Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of
P
ower E
le
ctr
on
i
cs a
n
d
Drive
S
ystem
(I
J
PE
D
S
)
Vo
l.
11
,
No.
4
,
Decem
be
r 202
0
, p
p.
1835
~
18
43
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8694
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ij
peds
.
v11.i
4
.
pp
18
35
-
18
43
1835
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
pe
ds
.i
aescore.c
om
Hybrid
tech
nique
for a
n effici
en
t
P
V syste
m throu
gh intelli
gent
MPPT
and w
ater c
oo
li
ng pro
cess
Huss
ain
Attia
1
, K
h
aled
Ho
s
sin
2
1
Depa
rt
me
nt
of
El
e
ct
ri
ca
l
,
Elec
tr
onic
s &
Comm
u
nic
a
ti
ons E
ng
ineeri
ng,
Amer
ic
an
Univer
sity
of
Ra
s Al
Khaimah,
Unite
d
Arab
E
m
ira
t
es
2
Depa
rt
me
nt
of
Mec
hanica
l
and
Industria
l
Engi
n
ee
ring
,
Am
eri
c
a
n
Univer
sity
of R
as
Al
Khai
ma
h
,
Unite
d
Arab
E
m
ira
t
es
Art
ic
le
I
n
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Feb
2
7
, 20
20
Re
vised
A
pr
2
6
, 2
0
20
Accepte
d
J
un
16
, 20
20
Solar
pan
el
s
h
a
ve
under
gon
e
se
ver
al
t
ests
throu
gh
rese
a
rch
stud
ie
s
for
the
purpose
of
im
pr
oving
per
for
ma
n
ce
to
increa
se
th
e
resulting
e
lectr
ic
a
l
power.
Thi
s
study
cons
ide
rs
the
fa
ct
o
f
the
n
ecess
it
y
of
Maxim
um
Pow
er
Point
Tra
ck
ing
workin
g
condi
t
ions
of
t
he
PV
panels
to
har
vest
ma
xi
mu
m
elec
tri
c
al
power
during
th
e
wea
the
r
var
i
at
i
ons.
It
conside
rs
al
so
the
p
anel
t
em
per
at
ure
red
uction
whi
ch
aff
e
ct
s
posi
ti
ve
ly
th
e
p
ane
l
ab
i
li
ty
in
te
r
ms
of
produc
ing
addi
ti
on
al
e
lectr
i
ca
l
power
.
By
th
is
consid
era
t
ion,
thi
s
study
pr
op
oses
a
new
design,
and
si
m
ula
ti
on
result
s
with
analysis
of
a
hybrid
PV
sys
te
m.
The
sys
te
m
is
abl
e
t
o
del
iv
er
5
kW
,
through
the
d
ay
hours,
with
le
ss
numbe
r
of
PV
pane
ls
base
d
on
a
hybr
id
t
e
chni
que
.
Th
e
pr
oposed
techniqu
e
com
b
ine
s
two
ma
nipu
la
t
in
g
proc
es
ses.
Th
e
first
on
e
gu
ar
ant
e
es
the
Maxi
mum
Pow
er
Point
Tr
ac
king
(MP
PT)
condi
tion
during
d
ay
hours
through
a
n
artificia
l
Neura
l
Ne
twork
(AN
N)
cont
rol
le
r.
Wherea
s
th
e
sec
ond
one
f
ocuse
s
on
red
uci
ng
th
e
pa
nel
temper
at
ure
by
int
rodu
ci
ng
a
wa
te
r
coo
ler
which
is
designe
d
for
th
is
purpose.
Si
mul
ink
softwar
e
of
MA
TL
AB
is
used
to
im
plement a
nd
e
val
ua
te
the prop
osed
sys
te
m.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Hybr
i
d
M
A
TLAB
M
PP
T
Neural
Netw
ork
PV
matri
x
Simuli
nk
water c
ooli
ng
This
is an
open
acc
ess arti
cl
e
un
der
the
CC
BY
-
SA
l
ic
ense
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Hu
s
sai
n Att
ia
,
Dep
a
rtme
nt of
Ele
ct
rical
, Elect
ronics & C
ommu
nicat
ion En
gin
ee
rin
g
Ame
rican
U
niv
ersit
y o
f
Ra
s
Al Khaima
h,
Ra
s A
l
Kh
ai
m
ah,
1002
1,
U
A
E.
Emai
l:
h
at
ti
a@aur
a
k.
ac
.ae
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Re
searche
rs
ha
ve
co
nce
ntrat
ed
on
the
as
pe
ct
s
of
ef
fici
ency
i
ncr
easi
ng
of
the
s
olar
photov
oltai
c
pan
el
[
1
-
9].
Di
ff
e
ren
t
pa
rame
te
rs
hav
e
been
stud
ie
d
i
nclu
din
g
the
am
ount
of
deli
ver
e
d
el
ect
rical
powe
r
from
the
c
onnecte
d
PV
pa
nel;
t
he
l
evel
of
in
ci
de
nt
li
gh
t
inten
sit
y,
a
mb
ie
nt
te
m
pe
ratur
e
,
an
d
th
e
cl
ean
ness
sta
tus
of
the
pa
nel
s
urf
ace.
Als
o,
t
he
beh
a
vior
of
t
he
PV
pa
nel
in
te
rms
of
i
ns
ta
ntane
ous
le
vel
of
l
oad
po
we
r
with
resp
ect
to
t
he
weathe
r
co
ndit
ion
,
how
t
his
le
vel
is
aff
ect
e
d
in
non
-
li
nea
r
s
ha
pe
by
t
he
mentio
ned
w
eat
her
par
a
mete
rs,
an
d
how
to
gua
ran
te
e
guara
nteei
ng
t
he
M
a
ximum
P
ower
Po
i
nt
Trac
ki
ng
(
M
PP
T)
w
orkin
g
conditi
on
t
o
ha
ve
t
he
ma
ximum
le
vel
of
loa
d
po
wer
[1].
T
he
P
V
pa
nel
pe
r
forma
nce
en
ha
nceme
nt
t
hrough
th
e
pan
el
te
m
pe
ratur
e
was
in
vest
igate
d
a
nd
an
a
lyzed
i
n
[2
-
6].
In
[
2],
a
wate
r
c
ycling
proc
ess
has
be
en
a
dopted
for
t
he
pa
nel
c
oo
li
ng,
wh
e
rea
s
ma
ny
c
oo
li
ng
te
c
hn
i
qu
e
s
ha
ve
bee
n
e
xpla
ined
in
[
3].
T
he
pa
nel
e
ff
ic
ie
ncy
has
been
monit
ore
d
in
[
4]
by
m
ovin
g
the w
at
er o
ve
r
the p
a
nel’
s
su
r
face. L
ab
orat
or
ia
l
ex
pe
rimentat
io
ns
ha
ve
been
cond
ucted f
or
water c
ooli
ng
pur
po
ses
in
[5,
6] to
incr
ea
se
the qua
ntit
y of
the loa
d powe
r
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
11
, N
o.
4
,
D
ecembe
r
2020
:
1835
–
1843
1836
The
c
halle
nge
of
e
nfo
rcin
g
th
e
DC
-
DC
co
nverter
s
of
P
V
sy
ste
ms
t
o
w
ork
at
M
P
PT
c
onditi
ons
has
been
f
ocused
by
ma
ny
re
sear
ch
st
udie
s
[7
-
10]
.
F
uzzy
L
og
i
c
Con
t
ro
ll
ers
(
FLCs)
ha
ve
be
en
propose
d
i
n
[7
-
9]
to
guara
ntee
ha
rv
est
in
g
t
he
maxim
um
el
ec
tric
al
power
from
t
he
s
olar
e
nerg
y.
On
t
he
oth
e
r
side
,
A
rt
ific
ia
l
Neural
Netw
ork
(AN
N)
ha
ve
bee
n
pro
pose
d
in
[
10]
to
pr
edict
the
ref
e
r
ence
volt
age
f
or
the
ai
m
of
t
rack
i
ng
the
ma
ximum
powe
r
locat
io
ns
duri
ng
the
w
eat
her
var
ia
ti
ons.
The
stu
dy
cond
ucted
i
n
[
11],
pro
posed
an
idea
of
a
n
inte
gr
at
e
d
ph
otovo
lt
ai
c
sy
ste
m
wh
ic
h
has
co
ns
i
der
e
d
the
ad
van
ta
ge
of
in
serti
ng
a
n
al
gorithm
of
M
PP
T.
In ad
diti
on, it
trig
ger
e
d
a
n
init
ia
l desig
n of
w
at
er cooli
ng s
yst
em to red
uce
the p
a
nel tem
pe
ratur
e
.
The
stu
dy
in
t
his
pa
per
f
ocuses
on
the
c
hal
le
ng
e
of
re
du
ci
ng
t
he
numb
e
r
of
t
he
re
quire
d
P
V
pa
nels
and
mainta
ini
ng
the
sa
me
le
ve
l
of
delivere
d
power
from
t
he
P
V
syst
em.
To
ac
hieve
s
uc
h
an
ai
m
,
this
pap
e
r
pro
po
ses
a
ne
w
wor
k
base
d
on
tw
o
pa
rall
el
proce
sses.
Fir
st
proces
s
a
dopt
s
a n
ew
M
PP
T
co
ntr
oller b
a
sed
on
a
certai
n
A
NN
al
gorithm,
whereas
t
he
seco
nd
process
re
du
ce
s
t
he
t
ota
l
num
ber
of
t
he
re
qu
i
red
pa
nels
by
reducin
g
pan
el
t
emper
at
ur
e
at
le
ast
,
15
°C
thr
ough
water
c
oo
li
ng
via
a
m
echan
ic
al
s
olu
t
ion
to
ha
ve
a
hi
gh
e
r
pan
el
s
p
e
rform
ance.
2.
THE
SELE
C
TE
D
PV
P
ANE
L SPICI
FIC
ATIO
NS
The
co
ns
i
der
e
d
PV
pa
nel
m
odule
f
or
t
his
st
udy
is
SLP
060
-
12
of
m
ulti
-
cr
ys
ta
ll
ine
ty
pe
.
This
ty
pe
is
char
act
e
rized
by
high
e
ff
ic
ie
ncy.
The
s
peci
ficat
ion
s
of
th
e
sel
ect
ed
P
V
modu
le
are
s
how
n
in
Ta
ble
1.
T
he
le
vel
of
the
ha
rv
est
e
d
power
reaches
to
60
W
at
M
PPT
c
onditi
on
w
he
n
the
li
ght
inte
ns
it
y
e
qu
al
s
to
1000
W/m
2
at
the
r
oom
te
m
pe
ratur
e
,
25
°C
.
T
he
i
ns
ta
nta
neo
us
le
vel
of
th
e
ha
rvest
ed
po
wer
is
nonline
ar
wit
h
resp
ect
t
o
the
pan
el
volt
age.
Figure
1(
a
)
s
hows
the
e
quiv
al
ent
ci
rcu
it
of
the
s
olar
cel
l,
the
total
ge
ne
rated
current
f
rom
t
he
s
olar
cel
l,
I
out
,
re
pr
ese
nts
the
s
um
mati
on
of
t
he
diode
current,
I
D
,
the
cu
rr
e
n
t,
I
P
,
pa
ssin
g
thr
ough the
shun
t
resist
or
R
P
,
and the
outp
ut
curre
nt from t
he
cel
l,
I
out
, as show
n
in
(1
)
-
(
4)[10
].
=
+
+
(
1)
=
[
−
1
]
(
2)
=
(
3)
=
−
(
4)
Figure
1
(
b),
(
c),
(
d),
a
nd
(e
)
s
how
diff
e
re
nt
in
sta
ntane
ous
le
vels
of
outp
ut
c
urren
t
a
nd
powe
r
at
diff
e
re
nt
le
vel
s
of
li
gh
t
inte
ns
it
y,
a
nd
s
how
dif
fer
e
nt
i
nst
antane
ou
s
le
vels
of
ou
t
put
cu
rr
e
nt
an
d
powe
r
at
diff
e
re
nt levels
of am
bient te
mp
e
ratur
e
, res
pecti
vely
.
The
ai
m
of
this
stu
dy
is
to
sho
w
t
he
posit
ive
eff
ect
s
of
a
dopt
ing
t
he
A
NN
base
d
c
ontrolle
r
t
o
harves
t
the
maxim
um
po
wer
from
so
la
r
e
nergy
a
nd
im
pleme
nting
a
water
co
oling
treat
men
t
to
re
duce
t
he
tota
l
numb
e
r of re
quire
d
P
V pa
nels of the
pr
opose
d
s
ys
te
m
via
decr
easi
ng the
pan
el
te
mp
e
ratur
e
.
Table
1.
Sp
eci
f
ic
at
ion
s
of
t
he Sel
ect
ed
P
V M
odule
(S
LP
060
-
12
of Mult
i cr
ys
ta
ll
ine)
Para
m
eter
Valu
e
P
mpp
6
0
W
V
out
at P
mpp
1
7
.8 V
I
out
at P
mpp
3
.37
A
V
OC
2
2
V
I
SC
3
.64
A
No
.
o
f
Cells
an
d
Co
n
n
ectio
n
s
3
6
(
3
×1
2
)
Tem
p
e
rature
Co
e
ff
icien
t of Powe
r
-
(0.5
±0
.05
)% per
1
°C
Op
erating
T
e
m
p
er
atu
re
-
4
0
°
C to
+85
°
C
Maximu
m
Sys
tem
Vo
ltag
e
6
0
0
V
Po
wer
Tole
rance
± 5%
(a)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Hyb
ri
d
te
c
hn
i
que fo
r
an eff
ic
i
ent PV
syste
m
t
hr
ou
gh intel
li
ge
nt MPP
T
and w
ater
…
(H
us
s
ain
Att
ia)
1837
(b
)
(c)
(d
)
(e)
Figure
1
.
The
s
el
ect
ed
PV pa
ne
l beh
a
vior;
(a) Eq
uiv
al
e
nt cir
cuit o
f
s
olar
ce
ll
, (
b)
Ou
t
pu
t c
urren
t at
dif
fere
nt
li
gh
t i
nte
ns
it
y,
(c)
O
utput p
ow
er at
diff
e
re
nt li
gh
t i
nte
ns
it
y, (
d) Out
put c
urr
ent at di
ff
e
ren
t
ambient
te
mp
erat
ur
e
, a
nd (
e
) Ou
t
pu
t
powe
r
at
dif
fer
e
nt am
bient tem
per
at
ur
e
3.
PHOTO
VOL
TAIC M
ATR
IX DESIG
N
In
order
to
des
ign
a
su
it
able
PV
ar
ray
or
m
at
rix,
the
total
daily
pow
er
re
qu
i
red
f
or
t
he
desire
d
l
oa
ds
sh
oul
d
be
cal
culat
ed.
T
he
l
oa
d
in
t
his
stu
dy
is
re
presente
d
by
a
set
of
LED
la
m
ps
for
pa
r
k
li
gh
ti
ng
.
The
detai
ls of the
li
gh
ti
ng
unit
s
an
d
the
d
ai
ly
wo
r
k
in
g hou
rs
a
re
sh
ow
n
in
Ta
ble 2
.
Table
2
.
Detai
ls o
f DC LE
D La
mp
s
L
oad f
or
Pa
rk Ap
plica
ti
on
s
LE
D
L
a
m
p
24
V
Total Nu
m
b
e
r
o
f
L
ED
Lam
p
s
Daily
Hou
rs 7:0
0
PM
to 5
:0
0
AM
Daily
requ
ired
Energy
W
att*
Ho
u
r
1
0
W
50
1
0
H
5
0
0
0
W·H
Load
Cu
rr
en
t
=
(50
x 1
0
W)/2
4
V
=
2
0
.83
A
Battery
Ban
k
=
2
4
V /
4
0
0
A.H,
I
No
r
m
al
C
h
ar
g
e
= 10
% ,
I
Fas
t Ch
ar
g
e
= 20
% o
f
Battery
Cap
acity
,
So
the rang
e of
Ch
argin
g
curre
n
t is between
40
A
an
d
80
A
The d
esig
n
ed
Ch
argin
g
curre
n
t is
4
2
A,
T
h
e cha
rgin
g
ho
u
rs f
rom
PV Ar
ray
=
5 H
V ×
I
×
No
.
o
f
H
= 24
×
4
2
A
×
5
= 50
4
0
W.H
The selected
P
V P
an
el
p
rod
u
ces 6
0
W
at M
PPT
work
in
g
and
at
2
5
°
C
The PV pan
el is
pr
o
d
u
cin
g
p
o
wer
d
u
ring
5 H per day
The n
u
m
b
er
o
f
the
requ
ired PV
p
an
els = 50
0
0
W.H /
5
H
/
6
0
W =
1
0
0
0
W/ 6
0
W = 1
6
.67
→
1
7
Panel
The selected
P
V P
an
el pro
d
u
ces 5
5
.5
W
(By
co
n
sid
ering
T
em
p
eratur
e Co
e
ff
icien
t
of Power
=
-
0
.5%
per 1°C)
th
rou
g
h
M
PPT
w
o
rkin
g
at
4
0
°
C
The PV pan
el is
pr
o
d
u
cin
g
p
o
wer
d
u
ring
5 H per day
The n
u
m
b
er
o
f
the
requ
ired PV
p
an
els = 50
0
0
W.H /
5
H
/
5
5
.5 W
= 10
0
0
W/ 5
5
.5 W
=
1
8
.01
→
18
Pan
el
The
ai
m
of
a
dopting
the
water
co
olin
g
i
n
t
his
stu
dy
is
t
o
re
duce
t
he
pa
nel
t
empe
rature
by
15
degrees
from
40
°C
to
25
°C
in
order
to
ob
ta
in
a
ddit
ion
al
po
wer
of
4.5
W
f
rom
ea
ch
pa
nel.
W
herea
s
the
total
a
moun
t
of
a
dd
it
io
nal
e
n
er
gy
from
t
he
18
P
V
pan
el
s
du
e
t
o
the
water
co
olin
g
duri
ng
5
hours
will
be
4.5
W
×
18
×
5
H
=
40
5
W·H.
I
n
oth
e
r
w
ords,
the
proce
ss
of
water
co
olin
g
ca
n
re
du
c
e
t
he
t
otal
num
be
r
of
the
re
quired
P
V
pan
el
s
f
r
om
18
to
17
w
hic
h
pro
vid
i
ng
the
sa
me
qu
a
ntit
y
of
the
ha
r
vested
energ
y
as
a
re
s
ult
of
a
te
m
pe
r
at
ur
e
reducti
on
from
40
°C
to
25°
C.
Fi
gure
2
s
hows
t
he
t
wo
P
V
a
rr
a
ys
c
onne
ct
ion
s
an
d
ex
plains
ho
w
t
he
total
pan
el
s
are re
duced
by only
adop
ti
ng t
he wat
er c
oo
li
ng
proc
ess.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
11
, N
o.
4
,
D
ecembe
r
2020
:
1835
–
1843
1838
(a)
(b)
Figure
2
.
P
V
a
rr
a
ys
c
onnecti
ons; (a
)
t
otal re
quire
d pan
el
s
wi
thout wate
r
c
ooli
ng, (b
)
total
require
d pan
el
s
by
adoptin
g
th
e wa
te
r
co
olin
g
tre
at
ment.
4.
PRESENTE
D
SYSTE
M DE
SIGN
The
desig
n
of
the
pro
pose
d
hybri
d
PV
s
ys
te
m
co
ns
ide
rs
5
kW
re
qu
i
red
powe
r
f
rom
th
e
so
la
r
PV
arr
a
y
per
5
ho
ur
s
daily.
This
harvested
e
nergy
is
require
d
to
be
st
or
e
d
i
n
the
batte
ry
ba
nk
t
o
s
uppl
y
t
he
LE
D
la
mp
s
durin
g
t
he
night
hours.
The
pr
e
sente
d
desig
n
a
do
pts
a
hybri
d
te
c
hniq
ue
to
guara
ntee
the
merit
of
t
he
arti
fici
al
neu
ra
l
networ
k
al
go
rithm
f
or
MPP
T
ai
m,
an
d
the
merit
of
pa
nel
’s
te
mp
e
ratu
re
reducti
on.
T
hroug
h
the
prese
nted
s
ys
te
m,
the
nu
mb
e
r
of
t
he
re
qu
i
red
P
V
panel
s
for
delive
ring
the
l
oad
po
wer
has
bee
n
r
edu
ce
d.
Figure
3
s
how
s
the
main
bloc
ks
an
d
the
se
qu
e
nce
of
the
energ
y
proces
s
in
the
hybri
d
PV
s
ys
te
m.
T
he
sy
ste
m
is
sta
rted
by
t
he
desig
ne
d
a
r
ray
of
PV
pa
ne
ls.
Th
e
pan
el
s
are
co
nnect
ed
in
par
al
le
l
to
pro
du
ce
hi
gher
DC
current
with
D
C
li
nk
vo
lt
age
of
t
he
PV
panel
.
T
he
li
nk
vo
lt
age
is
us
e
d
a
s
a
powe
r
sup
ply
to
the
co
nnect
e
d
DC
-
DC con
vert
er.
T
he
a
dopte
d
ty
pe o
f
the
c
onve
rter is a
boo
st
con
ver
te
r
topolo
gy.
The
outp
ut
vol
ta
ge
of
t
he
c
onver
te
r
is
re
gula
te
d
by
t
he
pu
ls
e
widt
h
m
odul
at
ion
(PWM
)
dri
ve
pulse
s
wh
ic
h
are
c
ontrolle
d
by
th
e
arti
fici
al
neural
netw
ork.
The
A
N
N
al
gorith
m
w
orks
on
guara
nteei
ng
t
he
M
a
ximum
P
ower
P
oi
nt
Tra
ckin
g
(
M
P
PT)
by
predict
in
g
the
in
sta
nta
neous
ref
e
rence
vo
lt
ag
e
f
or
each
instanta
ne
ous
weathe
r
c
onditi
on
s
of
diff
e
re
nt li
gh
t i
ntensit
y valu
es
(
G
)
and am
bient te
m
per
at
ur
es
(
T
).
Figure
3
.
M
ai
n bloc
k diag
ram
of the
prop
os
e
d hyb
rid PV
syst
em
5.
NEU
RA
L
N
E
TWOR
K
CONTROLL
E
R
The
f
un
ct
io
n
of
the
desig
ne
d
an
d
prese
nted
co
ntr
oller
is
pro
du
ci
ng
the
instanta
ne
ous
value
of
t
he
ref
e
ren
ce
volt
age.
A
ne
w
desi
gn
of
Fee
d
-
F
or
ward
Neural
N
et
work
al
gorithm
is
propose
d
in
this
st
udy
to
the
sy
ste
m
co
nvert
er.
The
ANN
merit
s
of
the
a
ccur
at
e
an
d
qu
ic
k
respo
ns
e
re
gardless
the
ty
pe
of
t
he
c
ontr
olli
ng
functi
on
le
d
t
o
ad
opt
the
A
NN
i
n
di
ff
e
re
nt
fiel
d
pro
blems.
T
he
a
lg
ori
thm
is
trai
ning
th
rou
gh
a
m
achine
le
arn
in
g
proce
ss
to
predict
t
he
accu
rate
s
olut
ion
s
[10
].
The
le
arn
i
ng
pr
oc
ess
deals
with
numerical
a
rr
a
ys
of
input
var
ia
bles
and
ou
t
pu
t
va
riables.
T
he
n
base
d
on
this
process
,
the
al
gorithm
will
be
able
to
predi
ct
the
numerical
valu
e
of
t
he
outp
ut
va
riable
at
di
f
fer
e
nt
in
put
va
riables.
I
n
t
his
stu
dy,
t
he
al
gorith
m
is
le
arned
by
the
in
pu
t
num
erical
arr
a
ys
of
the
li
ght
inte
ns
it
y
(
G
)
a
nd
the
am
bient
te
mp
e
ratur
e
(
T
)
to
predict
a
n
a
ccur
at
e
ref
e
ren
ce
volt
age
(
V
ref
)
f
or
th
e
M
P
P
T
f
un
ct
i
on.
Fig
ur
e
4
s
hows
t
he
str
uctu
re
of
the
desig
ned
al
gorithm
wh
ic
h
include
s
on
e
input
la
ye
r
of
two
ne
uro
n,
t
wo
hi
dd
e
n
la
ye
rs
of
te
n
ne
uro
n
eac
h,
an
d
one
ou
t
pu
t
la
yer
of
on
e
n
e
uro
n.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Hyb
ri
d
te
c
hn
i
que fo
r
an eff
ic
i
ent PV
syste
m
t
hr
ou
gh intel
li
ge
nt MPP
T
and w
ater
…
(H
us
s
ain
Att
ia)
1839
The
qu
al
it
y
of
the
pr
ese
nte
d
Ne
ural
Net
work
al
gorith
m
in
te
r
ms
of
a
ccur
ac
y
is
evaluate
d
by
ob
s
er
ving the
mean sq
uar
e
er
ror (M
SE).
L
ow
value o
f MS
E in
dicat
es a
hig
h ac
cu
rac
y A
NN alg
or
it
hm;
=
1
∑
[
(
)
−
(
)
]
2
=
1
(
5)
Wh
e
re
the
ta
r
ge
t
value
is
in
dicat
ed
by
t(k)
,
the
pre
dicte
d
va
lue
of
the
al
gorith
m
is
ind
ic
at
ed
by
a(k)
,
the in
pu
t
vect
or se
qu
e
nce is
ind
ic
at
ed
by
Q
.
F
i
gu
r
e
4
.
P
r
op
os
e
d
ne
ur
a
l
ne
t
w
or
k
a
l
go
r
i
t
hm
6.
WATER
CO
OLING
P
ROCESS
Coo
li
ng
of
P
V
pa
nels
is
a
vital
factor
i
n
the
desig
n
and
operati
on
of
s
olar
cel
l.
In
te
gr
at
in
g
Photo
vo
lt
ai
c/
Thermal
(
PV
/T
)
so
la
r
sy
ste
m
i
s
one
of
the
m
os
t
c
ommo
n
m
eans
f
or
the
P
V
pa
nels
c
ooli
ng
to
impro
ve
thei
r
ov
e
rall
pe
rfo
r
mance.
Water
co
olin
g
te
ch
ni
qu
e
is
c
on
si
de
red
as
one
of
the
m
os
t
e
ffec
ti
ve
methods
am
ong
the
av
ai
la
ble
te
chn
iq
ues
no
wad
a
ys [
12].
In
t
his
stu
dy,
a
water
-
spra
y
-
ba
sed
c
oo
li
ng
s
ys
te
m
is
propo
sed
to
c
ool
the
PV
pa
nels
as
i
ll
us
trat
ed
in
Figure
5.
S
uc
h
a
sy
ste
m
e
na
bles
the
possi
bili
ty
of
us
in
g
the
warm
wat
er
le
avin
g
f
rom
the
PV
pa
ne
ls
fo
r
domesti
c
ap
pli
cat
ion
s.
T
w
o
models
a
re
us
e
d
i
n
this
w
ork
namely
,
heati
ng
rate
m
odel
a
nd
c
oo
li
ng
rate
m
od
el
.
The
us
e
of
the
se
m
od
el
s
min
imi
zes
both
a
moun
ts
of
c
oo
l
ing
water
use
d
an
d
the
e
nerg
y
require
d
t
o
mainta
i
n
the
P
V
pa
nels
at
it
s
desire
d
operati
ng
te
m
pe
ratur
e
.
T
he
he
at
ing
rate
m
od
el
determi
nes
t
he
ti
me
at
w
hi
ch
th
e
coo
li
ng
of
the
PV
pa
nels
s
hould
sta
rt
w
hile
the
c
oo
li
ng
ra
te
model
de
te
r
mines
how
lo
ng
it
ta
kes
to
c
ool
the
PV
pa
nel
dow
n
to
the
desi
re
d
op
e
rati
ng
te
mp
e
ratur
e
.
T
hi
s
m
od
el
is
basi
cal
ly
us
e
d
t
o
minimi
ze
the
r
equ
i
red
coo
li
ng
proces
s p
e
rio
d wh
ic
h i
n
tu
rn ensu
res mi
nimum a
moun
t
of
water a
nd e
nerg
y neede
d for this
purp
os
e.
6.1.
The
he
at
in
g
r
at
e
model
The
co
olin
g
frequ
e
nc
y
of
t
he
P
V
pa
nels
is
determi
ned
us
i
ng
the
heati
ng
rate
m
od
el
.
T
his
requires
that
the
heati
ng
rate
of
t
he
pan
el
s
t
o
be
known
.
T
he
he
at
ing
rate
of
the
pa
nels
ca
n
be
cal
culat
ed
after
ob
ta
ini
ng
the
modu
le
te
m
pe
ratur
e
as
a
f
unct
ion
of
ti
me
.
Th
e
m
odule
te
mp
erat
ur
e
,
T
m,
ca
n
be
cal
culat
ed
us
in
g
t
he
f
ollo
wing
form
ula [12,
13]:
=
+
(
−
20
)
/
800
(
6)
wh
e
re
T
amb
is
the
am
bient
te
mp
e
ratur
e
,
T
NO
C
is
the
nomina
l
op
e
rati
ng
cel
l
te
mp
erat
ur
e
a
nd
G
is
the
irra
dianc
e
in
W/m
2.
E
quat
ion
(
6)
is
wi
dely
us
e
d
t
o
e
sti
mate
the
m
odule
te
m
pe
ratu
re
th
rou
ghout
the
yea
r
i
n
a
s
imple
way [
14, 1
5]
.
The
nomi
nal
op
e
rati
ng
cel
l
te
mp
erat
ur
e
,
T
NOC
,
can
be
de
fine
d
as
a
f
unct
ion
of
t
he
ambient
ai
r
te
mp
erat
ur
e
at
the s
unrise ti
m
e,
T
rise
,
as
[1
6]
:
=
+
20
℃
(
7)
The
heati
ng
r
at
e,
dT
m
/dt
,
of
the
P
V
pa
nel
can
be
dete
r
mined
f
rom
the
slo
pe
of
t
he
T
m
-
ti
me
cu
r
ve
by
cond
ucting
li
ne
ar
c
urve
fitt
in
g
[
12].
K
nowi
ng
the
P
V
panel
heati
ng
rate
as
well
a
s
t
he
ma
xim
um
al
lowe
d
te
mp
erat
ur
e
(
M
A
T)
set
po
i
nt
,
it
ca
n
be
di
r
ect
ly
determi
ne
d
w
he
n
to
sta
rt
co
oling
of
t
he
PV
pan
el
as
so
on
as
the m
odule te
mp
e
ratur
e
r
eac
hes
t
he MAT.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
11
, N
o.
4
,
D
ecembe
r
2020
:
1835
–
1843
1840
6.2.
The co
oling
r
at
e
model
The
c
ooli
ng
r
at
e
of
the
P
V
cel
ls
is
a
vit
al
facto
r
t
hat
sign
ific
a
ntly
a
ff
ect
s
t
heir
pe
rformance
.
Kno
wing
t
he
c
oo
li
ng
rate
of
the
P
V
pa
nel,
the
c
oo
li
ng
pr
ocess
dur
at
ion
can
be
deter
m
ined
by
ap
ply
i
ng
the
energ
y balance
principle
[17
] a
s:
The
heat
e
nerg
y
tra
nsfer
red
to
the
c
ooli
ng
w
at
er
is
e
qu
al
t
he
heat d
issi
pate
d
from
t
he
PV pan
el
s
.
I
n
a
mathemat
ic
al
re
pr
ese
ntati
o
n,
t
his ca
n be
wr
it
te
n
as:
̇
×
×
×
∆
=
×
×
∆
(
8)
wh
e
re
̇
is
the
water
mass
fl
ow
rate,
m
g
is
th
e
mass
of
glass
,
c
pw
is
the
sp
e
ci
fic
heat
of
w
at
er,
c
g
is
t
he
he
at
capaci
ty
of
gla
ss,
∆
is
t
he
wate
r
te
m
per
at
ur
e
r
ise
,
∆
is
th
e
glas
s
te
m
per
at
ure
dro
p
due
t
o
w
at
er
c
oo
li
ng,
and t is t
he
ti
me n
ee
ded to
co
ol the sola
r
P
V
p
a
nel to a
desi
red o
per
at
in
g
t
empe
rature.
C
ooli
ng w
a
te
r
inl
e
t
W
a
r
m wa
te
r
out
l
e
t
V
a
l
ve
N
oz
z
l
e
F
il
t
e
r
P
V
pa
ne
l
F
e
e
di
ng
pipe
C
ol
l
e
c
t
i
on
tr
a
y
Figure
5: Sc
he
mati
c d
ia
gram
of the
PV m
odule w
it
h t
he
w
a
te
r
co
olin
g
s
ys
t
em
7.
RESU
LT
S
ANA
L
YS
I
S
M
A
TLAB/Si
m
ulink
is
us
e
d
i
n
this
w
ork
t
o
simulat
e
the
pro
po
se
d
hybri
d
P
V
sy
ste
m
,
t
o
asse
mb
l
y
the
sim
ulati
on
resu
lt
s
for
th
e
ob
je
ct
ive
of
a
na
lysis,
a
nd
syst
em
pe
rfo
rma
nc
e
evaluati
on.
T
he
propose
d
s
yst
em
involves
a
P
V
arr
a
y
w
hich
is
desi
gn
e
d
a
nd
analyz
ed
in
a
previ
ou
s
sect
ion
ba
sed
on
t
he
powe
r
cal
c
ulati
on.
The
s
ys
te
m als
o
in
volves a
bo
os
t DC
-
DC
co
nv
e
rter.
Ta
ble
3
s
hows
t
he de
sign
e
d
c
onve
rter’
s
pa
rameters
u
sin
g
the
pr
ocess
of
conve
rter
desi
gn
[18
-
26]
.
T
he
sim
ulati
on
re
su
lt
s
a
re
c
ollec
te
d
for
a
fu
ll
simulat
ion
per
i
od
of
1
seco
nd
w
hich
is
eq
ually
div
i
ded
int
o
ei
ght
su
b
per
io
ds
of
0.1
25
sec
ea
c
h.
The
sim
ulati
on
is
co
nduct
ed
in
a
par
al
le
l
pr
oces
s
f
or
the
t
wo
P
V
a
rr
a
ys
(17
pa
nels
at
te
m
perat
ur
e
of
25
°C,
an
d
18
pan
el
s
at
te
mp
erat
ur
e
of
40
°C)
at
t
he
sa
m
e
ei
ght
le
vels
of
the
f
ollo
wing
li
gh
t
i
ntensity
700
W/m
2
,
750
W/m
2
,
800
W/
m
2
,
850
W/m
2
,
900
W/m
2
, 8
50 W
/
m
2
, 800
W/m
2
,
and
750 W/m
2
.
Table
3
.
B
oost
DC
-
DC con
vert
er
pa
rameter
s
Para
m
eter
Na
m
e
Para
m
eter
Value
Ind
u
cto
r
2
m
H
Cap
acito
r
1500
µF
Switch
in
g
f
requ
en
cy
1
5
kHz
P
–
Prop
o
rtion
al gain
0
.03
8
I
–
Integ
ral
gain
0
.00
4
The
sim
ulate
d
structu
re
of
the
desig
ne
d
neur
al
netw
ork
is
s
how
n
in
Fig
ure
6,
w
her
eas
th
e
al
gorithm
performa
nce
is
sho
wn
in
Fi
gure
7.
As
de
m
on
st
rated
in
Fi
gure
7,
the
value
of
M
SE
e
qual
s
to
2.766
5×
10
-
6
wh
ic
h
ref
le
ct
s
a
hi
gh
acc
ur
ac
y
pe
rformance
.
Fi
gure
8
a
nd
Fig
ure
9
sho
w
t
he
l
oa
d
volt
age
a
nd
l
oad
powe
r
resp
ect
ivel
y
for
the
t
wo
ca
ses
of
17
P
V
p
a
ne
ls
arr
a
y
at
25
°C
an
d
18
PV
pan
el
s
a
rr
a
y
at
40
°C,
res
pecti
vely.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Hyb
ri
d
te
c
hn
i
que fo
r
an eff
ic
i
ent PV
syste
m
t
hr
ou
gh intel
li
ge
nt MPP
T
and w
ater
…
(H
us
s
ain
Att
ia)
1841
Figure
8
s
how
s
the
l
oad
volt
age
at
dif
fer
e
nt
li
gh
t
inte
ns
it
ie
s.
T
his
fi
gure
dem
onstrat
es
appr
ox
imat
el
y
equ
a
l
vo
lt
age
s
with
the
merit
of
al
l
are
ca
pa
ble
to
charge
the
batt
ery
ba
nk
beca
us
e
a
ll
are
gre
at
er
tha
n
the
24
V
of
batte
ry
volt
age
.
O
n
the
ot
her
side,
the
loa
d
pow
er
is
s
hown
in
Fig
ure
9,
in
w
hich
th
ere
a
re
a
ppr
oximat
el
y
equ
al
powe
r
le
vels.
T
his
mea
ns
th
at
the
pos
it
ive
eff
ect
s
of
ad
op
ti
ng
A
N
N
al
go
rithm
for
M
PPT
f
unct
ion
an
d
adoptin
g
th
e
w
at
er cooli
ng
of
the P
V pan
el
s
lead to
r
e
duce t
he
total
num
be
r of
t
he req
uire
d
P
V pa
nels
.
Figure
6
.
The
s
imulat
ion o
f
th
e pro
posed
AN
N
al
go
rithm
Figure
7
.
The
performa
nce
of the sim
ulate
d ANN al
gorith
m
Figure
8
.
Sim
ul
at
ion
r
es
ults
of loa
d v
oltage
Figure
9
.
Sim
ul
at
ion
r
es
ults
of loa
d p
ow
e
r
8.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
A
ne
w
hy
br
i
d
P
V
s
ys
t
e
m
i
s
p
r
e
s
e
nt
e
d
i
n
t
hi
s
pa
pe
r
f
or
i
nc
r
e
a
s
i
ng
t
he
s
ys
t
e
m
pe
r
f
or
m
a
nc
e
a
nd
,
a
t
t
he
s
a
m
e
t
i
m
e
,
r
e
d
uc
i
ng
t
he
t
ot
a
l
n
um
be
r
o
f
t
h
e
r
e
q
ui
r
e
d
P
V
pa
ne
l
s
.
T
o
i
m
pr
o
ve
t
he
s
ys
t
e
m
pe
r
f
or
m
a
n
c
e
,
t
he
pr
o
po
s
e
d
de
s
i
gn
a
d
op
t
s
t
w
o
p
a
r
a
l
l
e
l
pr
oc
e
s
s
;
f
i
r
s
t
pr
oc
e
s
s
f
oc
us
e
s
on
pr
op
os
i
ng
a
ne
w
d
e
s
i
gn
o
f
a
n
a
r
t
i
f
i
c
i
a
l
ne
ur
a
l
ne
t
w
or
k
a
l
go
r
i
t
hm
f
or
t
he
a
i
m
of
gu
a
r
a
nt
e
e
i
ng
t
he
m
a
xi
m
um
po
w
e
r
po
i
nt
t
r
a
c
ki
ng
du
r
i
ng
a
l
l
of
da
y
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
11
, N
o.
4
,
D
ecembe
r
2020
:
1835
–
1843
1842
ho
ur
t
o
ha
r
ve
s
t
m
a
xi
m
um
q
u
a
nt
i
t
y
of
e
l
e
c
t
ri
c
a
l
e
ne
r
gy
t
hr
ou
gh
t
he
w
e
a
t
he
r
va
r
i
a
t
i
on
.
W
he
r
e
a
s
t
h
e
s
e
c
on
d
pr
oc
e
s
s
f
oc
us
e
s
o
n
i
m
p
r
o
vi
ng
t
he
pe
r
f
or
m
a
n
c
e
of
t
he
P
V
p
a
ne
l
s
by
r
e
du
c
i
ng
t
he
pa
ne
l
’
s
t
e
m
pe
r
a
t
ur
e
b
y
w
a
t
e
r
c
oo
l
i
ng
t
r
e
a
t
m
e
nt
.
T
he
p
r
e
s
e
nt
e
d
s
ys
t
e
m
c
o
ns
i
de
r
e
d
50
u
n
i
t
s
of
L
E
D
l
i
g
ht
i
ng
o
f
1
0
W
e
a
c
h
a
s
di
r
e
c
t
c
ur
r
e
nt
a
pp
l
i
a
nc
e
s
of
t
he
de
s
i
g
ne
d
s
y
s
t
e
m
.
T
he
s
i
m
ul
a
t
i
on
s
t
e
ps
o
f
t
he
pr
e
s
e
nt
e
d
hy
br
i
d
P
V
s
ys
t
e
m
w
e
r
e
pe
r
f
or
m
e
d
us
i
ng
MA
T
L
A
B
/
S
i
m
ul
i
nk
.
I
t
w
a
s
c
l
e
a
r
l
y
s
ho
w
n
t
he
po
s
i
t
i
ve
e
f
f
e
c
t
s
of
t
h
e
t
w
o
pa
r
a
l
l
e
l
pr
oc
e
s
s
e
s
i
n
r
e
du
c
i
ng
t
he
nu
m
be
r
of
t
he
r
e
q
ui
r
e
d
pa
ne
l
s
w
i
t
h
t
he
m
e
r
i
t
of
ke
e
pi
n
g
t
he
s
a
m
e
l
e
ve
l
of
t
he
ha
r
ve
s
t
e
d
e
ne
r
gy
.
ACKN
OWLE
DGE
MENTS
The
a
utho
rs
apprecia
te
the
fina
ncial
s
uppo
rt
pro
vid
e
d
by
sc
hool
of
en
gin
ee
rin
g,
Ame
rican
Un
i
ver
sit
y o
f R
as A
l
Kh
ai
m
ah
–
UAE,
www.
a
ur
a
k.
ac
.ae/e
n/sch
ool
-
of
-
e
ng
i
neer
i
ng
/
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
H.
A.
At
ti
a
,
T.
K.
S.
Freddy
,
H.
S.
Che
,
W.
P.
H
ew,
A.
El
Khat
e
b,
"Confin
ed
Ba
nd
Vari
ab
le
Sw
it
chi
ng
Freque
nc
y
Puls
e
Wi
d
th
Mo
dula
ti
on
(CB
-
V
SF
PWM)
for
Single
-
Phase
Inv
er
te
r
wi
th
LCL
Fi
l
te
r,
"
IEEE
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ansacti
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r
El
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ct
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ai
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la
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In
te
l
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t
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Sys
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I
mprove
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the
Eff
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oto
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c
Mod
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Čabo,
Sandro
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G
iuseppe
Marc
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“Photovo
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a
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iew
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the
Coo
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Te
chn
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Nicho
la
s
U.
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ew
Krieske
,
Dav
id
J.
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l
,
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te
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Me
t
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Perform
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ld
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Insula
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Conc
ent
r
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aic
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[5]
Saad
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,
“
Improvi
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Phot
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aic
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Eff
i
cienc
y
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W
at
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Cool
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,
”
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ne
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Saira
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al,
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mi
a
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ta
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zha
r
,
Haz
eema
Anju
m,
Anab
Diyya
n,
“
Eff
e
ct
o
f
W
at
er
Cooli
ng
on
the
Ene
rgy
Convers
ion
Eff
i
ci
en
cy
o
f
PV
Cel
l
,”
Am
eric
an
Sc
ie
nt
if
i
c
Re
search
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n
ee
ri
ng,
Technol
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and
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[7]
Hus
sain
Attia,
“
A
Stand
-
a
lone
Solar
PV
Sys
tem
wi
th
MP
PT
Based
on
Fuz
zy
Log
ic
Contro
l
for
Dir
ec
t
Curr
e
nt
Portabl
e
Hous
e
Applic
a
ti
ons”,
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nte
rnational
Rev
i
ew
on
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el
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,
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6,
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377
-
385,
2018.
[8]
Hus
sain
Atti
a
,
“Fuzz
y
Logic
Control
l
er
Eff
ec
t
ive
ness
Ev
aluati
on
through
Compa
ra
ti
v
e
Membe
rships
f
or
Photovolt
aic
Ma
xim
um
Pow
er
P
oint
Tr
ac
king
Functi
on
,
”
In
te
rn
ati
onal
Journal
of
Powe
r
E
lec
tr
onic
s
and
Dr
iv
e
Syste
ms
(
IJ
PE
D
S
)
,
Vol
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“Stand
-
al
one
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Sys
te
m
with
MP
PT
Functi
on
B
ase
d
on
Fuzzy
Logi
c
Control
for
R
e
mot
e
Bui
ldi
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t
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MP
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Int
ernat
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Elec
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cs
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iv
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e
r
Design
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Fast
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Acc
ur
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M
PP
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Algorit
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Stand
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Alon
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
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t
IS
S
N: 20
88
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8
694
Hyb
ri
d
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c
hn
i
que fo
r
an eff
ic
i
ent PV
syste
m
t
hr
ou
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nt MPP
T
and w
ater
…
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1843
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-
stag
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r
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-
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nver
te
r
wi
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fo
r
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on
f
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DC
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DC
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Xili
nx
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ISE
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GA
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essor
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El
e
ct
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onic
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n
ce
s.
Hu
ss
ai
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rese
ar
ch
intere
sts:
Pow
e
r
E
le
c
tronics
Sy
stem
s,
AC
&
D
C
Speed
Contro
l
Drive
s,
PWM
I
nver
te
rs
(singl
e
phase
&
three
phase
s),
Harm
onic
s
red
uc
ti
on
te
chn
ique
s,
an
d
Maxim
um
Pow
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Point Tra
cki
ng
te
chn
ique
s.
Dr.
Khal
ed
Hos
sin
is
an
assistant
profe
ss
or
in
Me
cha
ni
ca
l
Engi
ne
eri
ng
at
t
he
Ame
ric
an
Unive
rsity
of
Ras
Al
Kh
ai
m
ah,
UA
E.
Dr.
Hos
sin
re
c
ei
ved
a
PhD
i
n
Mec
h
ani
c
al
Engi
ne
eri
ng
fro
m
Northumbri
a
U
nive
rsity
,
UK
.
He
is
a
membe
r
of
ed
it
or
ia
l
b
oar
d
and
r
evi
e
wer
for
nume
ro
us
Inte
rna
ti
ona
l
Sci
ent
ific
Journals
as
wel
l
as
a
member
a
t
seve
r
al
nat
ion
al
and
int
e
rna
ti
on
al
sci
ent
if
ic
and
profe
ss
ional
bodie
s.
His
rese
a
rch
ar
e
a
of
int
er
est
incl
udes
Organi
c
R
anki
ne
Cyc
le
s,
Solar
The
rm
al
S
ystem
s,
Bi
om
ass
Ene
rgy, Th
erm
a
l
Pow
er
Plant
s
,
a
nd
Ene
rgy
Sys
tems Opti
miza
ti
on
.
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