In
te
r
n
ation
a
l Jou
rn
al
o
f Po
we
r
Elec
tron
ic
s an
d
D
r
ive S
y
stem
(IJ
PED
S
)
V
o
l.
10, N
o.
1, Mar
ch 20
19,
p
p.
562~
5
6
7
IS
S
N
: 2088-
86
94,
D
O
I
:
10.11
59
1
/ij
ped
s
.
v10
.
i
1.pp
5
62-
56
7
562
Jou
rn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
:
ht
tp:
//i
a
e
score
.
com
/
j
o
u
r
na
l
s
/
i
n
d
e
x
.
p
hp/IJ
PED
S
Power generation by usi
n
g pi
ezoelectri
c tran
sducer with
bending mechanism
support
Anis
M
a
i
s
a
r
a
h Mo
hd Asry
, Fa
r
a
h
iy
a
h
M
ust
a
f
a
,
Ma
izul
I
sh
ak
,
Azniz
am
A
h
m
ad
Facul
t
y o
f
E
ngineering Technol
ogy,
Univers
iti Tun Hus
s
ein Onn M
al
ays
i
a, M
al
ay
si
a
Art
i
cl
e In
fo
ABSTRACT
A
r
tic
le hist
o
r
y
:
R
e
c
e
i
v
e
d
Sep
1
7
,
2
018
Re
vise
d N
ov
2
9
,
201
8
A
c
c
e
pte
d
D
ec 17,
2
0
1
8
Th
is
p
a
p
er
p
r
e
se
nt
s
abou
t
po
wer
g
e
nerat
i
on
b
y
us
i
n
g
p
i
ezoel
ectr
ic
t
ran
s
du
cer
with
b
en
din
g
m
ech
anis
m
su
p
p
ort.
I
n
t
h
i
s
s
tu
dy,
b
en
din
g
m
ech
anis
m
i
s
dev
e
lo
ped
b
y
e
m
p
l
oying
3
D
p
r
in
ter
tech
no
log
y
.
T
h
is
3
D
m
odel
is
use
d
a
s
a
su
pp
ort
f
o
r
a
piezo
elect
ric
t
r
ansd
ucer
d
uri
n
g
de
fl
ec
t
i
o
n
o
r
b
e
n
di
ng
p
ro
cess
.
During
d
efl
ect
ion
condition,
s
tr
ess
that
a
ppli
e
d
on
t
he
p
iezoel
ect
ri
c
tran
sd
ucer
w
il
l
gen
e
rate
e
lectri
cal
e
nerg
y.
T
h
e
3
D
m
o
d
e
l
help
s
the
pi
ezoel
e
c
t
r
ic
t
rans
ducer
t
o
p
r
od
uce
m
o
re
v
ol
tage
o
ut
pu
t.
A
f
in
g
er
p
ress
t
e
st
u
s
e
d
a
s
e
v
a
l
ua
tio
n
m
e
t
ho
d
for
th
e
vo
lta
ge
o
utpu
t
o
f
t
h
e
p
i
e
z
o
e
l
ect
ric
tran
sd
ucer.
Th
e
exp
e
ri
m
e
nt
i
s
test
ed
b
y
vary
in
g
th
ree
d
i
f
f
e
rent
3
D
m
o
d
e
l
with
t
he
d
iff
e
rent
d
i
a
m
e
t
e
r
f
o
r
th
e
mid
d
le
h
o
l
e
fo
r
each
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
d
e
l
.
A
rou
n
d
sh
ape
of
t
he
p
iezo
elect
ric
t
r
ans
ducer
w
ith
s
i
ze
of
5
0
m
m
in
d
i
a
me
te
r
i
s
us
ed
t
o
con
d
u
c
t
t
h
e
ex
peri
m
e
nt.
Th
us,
w
h
en
t
h
e
p
iezoel
ectri
c
tr
an
sd
ucer
pl
aced
o
n
t
h
e
3
D
m
o
d
el
w
it
h
0
m
m
in
d
iam
e
ter
o
f
m
id
dle
hol
e
wi
l
l
p
r
od
uc
in
g
5.4
V
vo
lta
g
e
ou
tp
ut
.
Ho
we
v
e
r, 3
D m
o
d
e
l
with
3
0
mm
d
i
am
eter o
f
m
i
d
d
l
e
h
ole
,
t
h
e
out
pu
t
in
creases
u
p
t
o
1
9
.
0
V.
T
he
o
ut
put
v
o
l
t
ag
e
f
o
r
pi
ezoel
e
c
t
r
ic
t
rans
du
cer
r
e
ach
ed
i
t
s
h
ig
hest
v
o
l
tage
w
h
e
n
p
l
ace
d
on
t
h
e
3
D
m
o
d
e
l
wit
h
m
iddle
ho
le
o
f
4
0
m
m
wh
ich
is
3
4.
4
V
.
T
h
i
s
b
e
nd
in
g
m
ech
anis
m
can
b
e
used
t
o
increas
e
t
h
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
o
f
piezo
electri
c
t
r
an
sd
ucer
as
it
appl
ied
underneath
f
o
otstep
tile
a
t
c
r
owde
d
area
t
o
harvest
t
h
e
e
n
ergy
prod
uc
e
d
f
ro
m
wal
k
i
ng
activities.
T
he
p
o
w
er
g
en
erated
can
b
e
u
s
ed
t
o
p
o
wer
u
p
v
ari
ous
elect
roni
c d
e
v
i
ces
.
K
eyw
ord
s
:
3D
m
odel
Be
nd
ing
me
ch
ani
s
m
De
fl
ect
io
Pi
e
z
o
e
l
ect
ri
c t
r
an
sd
u
c
e
r
Re
new
a
b
l
e
ene
r
gy
Co
pyri
gh
t © 2
019 In
stit
u
t
e
of Advanced
En
gi
neeri
n
g
an
d
S
c
ien
ce.
All
rights
res
e
rv
ed.
Corres
pon
d
i
n
g
Au
th
or:
F
a
rahiya
h
Mus
t
afa,
F
a
cult
y
o
f
E
ngine
er
in
g Te
ch
n
o
l
ogy,
U
n
i
v
ersi
ti
T
un
H
u
ssei
n
O
nn
Ma
lays
ia,
H
ub P
e
ndi
d
i
ka
n Ti
n
g
g
i
P
a
g
o
h,
86
4
00 P
a
ncur,
Joh
o
r,
Mala
y
si
a.
Em
ail:
far
a
hi
y
a
h@
u
t
hm.
e
du.
m
y
1.
I
N
TR
OD
U
C
TI
O
N
I
n
o
ur
d
a
i
ly
a
c
t
i
v
itie
s,
e
ne
rgy
has
be
cam
e
t
h
e
most
b
as
ic
n
e
e
d
due
t
o
e
n
e
r
gy
dem
a
nd
h
a
s
risin
g
u
p
day
b
y
d
a
y
.
Thi
s
h
a
ppe
ne
d
be
cau
se
o
f
t
h
e
gr
ow
t
h
o
f
hu
m
a
n
po
p
u
la
t
i
o
n
n
ow
ada
y
s.
S
our
ces
o
f
e
n
e
r
gy
t
h
es
e
day
s
a
r
e
i
ns
u
f
ficie
n
t
t
o
s
up
po
r
t
t
he
d
em
an
d.
I
n
o
r
der
t
o
s
o
l
ve
th
i
s
p
r
o
b
l
e
m
,
anot
her
a
l
te
rnat
ive
s
ource
s
nee
d
to
b
e
pr
od
uce
d
t
o
s
u
p
por
t
t
h
e
i
n
s
u
ffic
ie
nt
s
ourc
e
s.
T
he
b
e
s
t
w
a
y
i
s
b
y
i
m
plem
en
t
i
n
g
r
e
new
a
ble
e
n
e
r
gies.
Th
e
s
e
en
ergi
es
n
eed
t
o
b
e
h
a
r
v
e
st
b
ef
o
r
e
b
e
i
ng
u
s
ed
.
En
e
r
g
y
h
a
r
v
e
stin
g
tha
t
a
l
s
o
kn
ow
n
as
e
nerg
y
scave
n
g
i
ng is t
he
p
r
o
cess of
e
nerg
y ca
pt
urin
g or
d
e
r
iv
ing the
e
ner
gy from
e
xter
nal s
our
ces,
a
ccum
u
la
ti
ng a
n
d
stor
i
n
g
the
e
n
e
r
gy
for t
h
e
late
r
use
[1], [2]
.
B
y
h
a
r
v
e
s
t
i
n
g
t
h
i
s
r
e
n
e
w
a
b
l
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
,
t
h
e
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y
c
a
n
b
e
g
e
n
erat
e
d
w
i
t
hou
t
gi
vin
g
n
e
g
a
tive
impa
ct
s
o
n
t
h
e
e
nv
i
r
o
n
me
nt.
The
qua
li
ty
o
f
hum
an
l
i
f
e
i
s
i
nc
rea
sed
due
t
o
t
h
e
de
ve
l
opm
ent
of
m
edica
l
tech
n
o
l
o
gy
a
n
d
t
h
e
grow
th
o
f
t
h
e
h
u
m
a
n
p
o
p
u
l
at
i
on.
T
he
e
ne
rgy
t
ha
t
ca
n
be
g
e
n
era
t
e
d
t
o
fu
lfi
l
t
he
d
em
and
nee
d
s
thr
oug
h
t
h
e
grow
th
o
f
hum
an
pop
u
l
at
io
n.
B
y
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
h
u
m
a
n
fo
ot
ste
p
,
usefu
l
e
ne
rgy
c
a
n
b
e
ha
rve
s
t
and
c
r
ea
te
e
le
ctric
i
t
y
f
or
n
o
n
-r
enew
able
e
nerg
y
r
e
place
me
nt.
Th
i
s
t
yp
e
of
r
e
n
ewa
b
l
e
e
n
e
rgy
does
no
t
depe
n
d
i
n
g
or
r
e
l
y
i
n
g
o
n
c
l
i
m
a
t
e
or
w
ea
th
e
r
c
on
d
i
t
i
on.
I
n
orde
r
t
o
i
nv
ent
a
free
p
o
l
l
ut
i
o
n
tec
h
nol
o
gy,
a
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
El
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
I
S
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
P
o
wer ge
nera
t
i
on by usi
ng pi
e
z
oe
l
e
ctr
i
c
tr
a
n
sd
ucer wi
t
h
b
e
nd
i
ng
m
e
ch
an
ism
…
(
A
ni
s M
a
isar
a
h
M
ohd
Asry)
56
3
trans
duce
r
i
s
use
d
t
o
harve
s
t
the
ener
gy
so
ur
ce.
T
he
t
ra
ns
du
c
e
r
u
s
e
d
i
s
p
i
e
z
o
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
t
r
a
n
s
d
u
c
e
r
.
T
h
i
s
trans
duce
r
i
s
use
d
t
o
de
t
e
c
t
v
ibra
t
i
o
n
o
r
pr
essure
t
ha
t
app
l
ied
on
i
t
t
o
ge
ne
rate
e
le
ctr
i
ci
t
y
[
3]
.
Th
i
s
piez
oe
l
e
c
t
ric
c
onve
rts
me
ch
a
n
ica
l
e
nerg
y
e
x
erte
d
b
y
p
re
ssure
or
f
orc
e
i
nt
o
e
l
ec
tric
al
e
ner
gy
a
n
d
use
d
f
or
ot
her
sma
l
l
e
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
de
vic
e
s
or
b
e
i
ng
s
t
or
ed
i
n
t
h
e
s
t
ora
g
e
c
om
partm
e
n
t
s
[4]
.
The
o
u
t
put vo
lta
ge
a
n
d
c
urre
nt
t
h
at
g
en
era
t
e
d
f
ro
m p
i
ez
o
e
l
e
c
t
ri
c
t
r
an
sdu
c
e
r
a
re
s
ma
l
l
.
The
piez
oe
lect
ric
trans
d
uce
r
i
s
c
o
mple
te
ly
d
e
p
e
n
di
n
g
o
n
c
r
yst
a
l
l
i
ne
s
tru
c
ture.
Th
is
p
ie
zoe
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
trans
duce
r
c
o
n
s
is
ts
o
f
posi
t
i
v
e
a
n
d
nega
ti
ve
c
har
g
es.
T
h
ere
f
ore
,
wh
en
t
he
f
o
r
ce
o
r
p
r
es
su
re
a
re
a
p
p
li
ed
,
ma
gni
tude
o
f
the
p
o
l
ariza
t
i
o
n
c
a
n
b
e
de
t
e
rm
i
n
e
d
.
D
u
r
i
n
g
norm
a
l
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
on
or
w
i
t
h
o
u
t
s
tress
or
s
trai
n
con
d
i
t
i
on,
p
i
e
z
o
e
l
e
c
t
ric
tra
n
sduc
er
w
ill
s
t
ay
w
ith
n
eu
tral
c
har
ge
a
s
t
h
ere
is
n
o
p
o
t
e
n
tial
di
ffere
n
ce
pr
o
duce
d
w
h
en
n
e
g
at
i
v
e
and p
o
s
i
t
i
ve
ch
a
rges
i
s
bala
nc
e
d
for
bo
t
h si
d
e
s [
5]
.
Dire
ct
p
iez
o
el
ec
t
r
i
c
e
f
f
ec
t
an
d
c
onv
e
r
se
p
ie
zoelec
tric
e
ffe
c
t
a
r
e
t
w
o
m
a
i
n
c
a
t
e
g
o
r
y
o
f
p
i
e
z
o
e
l
ect
ri
c
effec
t
[
5],
[6].
T
he
d
i
r
ect
p
iez
o
elec
tric
e
ffec
t
is
a
ls
o
k
n
ow
n
a
s
g
ener
at
or
o
r
tra
n
sd
uc
er
e
ffe
ct
t
o
i
l
l
u
s
t
r
a
t
e
t
he
abi
l
i
t
y
b
y
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
i
n
g
m
ec
ha
n
i
c
a
l
e
nerg
y
int
o
e
lec
t
r
i
c
a
l
e
nerg
y
[5]-
[7].
O
n
t
h
e
o
t
her
ha
nd,
t
he
c
o
nve
rse
p
i
e
z
o
e
l
ect
ri
c
e
f
f
ect
i
s
t
h
e
i
n
verse
ab
i
lit
y
of
t
h
e
d
i
r
ec
t
pi
ezo
el
ect
ri
c
eff
e
c
t
w
h
i
ch
i
t
co
nve
rt
s
el
ect
ri
c
a
l
en
e
r
gy
in
to
m
e
c
han
i
ca
l ene
r
g
y
[5],
[7]
, [
8]
. Thi
s
converse piez
o
electr
ic
effec
t
als
o
kn
o
w
n
a
s m
o
to
r
or
a
c
t
ua
tor
ef
fec
t
.
Th
e
p
i
ezo
el
ectri
c
t
r
an
sdu
c
e
r
c
o
n
v
e
rt
s
th
e
me
c
h
ani
cal
e
n
e
rg
y
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
pre
s
sur
e
t
ha
t
a
p
p
lie
d
o
n
i
t
t
o
g
e
n
e
rat
e
t
h
e
e
l
e
ct
r
i
ca
l
e
n
ergy
b
y
e
m
p
l
oy
i
n
g
t
h
e
pi
ezo
e
l
ect
ri
c
e
f
f
ect
h
as
r
ec
ei
v
e
d
a
c
o
n
s
id
e
r
a
b
l
e
r
ese
a
r
c
h
atte
n
t
ion.
C
urre
ntl
y
,
the stu
d
i
e
s foc
u
s on us
i
n
g a s
i
n
g
le p
ie
zo
el
ect
ri
c
mo
du
l
e
.
Th
ere
a
r
e
s
o
me
r
es
ea
rch
e
s
h
a
v
e
bee
n
c
o
n
duc
te
d
by
de
ve
lo
p
i
n
g
a
p
r
o
tot
y
pe
t
ha
t
u
t
i
liz
i
n
g
t
h
e
h
u
m
an
f
oo
ts
t
e
p
tha
t
s
tr
ikes
t
o
t
h
e
p
i
e
z
o
ele
c
tric
bea
n
w
hic
h
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
e
d
b
y
M.
R
e
n
au
d
a
nd
hi
s
team
[
9].
The
i
r
r
e
sea
rch
resu
lts
showed
6
00μW
h
arves
t
ed
f
r
o
m
the
1
0
H
z
f
re
q
u
enc
y
a
n
d
10c
m
am
plitu
de
l
i
n
ea
r
m
o
t
i
on.
A
no
ther
r
e
sea
r
ch
c
on
d
u
cte
d
b
y
M
.
F
e
rra
ri
e
t.
al
h
as
bee
n
i
m
p
r
ove
d
by
c
om
in
g
ou
t
w
i
t
h
a
p
ro
t
o
t
ype
o
f
a
n
a
uto
nom
o
u
s
b
attery-les
s
se
ns
or
m
odule
[
10].
T
his
modu
le
s
ucc
e
s
s
fu
l
l
y
ha
rves
te
d
3
5
m
W
o
f
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
p
ow
er
a
nd
p
ow
e
r
up
t
h
e
se
n
s
or
m
od
ule
a
n
d
sen
d
t
he
d
a
t
a
w
ithi
n
a
r
ange
o
f 2
5
m
in
a
la
bor
at
ory e
n
v
i
r
o
nme
n
t
.
A
.
M.
A
bda
l
a
nd
h
i
s
tea
m
c
rea
t
ed
t
he
p
ie
zoelec
tric
p
re
-stressed
be
nd
ing
me
cha
n
ism
for
I
m
pa
ct-
D
r
iven
E
nerg
y
H
a
rve
s
te
r
[11
]
.
This
p
r
e
-stresse
d
p
i
ezoe
l
e
c
tric
b
en
d
i
ng
me
chani
s
m
is
d
es
ig
ne
d
t
o
f
u
r
the
r
impro
v
e
an
d
m
a
xim
i
z
e
t
he
o
u
t
pu
t
w
a
t
t
a
g
e
ge
nera
t
e
d
b
y
p
i
e
z
o
e
l
e
c
t
ric
c
o
m
p
ar
ing
to
u
ns
tressed
p
i
ez
oelec
t
r
i
c
.
T
h
i
s
p
i
e
z
o
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
c
a
n
h
a
r
v
e
s
t
a
r
o
u
n
d
7
0
A
C
V
a
t
o
p
e
n
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
m
ea
sur
e
m
e
nt
b
y
us
i
n
g
sug
g
es
te
d
m
e
c
h
an
ism
and
af
t
e
r
re
ct
ify
i
ng
t
he
m
ax
i
m
um
D
C
pow
e
r
o
f
5
3
m
W
w
ith
a
l
oa
d
o
f
70
0Ω.
Ky
oon
N.C
a
n
d
He
e
H.
R
.
prese
n
t
e
d
a
n
o
v
el
i
m
p
ac
t
bas
e
d
p
i
e
z
oe
le
c
t
ri
c
har
v
ester
m
e
c
h
an
is
m.
I
n
thi
s
d
e
s
ig
n,
t
he
c
on
t
i
n
u
ous
i
m
p
act
o
n
the p
i
e
z
o
elec
t
r
i
c
s
urface
i
s
a
p
plie
d by us
in
g w
i
n
d
fl
o
w
a
n
d it
successfully harvests
a
co
nt
i
nuo
us
e
l
e
ct
ri
ci
ty
b
y
implem
e
n
t
th
i
s
m
etho
d
[
1
2].
The
im
pr
ovem
e
nt
t
ha
t
t
h
e
a
u
thor
t
r
i
ed
t
o
d
o
i
s
i
n
cre
a
si
ng
t
h
e
im
pact
b
y
usin
g
a
spri
ng
r
ete
n
ti
o
n
a
c
tio
n
to
i
nc
rea
s
e
the
fre
qu
e
n
cy
i
n
orde
r
t
o
i
mp
rov
e
i
t
s
e
ffi
c
i
en
cy
.
P.
M
ad
hu
a
nd
h
er
t
e
a
m
d
e
si
gn
ed
a
fo
o
tst
e
p
til
e
b
y u
s
i
n
g pi
ezo
e
l
ect
ric
t
r
a
n
sdu
c
e
r
[
13
]
.
I
n
th
i
s rese
arc
h
, t
he
y a
r
e
usin
g 72
p
i
e
z
o
ele
c
tr
ic
t
r
a
n
sd
u
c
ers
a
n
d
7
2
pl
a
s
t
i
c
bu
she
s
t
h
a
t
are
a
t
t
a
ch
ed
t
o
t
h
e
b
o
tt
om
s
urfa
ce
o
f
t
h
e
t
o
p
pla
t
e.
T
h
i
s
mode
l
pro
duce
s
an
o
u
t
p
u
t
vo
l
tag
e
r
an
ge
o
f
1
0
-15
V
a
nd ou
tp
u
t
s
curre
n
t ra
nge o
f 50 -
400μA
.
Th
is
p
a
p
er
p
re
sen
t
s
p
o
w
e
r
g
e
nera
tio
n
by
u
s
i
ng
p
i
ezoe
l
e
c
t
ric
tra
nsd
u
c
e
r
w
i
t
h
b
e
n
di
ng
m
e
c
h
ani
s
m
sup
por
t.
I
n
t
h
is
s
t
u
dy,
t
he
p
ie
z
o
e
l
ec
t
r
i
c
t
ransd
u
ce
r
is
u
sed.
T
he
o
ut
p
u
t
vo
l
t
a
g
e
fr
o
m
t
he
p
iez
o
e
l
e
c
tric
trans
duce
r
i
s
l
o
w
.
I
n
orde
r
to
m
aximiz
e
the
ou
t
p
u
t
v
ol
ta
ge
,
the
b
e
n
d
i
ng
m
echa
n
i
s
m
has
been
d
e
s
i
g
ned.
A
3
D
mode
l
w
i
t
h
a
m
idd
l
e
ho
le
i
s
desi
g
n
ed
t
o
g
i
ve
s
pa
ce
a
nd
sup
p
o
rt
to
t
he
p
iez
o
e
l
ec
tric
t
r
a
ns
duc
er
d
uri
n
g
t
h
e
ben
d
i
n
g
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
.
This
3
D
mode
l
pro
v
i
d
es
s
pa
ce
f
or
t
he pie
zoe
l
ec
tric trans
duce
r
t
o
i
n
cre
a
se
i
t
s
defle
c
tio
n
as it
als
o
i
ncre
ases
t
he
e
l
e
c
t
rica
l
e
n
erg
y
t
ha
t
ha
d
b
e
e
n
g
e
n
e
r
ate
d
.
T
he
3
D
mode
l
is
d
esi
gne
d
to
p
la
ce
t
his
trans
duce
r
w
i
t
hi
n
it
an
d
the
m
i
dd
le
hole
o
f
3
D
m
ode
l
is
d
e
s
igne
d
w
i
t
h
t
he
d
i
f
fere
n
t
d
i
a
m
e
ter
to
f
ind
the
m
o
st
perfec
t
3
D
m
odel t
o
he
l
p
piez
oe
l
e
c
t
ric
tra
n
sd
uce
r
incr
easi
n
g
it
s d
e
fl
e
c
ti
on
a
n
d
out
put
v
olt
a
g
e
.
2.
RESEARCH
M
ETH
O
D
I
n
t
h
i
s
s
t
u
dy,
l
e
a
d
zirco
n
a
t
e
t
i
t
ana
t
e
(P
ZT)
p
ie
zoele
c
t
ric t
r
an
sd
ucer
i
s
use
d
t
o
ha
rves
t
the
m
e
c
h
ani
cal
ene
r
g
y
p
r
oduc
ed
w
he
n
forc
e
or
p
ress
ure
a
r
e
ap
pl
ie
d
o
n
to
i
t
a
nd
con
v
e
rts
in
to
e
l
ect
ri
c
a
l
en
ergy
.
Th
e
outp
u
t
o
f
th
i
s
t
ra
ns
duc
er
d
e
p
en
ds
o
n
th
e
ma
gn
i
t
u
d
e
o
f
s
tress
an
d
stra
in
t
h
a
t
a
p
p
l
ie
d
on
i
t
s
s
t
r
u
c
t
ure.
T
he
r
o
u
n
d
s
ha
pe
piez
oe
l
e
c
t
ric
tr
ans
duce
r
s
a
r
e
use
d
i
n
t
h
i
s
e
x
p
er
ime
n
t.
T
he
p
iez
oe
lec
t
ric
tr
a
n
sduc
er
h
as the
d
iam
e
te
r
of
50
mm
crysta
ll
i
n
e
st
r
u
cture.
T
h
i
s
p
i
e
z
oe
lec
t
ric
tra
n
sdu
c
er
c
om
m
on
o
u
t
p
u
t
vol
ta
ge
c
an
a
c
h
i
e
v
e
s
aroun
d
0
-1
2V
a
t
norm
a
l
ge
ne
rat
e
.
H
o
w
e
ve
r,
d
ur
ing
in
sta
n
t
im
pac
t
,
it
ca
n
rea
c
hes
u
p
to
3
0V
a
n
d
5
m
A
.
The
v
i
brat
io
n
ma
nner
tha
t
i
s
more
s
u
ita
b
l
e
for
round
s
h
a
pe
p
iezo
e
l
ect
ri
c
t
r
a
n
sd
u
c
er
i
s
b
y
pr
essing,
p
ul
se
a
n
d
s
hoc
k.
T
he
piez
oe
l
e
c
t
ric
trans
duce
r
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
low
e
l
ec
tr
ical
e
ne
rg
y
a
nd
i
t
s
o
u
t
pu
t
d
e
pe
n
d
i
n
g
o
n
t
he
p
ress
ure
,
f
orc
e
o
r
st
r
e
ss
t
h
at
b
e
i
ng
hi
t
o
n
i
t.
T
hi
s
p
i
ez
oe
lec
t
ric
tra
n
sd
uc
er
w
ill
b
e
de
flec
te
d
w
h
e
n
t
here
a
re
p
re
ssure
or
s
tress
app
l
ies t
o
it.
The
o
u
t
p
u
t
o
f
th
is
p
ie
z
o
e
l
ec
t
r
i
c
t
ra
nsd
u
ce
r
is
v
ery
low
.
I
n
ord
e
r
t
o
enh
a
n
c
e
t
h
e
ou
t
p
ut
f
ro
m
t
h
e
piez
oe
l
e
c
t
ric
t
r
ansd
uce
r
,
it
n
e
eds
s
o
m
e
s
u
ppor
t
t
o
m
ax
i
m
ize
t
h
e
d
efle
c
t
i
o
n
proce
s
s.
T
his
s
upp
or
t
is
t
he
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N: 2
0
8
8
-
86
94
I
nt
J
P
ow
E
l
e
c
&
Dr
i
S
y
st,
Vol.
10,
N
o.
1
,
Mar
c
h
2
0
1
9
:
56
2
–
567
56
4
be
n
d
in
g
me
ch
ani
s
m
tha
t
d
e
s
ig
ne
d
b
y
u
si
n
g
sol
i
d
w
o
r
k
s
of
tw
ar
e
a
n
d
pr
i
n
t
i
n
3
d
i
m
en
s
i
o
n
a
l
(
3D
)
siz
e
.
I
t
i
s
use
d
a
s
a
sup
por
t
dur
i
n
g
th
e
ben
d
i
n
g
pr
o
c
e
s
s
of
t
he
p
i
e
z
o
ele
c
t
r
ic
t
r
a
nsd
u
c
e
r
w
h
en
f
or
ce
or
p
r
e
ss
ur
e
ar
e
a
p
p
lied t
o
i
t.
T
hi
s
3D
m
ode
l
des
i
g
n
i
s
base
d
on
t
h
e
sha
p
e
a
nd
s
i
z
e of the
p
iez
o
e
l
ec
tr
ic
t
r
a
nsduc
er
t
ha
t
i
s
u
se
d.
The
t
h
r
e
e
d
i
f
f
e
r
ent
type
o
f
3
D
m
odel
s
a
r
e
d
e
s
i
g
ne
d
to
t
es
t
the
be
n
d
i
n
g
proc
ess
o
f
p
i
e
zoele
c
t
ric
t
r
a
n
sdu
cer
.
The
d
i
f
f
er
ence
b
etwee
n
t
he
se
t
hree
m
ode
l
s
i
s
the
diam
eter
m
e
a
su
rem
e
nt
o
f
its
m
i
d
dle
ho
le.
The
d
i
am
et
er
o
f
the
m
i
d
d
l
e
hol
e
f
o
r
t
h
e
f
i
r
s
t
3
D
m
odel
is
0
m
m
or
3
D
mode
l
w
i
th
ou
t
th
e
mi
dd
l
e
h
ol
e.
T
h
e
s
e
c
on
d
3
D
m
o
d
e
l
ha
s
3
0
m
m
i
n
d
iam
e
t
e
r
of
t
h
e
m
i
d
d
l
e
h
o
l
e
a
nd
t
h
e
t
h
ir
d
3
D
m
odel
i
s
40
m
m
i
n
d
i
a
m
e
t
e
r
o
f
the
m
i
ddle
hole
.
The
m
i
ddle
h
o
l
e
f
o
r
the
3D
m
ode
l
pr
o
v
i
de
s
s
p
ac
e
f
o
r
the
b
e
nd
i
n
g
p
ro
ce
ss o
f
th
e
p
i
e
z
o
el
ect
ri
c
t
r
an
sdu
c
er.
The
e
x
per
i
m
e
n
t
i
s
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
e
d
t
o
tes
t
t
he
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
of
3
D
m
ode
l
dur
i
n
g
t
h
e
be
n
d
i
n
g
pr
oce
s
s.
T
h
e
tes
t
i
n
g
pr
oce
s
s
of
t
he
p
i
e
z
o
el
ec
tr
ic
t
r
a
ns
duc
e
r
i
s
tes
t
e
d
b
y
us
in
g
f
i
nge
r
pr
ess.
T
h
e
p
iez
o
e
l
e
c
tr
ic
t
r
a
nsduc
er
i
s
plac
e
d
i
n
a
3D
m
odel
a
nd
b
e
in
g
pr
e
s
se
d
t
o
p
r
o
duce
e
l
ec
t
r
ic
e
ner
gy
T
h
e
su
b
j
e
c
t
w
i
t
h
6
0
k
g
b
ody
w
e
i
g
h
t
i
s
ass
i
g
n
e
d
fo
r
th
e
fing
e
r
p
re
ss
a
ct
iv
iti
es
o
n
th
e
p
i
e
z
o
e
l
e
c
t
ri
c
t
r
a
n
s
d
u
ce
r
.
T
he
f
i
n
ge
r
is
p
r
e
ss
o
n
to
p
of
t
he
piez
oe
lec
t
r
i
c
tr
ans
duce
r
t
o
de
t
e
r
m
i
n
e
t
h
e
v
o
lta
ge
o
u
t
p
u
t
o
f
a
s
i
n
gl
e
ce
ll
o
f
t
he
p
iez
o
e
l
ec
t
r
i
c
t
r
a
ns
d
u
ce
r
.
T
h
e
th
ree
3
D
m
od
els
w
i
th
d
ifferent
m
ea
sur
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
i
t
s
m
i
d
d
le
h
ole
d
i
a
met
e
r
w
h
i
c
h
are
0
mm,
30
mm
an
d
40
mm
a
r
e
tested
i
n
t
h
i
s
s
tu
dy.
F
igur
e
1
show
s
the
t
h
r
e
e
diffe
r
e
n
t
t
y
pe
s
of
3
D
m
o
d
e
l.
(a)
(
b
)
(c)
F
i
gur
e
1.
T
he
3
D
m
odel
w
i
t
h
d
if
f
e
r
e
n
t
d
iam
e
ter
(
a
)
0mm
,
(
b)
3
0m
m,
(c
)
4
0
m
m
F
i
gur
e
2.
T
he
s
e
t
up
f
o
r
test
i
n
g
the
be
n
d
in
g
pr
oce
s
s
piez
oe
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
tr
ans
duce
r
F
i
gur
e
3.
T
he
s
et
u
p
f
o
r
test
in
g
w
i
t
h
t
hr
ee
3
D
m
odel
w
i
th
th
e
dif
f
e
r
e
n
t
diamet
e
r
3.
RESU
L
T
S
A
ND ANALY
S
IS
The
p
i
ez
oelec
t
r
i
c
trans
duce
r
o
u
t
pu
t
i
s
a
n
AC
w
avef
o
r
m.
E
ac
h
p
i
e
zo
el
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
s
p
l
a
ced
o
n
th
e
3D
m
odel
s
w
it
h d
i
ff
er
e
n
t
m
i
d
d
l
e
ho
l
e
d
iam
e
te
r
a
nd
it
pr
o
duc
e
d
a
si
nu
so
i
d
a
l
tra
n
s
i
e
n
t
p
ul
se
.
T
h
e
o
s
cil
l
o
sc
op
e
that
is
c
o
n
n
ec
te
d
t
o
t
he
p
iez
o
el
ectric
tra
n
s
duc
er
i
s
to
m
e
a
s
ure
t
h
e
vo
lt
a
g
e
out
pu
t
.
T
he
o
ut
p
u
t
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
piez
oe
lec
t
r
i
c
t
r
ans
duce
r
t
ha
t
plac
e
d
o
n
th
e
3D
m
ode
l
is
d
i
f
fer
e
n
t
f
or
e
a
c
h
3D
m
ode
l.
T
h
i
s
is
b
ec
au
s
e
t
he
be
n
d
in
g
pr
oce
s
s
o
f
t
he
p
iez
o
e
l
ectr
i
c
tr
a
n
sdu
c
er
d
epe
n
ds
o
n
t
h
e
si
ze
o
f
t
h
e
mi
dd
l
e
h
ol
e
i
n
t
h
e
3
D
mod
e
l
.
T
h
i
s
m
i
dd
l
e
h
o
l
e
in
t
he
3
D
m
ode
l
pr
ov
i
d
es
s
pac
e
for
t
h
e
pie
z
o
elec
tr
i
c
tr
an
sd
uc
er
w
he
n
t
h
e
ben
d
i
n
g
p
r
o
ce
ss
t
o
o
k
plac
e.
F
ig
ur
e
4
show
s
t
h
e
o
u
t
pu
t
v
o
l
t
a
ge
w
h
e
n
the
f
i
nge
r
p
r
ess
test
i
s
ap
p
lie
d
o
n
t
h
e
p
i
e
zoele
c
t
ric
trans
duce
r
tha
t
p
la
ce
d
on
t
h
e
3D
m
odel
w
i
t
h
0
mm
i
n
d
i
a
me
ter
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
P
o
w
Elec
&
D
r
i
S
y
st
I
S
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
Po
w
e
r ge
ne
ra
tio
n by
us
i
ng p
i
ezoe
lec
t
ric
tr
ansd
u
c
e
r
wit
h
b
e
nd
i
n
g
m
e
c
h
an
i
s
m
… (
A
nis M
a
isar
a
h
Mo
hd
Asry
)
56
5
F
i
gur
e
4.
T
he
vol
tage
o
u
t
pu
t
w
a
ve
f
o
r
m
f
o
r
t
he
p
iez
o
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
t
r
a
nsd
u
ce
r
whe
n
p
lac
e
d
i
n
a
3D
m
odel
with 0
mm in
d
i
a
met
e
r
The
ou
t
p
u
t
v
o
l
tage
f
or
t
h
e
p
ie
zoe
l
e
c
tric
t
ra
nsd
u
c
e
r
wi
th
t
he
3
D
m
ode
l
w
i
t
h
o
u
t
t
he
m
i
d
d
l
e
ho
le
o
r
0
m
m
i
n
d
i
a
m
e
t
e
r
only
pr
o
duc
e
s
5
.
40V
i
n
A
C
f
or
m
.
I
n
th
i
s
3
D
mode
l
,
the
p
i
ez
oe
lec
t
r
i
c
tr
a
n
sd
uc
er
c
a
n
not
b
en
d
to
o
muc
h
a
s
t
h
er
e
i
s
n
o
spa
c
e
for
t
h
e
tra
n
sd
uc
er
t
o
de
flec
t
whe
n
t
h
er
e
a
r
e
f
o
r
c
e
or
p
r
e
ssur
e
a
p
p
lie
d
o
n
it.
T
he
vo
l
t
age
t
h
a
t
i
s
gene
r
a
te
d
is
a
l
s
o
low
de
pe
nd
i
n
g
o
n
h
ow
m
u
c
h
t
h
e
d
e
f
l
e
ct
io
n
c
a
n
t
a
k
e
p
l
ace
.
Th
e
p
i
ezo
ele
c
t
r
i
c
tr
a
n
sduc
er
p
r
o
duce
s
a
n
A
C
w
a
v
ef
or
m
.
T
he
o
u
t
pu
t
of
t
h
e
p
i
e
zoe
l
e
c
tr
ic
t
r
a
ns
duc
er
w
i
ll
be
r
e
c
t
i
f
i
e
d
b
ef
or
e
be
in
g
s
t
or
ed
o
r
used
t
o
p
o
w
e
r
up
l
o
w
p
o
w
e
r
de
v
i
c
e
s.
T
he
s
c
ope
o
f
t
h
i
s
t
e
s
t
i
ng
i
s
onl
y
to
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
t
h
e
vol
t
a
g
e
ou
t
p
u
t
o
f
t
h
e
p
i
ezoe
l
ec
tric
t
ra
nsd
u
cer
b
e
f
ore
it
w
i
l
l
f
ur
ther
u
se
d
for
f
oots
t
ep
a
ppl
ica
tio
n.
F
igur
e
5
sh
o
w
s
th
e
ou
t
p
u
t
v
ol
ta
ge
o
f
t
h
e
pi
ez
oe
le
c
t
r
i
c
tr
ans
d
uce
r
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
by
t
he
f
i
nger
c
o
mpr
e
ssio
n
f
or
ce
w
h
e
n
it
is
p
la
c
e
d
on
the
3D
m
ode
l
w
i
t
h
3
0
m
m
i
n
diam
et
er
.
F
i
gur
e
5.
T
he
vol
tage
o
u
t
pu
t
w
a
ve
f
o
r
m
f
o
r
t
he
p
iez
o
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
t
r
a
nsd
u
ce
r
whe
n
p
lac
e
d
i
n
a
3D
m
odel
w
ith
30
m
m
i
n diam
et
er
The
o
u
t
p
u
t
vo
lta
ge
i
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
5
s
how
s
t
h
a
t
t
he
v
o
lta
ge
i
s
19.
0
V
.
The
o
u
tp
ut
v
o
lta
ge
f
or
t
h
i
s
3D
mo
d
e
l
is
h
i
gher
c
o
mp
a
r
e
d
t
o
t
h
e
3
D
m
ode
l
with
out
t
h
e
m
i
d
d
l
e
hol
e.
T
he
m
i
d
dl
e
h
o
le
i
n
t
h
i
s
3
D
m
ode
l
pr
ovi
des
space
f
or
t
he
p
ie
zoe
l
e
c
tr
ic
t
r
a
ns
du
cer
t
o
be
n
d
a
n
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
i
t
w
h
en
t
he
r
e
i
s
pr
e
s
sur
e
a
pp
lied
o
n
i
t
.
The
be
n
d
i
ng
p
r
oc
ess
ca
use
s
t
he
p
ie
zoe
l
ec
tr
i
c
t
r
a
nsd
u
ce
r
t
o
g
e
n
e
rat
e
e
l
e
ct
ri
cit
y
b
y
co
nv
e
r
t
i
n
g
t
h
e
me
ch
an
i
c
al
e
n
er
g
y
i
n
t
o
e
l
e
c
tr
ica
l
e
ne
r
g
y
.
T
he
m
id
dl
e
hole
w
i
t
h
3
0
m
m
in
d
i
am
e
t
er
m
ake
s
t
he
b
en
d
i
n
g
p
roce
ss
m
uch
e
a
sier
c
ompa
r
e
d
t
o
t
he
3
D
m
odel
w
ith
ou
t
the
mi
d
d
le
h
ole.
F
ig
u
r
e
6
s
how
s
t
h
at
t
he
o
u
t
pu
t
vo
l
t
a
g
e
of
t
he
piez
oe
lec
t
r
i
c
tr
a
n
sduc
er
p
r
o
du
ce
d
w
h
en
p
lac
e
d
on
t
h
e
3D
m
odel
w
i
t
h
4
0
mm
i
n
d
i
a
m
e
t
er
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
I
nt
J
P
ow
Elec
& Dr
i
S
y
st, Vol. 10,
N
o.
1, Mar
c
h 2
0
1
9
:
56
2 –
56
7
56
6
F
i
gur
e 6.
The
vo
l
t
a
ge
o
ut
pu
t w
a
vefor
m
f
or
t
he
piez
o
e
l
ec
tri
c
tra
nsd
u
ce
r w
h
en p
lac
e
d
i
n
a 3D
m
odel
w
i
t
h
40 m
m
in dia
me
te
r
F
o
r
this
3
D
m
ode
l,
t
he
o
u
t
p
u
t
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
tha
t
g
ener
a
t
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
iez
o
e
l
e
c
tric
t
ran
s
d
u
ce
r
is
34.4V
.
It
show
s
t
h
at
t
he
o
u
t
pu
t
vo
lta
g
e
g
ener
a
t
ed
w
he
n
t
h
e
piez
oe
lec
t
ric
tra
n
sduc
er
i
s
p
l
a
c
e
d
i
n
the
3D
m
ode
l
w
i
th
4
0
mm
i
n
di
a
m
e
t
er
i
s
t
h
e
high
e
s
t
ou
tpu
t
volt
a
g
e
c
o
m
p
a
re
d
to
o
t
h
er
t
w
o
3D
m
ode
l
s
.
T
h
e
s
p
a
c
e
f
or
t
h
i
s
3D
m
ode
l
i
s
b
i
g
g
e
r
c
o
mpare
d
t
o
t
h
e
ot
he
r
t
w
o
3
D
m
od
e
l
s.
T
h
e
b
endi
ng
p
r
o
c
ess
o
f
p
i
ezo
el
ect
ri
c
t
r
an
sd
u
c
e
r
t
h
a
t
ta
k
e
s
place
i
n th
is 3
D
mode
l
has m
o
r
e
s
pa
ce a
n
d sup
p
o
rt w
he
n it defle
c
t
s or be
n
ds duri
n
g the fi
nger
pre
s
s tes
t
.
T
h
is
s
p
a
c
e
a
n
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
a
l
l
o
w
t
h
e
p
i
e
z
o
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
t
r
a
n
s
d
u
c
e
r
t
o
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
e
mor
e
outpu
t
v
o
lta
ge
c
o
m
pare
d
to
t
he
o
u
t
p
u
t
vo
lta
ge
f
or
t
h
e
o
t
h
er
t
w
o
o
f
the
3D
m
od
e
l
s.
A
s
c
onc
l
u
sio
n
,
t
h
e
spac
e
be
t
w
e
e
n
t
he
3
D
m
ode
ls
p
la
ys
a
n
impor
ta
nt
r
o
l
e
in
g
e
n
e
r
at
i
ng
mor
e
o
u
t
pu
t
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
of
t
he
p
iez
o
e
l
ec
tric
t
ra
nsd
u
c
e
r.
T
he
d
iam
e
ter
of
t
he
m
idd
l
e
ho
le
f
or
t
he
3
D
mode
l
s
h
ou
ld ma
t
ch
a
n
d
f
it w
ith the
s
ize
o
f
t
he
p
i
ezo
el
ec
tri
c
t
ran
s
du
c
e
r
so
t
h
a
t
thi
s
3
D
mo
d
e
l
c
o
uld
p
r
ov
i
d
e
s
t
h
e
s
uit
a
bl
e
sp
a
c
e
a
n
d
su
ppo
rt
f
o
r
t
he
p
i
e
z
o
e
l
e
c
tr
ic
t
ra
nsd
u
cer
w
he
n
the
be
nd
in
g
proce
s
s
ha
p
p
en
e
d
.
4.
CONCL
U
S
ION
Thi
s
p
ap
er
h
as
p
re
sen
t
ed
pow
er
g
e
n
er
at
ion
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
pie
z
o
ele
c
t
r
i
c
tra
n
sd
uc
er
w
i
t
h
be
nd
ing
me
cha
n
ism
su
ppor
t
.
I
n
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
,
a
rese
arc
h
o
n
h
o
w
to
g
e
n
era
t
e
m
o
r
e
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
o
u
t
p
ut
f
rom
t
h
e
p
i
ez
oe
l
e
ctr
i
c
t
r
a
n
sd
u
c
er
i
s
co
ndu
c
t
ed
b
e
cau
se
t
h
e
o
u
t
pu
t
v
o
lt
a
g
e
of
t
h
e
p
i
ezo
e
l
e
c
t
ric
trans
duce
r
i
s
ver
y
l
ow
.
The
3D
m
ode
l
is
d
e
s
i
g
ned
as
t
h
e
p
i
e
zoe
l
ec
tric
t
r
a
nsd
u
cer
n
e
e
d
to
u
nde
rgo
be
n
di
n
g
p
r
o
cess
in
o
rde
r
t
o
ge
ne
rate
m
ore
vo
lta
ge.
P
i
ez
o
e
le
ctr
i
c
trans
d
uce
r
i
s
c
a
pa
b
l
e
of
p
r
o
d
u
c
i
n
g
v
o
l
ta
g
e
out
put
b
y
u
s
ing
t
h
e
3D
m
o
d
e
l
a
s
a
s
u
ppo
rt
.
The 3D
m
o
d
el
w
i
t
h a
n
a
cc
ur
at
e d
i
a
m
e
t
er for t
he
m
i
d
d
l
e
h
o
l
e
al
l
o
w
s
t
he pi
e
zoele
c
t
ric
tra
n
sduc
er t
o be
nd
mor
e
and it
ge
ner
a
te
s
a
hig
h
v
o
ltag
e
o
u
t
pu
t.
T
he 3
D
m
odel
w
i
t
h
40
m
m
i
n
d
i
am
ete
r
f
or
t
he
m
i
ddle
ho
le
e
xer
t
s
34.
4
V
w
h
i
c
h is the hi
g
h
e
s
t
v
o
l
t
a
ge
o
u
t
pu
t
r
a
t
h
er t
h
a
n o
t
her
tw
o 3D
m
ode
ls. H
e
nce
,
this resu
l
t
ca
n
b
e
use
d
to form
a
p
i
ez
o
e
lec
t
r
i
c
tile
t
o
ge
ne
ra
te
m
ore
p
o
w
e
r
us
i
n
g
the
hu
m
a
n
f
o
o
t
s
te
p.
I
n
t
h
i
s
r
e
s
ear
ch,
t
h
e
te
sti
n
g
tha
t
i
s
con
d
u
cte
d
t
o
e
nha
nce t
h
e vo
lt
age
o
u
t
p
u
t
of the
p
i
ez
oe
lectr
i
c
tr
ans
duc
e
r
be
f
ore
i
t
w
i
l
l
f
u
rt
her use
d
f
or
f
o
o
t
s
te
p
app
l
ica
t
i
o
n.
T
h
i
s
t
i
l
e
i
n
furt
he
r
c
a
n
be
p
l
a
c
e
d
at
c
r
o
w
d
e
d
a
r
e
a
a
s
t
h
e
pi
e
z
oe
l
e
ct
ri
c
t
r
an
sdu
c
e
r
i
s
v
e
ry
s
e
n
si
tiv
e
to for
ce an
d pr
essure.
The
w
a
l
k
i
ng e
n
erg
y
ca
n
be har
v
e
s
t
a
nd be
c
o
me
s a
u
s
eful
e
n
e
rgy
wh
en
t
h
e
pi
ezoe
l
ec
t
r
i
c
tile
i
s
pla
c
e
d
a
t
tha
t
a
rea
.
I
t
i
s
s
pec
i
f
i
c
a
l
l
y
s
ui
t
a
b
l
e
t
o
b
e
imp
l
e
m
e
n
te
d
a
t
p
a
v
e
m
e
n
t
s
t
ree
t
,
trai
n
tic
ke
t
c
ounte
r
,
st
a
i
rs
a
n
d
d
anc
e
f
l
o
or.
The
p
i
ezoe
l
e
c
tric
t
ile is
a
l
s
o
s
ui
ta
ble
f
or the
e
xer
c
is
e
tile suc
h
a
s
f
or
s
k
i
pp
ing or on
t
h
e
trea
dmi
ll.
T
he
pow
e
r
t
hat
is
g
e
n
era
t
ed
fro
m
thi
s
p
i
e
zoe
l
ec
tric
t
i
l
e
c
a
n
b
e
u
se
d
t
o
p
o
w
er
up
the
l
i
g
h
t
s
t
re
et,
lig
ht a
l
ong
the
sta
i
rs a
nd a
l
s
o
l
ow
p
ow
er
a
pp
lia
nce
s
.
ACKNOW
LEDG
E
MEN
T
S
The
au
t
hors
g
r
a
t
e
f
u
l
ly
a
c
k
n
o
w
l
e
dge
t
he
s
up
p
o
rt
o
f
t
h
e
M
a
l
a
ys
i
a
n
M
ini
s
try
of
H
ig
h
e
r
Educa
t
i
o
n
(MO
H
E
)
throu
gh
F
R
G
S
R
es
ea
rch
G
r
a
n
t
N
o
.
16
1
5
a
n
d
t
he
U
nive
rsi
t
i
T
un
H
u
sse
in
O
nn
M
a
lay
s
i
a
t
hro
u
g
h
S
hort
- Te
rm Gr
a
nt N
o.
U
541.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
El
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
I
S
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
P
o
wer ge
nera
t
i
on by usi
ng pi
e
z
oe
l
e
ctr
i
c
tr
a
n
sd
ucer wi
t
h
b
e
nd
i
ng
m
e
ch
an
ism
…
(
A
ni
s M
a
isar
a
h
M
ohd
Asry)
56
7
REFE
RENCES
[1]
E.
M
a
g
hsou
d
i
,
et
a
l
.,
“
A
re
v
i
e
w
o
f
walkin
g
en
e
r
g
y
h
arv
e
st
in
g
us
in
g
pi
ezoelect
ric
m
a
t
erials
,
”
International
Con
f
eren
ce on
Ar
chi
t
ect
ure
and
Ci
v
il Eng
i
n
eer
i
n
g
(
I
CACE 2
0
1
7
)
, p
p. 1
-8
, 20
1
7
.
[2]
A.
A
dhit
h
an,
et
.al.,
“P
ro
pos
ed
M
eth
o
d
o
f
F
o
o
t
S
t
ep
P
o
w
er
G
en
er
atio
n
us
in
g
Piezo
E
lectri
c
S
e
n
s
o
r
,
”
Internat
iona
l
Ad
van
c
ed
Res
e
ar
ch Jo
ur
nal i
n
Science,
En
gin
eer
i
n
g
an
d
T
ech
no
log
y
, vo
l
. 2
, p
p
. 2
5
-
29
, Ap
r
il 20
15
.
[3]
M
.
N.
Gupta,
et a
l
.
,
“El
ectricity
G
en
eratio
n
Due
to
V
ib
rati
on
o
f
M
o
v
i
ng
Vehi
cles
U
sin
g
P
i
ezoelect
ric
E
f
f
e
c
t
,”
El
ectr
i
cit
y
Gen
e
ra
ti
on Due
to Vibr
ati
o
n
o
f
M
o
v
ing V
e
hi
c
l
es
U
s
ing Piezo
elect
ri
c
Effect,
vol.
4
p
p
.
3
1
3-31
8.
201
4.
[4]
J.
V
argh
ese
an
d
P
.
K
ariko
t
t
i
l,
“
F
o
o
t
step
P
o
w
er
G
enerati
o
n
us
ing
P
iezo
elect
ri
c
S
e
ns
ors,
”
I
n
te
r
n
at
io
na
l J
o
u
r
n
a
l
of
Recen
t In
nova
t
i
o
n
in En
g
i
neeri
ng an
d Resea
r
ch
,
v
o
l
. 2
, p
p.
1
1-1
8
.
A
u
g
u
st 2
01
7.
[5]
D.
V
a
t
ansever,
et
a
l
.
,
A
l
ternativ
e
Res
ources
f
or
R
enew
a
b
le
E
n
e
rg
y:
P
i
e
z
o
elect
ric
an
d
P
hot
ov
oltaic
S
mart
S
t
ru
ctures,
Glob
al
W
a
rming
- I
m
pa
c
t
s an
d
Fu
tu
re
Pe
rspe
c
t
iv
e
s
,
201
2,
p
p.
2
6
4
-268.
[6]
P.
A
rora
et a
l
.
,
“P
iezo
electri
cs
-
A
P
oten
tial
E
lect
ric
S
o
u
r
c
e
f
or
A
i
r
crafts
,”
Proc
e
e
ding
s of the
Wo
rld
Co
ng
re
ss o
n
En
gi
neeri
n
g
, pp
.
97
8
-9
80
, 20
1
3
.
[7]
V.
P
ras
a
nn
abal
a
j
i,
et al.
,
“
S
tai
r
c
a
se
P
o
w
er
G
en
erati
on
U
s
ing
Piezo
-El
ectric
Trans
d
u
cers,
”
A
d
va
nce i
n
E
l
ectr
o
n
i
c
an
d Elect
ric
Engin
eeri
ng,
vol.
3
,
pp
.
7
4
7
-7
54
,
2013
.
[8]
A.
K
o
kkin
o
p
oulos
,
et a
l
.
,
“
E
n
e
rgy
h
a
rvest
i
n
g
i
mp
lem
e
ntin
g
em
b
e
dd
ed
p
i
ezoel
e
c
t
r
ic
g
en
era
t
o
r
s
–
T
h
e
p
o
t
e
n
t
i
a
l
f
o
r
the
At
tiki
Odos
t
ra
ffi
c
grid,”
T
e
rra
Gr
een
13
In
te
rn
atio
na
l
Con
f
er
en
ce 2
0
1
3
- A
d
v
a
ncemen
ts
i
n
Ren
e
wabl
e E
n
er
gy
an
d Cl
ean
En
vironm
ent
,
pp
.
1-1
7
, 2
01
3.
[9]
M
.
R
e
n
a
u
d
,
P
.
F
i
o
r
i
n
i
,
R
.
v
a
n
S
c
h
a
i
j
k
a
n
d
C
.
v
a
n
H
o
o
f
,
"
A
n
i
m
p
a
ct
b
ased
p
i
ezo
e
l
ect
ric
harv
est
e
r
ad
apt
e
d
to
l
o
w
f
r
equ
e
ncy
env
i
ro
nm
ent
a
l
vi
bratio
ns,
"
TR
ANSDUCE
R
S
2
0
0
9
-
200
9 Int
e
rn
a
t
ional
S
o
l
i
d
-
S
t
a
t
e Senso
r
s
,
Ac
tu
at
o
rs
an
d M
i
cr
osyste
m
s
Co
n
f
erence
,
p
p
. 20
9
4
-2
09
7,
2
00
9.
[10]
M.
Ferrari,
et a
l
.
,
“P
ort
a
b
l
e
energ
y
-lo
g
g
e
r
circu
it
f
o
r
t
h
e
ex
perim
e
n
t
al
e
val
u
ati
o
n
o
f
energy
h
arv
e
st
ing
s
o
luti
ons
fro
m
m
ot
io
n
fo
r
we
a
r
a
b
le
a
uton
omo
u
s
se
n
sors
,”
Eur
o
s
e
ns
o
r
s 2
014 P
r
oced
ia En
g
i
neer
ing
87
,
2
0
1
4
,
pp1
23
0
-1
23
3
.
[11]
A.
M
.
Ab
dal
and
K.S
.
L
eo
ng,
“
P
i
ezo
electri
c
P
r
e-S
t
ress
ed
B
en
di
ng
M
echani
s
m
f
o
r
Im
pact
D
riv
e
n
Energ
y
Harvester,
”
In
tern
at
io
nal T
echni
cal
P
o
s
t
gradu
ate Con
f
er
ence IOP
Co
nf.
S
e
ri
es: M
a
t
eri
a
ls Sci
e
nce a
n
d
En
gi
neeri
ng 21
0
,
p
p
1
– 1
1
, 20
1
7
.
[12]
N
.
Ky
oo
a
nd
H
.
R
.
Hee,
“
Contin
uo
us
E
n
e
rgy
Harv
esti
ng
M
eth
o
d
Us
i
ng
P
i
e
z
o
elect
ric
E
l
e
m
ent
”
,
20
15
IEE
E
2
n
d
Int
e
rna
t
i
o
n
a
l
Futu
re E
n
erg
y
Electr
onics
Conferen
ce (
I
FE
EC),
p
p
1
-
4,
2
0
15.
[13]
P.
Mad
h
u
,
et
a
l
.
,
“E
lectri
cal
P
ow
er
G
en
erat
io
n
b
y
F
oo
t-steps
us
in
g
Piezo
-electr
i
c
T
ran
s
du
cers,”
Interna
t
ional
Jou
r
n
a
l
o
f
Recent
T
r
e
n
ds
in
E
n
g
i
neer
in
g
&
R
e
se
a
r
ch
(
I
J
R
TER)
v
o
l.
2
p
p
1
0
8
–
115.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.