Int ern at i onal  Journ al of  P ower E le ctr on i cs a n d  Drive  S ystem   (I J PE D S )   Vo l.   11 ,  No.   4 ,  Decem be r 202 0 , p p.   2062 ~ 2072   IS S N:  20 88 - 8694 ,  DOI: 10 .11 591/ ij peds . v11.i 4 . pp 2 062 - 2072       2062       Journ al h om e page :  http: // i jp eds. i aescore.c om   Intellig ent   contr ol   of   fl ywheel   en ergy   sto rage   system   associ ated   with   the   wind   generat or   f or   uni nterr upted   power   s upply       Be nsa id   Amel 1 ,   Ze bira te   S or aya 2 ,   Chak er   Abdel kader 3   1 ,2,3   SC AM RE   La bora tory ,   Maur i ce   Audin ,   Na ti o nal   Polyt ec hn ic   School   of   Or an,   ENPO ,   Oran,   Al ger ia     2   IMS I,   Univer si ty   of   Or an   2   Mohame d   BENAH MED,   Oran,   Alg eri a       Art ic le   In f o     ABSTR A CT   Art ic le   hist or y:   Re cei ved   Dec  4 ,   201 9   Re vised   A pr   26 ,   20 20   Accepte d   J ul   17 ,   20 20       Wi nd   en erg y   is   cur ren tl y   the   f aste st - growing   e ner gy   source   in   the   worl d.   How eve r,   th e   in her ent   cha r acte ri stic   of   int er mi t tent   energy   produc ti on,   du e   to   the   stocha st ic   n at ure   of   wind ,   stil l   com prises   t he   main   dr awba ck   of   wind   power.   To   av oid   such   prob le ms,   v ari ous   conf igurations   have   b ee n   rec co me nd ed   in   orde r   to   r e duce   output   p ower   var ia t ion.  Th e   p ape r   conc en tra t es   on   per forma n ce   be nef it s   of   addi ng   ene rgy   storag e   sys te m   with   the   wind   genera tor   in   orde r   to   r egul a te   the   elec t ric   power   de li ve red   in to   th e   power   grid .   Co mpa red   with   ot her   m ea ns   of   e ner gy   storag e,   t he   flywhe el   ene rgy   stor age   sys te m   (FESS )   is   the   b est   cho i ce   to   solve   po wer   qual i ty   proble ms.   In   th is   pape r,   a   FE SS   associa te d   to   a   var i abl e   spee d   wind   gene ra ti on   (VS WG)   is   inv estigate d   by   pre s e nti ng   two   cont r ol   str at eg ie s   appl i ed   to   the   s tora ge   sys te m   e quippe d   with   an   indu c ti on   machine;   bo th   te chn ique s   ar e   s tudi ed   and   d evelope d   and   consi st   of   a   field   con trol   (FO C)   and   a   Fuzzy   L ogic   Contro l   ( FLC).   Simul at i on   mode l   is   esta bli shed   in   MA TL AB/S im uli nk   and   com par at iv e   resul ts   ar e   t hen   rep or te d .   Ke yw or d s :   Dou bly   fe d   in duct ion   ge ne rator     Flux - or ie nte d   c on t ro l     Flywheel   e nergy   sto rag e   s ys te m     Fu zz y   lo gic   c ontr oller   Power   co ntr ol   Var ia ble   sp ee d   wind   ge ner at i on   This   is   an   open   acc ess   arti cl e   un der   the   CC   BY - SA   l ic ense .     Corres pond in g   Aut h or :   Be ns ai d   Amel,     Dep a rtme nt   of   Ele ct rical   Eng i neer i ng,     SCA M RE   La borat ory,   M a ur i ce   A ud i n   Nati onal   P oly te c hn i c   Scho ol   E NPO,   Or a n,   Al geri a     ENP   of   Or a n,   BP   1523   El   Mnao ue r,   Or a n,   Alge ria.   Emai l:  b en sai d.amel @ gm ai l.c om       1.   INTROD U CTION   In   rece nt   year s ,   wi nd   ene r gy   has   bee n   the   f ast est   gro wing   an d   m os t   pro f it able   source   of   re ne wab le   energ y.   Ne ve r thele ss,   the   in her e nt   c ha racteri sti c   of   inte rmitt ent   e nerg y   pro duct ion,   due   to   t he   highly   fluctuati ng   a nd   unpredict able   char act e r   of   the   wi nd ,   s till   remains   the   ma jor   inc onve nie nt   to   a   wi nd   powe r .   Due   to   the   rap i d   inc rease   in   the   numb e r   of   wind   farms   c onne ct ed   to   the   net work,   the   var ia ble   powe r   produced   has   ne gative   eff ect s   on   the   sta bili ty   and   power   qual it y   of   the   c onne ct ed   el ect rical   equ ip ments   [ 1 ] .   To   ov e rc om e   this   dr a w back,   var i ou s   c onfig urat ion s   hav e   been   recco men de d   in   orde r   to   regu la te   the   powe r   flo w   betwee n   the   wind   ge nerat or   an d   the   pow er   gri d .   A   pra ct ic al   so luti on   con sist s   on   i ntr oducin g   an   energy   stora ge   el eme nt   in   c onnecti on   to   a   wind   p owe r.   T here   are   se ver al   me thods   of   ene rgy   sto ra ge   that   can   be   diff e re ntiat ed   i nto   two   cat e gories   [ 2];   L ong   te rm   sto rag e   holds   e nerg y   ove r   a   du rati on   ra ng i ng   f r om   we eks   to   a   yea r   su c h   as   p umpe d   st or a ge   hydro powe r   [ 3 ],   el ect ro c hemical   [ 4 ],   a nd   c ompress   a ir   e ne r gy   sto ra ge   [ 5 ] .   Shor t   te rm   sto rag e   ap plies   to   sto rag e   ove r   a   durati on   ra ngin g   from   se ve ral   min utes   to   a   fe w   da ys ,   su c h   as   su pe rc onduct in g   ma gn et ic   e ne rgy   sto rag e   [ 6],   ca pacit anc e   el ect ric   fiel d   en er gy   st or a ge   [ 7]   a nd   fly wh eel   energ y   st or a ge   [ 8,   9].   T he   ev er - inc reasin g   a moun t   of   at te nt ion   on   el ect r oc hemical   e nergy   st or a ge   c ompa red   with   ot her   stora ge   s ys te ms ,   but,   since   ra pid   respo ns e   is   ne cessar y   to   c ompe ns at e   po w er   va riat ion s   in   s hort   per i od,   the y   ar e   not   a pprop riat e   to   be   ass oci at ed   wit h   WT   due   to   their   ch emic al   process .   T he   s uperc ondu ct or   Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In t J  P ow Elec   & Dri S ys t   IS S N: 20 88 - 8 694       In te ll igent c ontrol  of fl yw heel  ener gy  sto rage   syste m ass oci ated  wi th  the w ind   … ( Be nsaid A mel )   2063   coils   an d   the   su pe r - capaci to rs   are   sti ll   under   dev el opm ent   so   the y   a re   ve ry   e xpen sive   [ 10 ].   Howev e r,     The   i ner ti al   st or a ge   s ys te m   by   its   s pecial   featur e s   s uc h   as   low   c os t,   hi gh   r el ia bili ty   , good   e ff ic ie nc y,   la rg e   energ y   stora ge   capaci ty ,   r api d   res pons e   a nd   its   lon g   li feti me   w hich   is   si mil ar   to   the   wi n d   ge ner at or s;   remains   the   most   su it ab le   sy ste m   f or   stori ng   wind   e ne rgy .   [ 11 - 1 3 ]   pr ov e   t hat   the   FE SS   prese nts   an   interest ing   so l ut ion   for   a dj us ti ng   pro duct ion   to   c on s umpti on .   C on s eq ue ntly,   wh e n   the re   is   an   i ncr ea se   in   the   gen e rated   po wer   com par e d   to   the   dema nd e d   power,   the   dif fere nce   is   stock ed   in   the   FESS   via   the   el ect ric   machine   t hat   is   us e d   as   a   m ot or .   I nv e rsely ,   w he n   an   im balan ce   occ urs   in   the   power   s yst em,   the   pr oc ess   is   rev e rse d   a nd     the   fl ywheel   r e le ases   its   energ y   a nd   the   mac hi ne   use s   as   a   ge ner at or   c ar ry i ng   the   netw ork .   The   t heory   of   vecto r   c on tr ol,   ap plied   to   the   IM   of   FES S   in   [ 14,   15 ]   suc cessf ully   le d   to   a   powe rful   too l   for   its   c on t ro l.   H ow e ver,   ex pe rienc e   has   highl ig hted   s ome   w eakn e sses   of   this   meth od   against   disturba nces   due   to   uncertai nties   of   the   pa rameters .   It   be comes   im porta nt   to   us e   a   r obus t   c on tr ol   m et hod,   insensiti ve   to   par a mete r   va riat ion s,   dist urb ances   a nd   non - li near it ie s.   T hus,   an   intel li ge nt   c on tr oller   s uch   as   fu zz y   co ntr oller   is   nee de d   for   im pro ving   the   sp ee d   re sp onse;   it   inc orp or at es   hum an   i ntell igenc e   into     the   process   c ontr ol   a pp li cat ion   wh ic h   can   giv e   bette r   dy namic   res ponse   of   the   s ys te m   [16 ] .   In   this   pa pe r,   a   low - sp ee d   FE SS   co uple d   to   a   V SWG   is   exp l or e d .   Figure   1   il lu strat es   a   sch emat ic   diagr a m   of     the   F ESS   -   VSWG   c ombinati on   unde r   st udy,   wh e re   t he   po wer   ge ne rati on   an d   sto rag e   e ne rgy   can   be   li nked   to   each   ot her   via   a   DC   bus.   in   s uch   set up,   the   inerti el   stora ge   sy ste m   gua ra ntees   the   volt age   co ntr ol   o f   the   dc   li nk ,   he nce   ma king   balance   be tween   pr oduc ti on   a nd   c ons umpti on   e ne rgy .   T he   FES S   c oncer ne d   i nclu de s   a   low   sp ee d   fly wh eel   an d   s qu irrel   ca ge   in du ct ion   machi ne ,   the   la tt er   oper at es   in   the   ar e a   of   weak e ning   flu x ,   therefo re   pe rm it ti ng   op e rati on   at   rated   pow er,   we   pr e sent   ano t her   meth od   co ntr ol   to   the   FESS,   i.e .   the   Fu zz y   log ic   Co ntr oller   with   good   co mp a risons   bet ween   FO C   a nd   FLC   are   give n.   T he   V SWG   us e d   is   bas e d   on   a   DF I G   wh e re   its   sta tor   is   dir ect ly   connecte d   to   the   gr i d   and   its   r otor   is   connecte d   to   the   gr i d   by   powe r   conve rters.   To   study   t he   powe r   tra nsfer   bet w een   t he   wind   t urbine   an d   the   gr i d,   we   ha ve   us e d   an   i nd e pe nd e nt   powe r   co ntr ol.   So ,   t her e   we re   two   c on t ro l   bloc ks   ( FES S   co nt ro l   an d   DFIG   con t ro l)   in   the   dev ic e   unde r   st udy.   The   fi rst   is   de r ived   to   co ntr ol   the   ene rgy   st orage   in   the   fly wh eel ,   t he   sec ond   is   der i ved   to   co ntr ol   the   act ive   and   reacti ve   powe r   exc ha nged   betwee n   t he   net work   a nd   DFIG .   Th ese   two   blo c ks   may   be   se pa ratel y   con t ro ll ed .   A   M AT LAB   si mu la ti on   mod el   has   been   dev el op e d   to   ver if y   the   s uc ce ssf ul   worki ng   of     the   co ns i der e d   sy ste m ,  in   te rm s   of   dynamic   r esp on se   an d   ou tpu t   powe r   sm oo t hing.   We   ha ve   orga nised   the   rest   of   this   pa per   in   t he   fo ll owin g   way :   Sect io n   2   s how s   the   m od el li ng   of     the   FES S   (F l ywheel,   M ec ha nical   sh aft   a nd   IM   modeli ng) .   The   co ns ide r ed   meth ods   of   con t ro l   strat e gies   f or   the   FES S   (FO C   and   FLC )   ar e   desc ribe d   in   more   detai l   in   Sect ion   3.   S ubseq uen tl y,   Wind   tur bi ne   m odel ing   (turbine ,   D FIG   and   Power   c ontr ol   of   DFIG ) .   Sect ion   5   pr e sents   res ults   a nd   a naly sis.   Fi nally,   c on cl us i on   is   giv e n   in   Sect io n   6.             Figure   1 .   Wi nd   sy st em   –   FE S S   assem bly   un der   stu dy       2.   FLYWHEE L   ENERG Y   STOR AGE   SY S TE M     2.1.   Fly wh eel   m od el ing   The   FES S   fun ct ion s   as   an   en ergy   rese rv e   w hich   stoc ks   the   ene r gy   in   ki ne ti c   sh a pe   in   a   r otati ng   hi gh   sp ee d   ma ss   th at   is   co uple d   with   t he   dr i ve   sh a ft   of   el ect ric   mac hin e   w hich   sup plies   an   el ect r o - mec han ic al     Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
            IS S N :   2088 - 8 694   In t J   P ow  Ele c  &  D ri   S ys t,   V ol .  11 , N o.   4 ,  D ecembe r  2020   :   2062   –   2072   2064   interface   betw een   the   w heel   and   t he   s ys te m .   Wh il e   the   c ha rg i ng   op e rati on,   the   mac hin e   w orks   as   a   m otor   to   acce le rate   the   r otati on al   m ove ment   of   t he   fl ywheel   a nd   th us   increase   t he   st or ed   e nerg y,   a nd   the n   the   fly wh eel   sta ys   in   sta nd - by   posit ion .   W her eas ,   on   de man d,   the   mac hin e   act s   as   a   gen e rato r   an d   slow s   dow n   the   wh eel   recuperati ng   t he   stoc ked   ene r gy   in   t he   s ys te m   [ 11 ] .   To   determine   the   fly wh eel   i ner ti a,   we   c on si der   a   r equ i red   powe r   du rin g   ∆ t   ti me.   I ndee d ,   to   sto ck   t he   nom inal   po wer   of   t he   IM     P n − IM   duri ng   ∆ t ,   the   ene rgy   ∆ E   is   then   necessa ry   su c h   as   [ 12 ]:     E f =   1 2   J f   Ω f 2     (1)   ∆ E f =     P n − IM   ∆ t       ( 2)     Com bin in g   (1)   an d   (2),   we   de fine   t he   necess ary   val ue   of   t he   fly w heel   ine r ti a   as   [11 ]:     J f =   2   P n − IM   ∆ t   ∆   Ω f 2 =   2   P n − IM   ∆ t   Ω f 2 −     Ω f 2   (3)     Ω f    an d   Ω f    are   the   maxim um   a nd   minim um   s pe ed   li mit s   of   the   fly wh eel ,   res pecti vely .   ∆   is   then   the   ti me   of   sto rag e .   T hi s   li mit   shou l d   be   res pected;   oth e rw ise   we   may   deteri or at e   the   fly w heel   ene rgy   stora ge   process .     2.2.   Mech an ic al   sh aft   m od el in g   The   mec ha nic al   sp eed   ev ol ution   of   IM - ba sed   F ESS   ca n   be   easi ly   ca lc ulate d   with   the   dy namic   form ula.   T he   si mp li fied   m od el   of   this   f or m ul a   is   desc ribe d   in   [17] :       J f   d Ω f dt =     T em −   f   Ω f       (4)     T em   (N·m )   :   el ect r oma gnet ic   tor qu e , f   (N·m ·s·rad − 1)   :   visco us   fr ic t ion   c oe ff ic ie nt.     2.3.   IM   m od el in g   The   IM   is   sel e ct ed   de pe nd i ng   on   these   be ne fits   in   te rm s   of   simpli ci ty   a nd   rob us tnes s   of   the   r otati ve   par ts.   T he   IM   modell ed   in   Pa rk   re fer e nce   frame ,   is   desc rib ed   by   [ 15]:     [                 x ̇ 1   x ̇ 2     x ̇ 3   x ̇ 4 x ̇ 5 ]                 = [                     − γ . x 1     +   ω s   . x 2     + k T r   x 3     + p x 5 k x 4     −   ω s   x 1   − γ . x 2     − p x 5 k x 3   +   k T r   x 4   M T r   x 1   − 1 T r   x 3   + ( ω s     − p x 5 ) x 4 M T r   x 2     − ( ω s     − p x 5 )   x 3   − 1 T r   x 4   pM J   L r (   x 2     . x 3   − x 1   x 4 ) −   C r J −   f J   x 5 ]                   + [                 1 σ . L s 0 0 1 σ . L s 0 0 0 0 0 0 ]                 [   v sd     v sq ]     (5)     wi t h   = [    ,    ,  ,  , Ω   ]       k =   M σ   L s L r   et   γ =     R s +     R r   M 2 L r 2     σ   L s   , σ = 1 −   M 2   L s L r   , T r =   L r / R r       3.   CONTR OL   S TRATEG Y   F OR   T HE   FES S   3.1.   Fie ld - orien ted   contr ol   f or   the   FESS   The   ref e re nce   model   in   the   pa rk,   with   t he   r oto r   fl ux   ori entat ion   (   φ qr = 0 ,   φ dr = φ r )   has   the   fo ll owin g   e qua ti on s   [15 ]:     Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In t J  P ow Elec   & Dri S ys t   IS S N: 20 88 - 8 694       In te ll igent c ontrol  of fl yw heel  ener gy  sto rage   syste m ass oci ated  wi th  the w ind   … ( Be nsaid A mel )   2065   {                       d   dt i sd = − γ i sd + ω s i sq + k T r   φ rd + 1   σ . L s   v sd       d   dt i sq = − γ i sq − ω s i sd − p Ω k   φ rd + 1   σ . L s   v sq     d   dt φ rd = M T r i sd   − 1 T r   φ rd   d   dt φ rq = 0 = M T r i sq   − ( ω s   −   p Ω )   φ rd   J d   dt Ω = J d   dt Ω = p M L r   φ rd   i sq − T r −   f Ω       (6)     The   r e fer e nce   val ue   of   r ot or   flu x   is   de te rmin e d   by   the   fl ux   we aken i ng   al gor i thm.   It   is     def i ned   as   [15]:     φ r − ref ( Ω f ) = { φ rn   if   | Ω f | ≤ Ω fn   φ rn . Ω fn | Ω f |   if   | Ω f | > Ω fn     (7)     The   FES S   ref e ren ce   power     P f _ ref   shou l d   be   rest rict ed   to   t he   nomi nal   value   of   IM   powe r   to   av oid   the   ov e r heati ng   I M .   The   re fer e nc e   tor que   is   i ndic at ed   as   f ollo ws:     T IM − ref =   P f − r ef Ω f       ( 8)     The   quad rati c   r efere nce   c urre nt   bec om e s:     i sq − ref =   T IM − r ef   . L r − IM P . M . φ rd − r ef     (9)     The   ref e rence   p owe r   e xch a ng ed   betwee n   the   stora ge   sy ste m   an d   t he   DC   bus   is   giv e n   as   fo ll ows:     P f − ref =   P reg −   P wg +   ∆ P   (10)     Wh e re,   P reg   the   re f eren ce   gr i d   act ive   powe r,   a nd   P wg   the   pow er   ge ner at e d   by   wind   ge ne rato r,   ∆ P   the   powe r   fl uctuati on   on   bus   ca pa ci tor   [ 17] .     and ,   the   ki netic   ene rgy   E c    is   co m pu te d   by   the   i nt egr at io n   of   ( 10)   [ 11]:       E c  = ∫ P f _    dt +   E c0 t 0   =   1 2   J f   Ω f 2     ( 11)       wh e re   0   the   i niti al ly   kin et ic   of   the   st or a ge   s ys t em   [ 11].   T he   fl ywheel   s pee d   r efere nce   is   e xp resse d   as:     Ω ref =   √ 2   E c    J f     (12)     3.2.   Fuzzy   lo gic   co nt r ol   f or   th e   F ESS   Figure   2   il lust rates   the   bl oc k   diag ram   of   fu zz y   c ontr oller,   i nclu des   four   pa rts:   -   F uz zi ficat ion   -   knowle dge   ru l e   base   -   f uzzy   infe ren ce   -   De f uzzifica ti on   [16 - 18].   The   c on ce ptio n   of   the   fu zz y   log ic   co ntr oller   be gin s   by   a ll ocati ng   the   i nput   an d   ou t put   va riables.     The   more   im porta nt   va riable s   enteri ng   the   f uzzy   lo gic   s pe ed   c on t ro ll er   w her e   sel ect ed   as   the   s pee d   e rror   an d   its   te mp oral   va riat ion .   Tw o   i nputs   va riables   E Ω ( k )   and   dE Ω ( k ) ,   a re   c omput ed   at   eac h   sam pling   ti me   [ 19] :     E Ω ( k ) =   Ω f − ref ( k ) −   Ω f   ( k )     (13)   dE Ω ( k ) =   E Ω ( k ) −   E   Ω ( k − 1 )     (14)     Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
            IS S N :   2088 - 8 694   In t J   P ow  Ele c  &  D ri   S ys t,   V ol .  11 , N o.   4 ,  D ecembe r  2020   :   2062   –   2072   2066   Wh e re   E   Ω ( k − 1 )   is   t he   e rror   val ue   at   t he   prece di ng   sa mp li ng   i ns ta nt.   The   ou t pu t   va riable   of   f uzz y   log ic   sp ee d   co ntr oller   is   the   varyin g   co ntr ol   cu rr e nt   d i sq r ef ( k )   that   is   inc orp orat ed   to   obta in   t he   re fer e nce   con t ro l   c urre nt,   i sq r ef ( k ) ,   as   ind ic at ed   in   the   ne xt   form ula.     i sq r ef ( k ) =   i sq r ef ( k − 1 ) + d i sq r ef ( k )   (15)           Figure   2.   F uzz y   C on tr ol   s ys te m   s c heme       3.2.1. Fuzzi fica tion   The   qu al it y   of   this   ste p   is   cr it ic al   to   the   suc cess   of   this   work.   At   this   ph a se,   the   c ris p   va riables   E Ω ( k )   an d   dE Ω ( k )   are   res pecti vely   tra nsfo rme d   in   to   fu zz y   va riable s   E Ω   an d   dE Ω .   Tria ngular   f uzz y   membe rs hip   f un ct io ns   wer e   def i ned   as   sho wn   in   Fig ure   3.   T he   disco urse   univer se   of   al l   inp ut   a nd   ou t pu t   var ia bles   is   se t   as   ( - 0.8 ,   0.8 ) .   A ppr opriat e   scal ing   c oeffic ie nts   are   sel ect ed   to   bri ng   t he   in put   an d   ou t pu t   var ia bles   into   this   unive rse   of   disc ourse.   Each   disco urs e   unive rse   is   sp li t   into   se ve n   ov e rlap ping   fu zz y   cl us te rs:   NL   ( Neg at ive   Lar ge ),   NM   ( Ne ga ti ve   M e dium),   NS   ( Neg at iv e   Small ),   ZE   (Zero) ,   PS   ( P os it ive   Small ),   PM   (Posit ive   M edi um)   a nd   PL   (Po sit ive   Lar ge) .   Each   fu zz y   vari able   is   a   mem ber   of   the   subs et s   with   a   de gr ee   of   me mb e rsh i p   μ   ra ngin g   from   0   (non - me mb e r)   to   1   ( fu ll   mem be r) .   All   mem bership   f unct ion s   hav e   an   as ym met ric   sh a pe   with   m ore   cl utter   near   the   or igi n   ( sta ti on a r y   sta te ).   T his   al lows   a   great er   preci sio n   in   the   ste ady   sta te   [ 19] .         E   dE   NL   NM   NS   ZE   PS   PM   PL   NL   NL   NL   NL   N L   NM   NS   ZE   NM   NL   NL   NL   NM   NS   ZE   PS   NS   NL   NL   NM   NS   ZE   PS   PM   ZE   NL   NM   NS   ZE   PS   PM   PL   PS   NM   NS   ZE   PS   PM   PL   PL   PM   NS   ZE   PS   PM   PL   PL   PL   PL   ZE   PS   PM   PL   PL   PL   PL           Figure   3.   M e m ber s hip   in pu ts/ ou t pu ts       3.2.2. Knowled ge   b ase   and   I nf eren ce   engine   The   f uzz y   r ul e s   are   ex press ed   us i ng   the   IF - T HEN   f orm   as   fo ll ows:   if   (in pu t 1   an d   i nput2)   the n   ou t pu t,   in   e xa mp le :   IF   ( E Ω   is   P os it ive   Small )   AND   ( dE Ω   is   Ne ga ti ve   M edi um)   T HEN   ( d i sq r ef   is   N egati ve   Small ).   TT he   f uzzy   va riables   E Ω   and   dE Ω   are   proce ssed   by   an   in fe ren ce   mecha ni sm   base d   on   a   set   of   c on t ro l   ru le s   c onta ined   in   ( 7*7)   ta ble   as   sho wn   in   T able   1.   T he   c risp   ou t pu t   of   the   FLC   is   ob ta i ned   by   us in g   M A X - M I N   i nf e ren ce   al gorithm   [ 19] .       3.2.3. Def u zzi fica tio n   In   this   ste p,   a   s harp   val ue   of   t he   outp ut   var ia ble   d i sq r ef ( k )   is   deter mined   th r ough   t he   de f uzzifica ti on   method,   w hich   first   eval uates   the   centr oid   of   eve ry   outp ut   m embe rs hip   fe at ur e   for   each   ru le .   T he n   the   final   ou t pu t   is   co m pu te d   as   the   mean   of   the   s ing le   cent ro i ds,   w hich   is   we igh te d   by   thei r   heig hts   ( de gree   of   membe rs hip)   as   sho wn   bel ow:   Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In t J  P ow Elec   & Dri S ys t   IS S N: 20 88 - 8 694       In te ll igent c ontrol  of fl yw heel  ener gy  sto rage   syste m ass oci ated  wi th  the w ind   … ( Be nsaid A mel )   2067   d i sq r ef ( k ) =   ∑ [ ( d i sq r ef ) ] ( d i sq r ef ) = 1 ∑ [ ( d i sq r ef ) ] = 1   (16)     The   c ontrol   syst em   sche me   of   the   syst em   is   detai le d   in   Fig ur e   4.         Fig ure   4 .   F uzz y   C on tr ol   s ys te m   of   i ner ti al   stora ge   sc heme       4.   WIN D   T UR B INE   MO DEL   4.1.   Turbi ne   m od e li ng   The   modeli ng   of   a   wind   e nergy   syst em   is   gi ven   by   [ 20]:     { P v =   ρ   S   v 3 2   P aer =   C p ( λ , β ) ρ   S   v 3 2   a nd   T aer =   P aer Ω t =   C p ( λ , β ) ρ   S   v 3 2   Ω t         (17)     The   Power   coe ff ic ie nt   C p   de pend ent   on   t he   blad e   tilt   ang le   β   a nd   the   tip   s pee d   rati o   ( TSR)   λ   has   the   fo ll owin g   def i niti on   [ 20,   21]:     { C p ( λ , β ) =   0 . 5176   ( 116 λ i − 0 . 4   β − 5   )   e 21 − λ i + 0 . 0068   λ   λ i =   1 λ + 0 . 00 8   β   −   0 . 03 5   β 3 + 1   a nd   λ =   Ω t R v         (18)     Wh e re   P v ,   P aer , T aer ,   ρ ,   S ,   R ,   Ω t   and   v   are   the   turb i ne   po wer,   the   aer o - dyna mic   tor qu e ,   the   aer o - densi ty   (ρ   =   1.22   kg   /   m3),   the   ci rcu la r   area   swep t   by   t he   tu rb i ne,   t he   tu rb i ne   rad i us ,   t he   t urbine   sp ee d   (rad   /   s)   and   the   wind   s peed   ( m/s),   res pecti vely .   T he   tur bin e   is   c onne ct ed   via   a   gea rbo x   to   the   ge ner at or ;   the   ge arbo x   is   modeli sed   with   these   two   e qu at io ns   [22 ] .   Wh e re:   T mec   is   mechan ic al   to rque,   Ω mec   is   the   ge ner at or 's   s pee d,   G   is   the   rati o's   ge arbo x.     { T mec =   T t u r G   Ω mec =   G . Ω t           ( 19)       Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
            IS S N :   2088 - 8 694   In t J   P ow  Ele c  &  D ri   S ys t,   V ol .  11 , N o.   4 ,  D ecembe r  2020   :   2062   –   2072   2068   The   basic   dy na mic   eq uatio n   of   mec han ic a l   sy ste m   on   a   sh aft   of   the   D FI G   is   as   f oll ow s   [ 20 - 22]:   wh e re :       :   Coe ff ic ie nt   of   f rict ion ,   T em   :   el ect ro - mag netic   tor que.     J d Ω m ec dt + f . Ω mec =   T mec −   T em     (20)     4.2.   Model   of   dou bly   fed   in ducti on   gener ator   ( DFI G )   The   Par k   sta te   mod el   of   t he   ge ner at or   is   re presented   in   t he   f ollow i ng   matri x   form   [ 23,   24] :     { V sd = R s i sd + d dt φ  − ω s φ sq V sq = R s i sq + d dt φ sq + ω s φ sd   { V rd = R r i rd + d dt φ rd − ω r φ rq V rq = R r i rq + d dt φ rq − ω r φ r d   (21)     R s , R r   :   sta tor   an d   r ot or   phase   resist ances.   ω s =   ω   + ω r ,   an d   ω   = P . Ω mec   is   the   el ect rical   s peed   P   is   the   pair   po le   num ber.   T he   s ta tor   a nd   r otor   flu x   ta kes   the   f ollow i ng   f orm:     { φ sd = L s . i sd + M   . i rd φ sq = L s . i sq + M   . i rq   { φ rd = L r . i rd + M   . I sd φ rq = L r . i rq + M   . I sq     (22)     In   wh ic h,   i sd , i sq   /   i rd , i rq   ar e   d.q   com pone nts   of   the   sta tor   a nd   ro t or   c urren ts ,   L s , L r , M :   are   sta tor ,   ro t or   a nd   m utua l   inducta nces .   The   s ta tor   act ive   an d   reacti ve   powe r   a nd   the   el ect r o -   ma gn et ic   to r qu e   of   t he   DF I G   ta kes   t he   f ollow i ng   f orm   [ 23]:     { s = V sd . i sd + V sq . i sq s = V sq . i sd − V sd . i sq         (23)   T em =   3 2   P   M L s   ( φ sq . i rd − φ sd . i rq )     (24)     To   facil it at e   the   co ntro l   of   el ect rici ty   ge nerat ion   f r om   wi nd,   an   in de penden t   c ontr ol   of   act ive   an d   reacti ve   po wer   will   be   ac hieved   by   dev el opin g   the   e quat ion s   t hat   relat e   the   val ues   of   the   ro t or   volt age s   gen e rated   by   an   i nverter   to   t he   sta to r   act iv e   and   reacti ve   powe r.   [ 25] .   As su mi ng   a   c on st ant   flu x   in   the   sta tor ,   we   ob ta in:     { V ds =   0   V qs =   V s     (25)   { P s =   V s   i qs   Q s =   V s   i ds       (26)     The   relat ion s hi p   betwee n   the   r otoric   an d   sta t or ic   c urre nts   is :     { i ds = −   M L s   i dr +   φ s L s i qs = −   M L s   i qr           ( 27)     To   ob ta in   t he   expressi on   of   powe rs   in   func ti on   of   sta to r   c urren ts ,   we   s ubsti tute   the   cu r ren ts   in   ( 26)   by   ( 27):     {   P s =   −   V s   M L s   i qr   Q s =   V s 2 L s ω s   −       V s   M L s   i dr           ( 28)       In   orde r   to   c orrectl y   c ontroll ing   the   mac hin e,   we   ne ed   to   fi nd   t he   rela ti on s hip   betwe en   the   ro t or   current   a nd   vo l ta ges:   [ 26]     Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In t J  P ow Elec   & Dri S ys t   IS S N: 20 88 - 8 694       In te ll igent c ontrol  of fl yw heel  ener gy  sto rage   syste m ass oci ated  wi th  the w ind   … ( Be nsaid A mel )   2069   {     V dr   =     R r   I dr +   ( L r −   M 2 L s ) dI dr dt   − g ω s ( L r −   M 2 L s ) I qr       V qr   =     R r   I qr +   ( L r −   M 2 L s ) dI qr dt   − g ω s ( L r −   M 2 L s ) I dr   +   g     M   V s L s           ( 29)     Wh e re   g   is   the   sli p   of   t he   a sync hro nous   machi ne.   A   c omplet e   D FIG   m od e l   sche me   is     dep ic te d   in   F ig ur e   5.     4.3.   Indirec t   fiel d   oriente d   c on tr ol   (I FO C)   of   t he   D FIG   To   e ns ure   sta bl e   functi on i ng   and   to   al low   i nd e pe nd e nt   co ntr ol   of   t he   act ive   an d   reacti ve   powe r   of   DF I G,   a   te m pl at e - base d   PI   re gu la to r   is   c ons tructed   util iz ing   the   dy namic   equ at io ns.   A   s chemati c   d ia gram   is   giv e n   in   Fig ure   5   [ 25 ].             Figure   5.   Co ntr ol   sc heme   of   DF IG       5.   RESU LT S   A ND   A N ALYSIS   The   par a mete r s   us e d   ca n   be   fou nd   in   Ta bles   2   a nd   3.   The   simulat ions   w ere   pe rfo rme d   in   M at la b   /   Simuli nk   e nv ir onment.   O ur   a im   is   to   sho w   the   be ha vior   of   t he   FE SS   on   a   c harge/dis charge   c ycles   us in g   sp ee d   c on tr ol   s trat egy.   Fi gure   6   s hows   sim ulati on   resu lt s   ac hieve d   by   anal ys in g   the   ef fici ency   of   F ESS   with   IM.   In   this   c a se,   the   F ESS   is   not   li nk e d   to   the   V SWG.   The n,   the   fly w heel   decele rates   an d   disc ha rges   its   energ y   i nto   the   gri d   via   the   I M .   At   s peed   great er   tha n   157   ra d/s,   the   IM   connecte d   to   t he   fly w heel   functi ons   in   the   fiel d   we aken i ng   zo ne.   Fo r   0   <   t   <   1.5   s   an d   P f − ref   >   0,   the   f lywheel   is   acce le rated   to   its   m aximum   s pee d   and   st oc ks   ene rgy   in   t he   gri d.   It   f un ct io ns   in   m otor   operat ion .   H ow e ve r,   for   1.5   <t   <3   s   and   P f − ref     <   0,   t he   fly wh eel   decel erates   an d   runs   in   ge ne rato r   m od e .   To   te st   the   rob us tnes s   of   the   pa r amet ric   fu zz y   c ontr oller,   we   performe d   a   pa rametric   var ia ti on   of   the   ma chine   a nd   stu di ed   the   in flue nc e   on   t he   perf ormance   of   the   sp ee d   con t ro l   a nd   its   powe r   co mpo rtement.   T he   va r ia ti on   is   pl otted   on   t he   r otor   r esi sta nce   Rr   (50%   inc rease   of   Rr).   The   resu lt s   ac hieve d   Fi gure   7 ,   i nd ic at e   that   the   var ia ti on   of   t he   ro t or   res ist ance   infl uences   the   dec oupl ing   of   the   syst em   for   PI   regulat or;   howe ver,   the   f uzzy   co ntr ol   a lmost   ke eps   the   or i gin al   perf ormance   des pi te   the   var ia ti on   of   pa rameter   in   que sti on .   The   sim ulati o n   of   the   i nd i rect   fiel d   or ie nted   c ontrol   of   a   DF I G - bas ed   wind   sy ste m   is   repr esented   in   Fi gure   8.   This   fig ur e   dem onstrat es   that   our   sy s te m   has   sat isf act ory   dy nami c,   the   act ive   and   rea ct ive   powe rs   of   t he   sta tor   f ollow   t heir   re fer e nces   al m ost   perfect ly   an d   pr ovi de   a   pe rf ect   decou pling   be tween   both   axe s.       Table  2.   FESS   Parameter s   Table  3.   DFIG   and T urbine   Pa rameters     =   = .    Ω   = .    Ω   = .      L rr = 0 . 27   Hen   M = 0 . 25   Hen   =  .       f f =   0 . 022   Nm / s         =     = .  Ω     G =  9 0   = .  Ω   L s = 0 . 070 H   R =   35m   = .    M = 0 . 034 H     N =  3       In   wh at   f ollo w s,   we   pa ssed   to   FES S   -   V S WG   c onnecti on   in   or der   to   r egu la te   the   el e ct rical   pow er   gen e rated   by   the   wi nd.   All   simulat ions   are   run   with   t he   s ame   wind   profi le   as   sh own   in   Fig ur e   9.   T he   rated     Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
            IS S N :   2088 - 8 694   In t J   P ow  Ele c  &  D ri   S ys t,   V ol .  11 , N o.   4 ,  D ecembe r  2020   :   2062   –   2072   2070   powe r   of   the   DF I G   is   10KW   an d   the   IM   was   rate d   at   3   kW   at   1500   Tr /mn,   the   var ia ble   powe r   of   the   wi nd   tur bin e   a nd   t he   desire d   gri d   powe r   ( fixe d   to   - 2.2   kw)   are   show n   in   Fig ur e   10.   Fi gure   11   sho ws   the   powe r   transmissi on   be tween   the   FE SS   an d   the   gri d,   i.e   po wer   stora ge   of   the   inerti al   sy ste m   (F E SS).   T he   flow   directi on   of   t his   powe r   fluctu at es   as   a   f un ct i on   of   the   powe r   ge ne rated   by   the   wi nd   t urbin e.   If   the   la tt er   is   le ss   than   - 2.2   K W,   the   po wer   tra ns fe r   from   the   net work   to   the   SISE   (st or a ge) ;   if   not,   from   the   SISE   to   t he   netw ork   (d est oc king)   t o   offset   for   t he   po wer   def ic it   of   the   w ind .   A   r otati onal   sp eed   inc rea ses   w he n   the   e nerg y   is   tran sfe rr e d   to   t he   FES S,   a nd   decr ease s   wh e n   the   ene r gy   is   tran sfe rred   to   t he   gri d.   Fig ure   12   s ho ws   t he   el ect ro - mag net ic   torque   of   the   IM   w hich   is   fluctua nt ;   it   dep e nds   directl y   on   t he   el ect rical   power   of   t he   FESS,   wh ic h   is   ref le c te d   in   its   s ha pe   identic al   to   t ha t   of   t he   powe r   of   the   FESS .   The   direct   a nd   qu a drat ur e   r ot or   flu x   el ements   of   the   IM   a re   al so   dep ic te d   in   Fi gure   12.   The   quad ratu re   co m pone nt   is   al wa ys   zer o,   j us ti fyi ng   the   ro t or   flu x - ori ented   c ontr ol.             Figure   6.   S pee d   a nd   po wer   re sp onses   of   I M /fly wh eel   s ys te m           Figure   7.   Test   of   r obus t ness   with   par a mete r   va riat ion s             Figure   8.   Stat or   act ive   a nd   rea ct ive   powe r   c ontr ol   of   DFIG           Figure   9.   W i nd   sp ee d     Figure   10.   Pow er   gen e rated   by   the   D FIG     0 0 . 5 1 1 . 5 2 2 . 5 3 150 200 250 300 T i m e   (s ) F l y w h e e l   s p e e d   ( r a d / s e c )     W f   (F O C ) W f   (F L C ) g e n e r a t o r   m o d e m o t o r i n g   o p e r a t i o n 0 0 . 5 1 1 . 5 2 2 . 5 3 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 x   1 0 5 T i m e   ( s ) F ESS   Po w e r  (W )     Pf -re f Pf   (F O C ) Pf   (F L C ) m o t o r i n g   o p e r a t i o n g e n e r a t o r   m o d e 0 0 . 5 1 1 . 5 2 2 . 5 3 100 150 200 250 300 350 T e m p s   ( s e c ) F l y w h e e l   s p e e d   ( r a d / s e c )     W f -re f W f   (F L C ) W f   (F O C ) 0 0 . 5 1 1 . 5 2 2 . 5 3 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 x   1 0 5 T i m e   ( s ) F E S S   P o w e r   ( W )     Pf -re f Pf   (F L C ) Pf   (F O C ) 0 0 . 5 1 1 . 5 2 2 . 5 3 - 1 2 0 0 0 - 1 0 0 0 0 - 8 0 0 0 - 6 0 0 0 - 4 0 0 0 - 2 0 0 0 0 T i m e   ( s) A ct i ve   P o w e r   P s  ( W )       P   s- r e f   P   s 0 10 20 30 40 50 1 1 . 6 1 1 . 8 12 1 2 . 2 T i m e   ( s ) W i n d   s p e e d   (m / s ) 0 1 2 3 4 5 - 4 0 0 0 - 3 0 0 0 - 2 0 0 0 - 1 0 0 0 0 T i m e   ( s ) Pe o l ,     Pe o l -re f   a n d   Pre g   (W )     P e o l - r e f P e o l Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In t J  P ow Elec   & Dri S ys t   IS S N: 20 88 - 8 694       In te ll igent c ontrol  of fl yw heel  ener gy  sto rage   syste m ass oci ated  wi th  the w ind   … ( Be nsaid A mel )   2071         Figure   11.   Sim ulati on   of   the   VSWG - FE SS   assembl y             Figure   12.   Ele c trom a gnet ic   tor qu e   an d   r oto r   f lux   of   the   IM       The   co mp a rison   betw een   bo t h   c ontr ols   re ve al s   sev eral   be ne fits   of   the   f uz zy   l ogi c   c on t rol le r,   s uc h   as   rob us tness   a nd   bette r   ref e re nce   trac king   c ompare d   to   t he   flu x   ori ente d   co ntr ol.   In   t he   pa pe r   [ 14],   it   is   app a re nt   that   t he   FES S   powe r   e xhibit s   fr e quent   os ci ll at ion s,   im ply in g   a   lo wer   rob us tn ess.   W he n   c ompa rin g   these   resu lt s   with   our s,   we   fi nd   that   the   Fly wh eel   ene r gy   stora ge   s ys te m   in   our   stu dy   is   m or e   reli abl y   a nd   rob us t,   wh ic h   a ll ow s   for   bette r   ene rgy   i nject ion   into   the   net work.       6.   CONCL US I O N   The   resea rc h   repor te d   in   thi s   pap e r   is   f oc us e d   on   the   a nalysis,   model li ng   an d   sim ul at ion   of   a   var ia ble   sp ee d   wind   tu rb i ne   us in g   a   double - fe d   in du ct i on   machine   in   c ombinati on   with   a   fl ywheel   s tora ge   sy ste m   in   the   ai m   to   res olv e   the   pro blem   of   fluctu at ing   powe r   outp ut.   Tw o   FES S   s up e r vision   stra te gies   namely   FO C   a nd   FLC   ha ve   been   a ppli ed.   It   has   be en   note d   that   the   F LC   is   a   pr efe r able   ch oice   for   su c h   app li cat io n.   T he   sim ulati on   resu lt s   disp la ye d   prov e   that   a   correct ly   fun ct ion in g   of   t he   stora ge   s ys te m   is   in   place,   in   ef fect ,   the   meas ur e d   powe r   e xactl y   tracks   t he   ref e r ence   powe r.   T he   good   c on t rol   eff ec t   is   pro ve d   by   the   sim ulati on   resu lt s.   T he   process   of   cha rg i ng   and   disc ha rg i ng   are   sta bl e   an d   t he   con t ro l     ob je ct ives   are   achieve d.       REFERE NCE S   [1]   H.   Zha o ,   Q.   W u,   S.   Hu ,   H.   Xu,   and   C.   N.   R asmussen .   “ R ev ie w   of   ene rgy   storage   sys tem   for   wind   power   int egr at ion   support .”   App li ed   En ergy ,   vo l.   137,   p p.   545 - 553 ,   Jan   2015.   [2]   F.   Nade em,   S.   M.   S.   Hus sain,   P.   Ti wari ,   A.   G osw am i,   and   T.   S.   Us tun .   “ Com par ative   Rev ie w   of   Ene rgy   Stora ge   Sys te ms,   Th ei r   Role s,   and   I mpacts   on   Futur e   Po wer   Sys te ms .”   I EE E   Acce ss ,   vol .   7,   pp .   4555 -   45 85,   Jan   2019.   [3]   V.   Neis ch,   R.   Klar   and   M.   Aufle ger .   “ Dev elopment   of   hydr aul i c   ene rgy   st ora ge   sys te ms   f or   de ce n tra l ized   appl i ca t ions .”   Pr oce ed ings   of   the   Inte rnational   Co nfe renc e   and   Exhibit ion   (Hydro   2013) ,   Oct   2013 .   [4]   T.   S.   Math is,   N.   Kurra,   X.   Wa ng,   D.   P i n to ,   P.   Si mon,   and   Y.   Gogotsi.   “ Ene rgy   Stor age   Data   Reportin g   in   Perspec ti v e — Guidel in es   for   In te rpre ti ng   th e   Perform an ce   of   El e ct roc h em i cal   Ene rgy   Storag e   Sys te ms .”   Ad v .   Ene rgy   Ma te r,   Sep   2019.   [5]   J.   W ang,   K.   Lu,   L.   Ma,   J.   W ang ,   M.   Dooner ,   S.   Miao,   J.   Li   and   D.   W ang .   “ Over vie w   of   Compr e ss ed   Air   Ene rgy   Sto rag e   and   Te c hnology   Deve lo pme nt . ”   Ene rgi e s ,   vol.   10,   no.   7,   p.   991 ,   2017 .   [6]   A.   Kumar   Saho o,   N.   Mohan ty,   M.   Anupriya .   “ Modeli ng   and   Simul ation   of   S uper conducting   Magne tic   En erg y   Storage   Sys te m s .”   Int ernati ona l   Jo urnal   of   Po wer   El e ct roni cs   and   Dr iv e   S yst em   (IJ P EDS),   v ol.   6,   No.3 ,   pp.   524~537,   Sep   20 15.   [7]   K.   Sahay ,   and   B.   Dw ive di .   “ Supe rca pa ci tors   En er gy   Storage   Sys tem   for   Pow er   Qu al it y   Impr oveme nt .”   J.   Elec tri cal   Syste ms ,   vol ,   5,   no.   4,   2009 .   0 1 2 3 4 5 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 T i m e   ( s ) F l y w h e e l   s p e e d   (ra d / s )     W f   -   r e f W f   ( FO C ) W f   ( FL C ) 0 1 2 3 4 5 - 3 0 0 0 - 2 0 0 0 - 1 0 0 0 0 1000 2000 3000 T i m e   ( s ) F ESS   Po w e r  (W )     P f   ( FO C ) P f   -   r e f P f   ( FL C ) 0 1 2 3 4 5 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 T i m e   ( s ) I M   E l e c t r o m a g n e t i c   t o r q u e     ( N . m )     T e m T e m - r e f T e m 0 1 2 3 4 5 0 0 . 5 1 1 . 5 T i m e   ( s) D i r e ct   a n d   q u a d r a t u r e   co m p o n e n t   o f   t h e   f l o w   F i r   ( W b )     f i rd -e s t f i rd -re f f i rd f i rq Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.