Intern
ati
o
n
a
l
Jo
u
r
n
a
l
of
P
o
we
r El
ec
tr
on
i
c
s
an
d D
r
i
v
e
S
y
stem
(I
JPE
D
S)
V
o
l.
11
, N
o
. 2, Jun
e
20
20
, pp
. 74
3
~
75
1
I
SSN
:
208
8-8
6
9
4
, D
O
I:
10.
115
91
/i
jp
e
d
s.v
1
1
.i2
.
p
p74
3-7
51
7
43
Jo
urn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
: h
t
t
p
:/
/ijpe
d
s.
i
a
e
s
c
o
re.
c
o
m
C
o
mputer-based solar tracking
system f
o
r P
V
energy yi
el
d
improvem
e
nt
Ri
ni
N
u
r
Has
a
n
a
h
1
, A
d
itya
Ba
g
u
s
Set
yawa
n
2
, E
k
a M
a
u
l
ana
3
, Tri
Nu
rwat
i
4
, T
a
u
f
i
k
5
1,
2,
3,
4
Ele
ctrical
En
gineer
in
g,
Dep
a
rtm
e
n
t
,
Fa
c
u
lt
y
o
f
En
gi
n
e
e
r
ing,
Br
awijay
a Un
iv
ers
i
ty, Ind
o
n
e
s
i
a
5
Ele
c
trical Eng
i
n
eerin
g
D
e
par
t
m
e
n
t
, Cal
Poly
S
t
at
e
Universi
ty,
U
S
A
A
r
ticle In
fo
A
B
S
T
RAC
T
A
r
tic
le
h
i
st
o
r
y:
Rec
e
i
v
ed
Se
p 1
7
, 2
019
Rev
i
sed
D
e
c
12
, 20
19
Acc
e
pt
e
d
Fe
b 13
, 20
20
E
l
ect
r
i
c
energy
is the
mai
n
dri
v
er
of
various dai
l
y activities,
bot
h
to i
n
cr
ease
p
r
od
uc
t
i
v
ity
a
s
we
l
l
a
s
to im
pro
v
e
li
fe
qua
l
i
t
y
. E
n
e
r
gy de
ma
nd i
s
c
o
nt
in
uo
u
s
l
y
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
i
ng in
pa
ra
lle
l
to th
e p
r
og
re
ss i
n
t
e
c
hno
lo
gy
a
n
d
po
pu
latio
n
gro
w
th
. Deple
t
ion
o
f
fo
ssil energ
y
so
urces and
a
w
areness
o
f
e
n
vi
ron
m
e
n
tal
p
r
o
t
e
c
ti
on
m
a
ke
pe
o
p
l
e re
sort t
o
re
n
e
wa
bl
e e
n
e
r
gy
so
ur
c
e
s
like
so
lar
energ
y
.
Low
effi
cien
cy
an
d
in
termit
ten
t
ch
ara
c
ter
i
st
ic
of
solar
e
n
e
r
gy
m
a
y o
r
igin
a
t
e
fro
m th
e su
n m
o
ve
me
n
t
a
l
on
g t
h
e d
a
y
a
s
we
ll
a
s
th
e
year. Efforts h
a
v
e
alway
s
b
een
tried
to de
al with
the d
r
awback
s
.
This p
a
p
e
r
pro
p
o
s
es a
com
p
u
t
er-b
ased
trac
k
i
n
g
sy
stem to
fu
lly
mon
i
tor
an
d
co
ntro
l
a
sol
a
r pa
ne
l m
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
. The
de
sig
n
e
d
sy
ste
m
h
a
s pro
v
en
a
go
od
perfo
rman
ce
of w
o
rk
in
g
at
c
e
rta
i
n
tim
e
in
ter
v
als,
either
h
o
u
r
ly,
or
ev
en
co
nti
n
u
o
u
s
ly,
as
des
i
red
.
En
ergy
y
i
e
l
d
impro
v
e
ment
has
b
een
ach
iev
e
d
b
y
pr
oces
sing
th
e
tr
ack
in
g r
e
su
lt
s
w
i
t
h
t
h
e h
e
l
p
o
f
a mi
cr
oco
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
to
op
ti
mi
z
e
th
e po
wer
g
e
ne
rat
i
o
n
of the so
la
r pa
ne
l.
Ke
yw
ords:
En
e
r
gy
d
e
mand
En
e
r
gy
y
i
eld
M
o
n
i
tor
i
ng
O
p
ti
miz
a
t
i
on
S
o
la
r tr
ac
k
i
n
g
Th
is
is a
n
o
p
en
acces
s a
r
ticle
un
d
e
r the
C
C
B
Y
-SA
licens
e
.
Corres
p
o
n
din
g
A
u
t
h
or:
Ri
ni
N
u
r Ha
sa
nah
,
El
ect
ri
ca
l
Engi
neeri
n
g
,
De
pa
rt
ment
, Fa
c
u
l
t
y
of
En
gi
nee
r
i
n
g
,
B
r
a
w
ija
y
a
Un
iv
e
r
sity,
Jal
a
n M
T
Har
y
ono 1
6
7
Mal
a
n
g
65
145
In
do
n
e
si
a.
Emai
l:
ri
ni.
h
as
ana
h
@
ub.ac
.i
d
1.
IN
TR
O
DUCTION
El
e
c
t
r
i
c
ene
r
g
y
i
s
vi
ta
l t
o
pow
e
r
va
rio
u
s
equi
pme
n
ts. It
make
s pe
o
p
le
e
n
jo
y t
h
e l
i
fe
comfo
r
t
an
d
i
ndust
r
y i
n
cre
a
se t
h
e
p
r
odu
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
.
Ins
p
i
t
e
bei
n
g
c
onsi
d
e
r
ed
a
s
a
n
e
m
ergi
n
g
w
o
rl
d ec
ono
mi
c
p
o
we
r,
th
e
en
ergy c
o
n
s
ump
t
io
n
o
f
In
do
n
e
si
a
i
s
stil
l re
la
tiv
e
ly
lo
w
e
r th
an th
e nei
g
h
bou
r
i
ng e
c
o
n
o
m
ic
p
o
we
r [1
].
Acc
e
ss t
o
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y
is
gre
a
t
l
y di
ff
ere
d
, bei
n
g
as
hi
g
h
as
9
9
.99
%
i
n
the
west
ern
part
o
f
the
c
o
unt
ry
,
w
h
i
l
e as
l
o
w a
s
59
.8
4%
in
t
h
e
e
a
st
ern
part
o
f
t
h
e
c
o
u
n
t
r
y [
1
, 2
]
.
A
s
a
part
o
f
i
t
s
co
nt
ri
buti
o
n
t
o
glo
b
a
l
cl
i
m
a
t
e
c
h
a
nge
red
u
ct
i
o
n
,
Ind
o
n
e
s
i
a
ma
ke
s a
gre
a
t
effo
rt
t
o
meet
it
s com
m
i
t
m
e
n
t u
n
d
er
t
h
e Pa
ri
s
a
g
ree
m
e
n
t. Be
ne
fi
tt
e
d
fr
om i
t
s st
rat
e
gi
c l
o
cat
i
o
n
a
r
ou
n
d
t
h
e
eq
ua
to
r,
In
d
onesi
a al
so
t
r
i
e
s to ha
ve
re
c
o
u
r
se t
o
s
o
l
a
r
e
n
ergy t
o
ful
f
i
l
l
i
t
s cont
i
nuo
usl
y
i
n
cre
a
si
n
g
e
n
erg
y
de
man
d
an
d
to
imp
r
ov
e t
h
e el
ec
tr
if
ic
at
io
n ra
ti
o.
H
a
rn
e
s
sin
g
so
l
a
r
e
n
er
gy
can b
e
a
ccomp
l
i
sh
ed u
s
i
n
g
e
ith
er
a
simp
l
e
an
d
lo
w-
c
o
st sy
stem fo
r
th
e low
-
sc
al
e cap
a
c
i
t
y
o
r
e
v
e
n
m
o
re
com
p
lex
s
y
ste
m
s.
How
e
v
e
r,
th
e con
v
e
rsi
o
n
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
cy
is
in
g
e
n
e
r
a
l
sti
l
l q
u
i
te
lo
w
.
Th
e
eff
i
c
i
e
n
cy
c
u
rr
en
tly
u
s
ed
in
imp
l
e
m
e
n
ta
tio
n
i
s
in
t
h
e
ran
g
e
o
f
6
%
-
30
%, w
h
i
l
e
t
h
e hi
ghe
st rec
o
rd
a
c
h
i
e
ve
d i
n
2
0
1
5
wa
s 4
6
%
,
base
d
o
n
t
h
e
PV
E
ffi
ci
e
n
c
y
C
h
art
re
g
u
l
a
rl
y
up
dat
e
d
an
d p
u
b
l
i
she
d
by
N
a
t
i
ona
l Re
ne
wa
bl
e
Ene
r
g
y
Lab
o
r
at
ory (
N
REL)
i
n
C
o
lora
d
o
,
US
A
.
O
n
e
i
m
p
o
rta
n
t
w
a
y t
o
i
m
pr
ove
t
h
e e
n
erg
y
yi
el
d o
f
sol
a
r p
o
w
er
ge
n
e
rat
i
on, w
h
i
c
h
mea
n
s
it
s
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
cy
,
is
t
h
e
add
iti
o
n
of
so
la
r
tr
ac
ke
r
to
fi
nd
th
e ma
ximu
m pow
e
r
po
in
t
con
d
i
t
i
on
as
g
i
v
e
n
o
n
the
P
V
profi
l
e
c
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
ri
st
ic
s [3-1
1].
Even t
h
o
u
g
h
i
t
has bee
n
con
s
i
d
ere
d
le
ss e
ffe
ct
i
v
e
be
c
a
use o
f
t
h
e
po
we
r
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN
: 2
088
-8
6
94
Int
J
P
o
w
Ele
c
& D
r
i
S
y
st, V
o
l
.
1
1
,
N
o
.
2, Ju
ne
20
2
0
:
74
3
– 75
1
74
4
con
s
u
m
pti
o
n for t
h
e
act
uat
i
ng
mot
o
r, an
effi
ci
enc
y
im
p
r
o
v
eme
n
t
u
p
t
o
3
2
%
had
b
e
e
n
achi
e
ve
d
usin
g
t
h
e
si
n
g
le
-a
xi
s
t
r
a
c
ki
ngs [3,
9-1
1
],
o
r
e
v
e
n
up to
4
0
% w
h
e
n
usi
n
g the
dual
-
a
x
is t
r
ack
i
ngs [4, 1
2
-14
]
,
be
i
ng
com
p
are
d
t
o
t
h
e use
o
f
st
at
i
c
syst
em. T
h
e si
ngl
e
-
axi
s
t
r
ac
k
i
ng c
o
u
l
d
i
m
p
r
ove
t
h
e
yea
r
l
y
e
n
erg
y
yi
el
d a
r
ou
n
d
2
0
-2
5
%
[15
]
, ev
en
up
t
o
2
5
.2%
[1
6]
mor
e
tha
n
u
s
ing
a
fi
x
e
d
-
u
t
ilit
y
[
17,
18].
The
a
d
dit
i
o
n
o
f
t
r
a
c
k
i
n
g syst
e
m
t
o
e
n
ha
nce
t
h
e e
n
e
r
g
y
yi
e
l
d
has al
s
o
b
e
e
n
rel
a
t
e
d t
o
some
di
rect
appl
i
cat
i
o
n fi
e
l
ds, l
i
k
e i
n
w
i
rel
e
ss sens
or
ne
t
w
ork [1
4],
gree
n
-
h
o
u
se
syste
m
[5
], a
nd
so
me
t
i
mes
be
in
g
c
o
mb
in
e
d
w
ith
th
e m
a
x
i
mum pow
e
r
-
p
o
i
n
t
alg
o
r
i
t
h
m
s
[19
-
2
0
], a
nd
th
e us
e
of
a
r
tif
ic
ia
l
i
n
te
lli
g
en
c
e
t
h
e
o
r
i
e
s
[8
]. Mi
croc
o
n
t
r
oll
e
r ha
s
no
rm
al
ly bee
n
use
d
to impl
eme
n
t
t
h
e co
nt
rol
a
l
go
rit
h
ms [5
,
1
9
, 21
-24
]
.
S
o
me
c
ont
ro
l
al
go
ri
t
h
ms
ha
ve
bee
n
base
d
o
n
c
a
l
c
ul
at
i
on
o
f
t
h
e
s
u
n ge
o
m
e
t
r
y
t
o
d
e
te
rmine
t
h
e
p
o
sit
i
o
n
,
w
h
il
e
ot
he
rs
bene
fi
tt
ed
se
ns
ors
a
s
out
put
tu
ni
n
g
t
o
t
r
i
m
t
h
e
az
imut
h a
n
d
al
ti
t
ude
an
gl
es
[1
3, 2
0
,
2
5
-2
6]
.
Thi
s
pape
r de
sc
ri
bes a
c
ont
ri
but
io
n t
o
t
h
e
P
V
e
n
e
r
gy
yi
e
l
d imp
r
ove
me
nt
u
s
in
g a c
o
mp
ut
er-
b
ase
d
singl
e-a
x
i
s
t
r
a
c
k
i
n
g s
y
st
em
t
o
mo
ni
t
o
r a
n
d
c
ont
rol
a
s
o
l
a
r pa
nel
move
me
nt
. T
h
e
Ri
em
ann
s
u
m
met
h
od
[2
7-
30
] ha
s be
e
n
i
m
pl
eme
n
t
e
d t
o
com
put
e t
h
e
ene
r
g
y
yi
el
d
b
a
sed o
n
t
h
e t
r
ac
ki
ng res
u
l
t
s.
The R
i
e
m
a
n
n
su
m
me
th
od
i
s
wo
rk
i
n
g
by
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
ing
t
h
e in
te
gr
at
io
n
o
p
e
r
a
ti
on
u
s
i
n
g t
h
e
d
i
s
c
r
e
tiz
at
io
n
and su
mma
ti
on of t
o
ta
l
area
u
nde
rne
a
t
h
a
c
u
r
v
e
o
n
a
g
r
a
p
h
[2
9].
T
h
e t
i
me
i
n
te
rv
al
bet
w
ee
n
t
h
e
be
gin
n
i
n
g
a
n
d
t
h
e e
n
d
of
t
h
e
dat
a
ac
quisi
t
i
o
n
i
s
divi
de
d i
n
t
o
n
subi
nte
r
val
s
,
w
h
i
c
h
a
r
e
use
d
a
s
the
Ri
ema
nn
re
ct
an
gl
es [2
8]. The
R
i
e
m
an
n
su
m
met
h
o
d
has al
so
be
e
n
u
s
e
d
t
o
va
li
dat
e
t
h
e
expe
rime
nt
da
t
a
in
a
shi
p
b
o
a
r
d
mi
c
r
o
g
ri
ds
un
de
r va
ri
o
u
s
qua
si
-
bal
a
nc
e
d
a
n
d
u
nbal
a
nce
d
volt
a
ge
c
o
ndit
i
o
n
s [3
0].
A
c
o
mpa
r
i
s
o
n
of t
h
e
t
r
a
c
ki
n
g
res
u
lt
s h
a
s bee
n
ma
de
t
o
t
h
e
r
e
s
u
lts o
f
a
st
a
t
ic
so
la
r
p
a
n
e
l
.
Th
e
tes
tin
g
and
m
easur
em
e
n
t w
e
re
don
e
bo
th
o
n
th
e
sta
tic
a
n
d tr
ack
ing
mo
d
e
s
base
d on
t
h
e
c
hoi
ce mad
e
usi
n
g
the
c
o
m
p
ut
er prog
ram
.
2
.
R
E
SEARCH
M
ETHOD
The
met
h
o
d
us
ed
to
ac
hi
e
v
e t
h
e
rese
arc
h
g
o
a
l
i
n
cl
udes
t
h
e
de
si
g
n
a
nd
co
nst
r
uct
i
on
o
f
t
h
e s
y
st
em
,
t
h
e te
sti
n
g
a
n
d
mea
s
ureme
n
t
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
da
t
a
anal
ysis.
T
h
e
syst
em
de
sig
n
com
p
ri
se
s
t
h
e
soft
ware
d
e
sig
n
an
d
t
h
e ha
rdwa
re
de
sign
.
2.1. Di
agr
am
of
th
e
sy
stem
The
di
ag
ram o
f
t
h
e
desi
gne
d
syst
em is
gi
v
e
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
re
1
.
As see
n
,
t
h
e c
o
mp
ut
er/
P
C
wa
s desi
gne
d
t
o
b
e
t
h
e
m
a
s
t
er
of
al
l sys
t
em
s, wh
er
e
a
s
t
h
e
m
i
cro
c
on
tro
l
l
e
r
r
a
n
o
n
l
y
wh
at
t
h
e
compu
t
er c
o
mman
d
e
d
.
The
o
b
ta
ine
d
s
e
ns
or
dat
a
we
nt
i
n
t
o
t
h
e
mic
r
oc
o
n
t
r
ol
l
e
r,
t
h
en
we
re
se
n
t
t
o
t
h
e
c
o
mp
ut
e
r
vi
a
TTL
US
B an
d
di
spl
a
ye
d
on
t
h
e
Del
p
hi
S
o
la
r Pa
ne
l
Ti
me
C
h
a
n
ger
a
p
pl
i
cat
i
on. T
h
e
bat
t
e
r
y
c
o
ntr
o
l
reg
u
l
a
t
o
r
(B
CR
)
con
s
i
d
ere
d
i
n
thi
s
st
ud
y,
was
a 1
2
V
or
24
V
syste
m
,
w
h
ic
h had
a
ma
xi
mu
m rat
i
n
g
c
u
rre
n
t
of 2
0
A
,
1
1
.1
V
o
v
e
r
di
sc
ha
rge
p
r
ot
ec
ti
on a
n
d
1
7
V
ove
r c
h
ar
ge p
r
ote
c
t
i
o
n
.
The
s
o
l
a
r
pa
n
e
l
ba
se
use
d
was
desi
gne
d
of
±16
0
cm
x
1
4
0
cm
x4
0cm
di
me
nsi
o
n
,
bei
n
g c
a
p
abl
e
of
sup
porti
n
g
t
w
o
sol
a
r p
a
nel
s
w
i
th a
c
a
p
ac
i
t
y
of 1
0
0
Wp e
a
c
h
,
wei
g
hin
g
±
10k
g.
T
h
e s
o
la
r
pane
l
wa
s d
r
iv
e
n
b
y
a
n
ac
t
u
a
t
or
with
a
cu
rre
n
t
r
a
tin
g
b
e
t
w
ee
n
0
.
2
-
0
.
8 w
i
thout
l
o
ad, and
0.2
-
3
.
2 w
ith
l
o
a
d
. Th
e a
c
tu
at
or
w
a
s
ca
pabl
e o
f
l
i
f
t
i
ng
loa
d
s u
p
t
o
50
k
g
, an
d mo
vi
ng
obj
ect
s wi
t
h
a
st
at
i
c
w
e
i
ght
o
f
u
p
to
2
5
0
kg
.
F
i
gu
re
1.
The
di
ag
ra
m
of t
h
e
desi
g
n
e
d
s
y
st
e
m
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t
J
P
o
w
Elec
& Dri
Sy
st
I
SSN
: 208
8-8
6
9
4
C
o
m
put
er
-
bas
ed
s
o
lar
t
r
ack
i
ng
syst
em
for
PV e
n
e
r
gy
y
i
el
d i
m
pr
ove
m
ent
(Ri
n
i
N
u
r
H
a
s
a
n
a
h
)
7
45
2.
2.
S
o
f
t
w
a
re
d
e
si
gn
Th
e
f
u
n
c
tion
i
n
g
of
th
e
mi
cr
o
c
on
tr
o
lle
r a
n
d
th
e
D
e
lph
i
app
lic
at
io
n
ar
e
g
i
v
e
n
in
F
i
g
u
r
e
2.
As i
n
di
cat
ed,
t
h
e f
u
nct
i
oni
ng
of
t
h
e
de
sig
n
e
d
syst
em
has b
e
e
n
b
a
sed
o
n
t
h
e i
n
te
r
f
a
c
e
s
o
ft
wa
re
o
n
t
h
e
De
lp
hi
Bo
r
l
a
n
d
sy
st
e
m
, t
h
e
A
t
m
e
g
a
-16
mi
n
i
mum
sy
ste
m
as
th
e
pro
c
e
s
sor
of
se
nsor
in
pu
t-ou
tp
u
t
da
ta
, a
n
d
th
e
c
o
n
t
ro
lle
r
of
mo
tor
d
r
iv
er
.
Fi
gu
re
2.
The
f
unct
i
o
nin
g
o
f
mi
croc
o
n
tr
oll
e
r
a
n
d
Del
phi
a
ppli
c
a
t
i
o
n to
a
c
t
u
at
e
m
o
tor
Eac
h
o
f
t
h
e
De
l
phi a
p
pl
i
cat
on
an
d
mi
cr
oc
ont
rol
l
e
r
ha
d
t
h
ei
r
o
w
n
res
p
ec
t
i
v
e
pe
r
f
o
rma
n
c
e
.
Th
ey
we
r
e
in
te
r
c
onn
e
c
t
e
d
v
i
a
U
S
B th
roug
h
th
e
i
r r
e
l
a
ted
Tx
, Rx
,
and
gr
oun
d.
Pro
lif
ic
U
S
B
S
e
ri
al A
d
ap
t
e
r
h
a
s b
e
e
n
u
s
ed
as
th
e d
r
i
v
er
o
f
th
e
US
B TT
L
.
Th
e
De
lph
i
wo
rk
e
d
as a
n
in
te
rfa
ce
an
d
ma
ste
r
,
whil
e t
h
e m
i
c
r
o
c
o
n
t
r
o
ll
e
r
wo
r
k
ed
a
s
t
h
e
pr
oce
s
s
o
r
o
f
se
nso
r
s dat
a
a
n
d
cont
rol
t
h
e s
w
it
c
h
o
f
mot
o
r
d
r
i
v
er.
The
s
o
ft
wa
re
desi
g
n
i
n
cl
u
d
e
s
t
h
e
desi
g
n
of
i
n
t
e
rfa
ce
pr
o
g
r
a
m o
n
the
Del
p
hi
B
o
rl
a
n
d a
ppl
i
c
a
t
i
on
syst
em a
n
d t
h
e
desi
g
n
of
the
mi
cr
oc
o
n
tr
ol
le
r p
r
og
ra
m t
o
p
r
oce
ss t
h
e se
ns
or i
n
p
u
t
-
o
u
tp
ut
dat
a
u
s
i
n
g CV
AV
R
a
ppli
c
a
t
io
n.
T
h
e
De
l
phi
pr
og
ra
m wa
s Wi
n
dow
s O
S
-
b
a
s
e
d
,
a
s
i
t
was
r
u
n
o
n
P
C
.
The fl
o
w
cha
r
t
of
th
e
co
mpu
t
e
r
pr
og
r
a
m
m
ing i
s
g
i
v
e
n
i
n
Fi
gu
r
e
3,
wh
e
r
eas t
h
a
t
o
f
t
h
e
mic
r
o
c
on
t
r
o
l
le
r
pr
og
r
a
m
m
ing i
s
sh
own
in
Figur
e
4
.
F
i
gu
re
3.
Fl
o
w
cha
r
t
of
the
c
o
mp
ut
er
pr
o
g
ra
mmi
n
g
F
i
gur
e
4.
Fl
o
w
cha
r
t
of
the
mi
croc
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
p
r
o
g
r
a
mmi
n
g
The
De
l
p
hi
i
n
t
e
rf
ace
h
a
s
bee
n
di
vi
de
d
i
n
t
o
t
h
ree
Ta
bshee
t
s,
as
see
n
i
n
Fi
gu
re
5
.
T
h
e
f
i
r
s
t Ta
b
s
heet
(
a
) ha
s bee
n
u
s
e
d
as
t
h
e ho
mepa
ge
, w
h
e
r
e
the
user c
o
u
l
d co
nt
r
o
l the
t
i
me
t
h
e
sola
r
pa
ne
l
t
o
be
mo
ve
d
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN
: 2
088
-8
6
94
Int
J
P
o
w
Ele
c
& D
r
i
S
y
st, V
o
l
.
1
1
,
N
o
.
2, Ju
ne
20
2
0
:
74
3
– 75
1
74
6
The sec
o
n
d
Ta
bsh
e
e
t
(b
)
ha
s bee
n
use
d
as the
p
o
we
r g
r
a
phi
c fe
at
ure
,
whi
c
h w
o
ul
d di
spla
y
p
o
we
r
gra
p
hi
c
afte
r t
h
e a
c
t
iva
t
i
on
o
f
mi
croc
ont
rol
l
e
r, se
ns
ors
a
n
d
t
h
e
D
e
l
phi a
p
pli
c
a
t
ion.
T
h
e
re
s
u
l
t
ed
da
ta
co
ul
d
be
st
ore
d
and
ope
ne
d
us
ing
Mi
croso
f
t
Exc
e
l
p
r
o
g
ra
m
f
o
r fu
rt
he
r p
r
oce
s
s.
T
h
e
t
h
i
r
d
Ta
bs
he
et
(c
) has
bee
n
use
d
a
s
t
h
e ma
nua
l
co
n
t
rol
feat
ure
,
wh
ic
h wa
s ma
de
s
o
t
h
at
t
h
e
s
o
la
r pa
nel
s
c
oul
d
b
e
mo
ve
d
as
de
si
re
d.
(a)
(b
)
(c)
F
i
gu
re
5. Del
p
hi i
n
te
rfa
ce,
(a
) h
o
me
pa
ge
co
n
t
rol
,
(b
) p
o
we
r
g
r
a
p
hi
c fea
t
ure
,
(c
)
ma
n
u
a
l
c
o
nt
rol
fe
at
u
r
e
2.3. Si
mu
l
a
tio
n
o
f
th
e Wh
ole
S
y
stem
Desi
gn
The
w
hole
sys
t
em co
mp
ri
ses
t
h
e
u
n
ific
at
i
o
n of
the
hard
wa
re
de
si
g
n
a
n
d
t
h
e
s
u
p
p
o
rt
ing
so
ft
wa
re
desi
g
n
.
It
ha
s
be
en
si
mul
a
t
e
d u
s
i
n
g the
P
r
ot
e
u
s soft
w
a
re
a
n
d by c
o
n
n
ec
ti
n
g
the
D
e
l
p
hi ap
pl
i
cat
i
o
n
.
The sim
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
ci
rc
u
i
t
de
sig
n
usi
n
g
P
r
ot
eus
s
o
ft
wa
re i
s
gi
ve
n
i
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
6.
F
i
gu
re
6. The
w
hol
e s
y
ste
m
ci
rc
uit
de
si
g
n
usi
n
g P
r
ot
eus
soft
wa
re
si
mul
a
t
i
o
n
De
lph
i
pr
og
ra
m
to
ok
th
e
ro
le
as
th
e
u
s
er
in
te
rf
a
c
e
to
d
e
t
e
r
m
in
e
th
e tim
in
g
o
f
m
i
cr
o
c
on
tr
o
l
l
e
r
ac
ti
vat
i
n
g
t
o
d
r
ive
m
o
t
o
r. Mot
o
r was
to
be
act
i
v
at
ed
base
d o
n
t
h
e
A
D
C
dat
a
re
cei
ve
d by
L
D
R
.
T
w
o
L
D
R
sens
ors
we
re i
n
st
al
l
e
d
t
o
d
e
te
ct
t
h
e hi
g
h
es
t
sol
a
r int
e
nsi
t
y. M
o
t
o
r w
a
s st
oppe
d once
t
h
e
o
p
t
i
m
i
z
e
d
sola
r
i
n
te
nsi
t
y
wa
s
fo
u
n
d
.
P
r
ot
e
u
s
si
mul
a
te
d
t
h
e
fu
nc
ti
o
n
of hard
wa
re c
o
mp
on
e
n
ts suc
h
as mi
cro
c
o
n
tr
oll
e
r,
sens
ors
,
mot
o
r
dri
v
er,
a
n
d DC
mot
o
r
.
3
.
R
E
S
U
LTS A
ND D
I
SC
U
SSI
ON
3.1. Pr
ogr
am
settin
g
Ex
pe
ri
me
nt h
a
s bee
n
do
ne
b
y
c
o
n
n
ec
ti
n
g
a
l
l c
o
mp
o
n
ent
s
of
Fi
g
u
re
1
.
S
o
la
r
Pane
l
Ti
me Cha
n
ger
w
a
s
u
s
ed
to set-
up
th
e Se
tt
ing
an
d
ad
ju
st th
e p
o
r
t
i
n
t
o
Pro
lif
ic
US
B TTL
Se
r
i
a
l
Por
t
, as
se
en
in
Figu
r
e
7,
con
n
ec
t
i
n
g
t
h
e
De
l
phi
a
p
pl
ic
at
i
on
t
o
t
h
e
m
i
c
r
oc
ont
rol
l
e
r.
A
f
t
e
r t
h
e
c
o
n
n
ect
i
on of al
l
c
o
mpo
n
e
n
ts
has
be
e
n
succe
e
d
ed
, a
c
t
i
va
ti
ng t
h
e
Se
tt
i
ng ma
de
t
h
e pr
ogra
m
w
o
rk
t
o
moni
t
o
r t
h
e
cu
rre
n
t
,
v
o
l
t
a
ge
a
n
d
po
we
r
gene
rat
e
d
b
y
t
h
e s
o
l
a
r
panel
.
Base
d
on t
h
e
cho
s
en t
i
m
e
i
n
te
rval
,
the
sy
st
em mo
d
u
l c
h
an
ge
d t
h
e
p
o
s
i
t
ion
ac
cordi
n
g t
o
t
h
e
sola
r
int
e
n
s
i
t
y
ca
ptu
r
ed
b
y
t
h
e
L
D
R
se
nsor
s.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J Po
w El
ec
&
Dr
i
S
y
st
IS
SN:
208
8-8
6
9
4
Com
p
u
t
e
r
-
base
d
s
o
l
a
r
t
r
ac
ki
ng
syst
em
f
o
r
PV e
n
e
r
gy
yi
el
d i
m
pr
ove
m
ent
(Rini
N
u
r
H
a
s
a
n
a
h
)
7
47
Fi
g
u
re
7
.
Se
t-up
s
e
t
ting
3
.
2
.
Mo
t
o
r pow
e
r
c
o
n
s
ump
t
io
n
Mot
o
r t
o
ac
t
u
a
t
e t
h
e t
r
a
c
k
i
n
g s
y
st
e
m
ha
s
been
te
ste
d
by
o
p
era
t
in
g i
t
i
n
no
-l
oa
d a
nd
u
n
de
r l
o
a
d
con
d
i
t
i
on
s. S
o
l
a
r
pa
ne
l
has b
e
en use
d
as mot
o
r loa
d
. The
re
s
u
lt
s
of
m
o
tor
l
o
adi
n
g
ex
p
e
ri
me
nt a
r
e
gi
ven
i
n
Tabl
e 1.
Ta
ble
1.
T
h
e
p
o
we
r usa
g
e
by
mot
o
r
V
a
ria
b
le N
o
-loa
d
condit
i
on
L
o
adi
n
g
conditio
n
Pow
e
r
(
w
a
tt)
2.
4
-
5.
4
4-
9
Curr
e
n
t (am
p
er
e)
0.
2
-
0.
3
0.
23-
0.
75
Volt
age
(volt)
1
2
-
1
8
12-
19
A
s
i
ndi
ca
te
d
by
Ta
bl
e
1, t
h
e
po
w
e
r c
o
n
s
u
m
ed
b
y
m
o
tor
was
re
l
a
t
i
ve
l
y
s
m
al
l
,
a
s
mot
o
r
wa
s
not
t
h
e mai
n
act
uat
o
r. It
has
be
e
n
use
d
onl
y i
n
t
h
e
h
y
d
r
a
u
l
i
c
flui
d
pu
mp
o
f
t
h
e
a
c
t
u
at
or.
3.3. Tr
ac
ki
n
g
ex
p
e
r
i
me
nt
The
st
at
i
c
co
n
d
i
t
ion
of sola
r pan
e
l
was
fa
c
i
ng
n
o
rt
h
w
a
r
d
s
a
t
a
n
a
n
g
l
e
of
a
bout
3
0
°.
The t
r
ac
kin
g
con
d
i
t
i
on
ha
s
been
st
a
r
t
e
d
w
i
t
h
i
n
it
i
a
l
posi
t
i
on
of
fac
i
ng
e
a
st
war
d
s.
The
tracki
n
g e
x
pe
ri
me
nt
has
bee
n
d
one
by
co
nsi
d
e
r
i
n
g
three
di
ffere
nt
p
o
si
ti
ons
o
f
t
h
e
sola
r pa
ne
l;
fa
ci
ng
so
ut
h
w
ar
ds,
fa
ci
n
g
n
o
rt
hwa
r
ds, a
n
d d
u
ri
ng
t
h
e
trac
ki
n
g
from
e
a
st
t
o
we
s
t
di
re
ct
io
n.
Th
e
p
o
w
e
r
ge
ner
a
t
e
d
by
t
h
e
sol
a
r
panel
is
gi
v
e
n i
n
Ta
bl
e
2.
T
h
e
dat
a
have
bee
n
ta
ke
n
i
n
Ba
nt
ur vi
ll
age
,
Ma
la
n
g
re
ge
nc
y of E
a
st Ja
va
p
r
o
v
i
n
c
e
, wit
h
t
h
e
e
a
rth
c
o
ordi
n
a
t
e
s o
f
8°
18
’29
.
7”
N
112
°3
4
’
4
1
.
0
”E.
The
te
mpe
r
at
u
r
e
durin
g t
h
e e
xpe
ri
me
nt w
a
s
arou
n
d
2
4
° -
33°C
.
The
al
ti
t
ude
of
th
e
lo
c
a
ti
on
w
a
s 36
0m a
b
o
v
e
sea
le
v
e
l.
Tabl
e
2. T
h
e
p
o
we
r
ge
nera
te
d
b
y
s
o
l
a
r
pa
ne
l
Ti
m
e
Pow
e
r
gene
ra
ted by
sta
tic
solar
p
an
e
l
Pow
e
r
g
e
ner
a
ted by
tra
c
ke
d solar
p
an
e
l
Ti
m
e
Po
wer
gene
ra
te
d b
y
sta
tic
sola
r
p
ane
l
Po
wer
gene
ra
te
d b
y
tr
ac
ked sola
r
p
ane
l
09:52:
59
53.
77
47.
43
13:30:
09
57.
9
50.
78
10:10:
38
40.
21
50.
48
13:40:
46
53.
72
56.
62
10:20:
01
56.
94
50.
18
13:50:
35
57.
56
57.
58
10:30:
03
60.
66
50.
48
14:00:
44
53.
72
40.
44
10:41:
23
20.
68
29.
96
14:10:
36
49.
59
45.
24
10:50:
02
43.
43
76.
84
14:20:
44
41.
2
37.
02
10:57:
47
23.
02
78.
15
14:31:
54
33.
3
36.
81
11:11:
23
53.
77
82.
72
14:40:
56
29.
23
36.
4
11:14:
48
53.
17
64.
34
14:51:
32
25.
09
36.
6
11:51:
06
79.
8
81.
34
15:01:
14
13.
97
32.
17
12:12:
17
66.
8
78.
15
15:11:
41
14.
06
31.
43
12:15:
37
62.
87
73.
62
15:21:
07
14.
06
19.
65
12:30:
51
24.
93
71.
14
15:31:
40
13.
88
31.
62
12:40:
36
62.
87
66.
8
15:41:
48
10.
34
27.
5
12:52:
11
62.
87
63.
24
15:51:
29
6.
8
15.
44
13:01:
47
62.
87
67.
58
15:59:
20
3.
33
3.
75
13:10:
26
62.
5
70.
73
15:59:
21
3.
33
3.
75
13:21:
36
62.
13
66.
02
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN
: 2
088
-86
94
I
n
t J
P
o
w
El
ec
&
D
r
i S
y
st
,
V
o
l
.
11,
N
o
.
2,
J
u
ne
20
2
0
:
74
3 –
75
1
74
8
Ta
b
l
e
2
sh
ows t
h
at po
we
r g
e
n
e
ra
ted
by
so
l
a
r
p
a
n
e
ls
i
n
stati
c
c
o
n
d
iti
on
wa
s
goo
d
en
ou
gh
,
an
d
al
s
o
in
d
i
c
a
t
ed
th
a
t
th
e
so
lar
p
a
n
e
l
w
a
s in
goo
d
po
siti
o
n
t
o
re
c
e
ive
th
e co
ming
su
n
lig
h
t
. H
o
w
e
v
e
r, th
e tr
ac
k
e
d
so
l
a
r
pa
nel
re
s
u
lt
ed i
n
hi
g
h
er
ge
ner
a
t
e
d po
w
e
r
,
a
s
i
n
t
h
is c
o
ndi
ti
o
n
the
s
o
l
a
r
pan
e
l
s
r
ece
i
v
e
l
o
n
g
er
su
nl
ig
ht
.
3.
4.
C
o
mp
ari
s
on
o
f
s
t
a
t
ic
p
a
ne
l
and
tr
ac
k
e
d
p
a
n
e
l
The
gra
p
hic
a
l
re
sul
t
s
of
ge
ne
r
a
t
e
d
po
we
r
un
der t
h
e st
at
i
c
p
a
ne
l c
o
ndi
t
i
on f
a
c
i
n
g
s
out
hwa
r
ds
,
fac
i
n
g
no
rt
h
w
a
r
ds
, a
n
d usi
n
g
t
h
e tr
ac
k
e
d
s
o
l
a
r
pane
l
,
a
r
e
gi
ve
n
i
n
F
i
gu
r
e
8.
Usi
n
g
t
h
e
tr
ac
ki
n
g
s
y
ste
m
,
t
h
e
gene
r
a
t
e
d p
o
we
r
c
oul
d be i
n
cr
ease
d
or
o
p
ti
miz
e
d.
This opt
i
m
i
z
a
t
io
n
wo
ul
d
r
e
s
u
l
t
i
n
mo
re ge
ner
a
t
e
d pow
e
r
per da
y.
The
o
p
ti
mi
zat
i
on
pe
rce
n
ta
g
e
c
o
uld be f
o
u
n
d
o
u
t
usi
n
g
(1
)
.
%
10
0%
(1
)
Fi
gu
re
8.
Com
p
ar
is
on
be
t
w
ee
n
sta
t
ic
pa
ne
l
a
n
d
tr
ac
ke
d
pa
ne
l
re
su
l
t
s
Usi
n
g (
1
), t
h
e r
e
sul
t
e
d
o
p
t
i
mi
za
ti
on of
t
h
e
ge
ner
a
t
e
d po
we
r
is give
n
i
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
1
1
.
Fi
gu
re
9.
G
r
a
p
hic
a
l
r
e
s
u
lt
s of
t
h
e ge
ne
r
a
t
e
d
pow
e
r
o
p
ti
miz
a
t
i
on
As s
how
n
i
n
F
i
gu
re
9
,
at
09:
00:
00 a
n
d 1
0
:
1
0:0
0
t
h
e
r
e we
r
e
no
p
o
we
r o
p
t
i
mi
za
t
i
on bec
a
u
se a
t
t
h
o
s
e
mome
nt
s
t
h
e
sol
a
r
pa
ne
ls t
r
ac
kin
g
w
oul
d f
ace
e
a
st
war
d
s
b
u
t
not
be
c
o
m
p
le
te
l
y
i
l
l
u
m
i
n
at
ed
bec
a
u
se o
f
th
e
w
a
ll
sh
adow
on
t
h
e
te
sting
si
te
.
In
th
e
af
te
rnoo
n
t
h
e
sol
a
r
p
a
n
e
ls woul
d
fa
c
e
no
r
t
h
w
a
r
d
s
an
d
sta
r
ted
no
t
ge
tt
i
ng su
nl
ig
h
t
, maki
ng t
h
e po
we
r
va
l
u
e
d
r
o
p
p
e
d
.
H
o
we
ver
,
un
de
r
t
h
e
t
r
ac
kin
g
p
o
si
t
i
on t
h
e pa
nel
st
il
l
got
sunl
i
ght
,
so
t
h
e
o
p
ti
mi
zed
val
u
e
was q
u
i
t
e
la
rge
.
To
fi
nd
out
t
h
e
p
r
o
d
u
c
e
d
ene
r
gy pe
r
d
a
y, t
h
e
o
b
ta
ine
d
po
w
e
r
val
u
e s
h
oul
d
be m
u
lt
i
p
li
e
d
b
y
the
ti
me
du
ri
n
g
w
h
i
c
h t
h
e
s
o
l
a
r
pa
ne
l
wa
s w
o
r
k
i
n
g.
U
nde
r
t
h
e
t
r
a
c
ki
n
g
po
si
ti
on,
t
h
e
val
u
e
mu
st
be
re
duc
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
en
e
r
gy
c
o
n
s
ume
d
by
t
h
e
mo
t
o
r a
nd
micr
o
c
on
tr
o
lle
r. Th
e t
o
ta
l g
e
ne
r
a
t
e
d
e
n
e
r
g
y
p
e
r
d
a
y
h
a
s b
e
e
n
a
p
p
r
oxima
te
d usi
n
g
t
h
e R
i
e
m
a
n
n
su
m me
tho
d
,
gi
vi
n
g
t
h
e o
p
t
i
mi
zed
gene
rat
e
d
e
n
e
r
gy
per
da
y [
2
7-
3
0
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t
J
P
o
w
Elec
& Dri
Sy
st
I
SSN
: 208
8-8
6
9
4
C
o
m
put
er
-
bas
ed
s
o
lar
t
r
ack
i
ng
syst
em
for
PV e
n
e
r
gy
y
i
el
d i
m
pr
ove
m
ent
(Ri
n
i
N
u
r
H
a
s
a
n
a
h
)
7
49
The
i
m
pl
ement
a
t
i
on o
f
t
h
e R
i
e
m
a
n
n
s
u
m me
tho
d
o
n
t
h
e
g
r
a
phi
ca
l re
sult
s o
f
ge
ner
a
t
e
d
po
wer
usi
n
g th
e
s
t
at
i
c
pa
nel
a
nd t
h
at
usi
n
g
t
h
e tr
ac
k
e
d pane
l a
r
e gi
ven
in
Fi
g
u
re
1
0
a
n
d
1
1
c
o
nse
c
ut
i
v
el
y.
F
i
gu
r
e
1
0
.
R
i
e
m
an
n
s
u
m
met
h
o
d
o
n
the
ge
n
e
rat
e
d p
o
we
r
u
s
i
ng t
h
e st
at
i
c
panel
Fi
g
u
r
e
11
.
Ri
e
m
ann
su
m
me
t
h
od
on
t
h
e
g
e
ner
a
te
d
po
w
e
r usin
g th
e
tra
c
k
e
d
p
a
n
e
l
A
s
se
en
in F
i
gu
r
e
10
an
d 11
, th
e
li
n
e
a
r
reg
r
ess
i
o
n
mad
e
the
po
w
e
r
v
a
lu
e
s
lo
ok
more
st
a
b
l
e
w
i
t
h
n
o
dr
ast
i
c
,
b
u
t
g
r
adua
l
dr
o
p
or
i
n
cr
ea
se
o
f
p
o
w
er
. T
h
e st
ep
-
b
y
-
ste
p
c
a
l
c
ul
at
i
on r
e
sul
t
s
o
f
the
dai
l
y
p
r
oduc
e
d
e
n
er
g
y
is sh
o
w
n
in
Tabl
e 3.
B
a
sed
o
n
Ta
b
l
e 3, c
o
m
p
a
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
tot
a
l
ge
n
e
ra
te
d
e
n
e
r
g
y
usi
n
g
t
h
e st
a
t
i
c
pa
nel
an
d
th
e
tra
c
k
e
d
p
a
n
e
l
r
e
su
lte
d
i
n
th
e op
tim
iz
ati
o
n
a
s
mu
c
h
as
16
.5
1%
.
Tabl
e
3. T
o
ta
l
ene
r
g
y
ge
ne
ra
t
e
d by
the
pa
ne
l
T
i
m
e
U
s
ing sta
tic
pa
nel
U
s
ing t
r
a
c
ke
d
pa
nel
09.00
–
10.
00
15.
99
51.
08
10.00
–
11.
00
57.
26
78.
15
11.00
–
12.
00
68.
77
81.
34
12.00
–
13.
00
70.
73
81.
34
13.00
–
14.
00
62.
5
57.
58
14.00
–
15.
00
53.
4
36.
99
15.00
–
16.
00
20.
88
17.
58
T
o
tal
352.
86
W-
da
y
4
24.
05
W-da
y
4
.
C
O
NC
LU
SION
Th
e
u
s
e of
a
co
mp
u
t
e
r
-b
as
e
d
t
r
a
c
k
i
n
g sy
st
em
mad
e
th
e
o
b
s
er
v
a
tion of
th
e po
w
e
r prod
uce
d
b
y
so
l
a
r
pa
nel
s
a
nd
t
h
e
da
ta
st
ori
ng e
a
si
er.
The
use
of a
l
i
n
ea
r
a
c
t
u
at
o
r
as a
d
r
i
v
er
wa
s t
h
e
ri
g
h
t
ch
oi
ce
bec
a
u
se
o
f
th
e
sma
ll p
o
we
r u
s
ag
e
by
the
mo
tor
.
Th
e
mo
t
o
r
c
o
u
l
d be
c
o
n
t
ro
lle
d w
ith
an
A
t
meg
a
16
-con
tr
o
l
l
e
d H-
Br
idg
e
c
i
r
c
ui
t
,
a
n
d
a
t
i
me cha
nge
r s
o
l
a
r
pa
nel
p
r
o
g
ra
m as t
h
e m
a
st
er
mi
n
d
.
T
h
e pe
rf
or
ma
nce
of t
h
e t
r
a
c
k
i
n
g
syst
em
wa
s
q
u
i
t
e
g
o
od,
beca
use the
t
r
a
c
ki
n
g
s
y
st
em e
n
abl
e
d the
s
o
l
a
r
pa
nel
r
ece
i
v
e
sunl
i
ght l
o
n
g
e
r
t
h
a
n
w
h
e
n
it
was
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN
: 2
088
-8
6
94
Int
J
P
o
w
Ele
c
& D
r
i
S
y
st, V
o
l
.
1
1
,
N
o
.
2, Ju
ne
20
2
0
:
74
3
– 75
1
75
0
i
n
a
st
a
t
i
c
c
ondi
t
i
on.
When
u
s
i
ng
a
sin
g
l
e
-a
xi
s t
r
a
c
ki
ng
, t
h
e
r
e
w
a
s a
n
inc
r
ea
se i
n
ge
nera
t
e
d ene
r
gy c
o
mpa
r
e
d
t
o
st
at
ic
sol
a
r
p
a
ne
l, me
a
n
i
n
g
an
opt
i
m
i
z
at
io
n
of sol
a
r
po
w
e
r
prod
uc
ti
o
n
.
RE
FERE
NC
E
S
[1]
K
i
rari
J.
K
.
,
et a
l
, “
S
u
p
p
o
r
t
i
ng In
d
o
n
e
si
a
’
s
ren
e
wa
b
l
e e
n
e
r
g
y
de
v
e
lo
pm
e
n
t
in
re
m
o
te
a
n
d
ru
ra
l a
r
e
a
s
t
h
r
ough
inn
ovativ
e
fun
d
i
ng,
”
Ind
o
n
e
sia
Develop
men
t
Fo
ru
m
2
0
1
8
. Jakar
t
a,
p
p
.
10-1
1
J
u
l 20
18
.
[2]
P
w
C Ind
ones
i
a
P
o
wer Indu
stry Survey–A
PLSI,
“
Al
te
rna
t
in
g
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
s
: In
do
ne
sian
p
o
we
r in
du
st
ry
surv
e
y
20
18
,”
Ju
ly
20
18
–
2
n
d
ed
it
io
n. Ja
kart
a: P
T
Price
w
a
t
e
r
ho
u
s
e
Coo
p
e
r
s Ind
one
sia
.
2
0
1
8
.
[3]
K
i
ta
ev
a M
.
V
.
,
et
al
, “S
o
l
ar t
r
ack
e
r
,”
Sib
e
ri
an J
o
u
r
n
a
l
of Sc
ie
nc
e
,
vol
.
3,
no. 4,
2
0
1
2
.
[4]
Sm
i
r
no
v A.
A,
et a
l
, “D
esigning
in
tegr
ated
P
V
fa
cili
ty w
i
th
d
u
a
l
-a
xi
s so
la
r t
r
ac
kin
g
syste
m
m
o
u
n
t
e
d
on th
e sou
t
h
b
u
ilding
fac
e
,
”
I
E
EE Conferen
ce
s
, Ch
ely
a
bin
s
k
:
S
o
uth U
r
al S
t
ate
U
n
iversity
, Ru
s
s
ian
Fed
e
r
a
tion
,
pp
. 1
-
4
,
201
7
.
[5]
S
h
a
r
ma V
.
, Tay
a
l V.K,
“H
ard
w
are imp
l
e
m
en
tati
on
of su
n track
in
g so
lar p
a
ne
l u
s
ing
8
0
5
1
-micro
con
t
ro
ller,
”
20
1
7
6t
h
Int
e
rn
a
t
i
onal
Co
nf
e
r
e
n
c
e
o
n
Re
lia
b
ilit
y,
Inf
o
c
o
m Te
c
h
n
o
lo
gi
e
s
an
d
O
p
ti
mi
zat
i
o
n
(
T
re
n
d
s a
n
d
F
u
t
u
re
D
i
recti
o
ns
) (IC
RITO)
, p
p
.
48
3
–486
,
2
0
1
7
.
[6]
N
a
nda
L.
,
D
a
sg
upta
A
.
,
Rou
t
U.K
.
,
“S
mart
s
o
lar
tr
acking
sy
stem
fo
r
op
ti
m
a
l
po
wer
g
e
n
e
r
a
tion
,”
2
0
17 3
r
d
In
tern
atio
na
l Co
nfer
enc
e
o
n
Co
mp
utation
a
l
Inte
llig
en
ce
&
Co
mmu
nication
T
ech
n
o
log
y
(CICT
)
,
pp
. 1
–
5
,
20
17
.
[7]
D
a
s S
., S
a
dh
u
P
.,
Pa
l N
.
,
Mu
kh
erje
e S
,
“S
in
gle
axis
a
u
tom
a
t
i
c so
l
a
r
t
r
a
c
k
ing sy
ste
m
usin
g
m
i
c
r
oc
ontro
lle
r,
Ind
o
n
e
s
ia
n J
o
urna
l
o
f
E
l
e
c
t
r
ic
a
l
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g an
d
Co
mpu
t
e
r
Sci
e
n
c
e
,
v
o
. 12
,
n
o
.
12,
pp.
80
28
-80
32,
20
14.
[8]
Hasanah R.
N.,
Put
r
i S.
I.,
Suyono H,
“Opt
i
m
i
z
ati
o
n of
sun-t
r
acker positioni
ng usi
n
g
takagi-su
g
eno
fuzzy-logic
method
,”
App
l
ie
d
Mech
an
ics
an
d M
a
teria
l
s
,
vol. 7
8
5
,
p
p
. 2
3
1
-
235,
2
0
1
5
.
[9]
Whava
l
e
S
,
D
h
aval
ik
ar
M
.
,
“A
rev
i
ew of
ad
ap
tive
so
lar
tr
acki
n
g
fo
r
p
e
rform
a
n
ce
enhan
c
e
m
en
t o
f
s
o
lar
po
wer
p
l
ant
,
”
Pro
c
e
e
d
i
n
g
s
of th
e 20
18
IEEE
Int
e
rn
ation
a
l Con
f
er
en
ce on
Sm
ar
t
City a
n
d
Em
e
r
ging
T
echn
o
lo
g
y
(ICSCET)
,
Mu
mba
,
Indi
a, p
p
.
1-8
,
20
18.
[10]
Sha
r
m
a
A, Va
idya
V,
Jam
u
n
a
K.
,
“
D
e
s
i
gn o
f
a
n
a
u
t
o
ma
tic
sol
a
r t
r
a
c
k
in
g
c
ontro
l
l
er: So
la
r t
r
ac
ki
ng c
o
n
t
rolle
r,”
Proceed
in
gs
of
th
e 20
17
I
E
E
E
In
tern
atio
na
l C
o
nfer
enc
e
o
n
P
o
wer
an
d Embe
d
d
ed
Dr
ive
Co
n
t
r
o
l (ICPEDC)
,
Che
n
n
a
i,
Indi
a
,
p
p
.
50
5-
51
0
,
201
7.
[11]
Mo
ha
i
m
in AH,
et a
l
, “
D
e
s
ig
n
a
n
d
fa
b
r
ic
at
io
n of
si
ng
le
-a
xi
s
a
n
d
du
a
l
-a
x
i
s
so
la
r
tra
c
k
in
g sy
st
e
m
s, “
Proceed
in
gs
o
f
the
2
0
1
8
IE
EE S
t
uden
t
Co
nferen
ce
on
Res
e
arch
an
d Deve
lo
pm
e
n
t (
SCO
R
eD), Se
l
a
ng
or, M
a
lays
ia,
p
p
.
1-4
,
20
18
.
[12]
S
a
la
m
a
HA
E,
Taha
ATM
,
“P
rac
t
ic
al imp
l
em
enta
tion of
du
a
l
ax
is
so
lar po
wer
tr
ac
king sy
stem
,”
Pr
oceed
in
gs
of
th
e
2
018
IEEE
T
w
entie
t
h In
ter
natio
na
l
M
i
d
d
le
East Pow
e
r
Sys
t
ems
Co
nfer
ence
(M
EPCO
N)
,
Ca
iro
,
E
gyp
t,
pp
.
4
4
6
-4
51,
2
018
.
[13]
M
u
s
t
afa F
I
,
et a
l
, “Dir
ec
t
and
in
direc
t
s
e
n
s
ing
t
w
o
-
axis so
lar
tr
a
c
king
sys
t
em,”
Pr
oceed
in
gs o
f
th
e
2
0
1
7
IEEE 8t
h
In
tern
atio
na
l R
e
newab
l
e
Ener
g
y
Co
ngr
ess
(IREC
)
,
Am
ma
n, Jord
an,
pp.
1-4
,
2
0
1
7
.
[14]
S
a
njaya J
,
et a
l
,
“Implementation of sol
a
r tr
ack
in
g s
y
s
t
em to
max
i
m
i
z
e
en
erg
y
abso
rptio
n
in
w
i
reless
sens
or
ne
t
w
ork
,
”
Pr
oc
eeding
s
of th
e
20
18
10
th
In
tern
atio
na
l Co
n
f
er
ence
on
Infor
m
a
t
ion T
echno
lo
g
y
and
E
l
ec
tr
ica
l
Engine
er
in
g (IC
IT
EE)
,
pp.
5
7
7
-580
,
2
0
18.
[15]
Zhang
Q
-
X.,
Y
u
H-Y., Zhang
Q-Y.,
Zha
ng Z
-
Y.
Sha
o
C-H.,
Ya
ng
D, “
A
sola
r a
u
t
o
ma
t
i
c t
r
ac
ki
ng sy
st
e
m
t
h
a
t
g
e
nera
tes
po
wer
fo
r ligh
ting
gr
ee
nh
ou
ses
,
”
En
erg
i
es
,
vo
l.
8,
pp.
7
3
6
7
-
738
0,
20
15
.
[16]
Sa
la
so
vi
c
h
J.
,
et al
,
“
F
e
a
s
ib
ill
it
y
st
ud
y of ec
on
om
ic
s
a
n
d
pe
rfo
rm
a
n
ce
p
hoto
v
o
l
t
a
ic
s.
NREL,”
T
P
-7
A4
0-5
8
4
8
0
,
2
013
.
[17]
J
a
li
l S
M
,
et al
, “D
esig
n of m
a
x
i
mum po
wer po
int
tr
acking
fo
r
s
o
lar col
l
e
c
tor d
r
y
i
ng
sys
t
em:
A
n
exp
e
riment
al
s
t
u
dy,
”
Inte
rn
at
io
na
l
J
o
urna
l o
f
P
o
we
r
El
e
c
tr
on
ics
an
d D
r
iv
e Sys
t
ems
(IJPEDS
)
,
vo
l.
9
,
no
. 4
,
pp
.
1
799
-18
0
3
,
20
18
.
[18]
A
bdu
lrazz
aq
A
A
, A
l
i A
H
.,
“
E
f
f
icien
c
y
perfo
r
m
ances
o
f
two
M
P
P
T
algo
rithms
fo
r
P
V
sys
t
em
with
diff
eren
t so
lar
pa
n
e
l
s
irra
dia
n
ce
s,
”
Internation
a
l Journal
of
P
o
w
e
r
Ele
c
t
r
o
nics
an
d
D
r
i
v
e S
y
ste
m
s
(
I
J
PE
D
S
)
,
vo
l.
9
,
no.
4, pp.
17
5
5
-1
76
4,
20
18.
[19]
A
r
if
EM
H,
et
a
l
,
“An eff
i
c
i
ent
micro
c
o
n
troller-
bas
e
d su
n track
er
co
n
t
rol
fo
r s
o
lar
cell s
y
s
t
e
m
s,”
In
ter
natio
na
l
J
o
u
r
na
l o
f
Ele
ctri
c
a
l
an
d
Co
mp
ut
e
r
E
ngi
ne
e
r
in
g
(IJ
E
C
E
)
,
v
o
l
.
9, no
.
4,
P
a
rt
I
,
pp
.
2
7
4
3
-
27
50
,
2
0
19.
[20]
Y
ogan
a
nd
in
i AP
, An
itha
GS
, “A
cost
eff
e
c
t
iv
e c
o
mp
uta
tiona
l d
e
sign
o
f
max
i
mu
m
po
wer
poin
t
tr
acking
fo
r
ph
oto
-
v
o
ltaic
ce
ll,”
Inter
n
a
t
ion
a
l Jour
na
l
o
f
Ele
c
tri
c
al and
Com
p
u
t
er
En
gin
e
ering
(I
JECE)
,
v
o
l. 9, no.
2
,
pp
. 85
1-8
60,
2
019
.
[21]
Ka
sse
m
A,
H
a
ma
d M.,
“
A
mi
c
r
o
c
on
tro
lle
r-b
a
s
ed
m
u
lt
i-fu
nct
i
o
n
so
la
r t
r
ac
ki
ng sy
ste
m
,”
Pr
oceed
in
gs of
the
201
1
I
E
E
E
I
n
te
rn
ationa
l
S
y
ste
m
s
C
o
nf
e
r
e
n
ce
, Mon
t
re
a
l
, QC,
Ca
n
a
d
a
,
pp
.
13
-16,
2
0
11.
[22]
Lokes
h
A,
et
a
l
, “
S
ol
a
r
Trac
k
i
n
g
Sy
st
e
m
usin
g
Mic
r
o
c
on
trol
le
r,
”
P
r
o
c
eed
in
gs
of
th
e 2
0
1
8
In
tern
atio
na
l Co
nf
e
r
enc
e
o
n
In
ven
tiv
e
Res
e
ar
ch in
Co
mputing A
ppli
c
a
t
ions
(ICIR
CA)
,
pp.
1
0
94
-1
09
8,
20
18.
[23]
Stj
e
p
a
no
vi
ć
A,
et
al
, “Mi
c
ro
co
ntro
ll
er
b
a
sed
so
lar
tr
ack
ing
s
y
s
t
em
,”
Pr
oc
eeding
s
of
the
20
09
IEE
E
9
t
h
Int
e
rnati
o
nal C
o
nference
on
Tel
e
co
mmunication
in Modern Sat
e
llit
e, Ca
ble, and
Broadc
ast
i
ng Servi
c
e
s
,
Nis,
S
e
rbia,
p
p
.
51
8-
52
1, 20
09
.
[24]
Morón C,
et a
l
,
“
N
e
w
p
r
ot
ot
ype
of
ph
ot
ov
o
lta
ic
s
o
la
r
t
r
a
c
k
e
r
ba
sed
o
n
a
r
d
u
i
n
o
,
”
Ene
r
gi
e
s
,
vo
l.
1
0
, n
o
.
9
,
p
p
.
12
98
,
2
017
.
[25]
Zuhal ER,
M
a
r
a
ng
ozo
g
lu
, S.
, “N
ew
d
e
sign f
o
r solar
p
a
nel
track
ing
s
y
stem
b
a
sed
on
so
la
r
calcul
a
tion
s
,
”
Proceed
in
gs
of
th
e 20
18
IEEE
61s
t
Inter
n
a
t
io
na
l
Midwest S
y
m
p
o
s
ium
on
Cir
c
uits
an
d S
y
stem
s
(
MWSCA
S
)
.
Wind
so
r, O
N
,
C
a
n
a
da
,
pp
.
10
42
-1
04
5,
20
18
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J Po
w El
ec
&
Dr
i
S
y
st
IS
SN:
208
8-8
6
9
4
Com
p
u
t
e
r
-
base
d
s
o
l
a
r
t
r
ac
ki
ng
syst
em
f
o
r
PV e
n
e
r
gy
yi
el
d i
m
pr
ove
m
ent
(Rini
N
u
r
H
a
s
a
n
a
h
)
7
51
[26]
X
i
ng
Z.,
“Res
ea
rch
and
d
e
sign
of con
t
ro
l sy
ste
m
o
f
th
e
s
o
la
r p
a
nel
tr
acking
,
”
P
r
o
c
e
e
d
in
gs o
f
t
h
e
20
16 IEEE
Ad
v
a
nce
d
In
fo
r
m
at
io
n
Ma
na
ge
me
n
t
,
Co
mmu
n
ic
at
e
s
,
E
l
e
c
t
ron
i
c
a
n
d
A
u
t
o
ma
tion
Co
nt
ro
l C
o
n
f
e
r
e
n
ce
(IMCEC)
,
X
i
’an,
Ch
ina
,
pp
.
13
84
-138
8
,
20
16.
[27]
M
a
saro
va R,
Ku
rn
ato
v
a J
.
,
“G
en
eralized
Rieman
n integr
al
in
the
a
n
aly
s
is o
f
dy
n
a
mic s
y
s
t
ems
,
”
Pr
ocee
eding
s
o
f
the
20
12
15
th
I
n
ter
n
a
tio
na
l Co
n
f
er
e
n
c
e
o
n
Inte
ra
c
t
iv
e
Colla
b
o
r
ativ
e L
e
ar
ning
(
I
CL
)
.
Vill
ac
h,
Au
st
ria
,
p
p
.
1-3
,
2
012
.
[28]
S
u
C
-
L,
C
h
en
C
-
J
,
L
e
e C
-
C
.
,
“F
ast
Ev
a
l
u
a
t
i
on
M
e
th
ods
f
o
r
V
o
l
t
a
ge
S
a
gs
in
S
h
i
p
E
l
e
c
tr
i
c
a
l
Po
wer
S
y
s
t
ems,
”
IEEE
T
r
a
n
s
a
ctio
ns on
Ind
u
stry Ap
plica
t
io
ns
, v
o
l
.
4
9
, n
o
.
1
,
pp.
2
3
3
-2
41, 20
13
.
[29]
Etien
e
T
,
Jö
ns
so
n D
,
Ro
pin
s
k
i
T, S
c
h
e
id
egger
C,
Co
mba JLD,
Nonato LG
, K
i
r
b
y
RM
,
Ynn
e
rm
an A
,
S
i
lva
C
T
,
“V
erifying
Vo
lu
me
R
e
nder
i
ng
Us
in
g D
i
s
c
retiz
a
tio
n
Error
A
n
a
l
ysis,
”
IEEE
T
r
a
n
s
a
ctio
ns on
Visu
aliza
t
ion
an
d
Computer
Gr
aphic
s
, v
o
l
.
2
0
,
n
o
.
1,
pp
.
14
0-1
5
4
,
20
14
.
[30]
Li
u W,
T
a
ra
si
uk T,
Su C-L
,
Gorn
ia
k
M,
Sa
vag
h
e
b
i M,
Va
squ
e
z
JC,
Gue
rre
ro
JM.
,
“
A
n
E
v
a
l
ua
t
i
o
n
Met
h
o
d
fo
r
V
o
ltage D
i
ps
in a S
h
ipb
o
ard
M
i
cro
g
rid Un
de
r Qu
as
i-Ba
l
a
nce
d
an
d
Un
bal
a
n
ced
Voltage Co
ndit
ions,”
IEEE
T
r
a
n
s
a
ctio
ns on
Ind
u
strial
Elec
t
r
o
n
i
cs
,
vo
l.
66
,
n
o
.
1
0
,
pp
.
76
83
-
7
6
93,
20
19
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.