volta
g
e
12V
2.
C
a
pa
cit
y
1.
2
A
h
3.
Siz
e
95m
m
x 42mm
x 5
2
m
m
4.
Ori
g
in
Ma
la
y
sia
5.
We
ight
0.
7kg
2.
1.
3.
Ar
d
u
i
n
o
N
a
n
o
Th
e Ardu
i
no
N
a
no in
t
h
is pr
o
j
e
c
t
i
s
a
c
o
mp
a
c
t
,
c
o
mp
l
e
t
e
,
sma
ll, and
b
r
e
a
db
o
a
r
d
fr
i
e
n
d
l
y
b
o
a
rd
w
h
e
r
e
co
nst
r
uc
te
d
on
th
e ATme
g
a
32
8P
(Ard
u
i
no
Nano 3
.
x
)
. I
t
h
a
s
r
e
la
tiv
e
l
y
t
h
e si
mila
r
fun
c
ti
onal
ity
o
f
Ar
dui
n
o
D
u
e
m
i
l
a
no
ve,
b
u
t
in a
di
ssi
m
il
a
r
set
.
T
h
i
s
Ar
d
u
i
n
o
Nan
o
a
s
a b
r
a
i
n
f
o
r t
h
is p
r
oje
c
t
bec
a
u
se a
l
l
t
h
e c
o
d
i
n
g
p
r
o
c
e
ss
f
o
r t
h
e
pr
oj
ect
i
s
upl
oa
d
s
i
n
side
t
h
i
s
smal
l
ard
u
i
n
o n
a
no
.
F
i
gur
e
5
show
s t
h
e A
r
d
u
in
o
Na
n
o
B
o
ar
d a
n
d the
s
p
ec
if
ic
at
i
o
n
o
f
the
A
r
du
i
no N
a
no
a
s
t
a
bul
at
ed
in
Tabl
e 3 [
2
2
-
2
5
]
.
F
i
gu
r
e
5.
A
r
d
u
i
no na
no
b
o
a
r
d
Tabl
e
3.
Spe
c
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
on
o
f
t
h
e a
r
d
u
i
n
o na
n
o
Va
ri
able Mic
r
oc
ontr
o
ller
A
T
me
g
a
328
1.
A
r
chite
ct
ure
AV
R
2.
Ope
r
a
ting
V
o
lta
ge
5V
3.
Fla
s
h Mem
o
ry
32KB
of w
h
ich
2K
B use
d
by
b
oot loa
d
e
r
4.
SRA
M
2KB
5.
Cloc
k Spe
e
d
16MH
z
6.
An
alo
g
IN Pi
n
s
8
7.
EEP
R
O
M
1
K
B
8.
DC
C
u
rre
n
t
p
e
r
I/
O
Pi
n
s
40m
A (
I
/
O
Pi
ns)
9.
I
nput V
o
ltage
7-
12V
10.
D
i
gita
l I
/
O
P
i
ns
22 (6 of
w
h
ich
ar
e PWM)
11.
PWM
O
u
tput
6
12.
Pow
e
r
Consum
ption
19m
A
3.
R
E
SU
LTS AN
D ANA
LY
SIS
Thi
s
se
ct
i
o
n
p
r
ovi
des
t
h
e de
ta
il
s
a
bout
t
h
e har
d
wa
re a
nd soft
war
e
r
e
sult
s
a
n
d
a
n
al
y
s
i
s
.
It
di
scuss
e
s
t
h
e ci
rc
uit
d
e
si
gn
o
f
t
h
e
pr
oj
ec
t.
3.
1.
Pr
ot
oty
p
e
d
e
vel
o
p
m
e
n
t
Thi
s
part
di
sc
usses
o
n
t
h
e r
e
sult
of
har
d
war
e
t
e
st
i
n
g
f
o
r
t
h
e
sol
a
r c
h
ar
ger
c
ont
r
o
l
l
e
r
c
i
rc
ui
t
,
t
h
e
p
r
ot
oty
p
e
s
t
ruct
u
r
e
a
nd
t
h
e c
o
mpl
e
te
ci
r
c
ui
t
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
oj
e
c
t
.
3.
1.1.
S
o
l
a
r
c
h
ar
ger c
o
n
t
ro
l
l
er monit
o
ri
ng ci
rcui
t
In
thi
s
part
,
t
h
e
sola
r
c
h
ar
ger
cont
rol
l
e
r
ci
rc
uit
are
t
e
st
i
n
g on
a
bre
a
d
boa
r
d
bef
o
re
go
t
o
the
s
o
l
d
e
r
i
n
g
pr
o
c
ess
.
Aft
e
r
al
l
the
c
o
nnec
t
i
o
n
i
n
d
o
n
e,
t
h
e c
odi
n
g
i
s
t
h
e
n
bei
n
g
u
p
l
o
ad
ed
i
n
t
o
t
h
e
a
r
d
u
in
o
na
no
bo
ar
d.
A
LED
is
use
d
a
s
a
n
i
n
di
ca
tor
fo
r t
h
e
ci
rc
uit
fo
r
c
h
a
r
gi
ng
con
d
i
t
i
on
w
i
t
h
sola
r
ene
r
gy
as a
vol
t
a
ge
s
u
p
p
l
y
.
Th
e I2
C
LC
D
2
0x4
ch
a
r
is use
d
t
o
mon
ito
r
th
e
vo
l
t
a
g
e f
r
o
m
th
e
so
la
r
pa
n
e
l, V
S
a
nd
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
bat
t
e
ry,
V
B
,
t
h
e
te
mpe
r
at
u
r
e
(C
el
si
us)
,
t
h
e
char
gin
g
in
d
i
ca
tor, C
u
rre
nt
(A), P
o
wer
(W) a
n
d Ene
r
g
y
(WH)
of t
h
e
proj
ec
t
.
An
ar
d
u
i
n
o
na
no
,
a
c
u
rre
n
t
se
nsor
an
d a
t
e
mpe
r
a
t
ur
e se
nso
r
usi
n
g
a
5
V
as
a
v
o
lt
a
g
e
su
p
p
ly.
A
D
C
-DC
Adj
u
st
abl
e
St
e
p
D
o
wn
m
odu
l
e
a
r
e f
unc
ti
o
n
to st
ep
d
o
w
n
a
12
V
t
o
5
V
a
nd
a
s
v
o
l
t
a
ge
sup
p
l
y
t
o
the
t
h
re
e
c
o
mpo
n
e
n
t
s
a
s
s
h
o
w
n i
n
Fi
gu
re
6.
Fi
gu
r
e
7
sho
w
s
t
h
e I
2
C
di
spla
y
wi
th
s
y
m
bols
o
f
s
o
l
a
r
pa
n
e
l
(V
)
,
t
h
e bat
t
e
r
y
sy
mb
ol
s
(
V
), a c
u
r
r
e
nt
r
eadi
ng (
A
),
a
nd a
po
wer
re
adi
n
g
i
n
wa
tt
(W).
N
e
xt
, the
r
e ar
e
t
h
re
e (
3
)
se
n
s
or
s t
h
at
a
r
e use
d
t
o
t
a
ke
rea
d
i
ng
f
o
r
displ
a
yi
n
g
i
t
o
n
t
h
e LC
D t
h
at
ar
e a V
o
lt
a
g
e
Se
nso
r
, C
u
r
r
e
n
t
S
e
ns
or
a
n
d
Tem
p
er
at
u
r
e
Se
ns
o
r
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
o
w
Elec &
Dri Sy
st
I
SSN
: 2
0
8
8
-8
69
4
Perf
orm
anc
e e
n
h
a
n
ce
me
nt
of
sol
a
r
p
o
w
e
re
d
fl
oat
ing
p
h
o
tov
o
lt
ai
c sy
ste
m
…
(Nur
Ami
r
a
h
A
b
dul J
a
mi
l
)
6
55
F
i
gu
r
e
6.
C
i
rcu
i
t
t
e
st
i
n
g usi
n
g
a b
r
ea
d
boa
r
d
F
i
gu
re
7.
I
2
C
LC
D
displ
a
y
o
u
t
p
ut
o
f
pr
oj
ec
t
Fi
gu
re
8 s
h
o
w
s
indi
ca
t
i
o
n
of
LED t
h
at
wi
ll
sh
ow t
h
e
ba
t
t
e
r
y st
at
e
of
c
h
ar
ge
.
It
is i
m
p
o
rt
a
n
t
pa
r
t
t
o
sh
ow
th
e st
ate
o
f
ch
arg
e
t
o
d
e
sc
r
i
b
e
t
h
e en
ergy
con
t
en
t
i
n
sid
e
a
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
.
A R
G
B
LED is u
s
e
d
t
o
sh
ow
th
e
b
a
tte
ry
sta
t
e
of
c
h
a
r
g
e
. Tab
l
e 4
tab
u
l
a
t
ed
t
h
e
st
at
e
of ch
a
r
g
e
in b
a
tter
y
.
For
th
e lo
ad
LED, A
b
i
co
lor
(r
ed
/gr
e
e
n
)
l
e
d is u
s
ed
fo
r
in
dic
a
ti
o
n
.
F
i
gu
re
8.
Ba
tt
er
y
st
at
us usi
n
g
LED i
ndi
ca
t
o
r
T
a
bl
e 4.
S
t
at
us o
f
bat
t
e
r
y
L
E
D Colour
Sta
t
us of
Batt
er
y
V
o
lta
ge
Red L
o
w
<
10.
5V
Gr
e
e
n
Medium
10.
6V
~13.
5V
Blue
Full
13.
6V
3.
1.
2.
F
l
o
a
ti
n
g
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
l
t
ai
c pr
ot
oty
p
e
d
e
vel
o
p
m
en
t
Thi
s
par
t
e
x
pl
ai
ns
t
h
e
re
s
u
lt
of
p
r
otot
y
p
e
f
o
r t
h
e
fl
oat
i
n
g
p
hot
ov
ol
t
a
i
c
s
y
st
e
m
.
The
p
r
ot
ot
y
p
e
was
t
e
st
ed t
o
o
b
ser
v
e t
h
e p
e
r
f
o
r
ma
nce
of
t
h
e
fl
oat
i
n
g sola
r mat
e
r
i
a
l
on
w
a
t
e
r
bo
die
s
a
n
d mea
s
ur
e t
h
e
po
we
r
out
put
fr
om a sol
a
r
pa
ne
l
.
T
h
e
se
tu
p
of
t
h
e
o
v
era
l
l c
o
n
f
i
g
ur
a
t
i
on
i
s
s
h
ow
n
in Fi
g
u
r
e
9
a
n
d
1
0
.
F
i
gu
r
e
9.
The
s
e
t
up
o
f
t
h
e
o
v
e
r
a
l
l
pr
oje
c
t
co
nf
igu
r
a
tion
F
i
gu
r
e
10.
T
h
e
b
o
d
y
o
f
fl
oat
i
n
g
sol
a
r
pane
l
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN
: 2
088
-86
94
I
n
t J
P
o
w
El
ec
&
D
r
i S
y
st
,
V
o
l
.
11,
N
o
.
2,
J
u
ne
20
2
0
:
6
5
1
– 65
7
65
6
Fi
gu
re
10 s
h
o
w
s t
h
e
fl
oat
i
n
g
ma
t
e
ri
al
f
o
r
t
h
i
s
pr
oj
ect
.
A
2nos
o
f
bu
o
y
i
s
use
d
f
o
r
t
h
is
f
l
oa
ti
ng
sola
r
p
r
o
j
ec
t t
h
at
b
een
s
c
r
e
w
at
t
h
e moun
t
i
ng
st
ruc
t
u
r
e
.
Th
e
ma
t
e
r
i
a
l
u
s
ed
fo
r th
e
moun
t
i
n
g
stru
c
t
u
r
e is a
l
umin
u
m
.
Al
umi
n
u
m
i
s
t
h
e
best
c
h
oic
e
bec
a
u
s
e i
t
i
s
l
i
ght
w
e
i
g
ht an
d
i
t
c
a
n be
use
d
w
i
t
h
c
ont
ac
t w
i
t
h
wa
te
r
wi
th
o
u
t
an
y
r
u
st
.
T
h
e
pr
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o
t
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s
fl
oat
i
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g at
wa
te
r
b
o
d
i
es a
n
d al
s
o
as
a
u
s
ual
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r
pane
l
t
h
a
t
are
at
l
a
nd
si
de
sh
ow
n i
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
11
(a
) a
n
d
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b
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.
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The Pr
o
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p
e on
wa
te
r
s
u
r
f
a
ce
(
b
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The
P
r
ot
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p
e
on
t
h
e
l
a
nd
3.
1.
3.
V
o
lt
age
, cu
rre
n
t
an
d
p
o
wer
ou
t
p
u
t
The
val
u
e
o
f
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ge
an
d
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nt o
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t
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a
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e G
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v
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n
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u
ssei
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nn
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i
a
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ho
r
,
M
a
l
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y
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ia
a
r
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on
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a
y
20
19
, 3
rd
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y
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0
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nd
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th
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2
019
. A
n
a
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n
t
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l
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t
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s
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o
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t
h
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s
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1
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sh
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pe
r
f
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ma
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t
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s
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rd
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4
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0
1
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e
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xi
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om
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mu
m of
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V at
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2
nd
Ma
y
201
9.
T
h
e
Fi
g
u
re
11
(b
)
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
pe
r
f
o
r
ma
nc
e
o
f
c
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r
r
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n
t
ve
r
s
u
s
t
i
m
e
fo
r t
h
e s
a
me da
y w
i
t
h
Fi
gu
re
12
(
a
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.
The
hi
ghe
st pe
rf
or
ma
n
c
e
of c
u
r
r
e
n
ts
i
s
on
2
nd
M
a
y
2
019
w
ith
r
a
ng
e v
a
l
u
e
0.
2A
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n
til 0
.
37
A.
Ne
x
t
,
th
e
max
i
mu
m
o
f
cu
rre
n
t
is 0
.
3
7
A
,
12
.0
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m a
t
th
e
sam
e
d
a
y.
Th
e
F
i
gu
r
e
12(
c
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sh
ow
s th
e pe
rfo
rma
n
ce of
p
o
w
e
r
v
e
r
s
u
s
ti
me fo
r thr
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e
da
y
s
are
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Ma
y, 3
rd
Ma
y a
n
d
4
th
M
a
y
2
0
1
9
.
The
maxi
mum
pow
er
pr
od
uce
i
s
7
.
1
4
W
at
2
nd
M
a
y 20
1
9
.
(a
)
(b)
(c
)
F
i
gu
re 1
2
T
h
e Gra
ph or (a)
V
o
l
t
a
ge (b
)
C
u
r
r
ent
(
c
)
P
o
we
r
O
u
t
put
o
f
t
h
ree
da
ys measu
r
e
m
e
n
t.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J Po
w El
ec
&
Dr
i
S
y
st
IS
SN:
208
8-8
6
9
4
Pe
rf
or
ma
nce
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
me
nt
of solar
pow
ere
d
f
l
oat
i
n
g
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
l
t
ai
c
syst
em
…
(N
ur
Ami
r
a
h
A
b
dul
J
a
mi
l
)
6
57
4.
CO
NCL
U
S
I
O
N
A
d
e
v
e
lo
pme
n
t
o
f
pr
o
t
o
t
yp
e
th
e
f
l
o
a
tin
g
photo
v
o
l
ta
ic
sy
s
t
em h
a
s
a
c
h
i
ev
e
s
a
l
l
o
b
j
e
c
tiv
e
s
.
Th
e
sy
s
t
e
m
i
s
usi
n
g a
n
Ardui
no
Na
no
b
o
a
rd
t
o
me
asu
r
e
an
d
displ
a
y
d
a
t
a
out
put
suc
h
a
s
a
volt
a
ge
, a
c
u
rre
n
t,
an
d a
po
we
r.
The
fi
rst
o
b
j
e
c
t
ive
i
s
to
de
si
g
n
a
n
d
c
onst
r
uc
t t
h
e
prot
ot
ype
a
fl
oat
i
n
g
ph
o
t
ov
ol
t
a
i
c
t
o
ge
nera
te
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y. T
h
e
syste
m
usi
n
g a
n
Ar
dui
no
Na
no
boa
rd
to
me
asure
an
d
disp
l
a
y dat
a
o
u
t
p
ut
suc
h
as
a
v
o
l
t
a
g
e,
ac
urre
nt, and
a
po
we
r.
The
se
c
o
n
d
obj
e
c
t
i
ve
i
s
to
t
e
st
a
nd e
v
a
l
ua
t
e
the
e
f
fe
c
t
ive
n
ess
o
f
t
h
e
fl
oat
i
n
g ph
ot
o
v
o
l
t
a
i
c
on
the
wa
te
r
surfa
ce.
Last
l
y
,
de
te
rmi
n
e
a
pe
rfo
r
ma
nc
e
o
f
t
h
e
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
a
n
d
c
u
rre
n
t
out
put
o
f
a
fl
oat
i
ng
syst
em
.
Th
e
dat
a
i
s
col
l
ect
ed suc
c
e
ssful
l
y
an
d the
LC
D tha
t
di
spl
a
ys t
h
e
vol
t
a
ge
i
s
wo
r
k
in
g nic
e
l
y
. T
h
e fl
oat
i
ng sol
a
r sy
ste
m
as a
al
t
e
rna
t
i
v
e
t
e
c
hni
q
u
e t
o
ma
de
save l
a
nd
usa
g
e
a
nd i
t
more
sa
fe t
o
use
bec
a
use
i
t
does
n
o
t
have
an
y
pol
l
u
t
i
on.
RE
FERE
NC
E
S
[1]
R. C
a
z
zanig
a,
et al
.,
ꞌꞌ
Comp
re
s
s
e
d
a
i
r
en
erg
y
stor
age
in
teg
r
ated
w
i
th
flo
a
ting
p
hot
ov
oltai
c
pl
ant,"
J
o
urna
l o
f
E
n
e
r
g
y
Stora
g
e 1
3
,
p
p
.
4
8
-5
7,
20
17.
[2]
S
un-H
ee Kim
,
et a
l
.,
ꞌꞌ
App
l
ic
a
t
io
n o
f
F
l
oa
ti
ng
Pho
t
o
v
o
l
ta
ic
E
n
e
r
gy
Ge
ne
ra
tio
n
Sy
st
e
m
s
i
n
Sout
h Ko
rea
ꞌꞌ
, Ho
ng
ik
Univers
i
ty, Kore
a, 17
Dec
.
2016.
[3]
Pa
rit
o
sh Sh
a
r
m
a
,
et a
l
.,
ꞌꞌ
De
si
gn
Pa
ra
m
e
te
rs of 10k
W Fl
oa
t
i
n
g
So
la
r Po
we
r Pl
a
n
t
,
”
Internat
ional Adv
anced
Resear
c
h
Jour
na
l
in
Scien
ce,
Eng
i
neer
in
g
a
nd T
echno
lo
g
y
(IARJS
E
T
)
,
vol 2
,
n
o
.
1,
Ma
y.
20
15
.
[4]
Om
k
a
r D.
Gai
k
wa
d
a
n
d
U.
L. De
sh
p
a
nd
e
,
“
e
v
a
p
ora
tio
n
Co
nt
ro
l
Usin
g
Fl
oa
ti
n
g
PV
Syst
e
m
a
n
d
Ca
n
a
l Ro
of
Top
So
l
a
r Sy
st
e
m
”
,
I
n
tern
atio
na
l Ad
va
nced
Resea
r
ch
Jo
urn
a
l in
S
c
ien
ce,
Eng
i
neer
in
g
an
d T
echn
o
log
y
(IARJS
E
T
)
,
vo
l.
04,
no
. 4
,
A
p
r
.
2
0
1
7
.
[5]
Aseem K
u
m
a
r
S
h
arma
an
d
P
r
of.
Dr
. D
P
Kot
h
ari,
ꞌꞌ
Un
i
n
te
rru
p
t
e
d
Gre
e
n
Powe
r usin
g
Fl
o
a
t
i
ng
Sol
a
r PV w
i
th
pump
e
d H
y
d
r
o
Energ
y
S
t
or
age
an
d
Hyd
r
oel
ectric
in
Indi
a”,
v
o
l
.
3,
no
. 4
,
S
e
pt
2
0
1
6
.
[6]
Kleb
er
F
r
ank
e
P
o
rtella,
et
al
.,
ꞌꞌ
F
e
as
ib
il
it
y
an
d
E
n
vi
r
o
n
m
ent
a
l
S
u
s
t
ai
nabi
li
ty
of
a
1
03.
5
k
W
p
flo
a
t
i
n
g
P
h
otovo
lta
i
c
Electrical
S
y
s
t
e
m
with a
c
a
se st
ud
y
in a
H
ydro
e
lectric
P
o
we
r
P
l
a
n
t,
S
a
n
t
a
Cl
ara Hp
p,
Lo
c
a
ted
in
the So
uth of Br
a
z
il
Re
gi
on
”,
Inte
rn
a
t
io
na
l J
o
urn
a
l
of A
d
v
anc
e
d
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
in
g R
e
se
a
r
ch
an
d
S
c
ie
nc
e
, v
o
l. 5
,
no
. 6
,
J
un
20
18.
[7]
Div
y
a M
i
t
t
al
,
et al
.,
ꞌꞌ
Fl
oa
tin
g
So
l
a
r Ph
ot
o
volt
a
ic
Syste
m
: An
Ov
erv
i
e
w
and
th
eir F
eas
ibili
t
y
at Ko
ta
in Ra
jas
t
h
a
n”
,
201
7 Inter
n
a
tion
a
l
Conf
eren
ce
o
n
Cir
c
uits
Po
we
r
a
nd Comp
utin
g
T
ech
nolog
ies
.
[8]
h
t
t
p
s:
//e
n.
wikip
e
d
i
a
.
org/
wi
ki
/Fl
o
a
t
i
n
g
_
sol
a
r
[9]
htt
p
://www.
a
lter
n
ati
v
e-energy
-news.
info/
f
l
o
at
ingsolar-pan
el
s/
[10]
Y. Choi,
et a
l
.,
ꞌꞌ
A
S
t
udy
o
n
Major Des
i
gn
Ele
m
e
n
ts of Tra
c
king
-
T
yp
e
F
l
oa
ting
P
h
oto
v
o
l
ta
ic Sy
st
ems
ꞌꞌ
,
Int
.
J. Sm
ar
t
Grid Clean
En
er
g
y
, v
o
l
.
3,
no
.1
,
pp
. 7
0
-74
,
J
u
l
20
13.
[11]
Y.
K.
Choi a
nd
Y.
G.
L
e
e,
ꞌꞌ
A S
t
udy
on
D
e
v
e
lo
p
m
en
t of
Rot
a
ry
S
t
ru
c
t
ure
for
Tr
ack
in
g-
Ty
pe
F
l
o
a
ting
P
h
otovo
lta
ic
Sy
ste
m
.
ꞌꞌ
In
t.
J
.
Precis
.
Eng
.
Ma
nu
f
,
v
o
l.
15
, n
o
. 1
1
,
pp.
2
4
5
3
-
2460
,
No
v
2
0
1
4
.
[12]
K. Tr
ap
an
i and
D
.
L
.
M
i
ll
ar
,
ꞌꞌ
Th
e
Thin
F
i
lm F
l
exibl
e
F
l
oat
i
ng
P
V
(T3F
-P
V) A
rray
:
Th
e Con
c
e
p
t and
D
e
v
e
lop
m
en
t
o
f
Th
e Prot
ot
y
p
e
ꞌꞌ
,
Re
n
e
w.
E
n
e
r
gy
,
vo
l.
7
1
,
pp
.
43
-50
,
M
a
y
201
4.
[13]
K. Trap
ani an
d
M
.
R. S
a
nt
afe
.
ꞌꞌ
A Review o
f
F
l
oating
P
h
o
t
ov
o
ltaic
In
st
allatio
n
s
:
20
07
-20
13”,
Prog.
Phtovol
t
: Res.
App
l
,
pp
.
1
-
9,
D
ec 20
14
.
[14]
So
l
a
rLa
n
d
10
W 12
V Po
lyc
r
ystall
ine Sol
a
r
Module
Model: SLP010-12U,
htt
p
s://web
osol
ar.com/st
o
r
e
/en/12v-24v-
solar-panel
s/
902-
solar
l
and-10w-
12v-polycryst
a
lline-
sol
a
r-
modul
e
-slp010-12u.
ht
ml
.
[15]
Heavy
Du
ty
S
o
lar P
a
ne
l,
h
t
tps:
//
ty
con
s
y
s
te
ms
.
c
o
m
/do
c
um
ent
a
tio
n
/ S
p
e
c
%2
0S
he
ets/
TP
S
%
20
So
lar%
20
P
a
ne
ls
%20
S
p
ec%
20S
h
eet.p
df.
[16]
Pol
y
cryst
a
lline Solar Pane
ls - YINGL
I
,
htt
p
s://
w
ww.selec
t
solar.co.
u
k/
uploads/
asset_file/
y
i
n
gli
-
dat
a
-sheet.
p
df.
[17]
Mo
hd
Alif S
a
ifu
ddin J
a
m
a
llu
d
i
n,
et
al
.,
ꞌꞌ
Potent
i
a
l
of f
l
oati
ng sol
a
r
t
e
chn
o
lo
gy
in
M
a
l
a
ys
ia
”,
Inter
n
ation
a
l
Jour
na
l
of Po
w
e
r
Elec
tr
on
ics
an
d D
r
iv
e
Sys
t
em
(I
J
P
ED
S
)
,
v
o
l
.
10,
n
o
.
3, p
p
.
16
38
-1
64
4
,
2
0
1
9
.
[18]
M
.
Pushpavalli
,
N.
M Jothi Swar
oopan,
ꞌꞌ
P
e
rfo
rm
ance
an
alys
is
o
f
hy
brid p
h
o
t
o
v
o
ltaic
/w
in
d en
ergy
sy
stem
us
in
g K
Y
boo
st co
nvert
er
”,
In
tern
atio
na
l Jo
ur
nal o
f
Po
wer
Ele
c
tr
on
ics
an
d D
r
ive Sy
s
t
em
(IJPEDS)
,
vo
l. 10
,
n
o
.
1,
pp.
43
3-4
4
3
,
20
19
.
[19]
M
o
n
a
dh
il
Al-Ch
a
de
r
c
h
i
1,
et
al
.,
ꞌꞌ
Enh
a
nc
in
g
the P
e
rforman
c
e
of
P
V
P
a
n
e
l Un
dergo
i
n
g
S
h
ad
in
g
Effe
cts”
,
I
n
ter
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
Jo
ur
na
l of
Po
wer
El
e
c
tr
on
ics an
d
D
r
ive Syst
em (I
J
P
ED
S)
,
vol. 9, no.
4
,
pp.
1
9
3
7
-
1
9
43
,
20
18.
[20]
GP
Back Up
Ba
ttery
1
2
V 1
.
2
A
H
Recharg
eab
le
P
R
EM
IUM
S
eal Le
ad
Ac
id
Ba
ttery
fo
r pow
er
b
a
ck up
, http
s:
//gp
-
back-u
p-b
a
ttery
-
12
v-12
-ah-rech
a
r
g
eabl
e
-p
re
miu
m
-s
eal-
l
ead-
a
c
i
d
-
batt
ery-fo
r-pow
er-back-u
p-
i13
1
2
7
7
8
0
7
-
s1
46
33
90
48
.
h
t
m
l
?
sp
m
=
a
2
o
4
k
.
s
ea
rc
hlistb
ra
n
d
.li
s
t.
16
.
3
d
a
03
7
2
fm
ZA1MP&
se
a
r
c
h
=1.
[21]
W. A
b
i
t
h
a
M
e
m
a
la
,
et a
l
.,
ꞌꞌ
DC-
D
C Conv
erter
Bas
e
d P
o
wer M
a
n
a
gem
e
n
t
fo
r
G
o
G
r
een
A
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
io
ns
”,
In
ter
natio
na
l
Jour
na
l
o
f
Pow
e
r
El
e
c
tr
on
ics
an
d
D
r
ive S
y
st
em (
I
JP
ED
S)
, vo
l.
1
0
,
no. 4,
p
p
. 2
046-2
0
5
4
,
2
0
1
9
.
[22]
Ard
u
i
n
o
Na
n
o
(V2.
3
)
Use
r
M
a
n
u
a
l
, ht
tp
s:/
/
www.
a
r
du
i
no.c
c
/
e
n
/upl
o
a
ds/Ma
i
n/
Ardu
in
oNa
n
oMa
n
ua
l2
3.
p
d
f
[23]
Abd
e
lk
ader
Me
zo
uari1
,
et a
l
.,
ꞌꞌ
A New
P
h
otovo
ltaic B
l
o
c
ks
M
u
tualiz
ation
S
y
stem
fo
r M
i
cr
o
-
Grids Us
in
g an
Ardu
in
o
Bo
ard a
n
d Labv
iew
”
,
Int
e
rn
atio
nal
Jo
urn
a
l o
f
Power
El
ectro
nics a
n
d
Dr
iv
e
Syst
em (IJ
PED
S
)
,
vo
l.
9
,
no.
1,
pp.
98
-10
4
,
201
8.
[24]
S
iti Am
ely
J
u
m
aat, M
o
h
a
mm
ad
Hilm
i O
t
h
m
an
,
ꞌꞌ
S
o
lar
En
erg
y
M
easu
r
emen
t U
s
ing
Ard
u
ino”
,
MAT
E
C W
e
b
C
onf
.
1
5
0
,
20
18,
0
1
007,
pp.
6.
[25]
Siti Ame
l
y Jum
aat,
et a
l
.,
ꞌꞌ
Horiz
o
nt
al Si
ng
le
A
x
i
s
So
la
r Tra
c
k
er u
s
i
n
g
Ardu
in
o Ap
pro
a
c
h
”,
In
do
nes
i
an
Jou
r
n
a
l
o
f
E
l
e
c
t
ric
a
l E
ngine
e
r
in
g a
nd Compu
t
e
r
Sci
e
n
c
e
,
v
o
l
.
12
,
no
. 2
,
p
p
.
4
8
9
-
496
, N
o
v
20
18
.
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