Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of
P
ower E
le
ctr
on
i
cs a
n
d
Drive
S
ystem
(I
J
PE
D
S
)
Vo
l.
11
,
No.
3
,
Septem
be
r 2020
, pp.
1430
~
144
0
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8694
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ij
peds
.
v11.i
3
.
pp143
0
-
144
0
1430
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
pe
ds
.i
aescore.c
om
Perform
ance of t
hree
-
phase th
ree
-
wire
cas
caded H
-
bridge
multile
vel i
nvert
er
-
bas
ed shunt a
ctive p
ow
er filt
er
Musa
Yu
s
up L
ad
a
1
, Mo
hd Amr
an
M
oh
d
Radzi
2
, Jas
r
oni
ta Jasni
3
,
H
as
him
Hizam
4
,
Au
z
an
i
Jidin
5
,
Syah
r
ul Hish
am M
ohamad
6
1,5,6
Pow
er
El
e
ct
r
onic
&
Driv
e
L
a
bora
tory, Ce
n
te
r
for
Roboti
cs
and
Industrial
Auto
ma
ti
on
,
Facul
ty
of Electr
ic
a
l
Eng
ineeri
ng
,
Univer
si
ti T
ekn
ika
l
Mala
ysi
a
M
el
ak
a
(UT
eM),
Mala
ysia
2,3,4
Advanc
ed Li
ghtni
ng,
Pow
er
a
nd
Ene
rgy
Rese
a
rch
(ALPER)
Ce
ntre
,
Facu
lt
y
of
Engi
n
e
eri
ng,
Univer
siti
Putra M
al
aysia (UPM
),
Mal
aysia
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Ja
n
30
, 2
0
20
Re
vised
M
a
r
6
,
20
20
Accepte
d
A
pr
26
, 20
20
Multi
le
v
el
inv
er
te
r
(MLI)
b
ec
o
me
s
mo
re
signif
ic
an
t
in
Ac
ti
v
e
Pow
er
Filt
e
r
(AP
F)
appl
ication
due
to
ca
p
a
bil
it
y
to
it
s
pro
duce
low
har
m
onic
output
cur
ren
t
in
whi
ch
a
t
the
sam
e
time
im
prov
ing
p
erf
orma
n
ce
of
AP
F.
Among
the
topol
ogi
es
of
MLI,
Casc
a
ded
H
-
Bridge
(
CHB)
is
the
m
ost
popula
r
topol
ogy
with
l
e
ss
power
devi
ces
req
uire
m
ent
an
d
simpl
e
design
.
MLI
CHB
is
al
so
ca
p
able
t
o
produc
e
poss
i
ble
outpu
t
volta
ge
at
twice
of
th
e
numbe
r
of
DC
source
whic
h
in
thi
s
ca
se
of
AP
F
is
the
best
suite
d
topo
logy
to
rep
la
c
e
with
th
e
conv
entional
six
-
step
in
ver
te
r
.
Thi
s
pap
er
pre
sen
ts
th
e
p
erf
orma
n
ce
of
three
-
ph
ase
three
-
wire
CHB
MLI
used
in
Shunt
Act
ive
Pow
er
Filt
er
(SA
P
F)
base
d
o
n
Dire
c
t
Curr
ent
Control
(DCC)
and
Indir
ect
Cur
ren
t
Con
trol
(ICC)
sche
mes
.
Both
sch
e
me
s
are
d
ev
el
oped
and
ver
ified
in
MA
TL
AB/S
im
uli
nk.
The
simul
at
ion
result
s
sho
w
tha
t
both
cur
r
ent
cont
rol
al
gorit
h
ms
ar
e
ca
p
abl
e
to
m
it
igate
loa
d
cu
rre
nt
with
Total
Har
moni
c
Distorti
on
b
el
ow
tha
n
th
e
per
mi
ss
ibl
e
val
u
e
b
ase
d
on
IEEE
519
sta
ndar
d.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Acti
ve powe
r
f
il
te
r
Ca
scaded H
-
Br
idg
e
M
L
I
In
sta
ntane
ous
powe
r
the
ory
Self
-
tu
r
ning f
il
te
r
Total
h
a
rm
onic
d
ist
ort
ion
This
is an
open
acc
ess arti
cl
e
un
der
the
CC
BY
-
SA
l
ic
ense
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
M
usa
Yu
s
up L
ada,
Faculty
of Elec
tric
al
Engineer
ing
,
Un
i
ver
sit
i
Te
knikal
M
al
aysia
M
el
a
ka,
Hang T
ua
h
Ja
ya
, 76100
D
ur
ia
n
T
unggal
, Me
la
ka
,
Mal
aysia.
Emai
l:
mu
sa
yl
@u
te
m
.edu.
m
y
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
In
t
he
sta
te
of
pro
gr
es
sio
n
within
the
powe
r
el
ect
r
on
i
c
el
ements
w
it
hin
the
pow
er
syst
em,
app
li
cat
io
ns
of
no
n
-
li
nea
r
load
a
re
becomi
ng
more
a
nd
more
cr
uc
ia
l.
As
th
os
e
app
li
cat
io
ns
hav
e
expo
nen
ti
al
ly
i
ncr
ease
d,
this
ph
e
nome
non
will
gen
e
rate
a
powe
r
qual
it
y
issue
in
po
wer
sy
ste
m
ca
us
e
d
by
th
e
load
cu
rr
e
nt
th
at
dr
a
wing
no
n
-
si
nu
s
oi
dal
c
urren
t
f
orm.
T
he
powe
r
qual
it
y
disto
rtio
n
i
n
pow
e
r
s
ys
te
m
ca
n
cause
var
io
us
pro
blems
s
uch
as
high
-
powe
r
losses,
e
xtra
c
urren
t
flo
w
to
neu
t
ral
li
ne,
pr
oductio
n
of
he
at
and
impli
ci
t
hazar
dous
e
ff
ect
to
the
sensiti
ve
machine
[
1
-
6].
In
t
he
pa
st
de
cade,
passi
ve
powe
r
filt
ers
su
c
h
as
series
in
du
ct
a
nce,
s
hunt
ca
pacit
or
an
d
zi
gzag
thr
ee
-
phase
trans
f
orm
er
are
us
e
d
t
o
mit
igate
ha
rm
on
ic
distor
ti
on
at
po
wer
s
ys
te
m.
H
ow
e
ve
r,
th
os
e
filt
ers
cannot
work
e
ff
ic
ie
ntl
y
an
d
f
ur
t
herm
or
e
the
y
are
un
able
to
mit
igate
com
pl
et
el
y
low
f
re
qu
e
nc
y
harmo
nics
[7
-
9,
21
-
22].
He
nce,
A
ct
ive
P
ow
e
r
F
il
te
r
(APF)
ha
s
bee
n
introd
uced
to
mit
igate
low
a
nd
hi
gh
ha
rm
onic
s
dist
or
ti
on
in
the
powe
r
s
ys
te
m.
I
n
c
on
j
un
ct
io
n
t
o
that
,
A
P
F
can
al
s
o
be
use
d
for
reacti
ve
powe
r
c
ompe
ns
at
io
n,
l
oad
balancin
g,
vo
lt
age
regulat
ion
an
d
volt
age
f
li
cker
com
pensat
ion [
1,
3,
5,
6,
10,
24]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Perf
orma
nce
of
three
-
phas
e
three
-
wi
re c
as
c
ad
e
d
H
-
Brid
ge
mult
il
evel
inverte
r
…
(
Mu
sa Y
us
up
Lad
a
)
1431
M
ulti
le
vel
I
nv
erter
(
M
L
I)
ha
s
gaine
d
m
uc
h
intenti
on
i
n
hi
gh
powe
r
sy
st
em
ap
plica
ti
on
du
e
t
o
it
s
adv
a
ntage
s
s
uc
h
as
pro
du
ce
commo
n
m
ode
volt
age,
dr
a
w
low
disto
rtio
n
input
cu
rrent,
operate
in
lo
w
a
nd
high
s
witc
hing
f
reque
nc
y,
and
c
an
redu
ce
harmo
nic
distor
ti
on
us
in
g
sel
ect
ive
ha
rm
on
ic
el
imi
nation
te
chn
iq
ue.
As
the
tre
nd
of
inc
reasin
g
in
resea
rc
h
of
ren
e
wa
ble
e
ne
rgy
ap
plica
ti
on
s,
re
searc
hers
are
pro
gr
essi
vely
dev
el
op
i
ng
ne
w
to
polo
gies
a
nd
al
gorith
ms
i
n
desig
ning
MLI
in
w
hich
th
e
fruit
s
of
t
he
r
esearch
can
al
so
be
ap
plied
in
AP
F
by
rep
la
ci
ng
t
he
co
nventio
na
l
six
-
ste
p
th
re
e
-
phase
in
ve
rter
as
sho
wn
i
n
Figure
1(
a
).
T
he
a
dva
ntage
of
us
i
ng
M
L
I
co
mp
a
re
to
co
nventio
na
l
six
-
ste
p
i
nver
te
r
is
it
s
capabi
li
ty
to
pro
du
c
e
lo
w
harmo
nic
ou
t
put
cu
rr
e
nt
wh
ic
h
at
the
same
ti
me
imp
rovin
g
the
performa
nc
e
of
AP
F
[
5,
11
-
15].
Furthe
r
more,
M
L
I
can
produce
hi
gh
e
ff
ic
ie
ncy
f
or
f
unda
mental
fr
e
qu
ency,
is
capa
bl
e
to
work
un
der
high
switc
hing
fr
e
qu
e
nc
y,
a
nd
can
reduce
vo
lt
age
stresses
a
cro
ss
switc
hes,
wh
ic
h
ma
ke
i
t
to
eve
n
perform
in
me
diu
m
an
d
high
volt
age
a
pp
li
cat
io
n
[5,
11
-
13,
15].
T
he
re
a
re
th
ree
c
om
m
on
ty
pes
of
M
LI
namel
y
Ca
s
cade
d
H
-
Bridg
e
(CHB)
,
Ne
utra
l
Po
i
nt
Diode
Cl
amped
(
NPC
)
a
nd
Fl
ying
Ca
pacit
or
(
FC)
[
11,
12,
14,
15]
.
Among
the
m,
t
he
CHB
is
t
he
m
os
t
popula
r
du
e
to
it
s
ad
va
ntages
su
c
h
as
l
ess
power
dev
i
ces
re
quireme
nt,
Simple
des
ign
an
d
po
s
sible
to
pro
du
ce
outp
ut
vo
lt
age
le
vel
more
tha
n
twic
e
the
num
be
r
of
DC
source
.
Fi
gure
1(
b)
s
ho
ws
the
topolo
gy of C
HB
M
LI
in SA
PF.
V
a
V
b
V
c
L
a
p
f
N
o
n
-
l
i
n
e
a
r
L
o
a
d
S
i
x
S
t
e
p
I
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
C
d
c
I
s
a
I
l
a
I
a
p
f
a
I
s
b
I
s
c
I
l
b
I
l
c
I
a
p
f
b
I
a
p
f
c
S
1
S
3
S
5
S
6
S
2
S
4
V
a
V
b
V
c
L
a
p
f
N
o
n
-
l
i
n
e
a
r
L
o
a
d
C
a
s
c
a
d
e
d
H
-
B
r
i
d
g
e
M
u
l
t
i
l
e
v
e
l
I
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
C
d
c
1
a
I
s
a
I
l
a
I
a
p
f
a
I
s
b
I
s
c
I
l
b
I
l
c
I
a
p
f
b
I
a
p
f
c
S
1
1
a
S
1
3
a
S
1
2
a
S
1
4
a
C
d
c
2
a
S
2
1
a
S
2
3
a
S
2
2
a
C
d
c
1
b
C
d
c
2
b
C
d
c
1
c
C
d
c
2
c
S
2
4
a
S
1
1
b
S
1
3
b
S
1
2
b
S
1
4
b
S
1
1
c
S
1
3
c
S
1
2
c
S
1
4
c
S
2
1
b
S
2
3
b
S
2
2
b
S
2
4
b
S
2
1
c
S
2
3
c
S
2
2
c
S
2
4
c
(a)
(b)
Figure
1. (a
)
C
onve
ntion
al
six
-
ste
p
i
nv
e
rter
ba
sed SAP
F
(b) C
ascaded
H
-
bri
dg
e
Mult
il
evel I
nv
e
rter
base
d
SA
P
F
2.
CUR
RENT
C
ONTROL
AL
GORIT
HM
S
A
c
urre
nt
c
ontrol
al
gorith
m
is
us
ed
t
o
ge
ne
rate
s
witc
hing
sign
al
f
or
c
ontrolli
ng
t
urn
O
N
a
nd
O
F
F
switc
hing
de
vice.
It
can
be
gro
uped
into
tw
o
m
aj
or
c
on
tr
ol
scheme
s
nam
el
y
Di
rect
Cu
r
ren
t
C
ontrol
(
DCC
)
and
Indirect
Con
tr
ol
Cu
rr
e
nt
(I
CC
)
al
gor
it
hm
s.
T
he
D
CC
a
lg
or
it
hm
will
cal
c
ulate
the
c
urren
t
i
nject
ion
ref
e
ren
ce
of
A
PF
a
nd
c
ompa
re
with
the
act
ual
c
urre
nt
inj
ect
ion
of
APF
as
sta
te
d
in
E
quat
ion
1.
M
ea
nwhile
,
for
ICC
al
gorit
hm
the
sour
ce
current
ref
e
rence
needs
to
be
cal
culat
ed
firs
t
befor
e
c
ompa
rin
g
it
to
the
a
ct
ual
current
sou
rce
as
sta
te
d
in
Eq
uation
2.
In
te
rm
of
c
omplexit
y
of
t
he
al
gorith
m,
IC
C
is
m
or
e
de
s
irable
com
par
e
d
to
D
CC
.
ICC
us
es
le
ss
mathe
mati
cal
cal
culat
ion
an
d
pract
ic
al
ly
le
ss
numb
e
r
of
se
ns
ors
co
m
par
e
d
to D
CC
[
16
-
19
].
=
−
,
(1)
=
,
−
(2)
3.
RESEA
R
CH MET
HO
DOL
OGY
The
ef
fecti
ve
operati
on
of
cu
r
ren
t
co
ntr
ol
al
gorith
m
is
d
epe
nd
i
ng o
n
i
ns
ta
ntane
ous pow
e
r
t
heory
t
hat
us
e
d
in
this
si
mu
la
ti
on.
The
instanta
ne
ous
powe
r
the
ory
or
p
-
q
t
heory
was
i
ntr
oduce
d
by
A
ka
gi
in
1983
an
d
this
meth
od
use
s
al
ge
br
a
t
ransformati
on,
w
hi
ch
is
al
so
kn
own
as
Cl
ar
ke
t
ran
s
f
or
m
,
to
be
us
e
d
i
n
th
ree
-
phase
vo
lt
age
a
nd
c
urre
nt [
4,
9,
10,
12,
16]
. Th
is
t
heor
y
is
the
m
os
t p
opular
h
ar
monic
e
xtracti
on
al
gorithm,
w
hic
h
is
us
ua
l
ly u
se
d for thr
ee
-
ph
ase
thr
ee
-
wi
re SAP
F.
T
he
il
lustrati
on
of
t
his alg
ori
thm is s
how
n i
n
Fig
ur
e
2,
w
her
e
p
is
instanta
neou
s
total
e
nergy
flo
w
per
unit
of
ti
me
a
nd
q
is
ene
rgy
e
xc
ha
ng
e
d
bet
ween
the
phases
wi
thout
trans
ferrin
g
e
ne
rgy.
The
m
od
i
ficat
ion
of
fil
te
ring
for
t
he
instanta
neous
par
a
mete
r
is
done
by
r
eplaci
ng
t
he
c
onve
ntion
al
Lo
w
Pass
Fil
te
r
(L
PF)
or
Hi
gh
Pass
Fil
te
r
(
HP
F
)
with
a
ne
w
filt
erin
g
te
c
hn
i
qu
e
cal
le
d
a
s
Self
T
urnin
g
Fil
te
r
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
11
, N
o.
3
,
Se
ptembe
r
2020
:
143
0
–
144
0
1432
(S
TF
).
T
his
m
od
i
ficat
ion
wil
l
imp
rove
the
SA
P
F
t
o
w
ork
in
m
ore
dece
nt
wa
y
of
pe
rformi
ng
filt
erin
g
i
n
transient
or
ste
ady
sta
te
c
on
diti
on
of
t
he
sy
ste
m
[
17,
18,
20,
23,
25]
.
T
he
detai
le
d
pri
nci
ple
of
STF
is
descr
i
bed in
Figure
3.
Figure
2. I
ns
ta
ntane
ous
powe
r
the
ory
1
1
S
S
x
x
x
x
K
K
f
f
+
+
+
+
+
-
-
-
Figure
3. Self
t
ur
i
ng f
il
te
r
(
ST
F)
In
math
emat
ic
al
eq
uation,
ST
F
ca
n
be
el
a
borated
i
n
Eq
uations
3
a
nd
4,
w
her
e
x
α
an
d
x
β
are
th
e
in
pu
t
sign
al
s,
̅
̅
̅
a
nd
̅
̅
̅
are
t
he
outp
ut
filt
ering
sig
nal
s,
K
is
t
he
s
el
ect
ivit
y
par
am
et
er,
an
d
ω
f
is
t
he
f
unda
mental
pu
lsa
ti
on.
Sinc
e,
the
f
undam
e
ntal
f
reque
ncy is
50 H
z,
t
he
va
lue o
f
ω
f
is
se
t
to 1
00π rad
/s
ec
an
d
t
he
valu
e
of K
is
set
to
100
i
n
order
t
o
de
cre
ase
the
STF
se
le
ct
iv
it
y
proce
ss
by
mea
n
to
extract
the
fun
dame
ntal
com
pone
nt
from
t
he
vo
lt
a
ge
or
cu
rr
e
nt
s
ign
al
that
was
disto
rted
with
ou
t
phase
dela
y
a
nd
am
plit
ud
e
c
hangin
g.
This
is
because
the
sm
al
le
r
value
of
K wil
l i
ncr
ease
the
filt
er s
el
ect
ivit
y
in S
TF.
̅
̅
̅
=
1
[
(
−
̅
̅
̅
)
−
̅
̅
̅
]
(3)
̅
̅
̅
=
1
[
(
−
̅
̅
̅
)
+
̅
̅
̅
]
(4)
CHB
M
LI
S
A
PF
for
three
-
phase
t
hr
ee
wir
e
syst
em
us
es
six
DC
-
li
nk
c
a
pacit
or
s
.
DC
-
li
nk
ca
pacit
or
regulat
ion
with
PI
c
ontr
oller
is
us
ed
t
o
co
ntr
ol
each
of
DC
-
li
nk
capac
it
or
s
co
nnect
e
d
in
eac
h
of
H
-
Bri
dge
inv
e
rters.
T
he
values
of
K
p
a
nd
K
i
are
set
t
o
0.8
a
nd
8,
so
that
the
transi
ent
an
d
ste
ad
y
sta
te
vo
lt
age
dro
ps
in
each
of
capa
ci
tor
ca
n
be
c
ontr
olled
ab
ove
th
an
the
re
fer
e
nc
e
value
of
a
verage
DC
-
li
nk
volt
age.
T
he
eas
y
wa
y
to g
et
t
he
act
ua
l DC
-
li
nk ca
pa
ci
tor vo
l
ta
ge
is
by det
ermi
ning the
av
e
ra
ge v
oltage as
stat
ed
in
E
quat
ion 5
.
,
=
∑
,
=
6
(5)
3.1. M
od
ific
ati
on
of
dire
ct c
urrent
contr
ol a
lg
orit
hm
Figure 4
s
hows
the
m
odific
at
ion
of D
CC
al
gorith
m
f
or
CH
B
M
L
I
base
d
S
AP
F
.
T
he
l
oad curren
t
a
n
d
so
urce
volt
age
are
t
ran
s
f
or
me
d
i
nto
αβ
axis
as
sta
te
d
in
E
quat
ions
6
an
d
7
res
pecti
vel
y.
Since
the
syst
em
on
l
y
involves
thr
e
e
-
ph
a
se th
ree
-
wi
re syste
m,
the
zero se
que
nce
can
be neglect
ed.
V
α
β
I
α
β
S
T
F
P
I
V
s
I
L
q
V
d
c
,
a
v
e
S
T
F
I
α
β
*
I
a
p
f
*
I
a
p
f
P
W
M
V
d
c
,
r
e
f
+
-
p
+
+
+
-
C
a
r
r
i
e
r
S
i
g
n
a
l
P
d
c
Figure
4
.
Mo
dificat
ion
of D
C
C al
gorithm
fo
r
CHB
MLI
ba
sed
S
APF
[
]
=
[
1
−
1
/
2
−
1
/
2
0
√
3
/
2
−
√
3
/
2
]
[
]
(6)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Perf
orma
nce
of
three
-
phas
e
three
-
wi
re c
as
c
ad
e
d
H
-
Brid
ge
mult
il
evel
inverte
r
…
(
Mu
sa Y
us
up
Lad
a
)
1433
[
]
=
[
1
−
1
/
2
−
1
/
2
0
√
3
/
2
−
√
3
/
2
]
[
]
(7)
STF
is
use
d
to
filt
er
αβ
axis
for
c
urre
nt
a
nd
volt
age
to
sup
pr
ess
harmo
ni
c
co
mpo
nen
t
s
o
t
hat
on
l
y
fun
dame
ntal
c
ompone
nt
rem
ai
ns
f
or
c
omput
ing
instanta
ne
ou
s
real
powe
r
p
a
nd
i
ns
ta
nta
neous
r
eact
ive
powe
r
q
as
stat
ed
in
E
qu
at
io
ns 8
and
9.
=
+
(8)
=
−
(9)
Fr
om
E
quat
ions
8
a
nd
9,
the
ref
e
ren
ce
cu
rr
e
nt
αβ
can
be
c
al
culat
ed
as
st
at
ed
in
E
quat
ion
10
before
trans
formin
g
it
into
act
i
ve
filt
er c
urren
t
ref
e
r
ence as
stat
ed
i
n
E
quat
ion 1
1.
[
,
,
]
=
1
2
+
2
[
−
]
[
+
]
(10)
[
,
,
,
]
=
√
2
3
[
1
0
1
/
2
√
3
/
2
1
/
2
−
√
3
/
2
]
[
,
,
]
(11)
The
DCC al
go
rithm pr
oduces
error
c
urren
t a
s stat
ed
early i
n
Eq
uatio
n
1
a
nd
t
o
be
c
omp
ared
with the
carrier
sig
nal.
The
c
omparis
on
process
us
e
d
in
this
s
ys
te
m
is
SPWM
bipolar
te
ch
ni
qu
e
wh
ic
h
is
the
error
sign
al
w
il
l
be
com
par
e
d
with
f
our
dif
fer
e
nt
sig
nals
that
pro
duce
diff
e
re
nt
P
W
M
si
gn
a
l
to
c
reate
di
fferent
le
vels of
ou
t
put vo
lt
age
. T
he SPW
M
bi
po
la
r
sw
it
chi
ng tech
nique is s
how
n i
n
Fi
gure
5.
C
1
C
2
C
3
C
4
D
C
Q
!
Q
C
1
I
a
p
f
I
a
p
f
,
r
e
f
S
1
1
S
1
4
D
C
Q
!
Q
C
2
S
1
3
S
1
2
D
C
Q
!
Q
C
3
S
2
1
S
2
4
D
C
Q
!
Q
C
4
S
2
3
S
2
2
+
-
Figure
5. SP
W
M
bipolar
swit
chin
g
te
ch
ni
que
3.2. M
od
ific
ati
on
of Indirec
t
C
urre
nt C
ont
rol a
l
go
ri
th
m
Fig
ur
e
6
s
ho
ws
the
m
od
i
ficat
ion
of
ICC
al
gorith
m
f
or
CHB
M
LI
ba
sed
S
AP
F
.
M
ost
of
the
equ
at
io
ns
us
e
d
in
DCC
al
gor
it
hm
are
use
d
in
ICC
al
gorithm.
T
he
on
l
y
diff
e
re
nce
of
usi
ng
ICC
ov
e
r
DCC
al
gorithm
is
it
on
l
y
us
es
sin
gl
e
STF
f
or
filt
e
rin
g
αβ
volt
ag
e
co
mp
a
re
t
o
DCC
use
d
tw
o
STF
f
or
filt
eri
ng
αβ
vo
lt
age
and
cu
rr
e
nt. Othe
r
tha
n
that,
I
CC
us
e
d
c
urren
t
sourc
e f
or
e
rro
r
c
ompu
ti
ng a
s stat
e
d
in
(
1
)
.
V
α
β
I
α
β
S
T
F
P
I
V
s
I
L
I
α
β
*
I
S
*
+
-
p
&
q
+
+
V
d
c
,
a
v
e
V
d
c
,
r
e
f
I
s
P
W
M
+
-
C
a
r
r
i
e
r
S
i
g
n
a
l
P
d
c
Figure
6
.
Mo
dificat
ion
of I
CC
algorit
hm f
or
CHB M
LI
b
as
ed
S
APF
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
11
, N
o.
3
,
Se
ptembe
r
2020
:
143
0
–
144
0
1434
4.
SIMULATI
O
N RESULT
A
ND AN
ALYSIS
Simulat
io
n
model
for
both
al
gorithms
is
car
ried
out
us
i
ng
M
A
TLAB/Si
m
ulink
t
oo
ls.
B
ot
h
of
DC
C
and ICC sim
ul
at
ion
alg
ori
thm
s u
se
same
p
a
r
amet
ers
as
li
ste
d
in
Ta
ble 1.
Figure
7
sho
w
s
the
no
n
-
li
ne
ar
volt
age
a
nd
current
wh
ic
h
are
pro
duced
by
c
ombinati
on
of
t
hr
ee
-
ph
a
se
recti
fier
and
RL
l
oad
a
s
sta
te
d
ea
rly
in
Ta
ble
1.
Ba
s
ed
on
this
res
ul
t,
both
al
gorithms
pro
duce
s
imi
la
r
patte
rn
of
volt
age
a
nd
c
urre
nt
wa
ve
forms
du
e
to
us
e
o
f
same
value
of
non
-
li
near
lo
ad.
The
volt
ag
e
an
d
current
at
non
-
li
near
loa
d
al
s
o
remai
n
the sa
me
patte
r
n
befor
e
a
nd
a
fter
th
e
APF
is
c
onne
ct
to
the
s
ys
te
m.
T
he
resu
lt
s
pro
ve
that
the
AP
F
do
es
not
a
ff
ect
or
distu
r
b
t
he
performa
nce
of
volt
age
a
nd
c
urr
ent
at
t
he
non
-
li
nea
r
load w
hile su
dden
inject
io
n o
f
the
APF c
urr
ent to t
he
s
ys
te
m.
Table
1
.
Para
m
et
ers
of
SAPF
Para
m
eter
Valu
e
Vo
ltag
e so
u
rce
p
er
ph
ase
2
4
0
Vp 5
0
Hz
Sm
o
o
th
in
g
I
n
d
u
ct
o
r,
I
ap
f
2
m
H
Cap
acito
r
Link
,
C
dc
3
3
0
0
µF 4
0
0
V
Line Ind
u
cto
r,
I
l
2
m
H
Switch
in
g
f
requ
en
cy
2
5
kHz
No
n
-
lin
ear
lo
ad
Rectifier
+
2
0
Ω 50
m
H
(a)
(b)
Figure
7. N
on
-
li
near
loa
d
c
urr
ent and
volt
age
for
(a) DCC a
nd (b) ICC
al
gorith
ms
Figure
8
show
s
the
three
-
pha
se
source
c
urr
ent,
loa
d
cu
rr
e
nt
an
d
act
ive
f
il
te
r
cur
re
nt
f
or
both
DCC
and
ICC
al
go
r
it
hm
s.
T
he
wa
veform
sho
ws
the
c
onditi
on
f
or
bo
t
h
of
DC
C
an
d
ICC
al
gorith
ms
be
fore
an
d
after
c
onnecte
d
t
o
the
AP
F
.
The
cl
ea
r
detai
l
of
this
cha
ng
ing
c
onditi
on
s
how
n
i
n
Fi
gur
e
9,
wh
e
re
onl
y
s
how
the
s
ource
c
urr
ent,
loa
d
c
urre
nt,
act
ive
filt
er
cu
rrent
an
d
a
ct
ive
filt
er
volt
age
at
ph
a
se
A
f
or
both
DCC
an
d
ICC
al
gorith
m
s.
T
he
us
e
d
of
STF
in
t
his
si
mu
la
ti
on
prove
that
under
tr
ansient
c
onditi
on
w
hich
bet
w
een
in
transiti
on
befo
re
a
nd
a
fter
c
onnecte
d
t
o
t
he
A
PF,
imme
di
at
el
y
the
loa
d
current
bee
n
mit
igate
d
to
produce
d
le
ss
ha
rm
on
ic
s
in
li
ne
c
urre
nt.
Li
ne
c
urre
nt
sta
rt
to
cha
ng
e
int
o
t
he
s
inu
s
oid
al
wa
ve
form
after
th
e
A
P
F
connecte
d
to
t
he
s
ys
te
m.
Si
nc
e
the
sy
s
te
m
us
e
d
MLI,
t
he
act
ive
filt
er
vo
lt
age
shows
t
he
sta
ircase
sev
en
-
le
vel
vo
lt
age
for b
ot
h
al
go
rithm
D
CC
an
d ICC
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Perf
orma
nce
of
three
-
phas
e
three
-
wi
re c
as
c
ad
e
d
H
-
Brid
ge
mult
il
evel
inverte
r
…
(
Mu
sa Y
us
up
Lad
a
)
1435
(a)
(b)
Figure
8. Th
re
e phase s
ource
current,
loa
d
c
urren
t a
nd acti
ve fil
te
r
cu
rr
e
nt
f
or
(a)
DCC a
nd (b) ICC
al
gorithms
(a)
(b)
Figure
9. S
our
ce cu
rr
e
nt,
l
oa
d
c
urren
t,
acti
ve
f
il
te
r
c
urren
t
and act
ive
filt
er
vo
lt
age
at P
ha
se A f
or (
a
) D
CC
and (
b) I
CC
al
gorithms
The
total
harmo
nic
disto
rtion
loa
d
(T
H
D
)
c
urre
nt
s
pect
rums
at
phase
A
for
both
D
CC
an
d
ICC
al
gorithms
a
re
sh
ow
n
in
Fig
ur
e
10.
Since
bo
t
h
DCC
an
d
ICC
al
go
rit
hms
us
e
the
sa
me
value
of
non
-
li
near
load,
t
he
TH
D
s
of
loa
d
c
urre
nt
at
al
l
ph
ase
s
for
both
al
gorithms
produce
the
same
val
ue
of
T
HD,
w
hi
ch
is
23.89%
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
11
, N
o.
3
,
Se
ptembe
r
2020
:
143
0
–
144
0
1436
(a)
(b)
Figure
10. T
H
D
loa
d
c
urre
nt
sp
ect
r
um
s
at
phase
A for
(a)
DCC an
d (
b)
I
CC
algorit
hm
s
Both
DCC
a
nd
ICC
al
go
rith
ms
perform
w
el
l
in
re
duci
ng
the
TH
D
of
l
oad
c
urren
t
so
that
t
he
li
ne
current
can
pr
oduce
le
ss
perce
ntage
val
ue
of
TH
D
a
nd
at
the
sa
me
ti
me
com
ply
with
5%
of
T
HD
in
IEEE
519 St
an
dard.
Fig
ure
11 s
hows
the
T
HD li
ne
c
urren
t
sp
ec
trum
s
at p
hase
A
f
or
bo
t
h DCC
and I
CC
al
gorith
ms.
The
T
H
D
val
ue
of
li
ne
c
urre
nt
at
phase
A
f
or
DCC
al
gorit
hm
is
1.0
0%,
a
nd
mea
nwhile
for
ICC
al
gorithm
is
0.53%,
w
hich
i
s
le
ss
tha
n
DC
C
al
gorithm
.
T
he
s
ummar
y
of
TH
D
valu
es
f
or
loa
d
c
urren
t
an
d
li
ne
cu
rr
e
nt
are
li
ste
d
in
Ta
ble 2
.
Ba
sed
on
t
his
re
su
lt
,
ICC
al
gorithm
h
as
a g
oo
d
pe
rforma
nce
in
mit
igati
on
c
ompare
d
t
o
DC
C
al
gorithm.
In
t
erm
of
per
ce
nt
age
re
duct
ion,
DCC
al
gorith
m
mit
igate
s
95
.8
%
of
l
oad
c
urre
nt,
an
d
mea
nwhile
IC
C al
gorith
m
mit
igate
s 97.8
% of loa
d
c
urr
ent,
wh
ic
h
is
hi
gh
e
r
t
han D
CC
algorit
hm.
(a)
(b)
Figure
11. T
H
D
li
ne
c
urre
nt
sp
ect
r
um
s
at p
hase
A for
(a)
DCC an
d (
b)
I
CC
algorit
hm
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Perf
orma
nce
of
three
-
phas
e
three
-
wi
re c
as
c
ad
e
d
H
-
Brid
ge
mult
il
evel
inverte
r
…
(
Mu
sa Y
us
up
Lad
a
)
1437
Table
2.
T
H
Ds
of loa
d
a
nd li
ne
curre
nt for b
oth
al
gorithm
s
Ph
ase
DCC
alg
o
rithms
ICC alg
o
rithms
Load
(%)
Line
(%)
Load
(%)
Line
(%)
Ph
ase A
2
3
.89
1
.00
2
3
.89
0
.53
Ph
ase B
2
3
.89
1
.00
2
3
.89
0
.53
Ph
ase C
2
3
.89
1
.00
2
3
.89
0
.53
The
real
powe
r
s
at
s
ource
an
d
loa
d
a
re
s
how
n
i
n
Fi
gure
12
for
both
DCC
and
ICC
al
gori
thms.
T
he
res
ul
t
sh
ows
that,
rea
l
powe
r
l
oad
a
t
source
has
le
ss
ri
pp
le
pe
rce
ntage
as
c
omp
ared
to
loa
d
a
f
te
r
the
A
PFs
st
art
to
perform
in
the
syst
em.
This
conditi
on
al
s
o
ha
ppe
ns
t
o
t
he
reacti
ve
powe
r
at
sourc
e
a
nd
loa
d
for
both
DCC
and ICC al
gorithms,
as s
how
n i
n
Fi
gure
13.
(a)
(b)
Figure
12. Rea
l powe
rs
at
s
ou
rce a
nd loa
d
f
or (
a
) DCC
a
nd
(b) ICC
alg
or
it
hm
s
(a)
(b)
Figure
13. Rea
ct
ive pow
e
rs
at
sour
ce
and
l
oa
d for
(a)
DCC
and (
b) I
CC
al
gorithms
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
11
, N
o.
3
,
Se
ptembe
r
2020
:
143
0
–
144
0
1438
Figure
14
s
ho
ws
the
DC
li
nk
capaci
t
or
vo
l
ta
ges
f
or
eac
h
of
ca
pacit
ors
c
onnected
t
o
th
e
CHB
M
L
I.
The
PI
c
ontr
oller
will
ma
ke
su
re
that
eac
h
of
DC
-
li
nk
vol
ta
ges
are
c
on
st
antly
at
400V
and
this
will
ensur
e
that
the
CHB
M
L
I
w
ork
a
s
AP
F
by
injec
ti
ng
the
AP
F
cu
rr
e
nt
to
s
ys
te
m
.
I
f
the
DC
li
nk
vo
lt
age
s
dr
op
belo
w
than 4
00V
t
he C
HB MLI
w
il
l n
ot wo
rk as
A
PF.
(a)
(b)
Figure
14: DC
li
nk
ca
pacit
or
vo
lt
age
at P
has
e A
,
P
hase B a
nd P
hase C
f
or
(a)
DCC a
nd (b) ICC
alg
ori
th
ms
5.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
Ba
sed
on
t
he
s
imulat
ion
res
ul
t,
both
al
gorit
hms
hav
e
perfor
med
well
i
n
m
it
igati
ng
the
lo
ad
c
urre
nt
so
that
T
HD
of
li
ne
c
urre
nt
reduces
belo
w
tha
n
pe
rmis
sible
value
of
IEEE
519
Stand
a
r
d,
wh
ic
h
is
5%.
M
odific
at
io
n
of
ICC
a
nd
DC
C
al
gorithms
by
rep
la
ci
ng
t
he
c
onve
ntio
nal
l
ow
pa
ss
filt
er
with
S
TF
s
ho
ws
t
hat
the
li
ne
c
urre
nt
wa
vefo
rm
i
n
eac
h
ph
ase
mana
ged
to
i
mmediate
ly
imp
rove
i
n
tra
ns
ie
nt
a
nd
ste
ad
sta
te
conditi
on,
w
he
re
the
li
ne
cu
rrent
do
es
no
t
ta
ke
l
ong
t
o
bec
om
e
purel
y
si
nuso
i
dal
c
urren
t
an
d
t
he
wa
veform
in
const
antly
at
t
he
sa
me
am
plit
ud
e.
T
he
key
adv
a
ntage
of
I
CC
al
gorithm
with
le
ss
cal
c
ul
at
ion
in
vo
l
ve
d
has
made
le
ss
T
H
D of
li
ne
c
urre
nt is
ob
ta
ine
d o
ver DCC al
gor
it
hm
.
ACKN
OWLE
DGE
MENTS
The
aut
hors
w
ou
l
d
li
ke
to
e
xpress
their
si
ncer
e
gr
at
it
ud
e
to
the
M
ini
s
try
of
Ed
ucati
on
M
al
aysia,
UPM,
ALP
ER
UPM
and
UTe
M
for
the
te
ch
nical
and
fina
ncial
suppo
rt
of
this
re
search
.
T
he
res
earch
was
fun
de
d
b
y
Un
i
ver
sit
i P
utr
a M
al
a
ys
ia
un
de
r
P
UTRA
Gra
nt (9
656100)
REFERE
NCE
S
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L
i,
M.
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,
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Xu,
X.
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“R
epetit
iv
e
cont
rol
im
pl
ementation
with
fr
e
quenc
y
ad
apt
iv
e
al
gorit
h
m
for
sh
unt
a
ctive
power
filter
,
”
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EE
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Pow
er
Elec
tron.
Mot
ion
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ee,
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i
,
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prov
ed
p
erf
orma
nc
e
of
singl
e
-
phase
shunt
active
power
filter
by
using
conse
r
vat
iv
e
power
th
eor
y
and
mod
el
pre
di
ct
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ve
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”
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Int.
Powe
r
Elec
tron.
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ive
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yst
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Technol
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Al
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Gaht
ani
a
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M.
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ms,
“A
New
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Sensorl
ess
C
ontrol
M
et
hod
f
or
a
Shunt
Acti
v
e
Pow
er
Filt
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f
or
Unbala
nc
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dit
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2019
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EE
Int
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Conf.
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vi
ron.
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le
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tr.
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e
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nh
art
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f
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a
dapt
iv
e
resona
n
c
e
fre
quen
cy
tr
acking
for
digital
notc
h
-
fi
lt
er
-
b
ase
d
ac
t
ive
d
am
ping
in
LCL
-
f
il
t
er
-
ba
sed
active
powe
r
fil
t
ers,
”
2017
19th
Eur.
Con
f.
Powe
r
Elec
tron.
Appl
.
E
PE
201
7
ECCE
Eur.
,
vol
.
2017
-
Janua
ry
,
p
p.
P1
–
P10,
2017
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Perf
orma
nce
of
three
-
phas
e
three
-
wi
re c
as
c
ad
e
d
H
-
Brid
ge
mult
il
evel
inverte
r
…
(
Mu
sa Y
us
up
Lad
a
)
1439
[5]
Y.
Hoon,
M.
A.
M.
Rad
zi,
M.
K.
Hass
an,
and
N.
F
.
Mailah,
“A
simpl
e
neutral
-
po
int
volt
ag
e
dev
ia
t
io
n
mi
nimization
method
for
thr
ee
-
level
inv
erter
-
base
d
shunt
active
p
ower
fil
t
er,”
Int
.
J.
S
imul.
S
yst.
S
c
i.
Te
ch
nol
.
,
vol
.
17,
no
.
41
,
pp
.
3
3.
1
-
33.
6
,
2017
.
[6]
Y.
Hoon,
M.
A
.
M.
Rad
zi
,
M.
K.
Hass
an,
and
N.
F.
Mailah,
“N
eutral
-
poin
t
vo
lt
ag
e
deviati
on
cont
ro
l
for
thr
ee
-
l
evel
inve
rt
er
-
base
d
s
hunt
active
power
filter
wi
th
fuz
zy
-
base
d
dwe
ll
t
im
e
al
lo
cation,”
IET
Powe
r
E
le
c
t
r
on.
,
vol
.
10,
no.
4,
pp
.
429
–
441
,
2016.
[7]
M.
Büyük,
A.
T
an,
M.
Inc
i
,
and
M.
Tü
ma
y,
“A
n
otc
h
filter
base
d
ac
t
ive
dam
p
ing
of
llcl
fi
lt
er
in
sh
unt
a
ctive
power
fil
ter,”
19th
Int
.
Symp.
Pow
er
E
l
ec
tron.
E
e
2017
,
vol. 2017
-
Dec
e
m,
pp
.
1
–
5
,
2017
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[8]
J.
Moral
es,
L.
G.
D
e
Vicuna,
R.
Guz
ma
n,
M.
Castilla,
and
J.
Miret,
“Mode
l
i
ng
and
Slidi
ng
Mode
Control
f
or
Thre
e
-
Phase
Ac
t
ive
Pow
er
Fi
lt
e
r
s
Us
ing
the
Ve
ctor
Opera
ti
on
Techni
que
,
”
I
EE
E
Tr
ans.
Ind.
El
ect
ron
.
,
vol.
65
,
no.
9,
pp
.
6828
–
683
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2018
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[9]
Panchbha
i
,
N.
P
raj
ap
at
i
,
and
S.
Parma
r,
“Co
mparat
iv
e
study
of
r
efe
ren
ce
cur
r
ent
gene
ra
ti
on
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s
hunt
a
ct
iv
e
pow
er
fil
ter,”
Int
.
Con
f. P
ower
Embe
d.
Dr
iv
e
Control
.
I
CPE
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,
p
p.
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–
386
,
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A.
Cleary
-
Bal
d
e
ras,
A.
Med
ina
-
Rios,
and
O
.
Cr
uz
-
Herné
nde
z,
“
Hybrid
active
po
wer
fil
t
er
b
ase
d
o
n
the
IRP
the
or
y
for
ha
rmonic
cu
rre
nt
mitig
at
ion
,
”
2016
I
EEE
In
t.
Aut
umn
M
ee
t
.
Pow
er,
Elec
tron.
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PE
C
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no
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S.
Deva
ss
y
and
B.
Singh,
“Con
t
rol
of
solar
ene
r
gy
int
egr
at
ed
active
power
f
il
t
er
in
wea
k
grid
sys
te
m,”
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f.
Powe
r
Syst. ICP
S
2017
,
pp
.
573
–
578
,
2
018.
[12]
H.
Ge,
Y.
Zhe
n
,
Y.
Wa
ng
,
and
D.
W
ang,
“Re
se
arc
h
on
LC
L
f
il
t
er
a
ctive
d
am
p
i
ng
strategy
in
a
ct
iv
e
power
filte
r
sys
te
m,
”
Proc
.
2
017
9th
In
t.
Con
f.
Mod
el.
Id
ent
i
f.
Control.
ICMIC
2017
,
vo
l.
2018
-
Marc
h,
no.
Icmi
c,
pp
.
4
76
–
481
,
2018.
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M.
C.
Joy,
V.
C
hai
th
anya
,
and
B
.
Jaya
n
and, “Thr
ee
-
Phase
In
finite
Le
v
el Inve
rt
er Based
Act
ive Pow
er
Filt
er,”
I
EEE
Int.
Con
f. P
ower
Elec
tron
.
Dr
ive
s E
nergy
S
yst. PEDES
2016
,
vol
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2016
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ry
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2
,
pp
.
1
–
6
,
20
17.
[14]
S.
Kama
l
a,
B
.
D
.
Reddy
,
B.
Sen
,
S.
K.
Panda
,
an
d
G.
Amar
a
tung
a,
“
Improveme
n
t
of
power
qua
li
t
y
and
reliab
il
i
ty
in
th
e
distr
ibut
io
n
sys
te
m
of
pe
tr
oche
m
ic
a
l
pl
ant
s
using
a
ct
iv
e
po
wer
filters,
”
Proc.
I
EEE
Int
.
Con
f.
Ind
.
Te
chnol
.
,
vol.
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Febru
ary
,
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.
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–
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24
,
2018
.
[15]
S.
Ray
,
N.
Gupt
a,
and
R.
A.
G
upta
,
“Com
par
ative
analysis
of
conve
nt
iona
l
an
d
mod
ifi
ed
p
ea
k
-
det
e
ct
ion
b
ase
d
cont
rol
t
ec
hn
iqu
e
fo
r
ca
sc
ade
d
H
-
bridge
multil
e
vel
inverter
b
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n
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ant
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