Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of
P
ower E
le
ctr
on
i
cs a
n
d
Drive
S
ystem
(I
J
PE
D
S
)
Vo
l.
11
,
No.
3
,
Septem
be
r 2020
, pp.
1574
~
1556
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8694
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ij
peds
.
v11.i
3
.
pp
1547
-
1556
1547
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
pe
ds
.i
aescore.c
om
A rando
m PWM
control
strategy
for a
t
hree
-
l
evel
i
nvert
er
us
ed
in a gri
d conn
ect
ed phot
ovoltai
c system
Ka
m
al
Him
our
1
, K
.
Iffouzar
2
1
Depa
rtment of
Te
chno
logy, Uni
ver
sity
C
ent
er
of
El Ba
y
adh, Alg
eri
a
2
Depa
rtment of
Second
Cyc
le,
S
chool
of
Appli
ed
Scie
n
ce
s,
Alger
i
a
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Ja
n
22
, 2
0
20
Re
vised
A
pr
4
,
20
20
Accepte
d
Apr
26
, 20
20
The
work
pr
ese
nte
d
in
thi
s
pap
e
r
is
devoted
to
t
he
cont
rol
of
a
photovol
taic
sys
te
m
conn
ecte
d
to
grid
by
a
t
hre
e
-
l
eve
l
d
iode
clam
ed
inve
r
te
r
.
A
cont
ro
l
struct
ure
b
ase
d
on
thre
e
p
art
s:
d
c
li
nk
vo
lt
ag
e
co
ntrol
,
power
inje
ct
ed
cont
rol
and
cur
ren
t
con
t
rol
is
proposed.
In
thi
s
work,
th
e
ran
dom
PWM
strat
egy
is
used
to
gene
r
ate
con
trol
signals
for
th
e
mul
t
i
le
ve
l
inv
er
t
er
u
sed
us
an
int
erf
ac
e
to
c
onnec
t
photovo
lt
aic
gen
era
tors
to
th
e
grid
.
Numer
ical
simul
ations
are
per
fo
rme
d
u
sing
MA
TL
A
B
/
Simul
ink
sof
twar
e,
the
simul
ation
results
for
the
propos
ed
sys
tem
indic
at
e
th
e
per
for
mance
s
of
the
proposed
control
struct
ur
e,
m
inimiz
at
ion
of
h
ar
moni
cs
by
th
e
r
andom
PWM
strat
egy
ap
plied
and
inj
e
ct
ion
to
t
he
gr
id
more
ac
t
ive
power
by
the
mu
lt
i
le
ve
l
inve
rt
er
stru
ct
ur
e.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Gr
i
d
c
onnecti
on
Photo
vo
lt
ai
c s
ys
te
ms
Ra
ndom P
WM
Thr
ee
level i
nverters
This
is an
open
acc
ess arti
cl
e
un
der
the
CC
BY
-
SA
l
ic
ense
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Kamal
Himou
r
,
Dep
a
rtme
nt of
Tech
no
l
ogy, I
nst
it
ute o
f Sci
en
ces,
Un
i
ver
sit
y C
en
te
r
of El Ba
ya
dh,
BP 900,
3200
0, Al
ger
ia
.
Emai
l:
himou
r.kamal
@
hotma
il
.f
r
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Currentl
y,
renewable
ene
r
gies
are
c
on
si
de
red
as
the
al
te
rn
at
ive
to
f
os
s
il
com
busti
ble
in
orde
r
t
o
reduce
poll
ution.
T
he
gri
d
connecte
d
P
V
syst
ems
ge
ne
rall
y
us
e
a
tw
o
-
le
vel
in
ver
te
r
to
se
nd
to
gri
d
t
he
gen
e
rated
PV
powe
r,
or it us
ed
to fee
d
li
ne
ar and
no
nli
ne
ar lo
a
ds
con
ne
ct
ed
at
the ac s
ide [1
-
6]. N
e
ve
rtheless,
the
c
onve
ntional
inv
e
rter
is
ve
ry
li
mit
ed
in
it
s
ou
t
pu
t
volt
age
le
vels.
It
on
l
y
giv
es
th
r
ee
le
vels
of
phase
t
o
ph
a
se
outp
ut
volt
age
a
nd
poor
sp
ect
ral
qual
it
y
[
7
-
8].
T
o
de
al
with
this
prob
le
m
,
re
searc
her
s
ha
ve
propose
d
oth
e
r
str
uctur
e
s
cal
le
d
mu
lt
il
evel
inv
e
rters
to
pe
rform
the
se
gr
i
ds
co
nne
ct
ed
phot
ovoltai
c
sy
ste
ms
s
uc
h
as:
flying ca
pacit
ors str
uctu
re,
t
he
cascade
d H
-
Bridg
e
str
ucture, the
diode cla
mp
e
d
in
ver
te
rs
stru
ct
ur
e a
nd t
he
f
ull
br
i
dg
e
with
ca
sc
ade
d
tra
nsfo
r
mers
in
ver
te
r
s.
The
ses
mu
lt
il
evel
in
ve
rters
al
low
obta
inin
g
high
outp
ut
volt
ages
with
bette
r
s
pe
ct
ral
qu
al
it
y
moreo
ver
;
the
y
offe
r
se
ver
a
l
po
ssi
bili
ti
es
for
the
c
onne
ct
ion
of
photovo
lt
ai
c
gen
e
rato
rs or b
at
te
ries to their
conti
nuous
bu
s
[9
-
14].
In
li
te
ratu
re,
m
any
w
orks
ha
ve
us
e
d
th
ree
le
vel
in
ver
te
rs
in
gr
i
d
c
onnecte
d
ph
otov
oltai
c
sy
ste
ms
a
nd
pro
po
se
d
se
veral
con
tr
ol
strat
egies
f
or
it
.
In
[15],
aut
hors
pr
ese
nt
the
c
ontr
ol
of
a
thre
e
-
le
vel
Ne
utral
Po
in
t
Cl
amped
(
NPC
)
vo
lt
age
s
ou
rce
i
nv
e
rter
f
or
gr
i
d
c
onnect
ed
phot
ovoltai
c
(
PV)
s
ys
te
m
s;
the
co
ntr
ol
metho
d
us
e
d
is
t
he
E
xt
end
e
d
Direct
P
ow
e
r
C
ontrol
(
EDP
C)
,
w
hich
is
a
ge
ner
ic
a
ppr
oach
f
or
Direct
P
ow
e
r
C
ontr
ol
(D
PC
)
of
m
ulti
le
vel
inv
e
rters
base
d
on
ge
ome
tric
al
co
ns
i
der
at
io
ns
.
Als
o,
in
[16
]
,
auth
ors
u
sed
t
o
c
on
t
ro
l
t
he
three
-
le
vel
in
ve
rter,
a
modifi
ed
versi
on
of
volt
age
-
or
ie
nted
co
ntr
ol
(VOC
)
met
hod
an
d
the
s
pace
vect
or
pu
lse
width
m
odulat
ion
(SVP
W
M
)
te
ch
nique.
To
re
du
ce
the
ha
rm
on
ic
c
onte
nt
of
gri
d
-
co
nn
ect
ed
c
urren
t
and
to
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
11
, N
o.
3
,
Se
ptembe
r
2020
:
15
47
–
15
56
1548
impro
ve
t
he
dy
namic
res
ponse
of
the
s
ys
te
m
,
a
sin
gle
-
ca
rr
i
er
pulse
widt
h
modu
la
ti
on
me
thod
is
pr
ese
nt
ed
f
or
T
-
ty
pe
th
ree
-
le
vel in
ver
te
r
in
[17].
In
this
pa
per
,
a
phot
ovoltai
c
sy
ste
m
c
onne
c
te
d
to
gri
d
bas
ed
on
a
t
hr
ee
-
le
vel
in
ver
te
r
w
hich
al
l
ow
s
connecti
on
of
one
or
tw
o
PV
ge
ne
rato
rs
acr
os
s
the
ca
pacit
or
s
i
n
t
he
DC
bus
is
pro
posed
.
The
con
t
ro
l
structu
re
pro
pose
d
is
co
mpo
sed
of
t
hr
ee
pa
rts:
co
ntr
ol
of
th
e
DC
bus
vo
lt
age
,
c
ontr
ol
of
po
wer
s
ent
to
netw
ork
an
d
c
urren
t
c
on
tr
ol.
To
co
ntr
ol
t
he
three
-
le
vel
i
nverter,
Ra
nd
om
PWM
co
ntr
ol
strat
eg
y
is
use
d.
Wit
h
this
con
t
ro
l
str
at
egy
,
t
he
el
ect
ro
ma
gnet
ic
acou
sti
c
noise
ca
n
be
s
pr
ea
d
to
the
wide
ba
nd
area
an
d
a
lo
w
THD
of grid c
urre
nt
can
be ob
ta
i
ne
d.
The
pa
per
is organ
iz
e
d
a
s f
oll
ow
:
sect
ions 2
il
lustrate
s
the modell
ing
of
t
he
pro
posed
s
yst
em,
sect
i
o
n
3
is
de
vote
d
t
o
the
co
ntr
ol
of
this
pro
pose
d
sy
ste
m,
The
n,
in
sect
ion
4
t
he
simulat
io
n
re
su
lt
s
are
pr
e
se
nted,
finall
y
i
n
sect
i
on 5 the c
oncl
usi
on of this
stu
dy.
2.
MO
DELIN
G
OF THE P
ROP
OSED
S
YS
T
EM
The
pr
opos
e
d
sy
ste
m
is
sho
wn
i
n
Fig
ur
e
1.
It
co
ns
ist
s
of
t
wo
ph
otovo
lt
ai
c
gen
er
at
ors
connecte
d
t
o
the
th
ree
le
vels
Di
od
e
Cl
am
ped
I
nverter
t
hro
ugh
a
DC
bu
s;
the
mu
lt
i
le
vel
in
ver
te
r
is
co
nn
ect
e
d
t
o
gr
i
d
by a
filt
er.
Figure
1.
Pro
pose
d gr
id
con
ne
ct
ed
ph
otov
oltai
c sy
ste
m st
r
uctu
re.
2.1.
Ph
oto
vo
l
t
aic g
e
nera
t
or m
od
el
in
g
So
la
r
cel
ls
a
re
usual
ly
ass
oc
ia
te
d
in
se
ries
an
d
in
par
al
l
el
,
an
d
the
n
e
ncapsulat
ed
unde
r
glass
to
ob
ta
in
a pho
t
ovoltai
c
m
odule
.
PV
mod
ules
a
re
usual
ly
c
onne
ct
ed
in
series
-
par
al
le
l
to
inc
r
ease
the
volt
ag
e
and
current
at
t
he
photov
oltai
c
ge
ner
at
or
outp
ut
.
The
i
nterc
onnected
mod
ules
are
mou
nted
on
meta
ll
ic
suppo
rts
and
incli
ne
d
ac
cordin
g
to
the
desire
d
a
ng
le
de
pendin
g
on
th
e
locat
ion.
St
udy
an
d
m
odel
ing
of
a
photov
oltai
c
gen
e
rato
r
a
nd
the
I
-
V
c
har
ac
te
risti
c
is
base
d
on
a
cel
l
e
le
mentar
y
mode
le
d
by
the
wel
l
-
know
n
e
qu
i
va
le
nt
ci
rcu
it
of F
i
gur
e 2
.
This circ
uit i
nt
rod
uces a
c
urre
nt s
ource a
nd a
d
io
de
i
n parall
el
, as wel
l as s
eries resist
a
nce
Rs and
par
al
le
l resist
a
nce Rs
h
to
take
into
acc
ount
the
dissipati
ve
ph
e
nome
na
[18].
I
=
I
ph
−
I
s
[
(
exp
V
+
I
.
R
s
m
.
K
.
T
q
)
−
1
]
−
V
+
I
.
R
s
R
sh
(1)
Figure
2. P
ho
t
ovoltai
c cel
l eq
uiv
al
ent
ci
rcu
it
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
A ran
dom PW
M co
ntro
l
strat
egy for
a
three
-
le
vel
inverte
r
us
e
d
in
a gr
i
d connect
ed
...
(
K. H
im
our)
1549
Fo
r
a
P
V
m
odule
wit
h
s
eries
c
onnecte
d
c
el
ls
a
nd
pa
rall
el
co
nnect
ed
cel
ls,
t
he
current
-
volt
age
char
act
e
risti
c is gi
ven by:
I
=
N
p
.
I
ph
−
N
p
.
I
s
[
exp
〈
(
1
m
.
K
.
T
q
)
.
(
V
N
s
+
R
s
.
I
N
p
)
〉
−
1
]
−
N
p
R
sh
.
(
V
N
s
+
R
s
.
I
N
p
)
(2)
Wh
e
re:
I
ph
:
The p
ho
t
o
-
c
urre
nt,
I
s
: The sat
ur
at
io
n
c
urren
t
of
dio
de
,
m: i
deali
ty
fact
or,
and
ℎ
: series an
d parall
el
r
esi
st
ance,
T: j
un
ct
io
n
te
mp
e
ratur
e
,
K: Boltz
ma
nn
const
ant,
q: elec
tro
n
c
ha
rg
e
.
2.2.
M
od
el
of
DC
/
DC
co
nv
e
rter
The
DC
/
DC
conve
rter
use
d
in
this
w
ork
i
s
the
most
fr
e
quently
us
e
d
as
boos
t
co
nverte
r
(Boost)
a
s
sh
ow
n
in
Fi
gur
e 3
.
Figure
3. DC/
DC Co
nverter
Stru
ct
ur
e.
This c
onve
rter
is mo
deled
by t
he follo
wing e
qu
at
io
ns
:
=
(
1
−
)
(3)
=
.
(
1
−
)
(4)
Wh
e
re
α,
Vo
a
nd
I
o
res
pecti
ve
ly
de
no
te
t
he
du
t
y
cycle
,
the
vo
lt
age
of
out
pu
t
a
nd
t
he
ou
t
pu
t
c
urren
t
of the B
oost co
nv
e
rter.
T
he
c
yc
li
c rati
o
α
, is t
he MPP
T c
on
t
r
ol s
ys
te
m
ou
t
put (
P &
O).
2.3. M
od
el
of thre
e level
di
ode
cl
am
ped in
vert
er
A
thre
e
-
ph
a
se
three
-
le
vel
di
ode
-
cl
am
pe
d
in
ver
te
r
is
s
how
n
in
Fi
gure
4
[
19].
It
is
com
pose
d
by
th
ree
arms
a
nd tw
o DC volt
ages
. E
ach a
rm has
four
switc
he
s in seri
es a
nd
t
wo
median
d
i
od
e
s.
Each swit
ch
c
on
sist
s
of
a
tra
ns
ist
or
and
an
antipal
l
e
l
diode.
The
midpoint
of
ea
ch
a
rm
is
c
onne
ct
ed
to
a
DC
so
urce
volt
age
(U
c
).
With
a
ca
pacit
ive volt
age d
ivi
der
f
orme
d
by the f
il
te
r
capa
c
it
or
s
C
1
an
d
C
2
of same
capac
it
y
C, w
e
obta
in
t
wo
seco
nd
a
ry
DC
source
s
eac
h
deliveri
ng
a
ha
lf
volt
age
(
U
c
/
2).
Be
i
ng
c
o
nnect
ed
to
ea
ch
oth
e
r
at
a
neu
t
ral
po
i
nt noted
O.
Fo
r
ea
ch
le
g
of
the
in
ver
te
r,
we
de
fine
t
hr
e
e
connecti
on
f
un
ct
io
ns,
each
on
e
is
ass
ociat
ed
to
on
e
of
the th
ree stat
es
of the
leg:
{
1
=
1
.
2
2
=
2
.
3
3
=
3
.
4
(5)
As
in
dicat
ed
i
n
Table
1,
eac
h
le
g
of
t
he
in
ver
te
r
ca
n
ha
ve
th
ree
possibl
e
s
witc
hing
sta
te
s
P,
O,
N
.
The o
utput v
ol
ta
ges of
a
th
ree
-
le
vel
diode cl
ampe
d
in
ve
rter
are
e
xpresse
d as f
ollows:
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
11
, N
o.
3
,
Se
ptembe
r
2020
:
15
47
–
15
56
1550
[
10
20
30
]
=
[
11
21
31
12
22
32
13
23
33
]
.
[
2
0
−
2
]
(6)
Table
1.
Stat
es of
on
e
leg
of 3 l
evel DC
I
1
2
3
4
State
0
0
1
1
−
2
⁄
N
0
1
1
0
0
O
1
1
0
0
2
⁄
P
1
0
0
1
u
n
k
n
o
wn
-
Figure
4.
Th
re
e level
d
i
odes
cl
amped in
ver
t
er (DCI
).
3.
THE
PROPO
SED
CONTR
OL STR
ATE
GY
The
ob
je
ct
ive
of
c
ontr
ol
struc
ture
is
to
re
gula
te
the
DC
-
li
nk
volt
age
a
nd
to
set
a
un
it
powe
r
factor.
Figure
5
s
hows
the
whole
blo
c
d
ia
gram
of t
he
contr
ol str
uctu
re.
Figure
5
.
Bl
oc diag
ram of
the
con
t
ro
l st
ru
ct
ure
3.1.
D
C/D
C
c
onverters
cont
rol (MPPT
co
nt
r
ol
)
The
pri
nciple
of
this
co
mma
nd
is
t
o
ge
nerat
e
distu
rb
a
nc
es
by
dec
reasi
ng
or
inc
reasi
ng
the
c
yclic
rati
o
α
and t
o
obser
ve
t
he
ef
fe
ct
o
n
t
he powe
r
delive
re
d by
t
he photo
volt
ai
c g
e
ner
at
or
[20
-
21]
. I
ts al
gorithm i
s
il
lust
rati
ng
i
n Fi
gure
6
.
P
g
Q
g
_
r
e
f
P
g
U
c
1
r
e
f
I
c
1
r
e
f
P
c
1
r
e
f
I
s
dq
_
r
e
f
Co
n
t
rô
l
e
d
es
co
u
ran
t
s
Co
n
t
rô
l
e
u
c1
I
s
dq
V
s
U
c
1
Co
n
t
rô
l
e
d
es
p
u
i
s
s
an
ces
I
so
2
P
co
1
~
~
C
on
t
r
ôl
e
du
C
on
ve
r
t
i
s
s
e
ur
DC
-
DC
1
I
pv
1
U
c
2
V
pv
1
F
r
e
f
F
r
e
f
Co
n
t
rô
l
e
du
co
n
v
ert
i
s
s
eu
r
à
t
ro
i
s
n
i
v
eau
x
U
c
V
m
r
e
f
C
on
t
r
ôl
e
d
u
C
on
ve
r
t
i
s
s
e
ur
DC
-
DC
2
F
r
e
f
I
pv
2
V
pv
2
Co
n
t
rô
l
e
u
c2
U
c
2
U
c
2
r
e
f
P
c
2
r
e
f
~
I
c
2
r
e
f
U
c
1
I
so
1
P
c
o2
~
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
A ran
dom PW
M co
ntro
l
strat
egy for
a
three
-
le
vel
inverte
r
us
e
d
in
a gr
i
d connect
ed
...
(
K. H
im
our)
1551
Figure
6
.
Flo
w
char
t
of P&
O
a
lgorit
hm
.
3.2.
D
C bus c
on
t
rol
The
DC
volt
age
c
orrecto
r
is
us
e
d
to
re
gu
la
te
the
DC
bus
and
set
s
the
ac
ti
ve
powe
r
.
Figure
7
il
lustrate
s the
bl
oc
dia
gr
a
m
of
DC volt
age
contr
ol.
Figure
7
.
Bl
oc diag
ram of
the
DC bus
contr
ol
.
The DC l
in
k v
oltage m
us
t
res
pect the
co
ndit
ion
:
>
√
3
(7)
Wh
e
re:
:
M
a
ximum
of
phase
volt
age
: R
egu
la
ti
on in
dex
The
ca
pacit
anc
e of the
D
C l
in
k
is
obta
ined
by th
e
r
el
at
io
n:
No
Δ
P
>
0
Δ
V
>0
Δ
V>
0
V
(
k
+1
)
= V
(
k
)
+
ΔV
V
(k
+1
)
=
V
(k
)
-
Δ
V
V
(k
+1
)
=
V
(k
)
-
Δ
V
V
(k
+1
)
=
V
(k
)
+
Δ
V
No
Ye
s
Ye
s
Ye
s
No
S
ta
r
t
P&
O
a
lg
o
r
ith
m
M
e
su
r
e
o
f
V(
k
)
e
t
I(
k
)
P
(
k
)
=I
(
k
)
*
V
(
k
)
Δ
P=P(
k
)
-
p(
k
-
1
)
Δ
V
=V
(
k
)
-
V(
k
-
1
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
11
, N
o.
3
,
Se
ptembe
r
2020
:
15
47
–
15
56
1552
=
2
.
.
20
.
10
−
3
2
.
(
1
−
2
)
(8)
Wh
e
re:
=
: i
s the m
a
xima
l powe
r of
t
he photo
volt
ai
c ge
ner
at
or
The
vo
lt
a
ge
mu
st
be
car
ef
ully
c
ho
se
n
t
o
ens
ur
e
t
he
c
on
t
ro
ll
abili
ty
of
t
he
c
urren
t
at
al
l
op
e
rati
ng
po
i
nts.
3.3.
P
ow
er
contr
ol
The
act
ive
a
nd
reacti
ve
powe
r
(
,
)
can
be
both
expresse
d
by
usi
ng
Par
k
c
ompone
nts
of
s
uppl
y
vo
lt
age
(
,
)
and li
ne
c
urren
t
(
,
)
as
f
ollows:
{
=
.
+
.
=
.
−
.
(9)
Re
fer
e
nce
c
urr
ents
(
,
)
w
hich
al
lows
set
ti
ng
the
desire
d
refe
ren
ce
act
ive
and
reacti
ve
powe
rs
(
,
)
, as
f
ollow
s:
{
=
.
−
.
2
+
2
=
.
−
.
2
+
2
(10)
The
unit
y
pow
er
f
act
or
is
obta
ined
simpl
y
by
set
ti
ng
t
he
re
act
ive
po
wer
r
efere
nce
null
.
We
ca
n
al
s
o
gen
e
rate
or
abs
orbe
(
<
0
>
0
)
.
3.4.
C
urren
t c
ontrol
The
vecto
r
cu
r
ren
t
c
on
t
ro
l
in
Park
re
fer
e
nce f
rame
is
car
ried
out by
u
si
ng
the
sy
nc
hro
nized
re
fer
e
nc
e
with
the
gri
d
vo
lt
age
.
Bl
oc
diag
ram
as
s
how
n
in
Fi
gure
8.
T
he
el
ect
ric
equ
at
io
ns
of
the
filt
er
(
,
)
connecte
d t
o t
he
grid a
re
giv
e
n bell
ow
:
{
=
+
−
+
=
+
−
+
(11)
Figure
8
.
Bl
oc
diag
ram of
the
current c
ontr
ol
3.5.
R
andom
PWM
contr
ol
strate
gy for
the
t
hree
levels
DC
I
The
P
W
M
bas
ed
on
the
c
omparis
on
betwee
n
the
car
rier
w
ave
w
hich
is
in
the
m
os
t
ti
me
tria
ngula
r
and
the
ref
e
rence
wa
ve
w
hich
is
e
ve
n
pro
vide
di
rectl
y
by
t
he
pr
ogramme
r
or
by
the
fa
r
c
on
t
ro
l
te
ch
niqu
e
li
ke
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
A ran
dom PW
M co
ntro
l
strat
egy for
a
three
-
le
vel
inverte
r
us
e
d
in
a gr
i
d connect
ed
...
(
K. H
im
our)
1553
scal
ar
or
ve
ct
or
sp
ee
d
c
ontrol
.
the
s
witc
hing
instant
s
dep
e
nd
the
i
ntersecti
on
betwe
en
t
he
two
wa
ves,
i
n
the
PWM w
it
h
a fi
x
switc
hing fre
qu
e
nc
y
the
harmo
nics curre
nt
s ar
e sh
i
fted
to
the h
ig
h fr
e
qu
e
ncies w
hich
is
good
for
t
he
el
ect
rical
point
of
vie
w
beca
us
e
the
T
HD
is
lo
w
but
for
the
oth
e
rs
point
of
vie
w
it
’
s
dif
fer
e
nt
.
T
he
harmo
nics
are
very
c
on
ce
ntr
at
ed
ar
ound
th
e
rang
(
=
)
.
so,
we
fi
nd
t
hat
th
e
highest
ha
rm
onic
s
are
the
±
2
th
an
±
4
et
c…,
the
same
with
2
and
3
an
d
al
l
the
“m
”
mu
lt
iple
wh
a
t
we
cal
le
d ha
rm
on
ic
s
f
amil
ie
s.
Th
e
me
th
od
is
based
on
a
rand
om
selec
tio
n
of
th
e
carrier
frequ
enc
y
fo
r
eac
h
car
rier
perio
d
[2
2
-
25
].
In
this
techn
iq
ue
t
he
rand
omization
of
frequ
e
ncy
of
carrier
wave
is
by
t
akin
g
some
ti
mes
th
e
carrier
wa
ve
and
th
e
other
times
th
e
in
verse
of
carrier
wave.
So
,
fo
r
do
th
is
w
e
work
with
PRB
S
(th
e rand
om b
its g
enerator,
Fig
ur
e
9
wh
ich
it g
enerates rand
om b
ites even
0
o
r 1.
Fig
ur
e
9
. P
R
BS 9
b
its scheme
In
ou
r
sc
heme
,
PRB
S
sig
nal
is
gen
e
rated
us
in
g
a
li
nea
r
feedbac
k
s
hift
reg
ist
er
(L
FSR
),
s
how
n
in
Figure
9.
It
has
9
data
sto
rin
g
un
it
s
(
delay
li
ne
in
opti
cs),
ea
ch
unit
is
ca
pa
ble
of
sto
rin
g
one
bit
of
bi
nary
data
te
mp
oraril
y
du
rin
g
one
cl
oc
k
per
i
od.
T
he
w
h
ole
s
ys
te
m
is
sy
nc
hro
nized
with
a
cl
ock.
At
each
pe
rio
d,
the
5
and
9
bit
goes
th
rou
gh
a
XOR
pro
cess.
T
he
X
OR
lo
gic
i
s
us
ed
i
n
t
he
P
RB
S
to
dr
i
ve
t
he
in
pu
t
bit
wi
th
t
he
XO
R
of
s
om
e
bits
of
the
overall
s
hift
reg
i
ste
r
value
,
al
s
o
A
XO
R
ga
te
ca
n
giv
e
very
s
hort
pulse
durati
o
n
(<
1
ps).
T
hen,
we
ta
ke
t
he
resu
lt
of
PRB
S
an
d
mu
lt
iple
with
t
he
ca
rr
i
er
wa
ve
an
d
t
he
in
ve
rse
of
PRB
S
mu
lt
iple
with
the
in
ve
rse
of
carrier
wav
e
a
nd
a
dd
the
bo
t
h
res
ults
li
ke
it
’s
been
s
how
n
i
n
Fig
ur
e
10
an
d
Figure
11.
By
us
in
g
t
he
PRB
S
sc
h
eme
an
d
the
car
rier
wa
ve
an
d
t
he
ref
e
r
ence
sc
heme
we
ca
n
buil
d
t
he
blo
c
of PRW
M wit
h pse
udor
a
ndom car
rier.
Figure
10. Ca
rri
er w
a
ve ge
nerat
ion
Figure
11. Ca
rri
er w
a
ve fo
rm
4.
SIMULATI
O
N RESULTS
In
this
sect
ion,
t
he
pro
pose
d
phot
ovol
ta
ic
gr
id
c
onnecti
on
s
ys
te
m
is
simul
at
ed
us
in
g
M
A
TLAB/Si
m
ulink.
We h
a
ve
connecte
d
tw
o
PV
g
ene
rato
rs
(each
ge
ner
at
or
is
com
pose
d
of
13
pa
nels
of
150
W
put
in
se
ries
)
t
o
t
he
c
onti
nuou
s
bus
as
s
ho
wn
in
Ta
ble
2
.
The
reacti
ve
powe
r
is
c
on
t
ro
l
le
d
by
c
on
t
ro
ll
ing
in
park
fr
a
me
t
he
injec
te
d
c
urre
nts
in
the
gri
d,
we
imp
os
e
a
gr
i
d
re
act
ive
powe
r
e
qual
to
zero
(
=
0
)
,
a
nd
the r
e
fer
e
nce a
ct
ive pow
e
r
is
cal
culat
ed by t
he DC
bu
s
con
trol
blo
c.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
11
, N
o.
3
,
Se
ptembe
r
2020
:
15
47
–
15
56
1554
Table
2.
Propo
sed
s
ys
te
m
p
a
r
amet
ers
Ph
o
to
v
o
ltaic ar
ray Bp
s 1
5
0
P
m
ax
150
W
Maximal
po
wer
V
op
3
4
.5
V
Op
tim
al vo
ltag
e
I
op
4
.35
A
Op
tim
al cu
rr
en
t
V
oc
4
3
.5
V
o
p
en
cir
cu
it vo
ltag
e
I
cc
4
.75
A
Sh
o
rt
circuit cur
re
n
t
N
s
5
/
Nu
m
b
er
o
f
series
a
rr
ay
s
N
p
0
/
Nu
m
b
er
o
f
parallel
ar
rays
DC Bu
s
U
dc
624
V
DC b
u
s v
o
ltag
e
C
0
.41
mF
Cap
acitance o
f
DC
bu
s
Filter
R
t
3
Ω
Filter
resistan
ce
L
t
0
,05
H
Filter
in
d
u
ctan
ce
Grid
V
s
380
V
Vo
ltag
e
F
50
Hz
fr
eq
u
en
cy
Figure
1
2
sho
ws
P
(
V)
a
nd
I(V)
c
urve
s
for
P
V
pan
el
.
The
pro
file
s
of
i
rr
a
diance
of
t
wo
PV
gen
e
rato
rs
a
re
sh
ow
n
in
Fi
gur
e 1
3
.
Figure
1
2
. P (
V)
an
d I
(V) c
urves f
or
PV p
anel.
Figure
13. Ir
ra
diance
pro
file
of each
P
V gene
rator
Figure
1
4
. PV
powe
r of
eac
h PV ge
ner
at
or
a
nd g
l
ob
al
PV
powe
r
Figure
1
5
. Gri
d
act
ive
powe
r
Figure
1
6
. Gri
d react
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1000
1500
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
A ran
dom PW
M co
ntro
l
strat
egy for
a
three
-
le
vel
inverte
r
us
e
d
in
a gr
i
d connect
ed
...
(
K. H
im
our)
1555
Figure
17. V
oltages
U
c1
a
nd U
c2
Figure
1
8
. Gri
d vo
lt
age
and
c
urren
t
Figures
1
4
,
1
5
and
1
6
res
pec
ti
vely
sho
w
th
e
total
produc
ed
ph
otovo
lt
ai
c
power,
the
a
ct
ive
powe
r
and
t
he
reacti
ve
pow
er
tra
nsmi
tt
ed
to
t
he
el
ect
rical
network.
Th
ese
r
esults
s
how
th
at
al
l
the
P
V
powe
r
pro
du
ce
d
is
in
je
ct
ed
to
gri
d
with
a
un
it
po
wer
fact
or
bec
ause
we
ha
ve
imposed
a
refe
ren
ce
reacti
ve
powe
r
equ
al
to
0.
Fig
ur
e
1
7
sho
ws
the
volt
ages
of
the
two
ca
pac
it
ances
of
t
he
DC
bus.
The
t
wo
ca
pacit
anc
e
are
equ
al
(C
1
=
C
2
=
0.
2
mF
).
t
he
gri
d
vo
lt
a
ge
and
t
he
gri
d
current
of
phase
1ar
e
il
lust
rated
in
Fig
ure
1
8
.
Figures
19
an
d
2
0
res
pecti
vel
y
re
pr
e
sent
th
e
ou
t
pu
t
volt
age
of
t
he
th
ree
le
vels
DC
I
an
d
i
ts
har
m
onic
an
al
ys
is
(
=
35
.
40
%
).
Figure
19. O
utp
ut
volt
age
of
ph
a
se
1 of
t
he 3 level
DCI
Figure
20. Har
monic anal
ys
is
of
ou
t
pu
t
volt
age
V
1
5.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
This
pap
e
r
presents
the
ad
va
ntages
of
th
r
ee
le
vel
di
od
e
s
cl
ampe
d
i
nverter
for
gr
id
co
nn
ect
e
d
photov
oltai
c
sy
ste
ms.
T
he
pro
posed
s
ys
te
m
pr
oduces
le
ss
dv/dt
stress
es
imp
os
e
d
on
the
s
witc
hing
de
vices
and
gen
e
rates
few
e
r
ha
rm
on
i
c
in
volt
age
a
nd
c
ur
re
nt
by
usi
ng
Ra
nd
om
PWM
co
ntr
ol
strat
egy.
The
usi
ng
of
three
le
vels
D
CI,
al
lo
ws
co
nnect
ing
tw
o
P
V
ge
ner
at
ors
to
t
he
gr
i
d.
Als
o,
it
possible
to
tra
nsmi
t
mor
e
po
wer
to
gri
d
by
i
ncrea
sing
the
DC
bus
vo
lt
a
ge,
a
nd
a
reducti
on
of
the
filt
er
el
ements.
The
ci
rcu
i
t
prov
i
des
good
decou
pling
of
the
vo
lt
a
ge
l
oops
V
d
an
d
V
q
s
ince
th
e
V
q
re
mains
co
ns
ta
nt
un
der
var
ia
ti
ons
w
hich
s
how
s
high
dynamic
performa
nces
of
the
con
t
ro
ll
ers
.
T
hu
s
,
the
act
ive
and
reacti
ve
powe
r
f
ollo
ws
qu
ie
tl
y
the
refe
ren
ce
sign
al
s.
The
gri
d
vo
lt
age
a
nd
cu
rr
e
nt
are
in
phases
th
er
e
by
t
he
pow
er
facto
r
at
th
e
gr
i
d
co
nnect
ion
i
s
al
mo
st
un
it
y.
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
Sami
r
Kouro
,
Jos
e
I.
Le
on,
Dm
itri
Vinniko
v,
L
e
opoldo
G.
Franq
uel
o,
“Gr
id
-
Con
nec
t
ed
Photovo
l
ta
i
c
Sys
tems:
A
n
Overvi
ew
of
R
e
ce
nt
Rese
arc
h
a
nd
Emerging
PV
Conver
te
r
T
ec
h
nology
,
”
in
I
EEE
Industrial
El
e
ct
ronics
Magazi
ne
,
Marc
h
2015
.
[2]
J
Sree
devi
,
N
As
hwin
,
M
Nai
ni
Ra
ju,
“
A
stu
dy
on
gr
id
con
nec
t
ed
PV
sys
t
em
,
”
in
Nat
ion
al
Pow
er
Syst
e
m
s
Confe
renc
e
(N
P
SC)
,
pp
.
1
-
6
,
20
16
.
[3]
K.N.
Nw
ai
gwe,
P.
Mutabi
lwa
,
E
.
Dintwa
,
“An
o
ver
vie
w
of
sola
r
power
(PV
sys
t
em
s)
integra
t
ion
int
o
e
le
c
tricit
y
grids”,
Ma
te
ria
l
s Sc
ie
n
ce f
or
En
ergy
Techno
logies
,
pp
.
629
–
633
,
2019.
[4]
Gus
ta
vo
Hunter
,
Javie
r
Rie
d
ema
nn
,
Ivá
n
Andrad
e
,
R
am
ón
Bla
sc
o
-
Gime
ne
z
&
R
ubén
Peña
,
“Power
cont
ro
l
of
a
grid
-
connect
ed
P
V sys
te
m
during
asymmetrica
l
v
olt
ag
e
fau
lt
s’’
Elec
tri
cal
Engi
n
eer
ing
,
vol
.
101
,
p
p.
239
–
250
,
201
9.
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
3
1
1
.
5
312
3
1
2
.
5
T
i
m
e
(
s
)
C
a
p
a
c
i
t
o
r
s
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
V
)
U
c
1
U
c
2
0
5
10
15
20
-
4
0
0
-
2
0
0
0
200
400
T
i
m
e
(
s
)
G
r
i
d
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
V
)
,
G
r
i
d
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
(
A
)
G
r
i
d
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
V
)
G
r
i
d
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
*
4
0
(
A
)
0
0
.
0
0
2
0
.
0
0
4
0
.
0
0
6
0
.
0
0
8
0
.
0
1
0
.
0
1
2
0
.
0
1
4
0
.
0
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6
0
.
0
1
8
0
.
0
2
-
5
0
0
0
500
T
i
m
e
(
s
)
O
u
t
p
u
t
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
o
f
p
h
a
s
e
1
(
V
)
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
0
0
.
1
0
.
2
0
.
3
0
.
4
0
.
5
0
.
6
0
.
7
0
.
8
0
.
9
1
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
(
H
z
)
F
u
n
d
a
m
e
n
t
a
l
(
5
0
H
z
)
=
3
1
1
.
1
,
T
H
D
=
3
5
.
4
0
%
M
a
g
(
%
o
f
F
u
n
d
a
m
e
n
t
a
l
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
11
, N
o.
3
,
Se
ptembe
r
2020
:
15
47
–
15
56
1556
[5]
V.C.
Sont
ake
a
nd
V.R.
Ka
la
m
kar
,
“Solar
pho
tovol
taic
wat
er
pumpi
ng
sys
tem
–
A
com
pr
e
hensive
rev
i
ew
,
”
Re
newab
le
and
Sustainabl
e
Ener
gy
Revi
ews
,
v
ol
.
59
,
pp
.
1038
-
1
067,
2016
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[6]
S.S.
Ch
ande
l
,
M.
Naga
r
aj
u
Naik
,
Rahu
l
Chand
el
,
“R
eview
of
sol
ar
pho
tovol
t
aic
wate
r
pump
ing
sys
te
m
technolog
y
for
ir
rigation
and
community
drink
ing
wa
te
r
suppli
es
,
”
Re
newab
le
and
Sustainab
le
Ene
rgy
R
ev
i
ew
s
,
vol.
49
,
pp
1084
–
1099,
2015
.
[7]
Meyna
rd,
T
.
A.;
Foch,
“
H.
Mult
i
-
le
ve
l
conve
rsio
n:
High
vo
lt
ag
e
chopp
ers
and
v
olt
ag
e
-
source
in
ver
te
rs
,”
In
IE
E
E
Powe
r E
le
c
troni
cs
Speciali
sts Co
nfe
renc
e
,
Toledo
,
Spain
,
pp
.
397
-
403
,
1992
.
[8]
Ronak
A.
Rana,
Sujal
A.
Pat
el,
Anand
Muthusam
y,
Chee
woo
Lee,
and
H
ee
-
Je
Ki
m,
“R
evi
ew
of
Multi
le
v
el
Vol
tage
Source
Inve
r
te
r
Topol
og
ie
s
an
d
Analysis
of
Harm
onic
s
Dist
orti
ons
in
FC
-
MLI
,
”
Elec
troni
cs
,
vol
.
8
,
no
.
11
,
p.
1329
,
2019
.
[9]
V
S
Prasadra
o
K,
P
Sudha
Rani
and
Gandha
mTabit
a,
“A
new
m
ult
ilevel
inverter
topol
ogy
for
Gr
id
interc
onn
ec
t
io
n
of
PV
sys
te
ms
,
”
PE
STSE
,
pp.
1
-
5
,
2014
.
[10]
K.
S.
Srikan
th,
“A
Three
Phase
Multi
Le
v
el
Co
nver
te
r
for
Grid
Connecte
d
PV
Sys
te
m,
”
Inte
rn
ati
onal
Journal
of
Powe
r E
le
c
troni
cs
and
Dr
ive
Sys
te
m (IJPEDS),
v
ol
.
5
,
no
.
1
,
pp
.
7
1
-
75,
2014
.
[11]
Deshpande
,
Soham
G.
and
N.
R
.
Bhasm
e,
“A
r
e
vie
w
of
topol
ogi
es
of
inv
erter
fo
r
grid
connect
ed
PV
sys
te
ms
,
”
In
2017
Innov
at
ion
s in
Pow
er
and
Adv
anc
ed
Comp
uti
ng
Te
chnol
ogi
es
(i
-
P
ACT)
,
pp
.
1
-
6,
2017
.
[12]
K.
Himour,
K
.
Gheda
msi
and
E
.
M.
Berkouk
,
“
S
uper
vision
and
c
ontrol
of
grid
co
nnec
t
ed
PV
-
storage
sys
te
ms
wit
h
the
f
ive
-
l
evel
di
ode
c
la
mp
ed inv
ert
er
,
”
En
ergy
C
onve
rs
ion
and
M
anageme
nt
,
vol
.
77,
pp
.
98
-
107
,
2014.
[13]
Zi
ch
eng
Zh
ang
,
Alia
n
Chen
,
Xia
ngyan
g
Xing
,
C
huora
n
Zha
ng
,
“
Space
ve
ct
or
mo
dula
ti
on
base
d
c
ontrol
stra
te
gy
o
f
thre
e
-
le
ve
l
inve
r
te
r
for
sepa
r
a
te
MP
PTs
in
photo
volt
aic
sys
te
m
,
”
in
I
EE
E
8
th
I
nt
ernati
onal
Pow
e
r
Elec
troni
cs
an
d
Moti
on
Con
trol Confere
nc
e
(I
PEMC
-
ECCE A
si
a)
,
2016
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[14]
Sandee
p.
N,
U
daykum
ar
R.
Y,
“Singl
e
Phase
Seven
L
evel
Grid
Connec
t
ed
Photovolt
a
ic
S
ystem
with
Rip
ple
Corre
lation
Con
trol
M
axi
mu
m
Pow
er
Point
Tr
ac
king
,
”
Int
ernati
onal
Journal
of
R
ene
wab
le
E
nergy
Re
search
,
v
o
l.
6
,
n
o.
4
,
201
6
.
[15]
Jaim
eAlonso,
Martı
ne
z
Joaquı
n,
El
oy
-
Garc
ı
a
,
Santi
ago
Arnal
te
s
,
“
Dire
c
t
po
wer
cont
ro
l
of
grid
conn
ec
t
ed
PV
sys
te
ms wi
th thr
ee
le
v
el
NP
C
inv
ert
er
,
”
Solar
Ener
gy
,
vo
l
.
84
,
no
.
7
,
pp
.
1175
-
118
6,
2010
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[16]
Georgi
osTsenge
nes
,
Georgi
osA
dam
idi
s
,
“
A
multi
-
func
ti
on
gr
id
co
nnec
t
ed
PV
sys
te
m
with
thr
ee
level
NP
C
inv
ert
e
r
and
vol
ta
ge
ori
e
nte
d
cont
rol
,
”
So
lar E
nergy
,
vol
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85,
no.
1
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,
pp.
2
595
-
2610,
2011
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[17]
Zhi
Zh
ang
and
Hao
Zhou,
“Hig
h
per
form
ance
of
three
-
le
v
el
T
-
type
gr
id
-
connect
ed
photovoltaic
inv
ert
er
sys
tem
with
thr
ee
-
l
evel boos
t
ma
x
im
um
power
point tr
acking
conv
ert
e
r
,”
Adv
anc
es
in
mec
hanic
al
engi
n
ee
r
ing
,
2019
.
[18]
Omar
Mohammed
Benaiss
a,
Sa
mi
r
Hadj
eri
,
Sid
Ahmed
Zi
d
i,
“
Modeli
ng
and
S
im
ulation
of
Gri
d
Connec
t
ed
PV
Gene
ration
Sys
t
em
Us
ing
Mat
l
ab/
Simul
ink
,
”
I
nte
rnational
Jo
urnal
of
Pow
er
Elec
tronic
s
an
d
Dr
iv
e
Syst
em
(IJ
PE
DS)
,
v
ol
.
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,
n
o
.
1
,
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-
401,
2017
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[19]
Akash
S.
Pabb
e
war
,
M.
Kow
sal
ya
,
“
Thre
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Le
ve
l
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tra
l
Point
Cla
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d
Inv
erte
r
Us
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Spa
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Vec
tor
Modulati
on
with
Proportion
a
l
Resonan
t
Contr
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,
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point
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t
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es
for
ph
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[21]
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ic
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,
”
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Int
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ren
c
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“
Random
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ec
hniqu
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I
m
prove
me
n
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Multi
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v
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Inve
r
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B
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