Internati
o
nal
Journal of P
o
wer Elect
roni
cs an
d
Drive
S
y
ste
m
(I
JPE
D
S)
V
o
l.
4, N
o
. 3
,
Sep
t
em
b
e
r
2014
, pp
. 40
0
~
40
5
I
S
SN
: 208
8-8
6
9
4
4
00
Jo
urn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
: h
ttp
://iaesjo
u
r
na
l.com/
o
n
lin
e/ind
e
x.ph
p
/
IJPEDS
Indirect Control of a Doubly-F
ed Induction Machine for Wind
Energy Conversi
on
Sma
il
Mansouri, Ali Bena
tilla
h
Departem
ent
of renewabl
e energ
y
and
h
y
dro
carb
on, Adrar
Un
ive
r
sit
y
, Alg
e
ri
a
Article Info
A
B
STRAC
T
Article histo
r
y:
Received
Mar 10, 2014
Rev
i
sed
Ap
r 5, 20
14
Accepted Apr 25, 2014
In this paper
,
a g
r
id connected wind
power generation scheme usin
g a doub
ly
fed indu
ction g
e
nerator
(DFIG) is studi
ed.
Th
e
aim
s
of this
pap
e
r ar
e:
The
modelling
and simulation of
the
operating
in
two
quadran
ts (torq
u
e-speed) of
a DF
IG, the ana
l
ys
is
em
plo
y
s
a s
t
ator fl
ux v
e
ctor
control
algorith
m
to control
rotor curr
ent,
th
e
s
y
s
t
em
en
ables
optim
al s
p
ee
d tr
acking
for m
a
xi
m
u
m
energ
y
captur
e
from
the wind and hig
h
perform
ance
act
ive and re
ac
t
i
ve power
regulation using
the PI regu
lato
r. Th
e
sim
u
lation
cal
cul
a
tions we
re a
c
hiev
e
d
using MATLAB
®
-SIMULINK
®
package
.
L
a
s
t
l
y
, th
e obta
i
ned
res
u
lts
are
presented
,
for
differen
t
oper
a
t
i
ng
points, illu
strating the
go
od
contro
l
perform
ances
of
the s
y
s
t
em
Keyword:
FIDM
PI regu
lator
Vector c
ontrol
W
i
nd
turb
in
e
Copyright ©
201
4 Institut
e
o
f
Ad
vanced
Engin
eer
ing and S
c
i
e
nce.
All rights re
se
rve
d
.
Co
rresp
ond
i
ng
Autho
r
:
Sm
ai
l
M
a
nsou
r
i
Depa
rt
em
ent
of Hy
dr
oca
r
b
o
n
and
R
e
ne
wa
bl
e Ene
r
gy
,
Laboratory E
n
ergy, Environm
ent
and Inform
ation System
LEES
I,
Uni
v
ersity Ahmed Draia, Street 11
Decem
ber 1960, Adra
r(01000), Alge
ria
Em
a
il: man
s
ouri@un
iv-ad
r
ar.d
z
1.
INTRODUCTION
In
orde
r to m
eet power
nee
d
s, ta
king int
o
acco
unt ec
onom
ica
l
and e
n
vi
ronm
ental factors,
wind
ener
gy
co
n
v
ers
i
on i
s
gra
d
ual
l
y
gai
n
i
n
g i
n
t
e
r
e
st
as a
suita
ble source
of re
newable e
n
e
r
gy. The electrom
a
gneti
c
con
v
e
r
si
o
n
i
s
usu
a
l
l
y
achi
e
v
e
d by
i
n
duct
i
o
n
m
achi
n
es or
sy
nch
r
o
n
ous
and
perm
anent
m
a
gnet
ge
ner
a
t
o
rs.
Squirrel ca
ge i
n
duction
gene
rators a
r
e
widel
y
use
d
b
ecause of their lowe
r c
o
st,
reliability, construction a
nd
si
m
p
licit
y o
f
main
ten
a
n
ce
[2
]. Bu
t
when
it is d
i
rectly co
nn
ected to
a
p
o
wer n
e
t
w
ork
,
wh
ich
im
p
o
ses th
e
fre
que
ncy
,
t
h
e
spee
d m
u
st
be set
t
o
a con
s
t
a
nt
val
u
e
by
a
mechanical de
vice on th
e
wind t
u
rbine
.
Then, for a
h
i
gh
v
a
lu
e
of
wind
sp
eed
,
t
h
e to
tality o
f
th
e th
eoretical power canno
t b
e
ex
tracted.
To
o
v
e
rco
m
e t
h
is prob
lem
,
a co
nv
erter,
which
m
u
st b
e
d
i
men
s
io
n
e
d
for th
e to
tality o
f
th
e power
excha
n
ged, can be place
d be
tween the stator and the ne
t
w
o
r
k
.
I
n
or
der
t
o
enabl
e
vari
abl
e
spee
d ope
rat
i
o
n
s
wi
t
h
a l
o
we
r r
a
t
e
d p
o
w
er c
o
nve
rt
er,
d
o
ubl
y
-fed i
n
duct
i
o
n m
achi
n
e (
D
F
I
M
)
ca
n be
us
ed as s
h
ow
n
o
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
.
Th
e stato
r
is d
i
rectly conn
ected
to
t
h
e
g
r
i
d
and
th
e ro
tor i
s
fed
b
y
a m
a
trix
conv
erter.
In this pa
pe
r,
the cont
rol of
electrical power ex
c
h
an
ge
d bet
w
ee
n t
h
e st
at
or o
f
t
h
e DF
IM
and t
h
e
po
we
r net
w
o
r
k by
c
o
nt
rol
l
i
ng i
nde
pe
n
d
en
t
l
y
t
h
e t
o
rq
ue
(co
n
se
que
nt
l
y
t
h
e act
i
v
e p
o
w
er
) an
d t
h
e r
eact
i
v
e
po
we
r i
s
prese
n
t
e
d.
Se
veral
i
nve
st
i
g
at
i
ons
h
a
ve
been
de
vel
ope
d i
n
t
h
i
s
di
r
ect
i
on
usi
n
g cl
assi
cal
pr
o
p
o
r
t
i
onal
-
in
teg
r
al regu
lato
r [2
]. In
ou
r case, after mo
d
e
lling
th
e DFIM and
choosin
g
th
e ap
prop
riate d-q
referen
c
e
fram
e
, act
i
v
e and
react
i
v
e
po
wers a
r
e c
ont
r
o
l
l
e
d
usi
n
g res
p
ect
i
v
el
y
Int
e
g
r
al
-P
ro
p
o
rt
i
o
na
l
(PI
)
bas
e
d
o
n
pol
e
placem
ent the
o
ry. Their
pe
rform
a
nces
are com
p
ared in term
s of re
fere
nce trac
king, se
nsitivity to
pert
ur
bat
i
o
n
s
a
n
d
r
o
bust
n
ess
agai
nst
m
achi
n
e'
s param
e
t
e
rs vari
at
i
o
ns.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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4
In
di
rect
C
o
nt
r
o
l
of
a
D
o
u
b
l
y
-
F
ed
In
d
u
ct
i
o
n
Mac
h
i
n
e f
o
r W
i
nd
Ener
gy C
o
nversi
o
n
(
S
m
a
i
l
Ma
nso
u
ri
)
40
1
Fi
gu
re
1.
D
o
ub
l
y
fed i
n
d
u
ct
i
o
n
gene
rat
o
r
(D
FIG
)
2.
R
E
SEARC
H M
ETHOD
2
.
1
.
Turbine
Modeling
The p
o
w
er ca
p
aci
t
y
of bei
ng
pr
o
duce
d
by
a wi
n
d
t
u
r
b
i
n
e P
t
is depe
ndent on the powe
r coefficient C
p
It
i
s
gi
ven
by
:
.
.
(1)
Th
e t
u
rb
in
e t
o
rq
u
e
is th
e ratio of th
e ou
tpu
t
po
wer t
o
th
e sh
aft sp
eed
:
Ω
(2)
Power
co
effici
en
t it is g
i
v
e
n
b
y
:
e
x
p
(3)
Wi
t
h
:
C1
=0.517
9, c2=1
16
, c3
=0
.4
,
c4
=, c5
=2
1, c6=0
.0
058
called
th
e tip
sp
eed ration
:
.
The si
m
p
l
i
f
i
e
d
rep
r
ese
n
t
a
t
i
on
i
n
t
h
e
f
o
rm
of
di
ag
ram
bl
ocks
i
s
gi
ven
i
n
Fi
g
u
re
2
.
Fi
gu
re
2.
De
vi
ce
cont
rol
wi
t
h
c
o
nt
r
o
l
spee
d
2.
2.
The DFIM Modeling
Th
e classical electrical eq
u
a
ti
o
n
s
of t
h
e
DFIG in th
e
Park
fram
e are written
as fo
llo
ws:
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
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:
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94
I
J
PED
S
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l.
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,
No
.
3
,
Sep
t
em
b
e
r
2
014
:
40
0 – 405
40
2
,
(4)
The
stator flux can be
e
x
press
e
d
as:
.
(5
)
The rot
o
r
flux can be
e
x
press
e
d
as:
(6
)
The active
and
reactive
powe
rs at the stat
or a
r
e
define
d a
s
:
(7
)
The active
and
reactive
powe
rs at the
rot
o
r are de
fine
d as:
(8
)
The electrom
a
gnetic torque
is expre
ssed as:
(9)
W
i
t
h
P is th
e nu
m
b
er of
p
a
ir
p
o
l
es.
2.3. Contr
ô
le Indirect
Le princi
pe
de cette m
é
thode c
o
nsiste à
ne
pas m
e
suré
e (ou estim
er) l’am
plitude de flux m
a
is
seu
l
em
en
t sa po
sitio
n, l’idée
est p
r
op
osé
p
a
r Hasse.
2.
3.
1.
1. Ac
ti
ve
an
d Reac
ti
ve
Pow
er
S
t
ra
te
g
y
of
C
o
n
t
rol
Whe
n
t
h
e
DFI
M
i
s
connect
e
d
t
o
an e
x
i
s
t
i
ng net
w
o
r
k
,
t
h
i
s
con
n
ect
i
o
n m
u
st
be done i
n
t
h
ree st
e
p
s
.
Th
e
first step
i
s
th
e
regu
lation
o
f
t
h
e stator
v
o
ltag
e
s
w
i
t
h
t
h
e net
w
or
k v
o
l
t
a
ges
as refe
re
nce. The
seco
n
d
st
e
p
is th
e stato
r
co
n
n
ection
to
th
i
s
n
e
twork
.
As
th
e v
o
lta
ge
s of
t
h
e t
w
o devi
c
e
s are sy
nch
r
o
n
i
zed, t
h
i
s
co
n
n
ect
i
o
n
can
b
e
do
n
e
wi
th
ou
t p
r
ob
lem
.
On
ce t
h
is conn
ectio
n
is ach
i
ev
ed, th
e th
i
r
d
step
, is th
e transit p
o
w
er regu
latio
n
bet
w
ee
n t
h
e
st
at
or a
n
d t
h
e
ne
t
w
o
r
k
.
Fi
gu
re
3.
P
o
we
r
cont
rol
bet
w
ee
n t
h
e
st
at
or
a
n
d
net
w
o
r
k
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
PED
S
I
S
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:
208
8-8
6
9
4
In
di
rect
C
o
nt
r
o
l
of
a
D
o
u
b
l
y
-
F
ed
In
d
u
ct
i
o
n
Mac
h
i
n
e f
o
r W
i
nd
Ener
gy C
o
nversi
o
n
(
S
m
a
i
l
Ma
nso
u
ri
)
40
3
Stato
r
cou
r
an
t
an
d ro
tor co
uran
t can b
e
rewri
tten
as fo
llowi
n
g
:
(10)
Stato
r
po
wer an
d ro
tor co
uran
t can b
e
rewri
tten
as fo
llowi
n
g
:
(11)
Stato
r
vo
ltag
e
s and
ro
t
o
r cou
r
an
t can b
e
rewritten
as fo
llowin
g
:
(12)
Kn
o
w
i
n
g t
h
e
r
e
l
a
t
i
ons
prece
d
e
nt
, i
t
i
s
p
o
ssi
b
l
e t
o
desi
g
n
t
h
e
re
gul
at
o
r
s.
T
h
e gl
obal
bl
o
c
k
-
di
ag
ram
of
t
h
e co
nt
r
o
l
l
e
d
sy
st
em
i
s
depi
c
t
ed o
n
Fi
g
u
re
4
.
Fi
gu
re
4.
B
l
oc
k
di
ag
ram
of D
F
IG
p
o
w
er
co
n
t
rol
3.
R
E
SU
LTS AN
D ANA
LY
SIS
Th
e
DFIM is
driv
en
at sp
eed
1
450
tr/m
in
o
f
v
acuu
m
at t = 1
s: lev
e
l
of
activ
e power
(Pr
e
f
f
r
o
m
0
to
-
150
0W
).
at t = 2
s
: lev
e
l
of activ
e
po
we
r (
P
re
f
fr
om
-1
50
0 t
o
-1
0
0
0
0
W
)
.
For reactive
power:
Th
e
setpo
i
n
t
of
th
e
r
eactiv
e po
wer is
v
a
r
i
ed
f
r
o
m
-
8000
V
A
R
to -500
0 VA
R al
on
g sim
u
lat
i
o
n
Figure
5(a
)
re
prese
n
ts the
ac
tive powe
r a
n
d the Figure
5(b)
represe
n
ts the reactiv
e
power
of the stat
or, the
Fig
u
re
5
(
c) is
q
u
a
dratic in
the liv
e and
fi
x
e
d
sp
eed
ro
to
r cu
rren
ts i
n
terp
retatio
n
of sim
u
latio
n
resu
lts.
We no
te
a good continuation
of active
and reacti
v
e
power of the stator that is either
fixed or varia
b
le speed (see Figure
5(a
,
b).
i
t
i
s
o
b
s
erve
d t
h
e st
at
i
c
err
o
r i
s
ze
ro
.
The c
u
r
r
e
n
t
s
o
f
t
h
e
rot
o
r
ha
ve
fast
er
dy
nam
i
cs.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
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:
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-86
94
I
J
PED
S
Vo
l.
4
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
t
em
b
e
r
2
014
:
40
0 – 405
40
4
(a)
(b
)
(c)
Fi
gu
re
5.
R
e
fer
e
nce t
r
ac
ki
n
g
4.
CO
NCL
USI
O
N
In
t
h
i
s
pa
per
,
we
ha
ve
prese
n
t
e
d
a sy
st
em
to
pr
o
duce
El
ec
t
r
i
cal
ener
gy
w
i
t
h
a
do
u
b
l
y
-fe
d i
n
d
u
ct
i
o
n
mach
in
e b
y
the way of a
win
d
t
u
rb
in
e. The stu
d
i
ed
d
e
v
i
ce is co
nstitu
ted
of a
DFIM
with
th
e stat
o
r
d
i
rectly
connected to the grid a
n
d the
ro
tor co
nn
ected to
th
e grid b
y
t
h
e
w
a
y of
an
AC-
A
C con
v
e
r
t
er
.
Th
e co
n
t
ro
l
o
f
th
e m
ach
in
e in
v
e
rter
h
a
s
been
p
r
esen
ted
first in
o
r
d
e
r to
regu
late th
e activ
e and
react
i
v
e po
we
r
s
exc
h
a
nge
d be
t
w
een t
h
e m
achine a
n
d the
grid.
The m
e
thod
of control is
bas
e
d
on t
h
e calc
u
lated ac
tive a
n
d reactive
powers
fr
om
the rot
o
r c
u
rre
n
ts
measurem
ents
(indirect control). T
h
e im
pa
ct on the ac
tive an
d
reactiv
e p
o
wers
v
a
lu
es is i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
for PI
cont
rol
l
e
r
A
r
o
bust
n
ess t
e
st
h
a
s al
so
bee
n
i
n
vest
i
g
at
ed
w
h
e
r
e t
h
e m
achi
n
e
’
s
param
e
t
e
rs have
bee
n
m
odi
fi
ed
.
Th
ese ch
an
g
e
s
in
du
ce tim
e-resp
on
se v
a
riation
s
with
PI con
t
ro
ller.
The PT controller is
m
o
re efficient when the speed
i
s
sud
d
enl
y
cha
nge
d
(whi
c
h
ha
ppe
ns fre
q
u
ent
l
y
i
n
wi
nd
ene
r
gy
co
nve
rsi
o
n
sy
st
em
s) an
d i
s
m
o
re ro
bu
st
u
n
d
er
pa
ram
e
t
e
rs va
ri
at
i
ons
o
f
t
h
e
DFIM
.
ACKNOWLE
DGE
M
ENTS
I
wou
l
d
acknow
ledg
e G
T
FT for p
r
ov
id
ing
facilities
fo
r w
o
rk
also
I wo
u
l
d
ackn
o
w
l
edg
e
my
g
u
i
d
e
all th
o
s
e
wh
o help
ed
m
e
in
p
r
ep
ari
n
g p
a
p
e
r
d
i
rectly o
r
ind
i
rectly.
0
0.
5
1
1.
5
2
2.
5
3
3.
5
-2
-1
.
5
-1
-0
.
5
0
x 1
0
4
Te
m
p
s
[
s
]
Ps
[
k
w
]
0
0.
5
1
1.
5
2
2.
5
3
3.
5
-1
.
5
-1
.
4
-1
.
3
-1
.
2
-1
.
1
-1
x 1
0
4
Te
m
p
s
[
s
]
Ps
r
[
k
w
]
0
0.
5
1
1.
5
2
2.
5
3
3.
5
-1
0
1
2
3
4
x 1
0
4
Te
m
p
s
[
s
]
Qs
[
k
w
]
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
PED
S
I
S
SN
:
208
8-8
6
9
4
In
di
rect
C
o
nt
r
o
l
of
a
D
o
u
b
l
y
-
F
ed
In
d
u
ct
i
o
n
Mac
h
i
n
e f
o
r W
i
nd
Ener
gy C
o
nversi
o
n
(
S
m
a
i
l
Ma
nso
u
ri
)
40
5
REFERE
NC
ES
[1]
Alo vieira da
ras
a
AV. Fundamental
s of
ren
e
wab
l
e
energ
y
processes,
Elseu
i
er
Inc, second
Edition.
2009.
[2]
F Poitiers, M Machm
oum
, R Le Doeuff, ME Zaim
. Contro
l of a doubl
y
-fed ind
u
ction gen
e
rator
for wind ener
g
y
conversion s
y
stems
. Internationa
l Journal of Re
n
e
wable Energ
y
Engineering
. 20
01: 373–378.
[3]
D Sey
oum, C
Grantham. Ter
m
inal voltag
e
control of a win
d
turbine driv
en
isolated indu
ction generato
r using
stator or
iented f
i
eld
control.
I
E
EE transactions o
n
industrial Applications
.
2003: 8
46-852.
[4]
L Chang
.
S
y
s
t
èmes de conv
ersion de
l’én
ergie éolienn
e
. IEEE C
anadian Review, Summer.
2002: 1-5.
BIOGRAP
HI
ES
OF AUTH
ORS
Man
s
ou
ru
S
m
ail
obtained
Licen
cer
in electronic
1993 from unive
rsity
of oran
,
alg
e
ria, after
that,
Magister ‘Auto
m
atique’: Advanced d
y
namics
com
m
a
nd s
y
s
t
e
m
s
from
Bechar Univers
i
t
y
on
2012, Algeria.
He worked asse
candar
y
s
c
hooles from 1993 to 2012. Presently
he is working as
assistant professor on Departem
ent of H
y
d
r
o
car
bon and Renew
a
ble
Energ
y
, Adrar University
,
Alge
ria.
His a
r
ea
s of inte
re
st
ar
e m
e
tering S
y
s
t
em
s
,
P
o
wer S
y
s
t
ems, and Automation. He is
m
e
m
b
er of Laborator
y of En
erg
y
Environm
e
n
t and S
y
stem
Inform
ation (LEES
I). He ha
s
published 2 papers in Intern
ati
onal Journals
and presented
several p
a
pers
in nation
a
l and
intern
ation
a
l
Pr. Benatia
llah
Ali
received his gratuity
Degree in ph
y
s
ics En
gineer
ing in 199
0 from Tlemcen
University
in
Algeria. He
receiv
e
d his Master Degree in
energ
y
eng
i
n
eering
in 1994
fromTlemcenuniversity
in
Al
geria. And his Ph
D i
n
solar energ
y
in
the University
o
f
UST
Oran in
Algeria
.
His
re
s
earch
inter
e
s
t
s
are r
e
newab
l
e
energ
y
,
power
s
y
s
t
em
and
el
ectr
i
ca
l s
y
s
t
em
modeling and
op
timisation
contro
l and
di
agnostic besides
ren
e
wab
l
e energies.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.