In
te
r
n
ation
a
l Jou
rn
al
o
f Po
we
r
Elec
tron
ic
s an
d
D
r
ive S
y
stem
(IJ
PED
S
)
V
o
l.
10, N
o.
4, D
e
c
e
m
ber
201
9,
pp.
2021~
20
28
ISSN: 2088-
8694,
DOI
:
10.11591
/ijpeds.
v10.
i
4.pp2021-2028
2021
Jou
rn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
:
ht
tp:
//i
a
e
score
.
com
/
j
o
u
r
na
l
s
/
i
n
d
e
x
.
p
hp/IJ
PED
S
Photovoltaic thermal (PV
T) air c
ollector with m
o
nofacial and
b
i
facial solar cells: a review
Ahma
d Fudho
li
1
,
Mu
sli
z
ai
n
un Musta
pha
2
,
Ivan
T
asl
i
m
3
,
Fitrot
u
n
Aliyah
4
, Art
h
u
r
G
a
n
i
Koto
5
,
Kam
a
ru
zz
am
an
S
op
ian
6
1,
2
,
6
S
o
l
a
r En
erg
y
R
es
earch In
s
t
i
tute,
Un
iv
e
r
siti
K
eban
gs
aan M
ala
y
si
a
,
43
60
0
Bangi
S
elan
gor,
M
a
lay
s
ia
3,
5
Un
ivers
i
t
a
s M
u
ham
m
a
d
i
yah
Go
ront
alo,
I
n
d
o
n
esi
a
4
De
pa
rtme
nt
of
Nuc
l
e
a
r
Eng
in
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
Eng
i
ne
e
r
ing
Phy
s
ic
s
,
U
niv
ersit
a
s Gadj
ah M
ad
a, Yo
g
y
a
k
a
rta,
Ind
on
e
s
ia
Art
i
cl
e In
fo
ABSTRACT
A
r
tic
le hist
o
r
y
:
R
e
c
e
i
v
e
d
No
v
1
9
,
2
018
Re
vise
d Mar
1,
201
9
A
c
c
e
pte
d
A
pr 8,
201
9
P
h
o
t
o
v
o
l
t
a
i
c
t
h
e
r
m
a
l
(
P
V
T
)
c
o
l
l
e
c
t
o
r
s
d
i
r
e
c
t
l
y
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
s
o
l
a
r
r
a
diation
into
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
a
n
d
t
h
e
r
m
a
l
e
n
e
r
g
y
.
A
P
V
T
c
o
l
l
e
c
t
o
r
c
o
m
b
i
n
e
s
t
h
e
f
u
n
ct
ion
s
o
f
a
P
V
p
an
el
a
nd
a
f
lat
p
l
a
t
e
s
o
lar
co
llect
or.
The
dev
e
l
o
p
m
en
t
of
P
VT
a
i
r
col
l
ect
ors
is
a
v
ery
p
r
o
m
isin
g
res
earch
a
re
a.
A
t
presen
t,
P
VT
a
ir
c
o
l
l
ectors
are
u
s
ed
i
n
so
lar
dryi
ng
a
n
d
s
o
l
ar
a
ir
h
eaters
.
O
n
th
e
b
a
si
s
of
e
xisti
ng
literat
u
re,
mos
t
P
VT
a
i
r
c
ollect
ors
were
b
uilt
by
u
s
i
ng
m
onof
a
c
ia
l
P
V
m
o
d
u
l
e
s.
T
he
b
if
ac
i
a
l
P
V
m
o
dules
h
ad
t
wo
acti
v
e
s
u
rf
aces
t
h
a
t
c
oul
d
captu
re
so
lar
rad
i
atio
n
wit
h
i
ts
f
ro
n
t
a
nd
r
ear
s
urf
aces.
Addi
ti
on
a
l
s
u
nl
ig
h
t
a
bsorp
t
io
n
th
rou
gh
b
o
t
h
s
urf
aces
r
esu
l
t
e
d
in
a
n
enh
a
nc
ed
e
lect
rical
p
ow
er
g
e
ner
a
ti
on
com
p
are
d
w
ith
t
he
c
o
n
v
e
nti
o
n
a
l
mo
nof
acial P
V
.
Theref
o
re,
bif
aci
a
l
P
V
T
w
a
s
con
s
i
d
ered to be u
sef
u
l an
d at
tr
acti
v
e due to
it
s p
o
t
e
ntial o
f
e
n
h
a
nc
in
g
ov
e
r
a
ll
sy
st
e
m
p
erf
o
rm
an
ces,
i
n
clu
d
i
n
g
energ
y
a
nd
e
x
e
r
g
y
ef
fici
encies
.
Fi
n
d
i
n
gs
o
f
th
is
r
ev
iew
i
ndicat
e
d
t
h
a
t
P
V
T
air
co
ll
ecto
r
w
it
h
bif
acial
s
o
l
a
r
cel
l
pro
duced
a
l
a
rg
er
a
m
o
u
n
t
of
e
lectri
cal
e
nergy
,
w
h
i
ch
w
as
a
pp
rox
i
m
a
te
l
y
4
0%
h
igh
e
r
th
an
a
m
on
o
f
ac
ial
P
V
T.
T
he
e
nerg
y
an
d
exer
gy
e
ffici
enci
es
o
f
P
V
T
ai
r
col
l
ect
or
w
it
h
mo
no
f
a
ci
al
s
olar
c
el
ls
r
ang
e
f
rom
27%
t
o
9
4
%
and
f
r
o
m
4
%
t
o
18
%
,
r
esp
e
ctiv
ely
.
F
o
r
b
if
acial
P
VT,
t
h
e
energy
a
n
d
e
x
e
rgy
ef
fi
ci
enci
es
o
f
P
V
T
ai
r
collect
or
r
ange
f
ro
m
28
%
t
o
67%
and
f
r
o
m
8
.
2
%
to
8
.
4
%
,
resp
ectiv
ely
.
K
eyw
ord
s
:
Energ
y
e
ff
ic
ie
ncy
Exerg
y
e
ff
ic
ie
ncy
Re
new
a
b
l
e
ene
r
gy
Solar
col
l
ec
tor
Co
pyri
gh
t © 2
019 In
stit
u
t
e
of Advanced
En
gi
neeri
n
g
an
d
S
c
ien
ce.
All
rights
res
e
rv
ed.
Corres
pon
d
i
n
g
Au
th
or:
Ivan
T
asl
i
m,
U
n
i
v
ersi
tas M
uham
m
a
di
ya
h G
o
r
o
n
t
a
l
o,
Ind
one
sia
.
Em
ail:
i
v
a
n
t
a
s
lim
@umg
o.
ac.
id
1.
I
N
TR
OD
U
C
TI
O
N
The
u
til
isa
tio
n
of
m
ain
e
n
e
r
g
y
r
esourc
e
s
by
huma
n
ity
r
e
l
i
e
s
on
fossi
l
fu
els,
s
uch
a
s
n
a
t
ur
a
l
g
as,
o
il,
nuc
lea
r
e
nerg
y
and
c
o
a
l
.
H
o
w
e
ve
r,
t
he
p
r
e
sen
t
s
t
o
c
k
s
o
f
f
oss
i
l
fu
e
l
s
are
fi
nit
e
a
nd
n
ot
e
n
v
i
r
on
men
t
a
l
ly
frie
nd
ly.
Foss
il
fue
l
s
em
i
t
m
any
p
o
l
l
u
t
an
ts
a
n
d
c
a
u
se
s
erio
us
e
n
v
i
r
on
me
nt
a
l
i
ssu
e
s,
s
u
c
h
a
s
g
l
o
b
a
l
warmi
ng
d
u
e
t
o
g
r
ee
nhou
se
g
a
s
e
mi
ssio
n
s
.
Thu
s
,
rene
wab
l
e
en
e
r
gy
re
so
u
r
c
e
s
,
w
h
i
c
h
f
u
l
f
i
l
t
h
e
c
r
i
t
e
r
i
a
o
f
g
r
e
e
n
e
n
e
r
g
y
,
are
ne
eded
f
or
w
or
l
d
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
nt
a
n
d
t
o
m
e
e
t
t
he
i
ncr
e
asi
ng
de
m
a
n
d
for
ener
gy
w
o
rldw
ide.
S
olar
e
ne
rg
y,
w
h
ic
h
is
t
he
m
a
i
n
so
urc
e
o
f
c
o
nve
n
tio
na
l
a
nd
rene
w
a
b
l
e
e
n
ergy,
has
grea
t
p
o
te
nt
ial
and
va
st
a
pp
lica
t
io
n
pros
pec
t
s
t
h
a
t
can
b
e
use
d
t
o
me
et
m
a
j
or
ity
o
f
t
h
e
t
o
t
a
l
e
n
e
r
gy
d
em
and.
T
he
m
os
t
promi
s
i
ng,
e
m
e
r
g
i
n
g
so
lar
e
n
ergy
t
e
c
hno
lo
gy
i
s
ph
oto
vol
t
a
i
c
(
PV
)
t
e
c
h
n
o
lo
gy
,
whi
c
h
ca
n
t
r
a
n
sform
so
lar
radia
tio
n
in
to
e
l
e
ctr
i
c
e
n
ergy
thr
o
u
g
h
P
V
p
a
ne
ls.
Fr
om
t
he
P
V
pa
ne
ls,
e
l
ec
trica
l
a
n
d
the
r
m
a
l
e
ner
g
y
c
a
n
b
e
p
ro
duc
e
d
s
im
u
lta
ne
o
u
sl
y
thr
o
u
g
h
the
c
o
nvers
io
n o
f
s
u
n
li
gh
t i
n
t
he
p
h
o
to
vo
l
t
ai
c
t
h
e
r
m
a
l
(
P
VT)
sol
a
r system
[1-8].
P
a
rticu
l
ar
ly,
t
h
e
d
e
ve
l
opme
n
t
o
f
s
o
l
ar
c
ol
lec
t
ors
c
o
ns
i
s
ts
o
f
e
v
a
c
u
at
e
d
t
ub
e
,
f
l
a
t
p
l
at
e
and
conc
e
n
trat
in
g
s
o
lar
c
o
lle
c
t
ors.
D
e
p
e
n
din
g
o
n
spec
ific
r
eq
uir
e
m
e
nts
a
nd
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
u
se
d,
s
ola
r
c
ol
lec
t
ors
an
d
P
V
syst
e
ms are
hi
g
hly s
u
i
t
a
b
le
al
t
er
na
t
i
ve
s
for o
n
s
i
t
e
re
n
e
w
abl
e e
n
e
r
g
y
g
e
n
era
tio
n. The
y can a
ls
o be
u
sed no
t
on
ly
t
o
tra
n
sfe
r
e
l
e
ctric
i
t
y
b
ut
a
l
s
o
for
dr
yin
g
,
space
c
o
o
lin
g
a
n
d
h
e
a
t
i
n
g
f
o
r
t
e
r
r
e
s
t
r
i
a
l
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
.
V
a
r
i
o
u
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N: 2
0
8
8
-
86
94
I
n
t
J Po
w El
ec &
D
ri S
y
s
t
Vo
l. 1
0
,
No
. 4
,
D
e
c
2
0
19
:
2
021
–
2
028
2
022
st
ud
ies
ha
ve
b
een
c
ond
uc
t
e
d
on
P
V
T
syst
em
s
ba
se
d
o
n
w
a
te
r
and
a
i
r
b
eca
use
hea
t
c
a
r
r
i
er
s
have
b
e
e
n
de
ve
l
ope
d
a
n
d
r
e
vi
e
w
ed
[
9-
1
3
]
.
The
ove
ral
l
p
e
r
form
anc
e
o
f
the
PVT
system
c
an
b
e
eva
l
ua
ted
ba
se
d
o
n
t
he
t
he
r
m
ody
nam
i
c
,
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
ta
l
a
nd
ec
onom
ic
i
m
p
act
s
ana
l
ys
is.
.
I
n
I
ndia,
T
r
i
pa
th
i
e
t
a
l
.
[
1
4
]
s
t
a
t
e
s
w
i
t
h
r
e
g
a
r
d
t
o
t
h
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
lo
ss
f
a
c
t
or
d
ur
in
g
t
h
e
tr
a
n
sm
issio
n
a
n
d
d
i
s
t
r
ib
ut
ion
pr
oce
s
s
i
n
t
he
s
u
p
p
l
y
e
ner
gy,
e
sti
m
ated
C
O
2
e
m
i
ssi
o
n
r
a
te
p
er
k
Wh
i
s
2.
0
8
kg.
T
he
y
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
e
d
s
t
u
d
i
e
s
o
n
e
n
er
g
y
,
e
n
er
g
y
a
nd
car
bo
n
a
n
a
l
ys
i
s
o
n
s
o
l
a
r
co
lle
ctor
P
V
T
syste
m
s
t
h
at
w
er
e
in
a
s
h
i
e
l
de
d
pa
r
t
c
on
nec
t
e
d
i
n
se
r
i
e
s
.
T
h
e
s
tu
dy
w
a
s
c
o
ndu
cte
d
b
y
pl
a
c
i
n
g
sol
a
r
c
o
lle
c
t
or
s
on
f
our
c
on
di
t
i
ons
w
it
h
d
i
f
f
e
r
en
t
so
l
a
r
c
o
l
l
ec
t
o
r
pr
o
t
ect
i
on
r
a
te
s
of
2
5%,
5
0
%
,
75%
a
n
d
1
00
%.
I
n
ad
di
t
i
on
,
en
vi
r
o
n
m
en
t
a
l
-
e
c
ono
mi
c
-
ex
e
r
gy
-en
e
rgy
a
n
al
yses
f
o
r
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
P
V
T
a
i
r
c
o
l
l
e
c
t
o
r
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
w
e
r
e
st
ud
ie
d
[1
5-
1
7
]
.
S
e
ve
r
a
l
ty
pe
s
of
P
V
T
a
i
r
c
ol
l
e
c
t
or
s
have
b
e
e
n
des
i
g
n
e
d
,
e
v
al
ua
ted
a
n
d
deve
lope
d
i
n
v
ar
ious
c
o
u
n
tr
i
e
s,
t
her
e
by
y
ie
l
d
i
n
g
v
a
r
y
i
ng
de
gr
ee
s
of
t
e
c
h
n
i
ca
l
p
e
r
f
or
ma
nces
b
a
s
ed
o
n
ener
gy–e
xer
g
y
ana
l
yses.
I
n
t
h
i
s
r
evi
e
w,
w
e
f
o
c
u
se
d
on
e
n
e
rgy
an
d
exerg
y
ef
fi
ci
en
c
y
o
f
t
h
e
P
V
T
a
i
r
collec
t
or
w
it
h
m
onof
ac
i
a
l
an
d
bi
fa
c
i
al so
l
ar
ce
lls.
2.
MO
NOFACIAL AN
D
BIFACIAL PV
A
P
V
s
ystem
c
o
n
v
er
ts
s
u
n
ligh
t
i
nt
o
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
cal
c
ur
r
e
nt
t
hr
ou
gh
a
P
V
c
e
l
l
.
The
pr
oc
ess
by
w
h
i
c
h
t
h
e
P
V
cell
c
o
n
v
erts
s
un
l
i
gh
t
int
o
e
lec
t
ri
c
a
l
c
u
rrent
i
s
ca
l
l
e
d
t
he
p
ho
t
o
el
e
c
t
r
i
c
ef
f
e
c
t
.
S
unl
ig
h
t
c
o
n
s
is
t
s
o
f
ph
ot
o
n
s
,
and
bi
l
l
i
o
ns
o
f
w
h
i
c
h
c
o
nt
in
u
ous
ly
h
i
t
t
he
ear
t
h
e
ver
y
s
ec
ond.
T
hes
e
ph
o
t
o
n
s
con
t
a
i
n
lar
g
e
qua
n
t
i
tie
s
of
e
ner
g
y
c
o
r
r
e
spo
n
d
i
n
g
t
o
d
i
ffe
r
e
nt
w
a
v
ele
n
gt
hs
o
f
th
e
so
lar
spe
c
tr
u
m
.
W
he
n
p
h
o
t
ons
s
tr
ik
e
a
P
V
c
ell,
t
he
y
ar
e
ei
th
e
r
r
e
flec
t
e
d,
a
bso
r
be
d
or
p
asse
d
thr
o
u
g
h
.
Electr
i
c
i
t
y
i
s
ge
ner
a
te
d
b
y
t
h
e
ab
sorb
ed
p
hot
on
s.
P
h
o
t
on
s
wit
h
e
n
e
rgy
gr
eater
t
ha
n
t
h
e
ban
d
-ga
p
e
ne
rgy
o
f
t
h
e
s
em
icon
d
u
ct
or
c
re
ate
el
ect
ron
–ho
l
e
p
ai
rs
p
rop
o
r
ti
on
a
l
t
o
th
e
in
ci
d
e
nt
ir
r
a
dia
t
ion
w
h
en
a
bsor
bed.
T
he
e
ne
r
g
y
o
f
t
he
a
bsor
bed
pho
t
o
n
is
a
bs
or
be
d
b
y
a
n
e
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
n
a
n
a
t
o
m
o
f
the
se
mico
nd
uc
ti
n
g
m
a
t
er
ia
l
o
f
t
he
P
V
c
e
ll
.
Wi
th
t
he
a
d
d
i
t
i
on
a
l
e
ne
r
gy,
t
he
e
lec
t
r
on
ca
n
e
s
c
a
pe
f
r
o
m
i
t
s
n
o
r
m
al
pos
i
tio
n
(
v
a
l
en
c
e
b
an
d)
i
n
the
a
t
om
t
o
bec
o
m
e
f
r
e
e
by jum
p
i
n
g t
o
the
c
o
nduc
tin
g
ban
d
,
l
e
a
vi
n
g
a
h
ole
b
e
hi
n
d
.
The
elec
trica
l
c
i
r
cu
it
i
s
c
omp
l
e
t
e
d
by
the
fl
ow
o
f
thes
e
e
l
ectr
o
n
s
a
n
d
h
o
l
e
s
b
y
us
in
g
e
l
ectr
o
de
s.
M
i
lli
ons
o
f
e
l
e
c
tr
ons
g
a
i
n
e
n
er
g
y
a
nd
bec
o
me
f
r
e
e
to
m
ove
a
l
o
ng
the
c
o
n
d
u
ct
ing
wire
s
a
s
m
ill
io
ns
o
f
p
h
o
t
ons
h
i
t
t
he
P
V
c
e
ll.
S
ol
a
r
c
e
lls
a
nd
mo
d
u
le
s
cons
is
t
of
t
h
i
n
c
o
n
duc
t
i
ng
w
i
r
e
s
and
a
bu
i
l
t
-
in
e
lec
t
r
i
c
f
i
el
d
t
o
p
r
o
v
i
de
v
ol
t
a
ge
ne
ede
d
t
o
mov
e
c
ur
r
e
nt
t
hr
ou
gh
a
n
e
x
t
e
r
nal
loa
d
.
A
sm
a
l
l
qua
n
t
i
ty
o
f
curre
n
t
p
r
odu
c
e
d
at
e
a
c
h
ce
ll
can
b
e
si
gn
if
ica
n
t
l
y
i
n
c
r
e
ased
by
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
i
ng
se
ver
a
l
c
e
lls
t
oge
t
h
er
a
n
d
ke
e
p
in
g
t
h
em
f
r
ee
[18]
.
I
n
c
on
ve
nt
i
ona
l
m
o
n
o
fa
c
i
a
l
P
V
,
t
he
f
r
o
n
t
s
u
r
fac
e
i
s
tr
an
spa
r
ent
w
i
t
h
g
l
a
s
s lam
i
na
ti
on t
o
a
bsor
b
so
l
a
r
r
a
dia
t
i
on
a
nd
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
i
t
i
n
t
o
e
l
ec
t
r
i
c
al
e
ner
gy.
T
he
b
ac
k
s
u
r
f
a
ce,
however
,
is
o
pa
que
.
T
h
e
bas
i
c
c
o
n
f
ig
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
of
t
he
m
o
nofac
ia
l
P
V
i
s
a
me
ta
llic
g
ri
d
pa
t
t
e
r
n
on
t
h
e
fr
on
t
su
r
f
a
ce
a
nd
a
b
l
an
k
me
t
a
l
f
i
l
m
on
t
h
e
r
e
a
r
s
ur
fac
e
o
f
t
h
e
s
ol
ar
c
ell
.
I
n
co
nt
ra
st
t
o
mo
no
fa
ci
al
P
V,
a
b
if
ac
i
a
l
PV
has
i
d
e
n
t
i
ca
l
m
e
tal
l
i
c
gr
ids on
t
he
f
r
o
n
t
a
n
d
b
a
c
k
su
rfaces.
T
h
e
refo
re,
i
t
c
an
s
imultan
e
o
u
s
l
y
ab
so
rb
s
u
n
lig
ht
fro
m
t
h
e
f
r
o
n
t
a
n
d
b
a
c
k
s
u
r
f
a
c
e
s
.
F
i
g
u
r
e
1
il
l
u
s
t
ra
t
e
s
the
cr
oss-se
ct
io
n
s
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
n
o
fa
cia
l
a
n
d
b
i
f
ac
i
a
l
P
V
and
a
co
m
p
ariso
n
o
f
t
h
e
m
e
chanism
of
s
o
l
a
r
r
a
dia
t
i
on
abs
o
r
p
t
i
on
be
tw
e
e
n
m
ono
fa
c
i
al
a
n
d
b
i
f
ac
i
a
l
P
V
.
(
a
)
Mo
nof
ac
ia
l
PV
(b
) B
i
f
aci
al
PV
F
i
gur
e
1.
M
e
c
h
a
ni
sm
o
f
sol
a
r
r
a
dia
t
i
o
n
abs
o
r
p
t
i
o
n
s
o
f
mon
o
f
a
c
ia
l
an
d bi
fa
cial P
V
A
d
d
iti
ona
l
e
l
e
c
tr
ica
l
e
ne
r
gy
gene
r
a
ted
by
the
b
i
f
a
c
i
a
l
P
V
pane
l
i
s
a
p
pr
o
x
i
m
ate
l
y
30%
–90%
h
i
ghe
r
co
mp
are
d
w
it
h
t
h
e
mo
no
f
aci
al
P
V
p
a
n
e
l
[19
,
2
0
]
.
Hu
bn
er
e
t
al
.
[
2
1
]
r
e
por
t
e
d
t
h
a
t
b
i
f
a
c
i
al
P
V
gener
a
ted mor
e
e
l
e
c
tr
ici
t
y
d
ue
t
o
s
o
la
r
r
a
dia
tion
a
b
s
o
r
p
t
i
o
n
by
the
ba
c
k
s
u
r
f
a
c
e
c
o
m
p
a
r
e
d
w
i
t
h
m
o
n
o
f
a
c
i
a
l
P
V
.
Y
a
n
g
e
t
a
l
.
[22
]
f
ou
nd
t
h
a
t
i
ndu
st
ri
al
i
s
e
d
b
i
f
a
c
i
a
l
PV
h
a
d
fro
nt
a
nd
r
ea
r
e
ffi
c
i
en
ci
es
o
f
16
.6
%
and
1
2
.
8%
,
res
p
ec
ti
v
e
ly
.
Elec
tr
ica
l
e
ne
r
gy
pr
o
d
uc
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
r
e
ar
s
ur
f
ace
o
f
b
i
fa
c
i
a
l
P
V
s
t
r
on
gly
depe
nde
d
on
t
h
e
type
s
of
r
e
f
lec
t
or
,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
IS
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
Ph
ot
ov
ol
taic
t
h
erm
a
l (PVT
)
a
i
r
col
l
e
c
t
o
r w
i
t
h
m
onof
ac
ia
l a
nd
b
ifac
i
al s
o
l
a
r ce
lls:
a rev
i
ew (Ahm
a
d
Fu
dho
li)
2
023
such
a
s
diffuse,
m
i
r
r
or
a
nd sem
i
-
m
irr
o
r
. Lim
et
al. [23]
r
e
port
e
d
t
h
a
t t
h
e
tota
l e
n
er
gy ge
ne
rate
d b
y
the
b
ifac
ia
l
P
V
w
i
t
h
a
p
l
a
n
e
m
i
r
r
o
r
u
n
d
e
r
n
e
a
t
h
t
h
e
p
a
n
e
l
w
a
s
a
p
p
r
o
x
i
m
a
t
e
l
y
3
8.1%
h
i
g
h
e
r
th
an
t
he
P
V
pane
l
c
o
v
e
red
by
a
blac
k
p
l
yw
ood
a
t
t
he
b
o
t
to
m.
A
s
tud
y
o
n
t
h
e
r
e
flec
t
i
o
n
perfor
man
c
e
o
f
p
a
i
nt
e
d
d
i
f
fu
se
r
e
f
l
ecto
r
s
p
l
ac
ed
un
derne
a
t
h
bi
fa
cial
P
V
c
o
nduc
te
d
b
y
M
oe
hle
c
k
e
et
a
l.
[
20
]
d
e
ter
m
i
ne
d
t
h
a
t
w
h
ite-
c
ol
our
ed
r
e
f
lec
t
ors
ha
d
h
i
g
h
e
r
a
v
erag
e
re
fl
ect
an
c
e
a
t
7
5
%
co
mp
a
r
ed
w
i
t
h
oth
e
r
col
o
u
r
s,
suc
h
a
s
y
e
ll
ow
,
re
d,
g
re
en,
b
l
ue,
brow
n
a
nd
grey,
w
h
ich
pr
ov
i
d
ed o
n
l
y 6
1
%
–
32%
re
f
lec
t
io
n.
3.
E
F
FI
CIENCY
O
F
B
IFACI
AL
P
V PA
NEL
Th
e
t
o
t
a
l
e
l
ectri
c
a
l
en
e
r
g
y
eff
i
ci
en
cy
o
f
t
h
e
b
i
fa
c
i
al
P
V
p
a
n
e
l
s
tro
n
g
l
y
de
pen
d
s
on
t
h
e
e
f
fic
i
e
n
c
y
o
f
t
h
e
fro
n
t
and
re
ar
s
u
rfa
c
e
s
of
t
h
e
p
an
el
,
ef
fic
i
e
n
c
y
o
f
t
h
e
ref
lec
t
or
p
lace
d
un
derne
a
t
h
t
h
e
P
V
panel
a
n
d
t
h
e
pac
k
i
ng
fac
t
or
of
the
b
i
fa
c
i
a
l
pa
n
e
l
. The
refo
re, the
t
ota
l
e
ff
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
o
f b
i
fa
cial P
V
pa
nel c
a
n be
expr
esse
d a
s
(
1
)
wher
e
a
nd
a
re
t
he
e
ff
i
c
ie
ncie
s
of
t
he
f
r
o
n
t
a
nd
rea
r
s
urfac
e
s
o
f
t
h
e
b
if
ac
ia
l
P
V
p
a
n
e
l
,
re
sp
ec
ti
v
e
ly
;
i
s
t
h
e
t
r
a
n
smit
tan
c
e
of
t
h
e
p
an
e
l
g
l
azin
g
;
i
s
t
h
e
reflection
p
erf
o
rm
ance
o
f
the
reflector; and
is the
pac
k
i
n
g factor
o
f t
h
e
pa
ne
l
.
Th
e
p
ack
ing
fac
t
o
r
o
f
a
PV
p
an
el
i
s
d
e
fin
e
d
a
s
t
h
e
r
a
tio
o
f
e
f
f
ec
tive
a
b
sor
b
er
a
r
ea
o
f
s
o
l
a
r
c
e
l
l
s
o
v
e
r
the t
o
ta
l a
r
ea
o
f
the pa
ne
l faci
ng so
lar
ra
di
a
t
i
on,
w
hic
h
i
s
ex
pre
s
se
d as
f
o
l
low
s
:
,
.
(2
)
F
o
r
e
x
am
pl
e
,
i
f
a
pane
l
co
nta
i
n
s
s
i
x
c
el
ls
(
F
i
g
u
re
2
),
t
hen
t
h
e
p
ac
ki
n
g
f
ac
t
o
r
o
f
t
he
p
ane
l
c
a
n
b
e
c
a
lc
u
l
ated
a
s
the t
o
ta
l a
r
ea
o
f
the si
x c
e
l
l
s
6
di
v
ide
d
b
y
t
h
e
to
t
a
l ar
ea
of
t
h
e
pane
l
.
4.
PVT AIR CO
LLECTOR WIT
H
M
O
N
O
F
ACIAL S
OL
AR CELL
In
t
h
i
s
se
cti
o
n
,
s
tu
di
e
s
o
n
PVT
ai
r
coll
ec
to
rs
a
re
r
ev
i
e
we
d
.
V
a
ri
o
u
s
t
y
p
es
o
f
PVT
ai
r
c
o
l
l
ec
t
o
rs
h
a
v
e
bee
n
d
e
s
igne
d
a
nd
e
v
a
l
uate
d
t
h
e
o
r
e
t
i
cal
l
y
a
nd
e
x
pe
rime
nt
a
lly.
T
he
se
c
ol
lec
t
ors
a
r
e
ge
nera
l
l
y
c
l
a
ssifie
d
ac
cord
in
g
to
t
h
e
a
ir
f
low
pa
t
t
e
r
n,
t
ha
t
is,
w
h
ether
a
i
r
fl
ow
s
a
b
o
ve
t
he
a
bs
orbe
r,
b
el
ow
t
he
a
bs
orbe
r,
on
bo
th
side
s
of
t
he
a
b
s
orbe
r,
i
n
s
i
ng
le
a
nd
i
n
d
o
u
b
l
e
pa
ss.
F
i
gur
e
s
3
sh
ow
s
p
h
o
t
o
g
ra
ph
of
P
V
T
a
i
r
c
o
llec
t
ors
w
i
th
mono
fac
i
al
P
V
panel,
w
hic
h
P
V
panel i
s
m
onocr
i
sta
l
in
e
t
y
pe
so
l
a
r
cell.
A
g
r
a
w
a
l
and
Tiw
a
ri
[
24]
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
ed
a
t
he
or
etica
l
a
n
d
e
xp
e
r
ime
n
ta
l
st
ud
y
o
f
P
V
T
a
i
r
c
ol
lec
t
or
a
nd
repor
t
e
d
P
V
a
nd
t
herm
al
e
fficie
nc
ies
o
f
7
.
1
3
%
a
nd
3
3.
5
4
%,
r
espe
c
t
i
v
e
l
y.
S
a
r
had
d
i
e
t
a
l
.
[25]
c
o
n
d
u
ct
e
d
ene
r
g
y
a
n
d
e
x
e
rgy
a
n
a
l
yse
s
o
f
P
V
T
air
collec
t
or
a
nd
r
e
p
o
rte
d
P
V
,
therm
a
l
and
PVT
e
f
ficie
n
c
i
es
o
f
10
%
,
17.1
8
%
a
n
d
4
5
%
,
respe
c
tive
l
y;
t
he
P
V
T
e
xergy
e
fficie
n
c
y
w
as
10.
7
5
%
.
A
g
r
a
w
a
l
a
n
d
T
i
w
a
r
i
[
2
6
]
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
e
d
ene
r
g
y
a
nd
e
x
ergy
ana
l
yses
o
f
P
V
T
a
i
r
c
o
llec
t
or
u
nde
r
col
d
c
lim
at
ic
c
on
d
iti
on
s
and
r
e
porte
d
P
V
T
e
n
erg
y
efficie
n
c
y
o
f
53.
7%.
S
a
r
h
add
i
e
t
a
l
.
[27]
a
l
s
o
pe
rfor
me
d
a
deta
i
l
e
d
e
ner
g
y
a
nd
e
x
erg
y
a
na
l
y
se
s
of
a
P
V
T
a
ir
col
l
ec
t
o
r t
o
c
a
l
cula
te the
rm
al
a
nd
e
l
e
c
t
rica
l
p
a
ra
me
ters, exe
r
g
y
co
mpon
en
t
s
a
nd
e
x
e
rg
y
ef
fi
ci
en
cy
o
f
a
typ
i
cal
PVT
air
c
o
ll
e
c
tor.
T
h
i
s
ana
l
ys
is
s
h
o
we
d
t
h
at
i
ncr
eas
in
g
t
h
e
i
n
l
et
a
i
r
v
e
l
o
c
i
t
y
o
r
s
ola
r
r
a
d
i
a
t
i
on
i
nt
e
n
sit
y
in
itia
l
l
y
i
nc
rea
s
ed
t
he
e
xe
rgy
effic
i
enc
y
a
n
d
t
he
n
decr
eas
e
d
i
t
a
f
t
e
r
r
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
t
h
e
p
e
a
k
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
i
n
l
e
t
a
i
r
vel
o
c
i
t
y
o
r
sol
a
r
ra
diat
i
o
n
in
t
e
n
s
it
y.
M
ore
o
v
e
r,
i
ncr
easi
n
g
t
h
e
w
i
n
d
sp
e
e
d
in
c
r
ea
se
d
t
h
e
e
x
erg
y
e
f
fi
cien
cy.
Th
is
s
tu
dy
a
l
s
o
r
e
por
ted
t
h
a
t
t
he
w
or
kin
g
f
lu
id
s
i
g
n
i
fica
n
tly
a
ffec
te
d
t
h
e
e
x
erg
y
e
ff
i
c
ie
ncy,
a
nd
the
e
x
er
g
y
(a
)
(b
)
F
i
gur
e 2.
A
s
i
x
-c
ell b
i
fa
c
i
a
l
P
V
pa
nel,
(
a) phot
ogr
ap
h,
(
b)
s
ch
em
at
ic.
L
W
b
a
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
I
nt
J
P
ow
Elec
& Dr
i
S
y
st V
ol.
10,
N
o.
4
, Dec
201
9 :
2
0
2
1
– 2
028
2
024
efficie
n
c
y
i
ncre
ased
w
he
n
an
i
nc
ompr
essibl
e
f
l
u
i
d
(w
a
t
e
r)
w
a
s
u
s
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
P
V
T
c
o
l
l
e
c
t
o
r
s
y
s
t
e
m
.
A
m
o
r
i
a
n
d
Al
-Naj
j
a
r
[2
8
]
t
h
e
o
r
et
i
cal
l
y
st
u
di
ed
t
h
e
th
e
rmal
a
nd
el
e
c
t
ri
ca
l
perf
o
rm
anc
e
s
of
P
VT
a
i
r
c
ollec
t
or
in
Ir
aq. They
repor
t
e
d
P
V
,
therm
a
l
an
d
P
V
T
efficie
n
c
i
e
s
o
f
9%
–
12.3
%
,
19
.
4
%
–
22
.
8
%
a
nd
4
7
.8
%–
53.6%
,
re
s
p
e
c
t
i
v
e
l
y.
A
g
ra
w
a
l
et
a
l.
[
29]
p
erfor
m
e
d
a
t
he
oret
ica
l
a
nd
e
x
perim
e
n
t
al
s
t
u
d
y
o
f
P
V
T
air
co
lle
c
t
or
s
c
onne
c
t
ed
i
n
se
ries
and
r
e
p
o
rte
d
P
V
a
nd
therm
a
l
e
f
ficie
n
c
i
e
s
o
f
12.
4%
a
n
d
3
5.
7%
r
es
pec
t
i
v
e
l
y.
R
a
j
or
i
a
e
t
a
l
.
[3
0]
t
heore
t
i
c
a
l
l
y
and
e
x
per
i
m
e
nta
l
l
y
s
tu
d
i
ed
P
V
T
a
i
r
c
olle
c
t
o
r
a
nd
rep
o
rte
d
P
V
T
e
nergy
a
nd
e
x
e
r
g
y
e
ff
i
c
ie
ncie
s
o
f
1
1.3
%
a
n
d
16.3
%
,
r
e
spec
tive
l
y.
A
m
o
ri
a
nd
A
b
d-A
l
Ra
h
eem
[
31]
s
t
u
d
i
ed
v
ar
io
u
s
P
V
T
air
c
o
l
l
ec
tor
s
a
n
d
r
e
por
ted
P
V
a
nd
therm
a
l
e
f
fic
i
e
n
c
i
e
s
o
f
8.
3%
–
10.4
%
a
n
d
4
6
%
–
62%,
re
spe
c
ti
ve
ly.
G
oo
d
et
a
l.
[
3
2
]
r
e
po
rted
P
V
a
nd
t
h
erm
a
l
efficie
n
c
i
es
o
f
17.
4
%
a
n
d
71.
5%
,
re
spe
c
t
i
v
e
l
y.
A
h
n
e
t
al.
[33]
repo
r
t
ed
P
V,
t
herm
al
a
nd
PV
T
ef
fi
c
i
e
n
cies
o
f
15
%,
23%
a
n
d
38%,
re
spect
i
v
el
y.
R
a
j
oria
e
t
al.
[3
4]
r
e
port
e
d
P
V
a
nd
ther
m
a
l
effic
i
e
n
c
i
e
s
o
f
3.
1
%
–
9
.1
%
and
12.1
%
–
2
8
.
1
%
re
spect
ive
l
y.
L
i
e
t
a
l.
[
3
5
]
perfor
me
d
a
t
h
eore
t
i
ca
l
an
d
ex
per
i
m
e
n
t
a
l
r
esea
rch
o
f
P
VT
a
ir
col
l
ec
t
o
r
i
n
t
h
e
h
o
t
s
umm
e
r
and
c
o
ld
w
inte
r
zone
s.
T
he
y
re
p
o
r
t
e
d
P
V
,
ther
ma
l
and
P
V
T
e
fficie
n
c
i
e
s
o
f
11.9
%
–
1
2
.
4
%,
50%
a
n
d
7
7.7%
,
r
e
spec
ti
ve
ly.
G
h
ol
a
m
p
o
u
r
and
A
m
eri
[3
6]
c
ond
uc
t
e
d
ene
r
g
y
a
nd
e
x
erg
y
ana
l
yses
o
f
P
V
T
flat
t
ra
ns
pi
re
d
col
l
ec
t
o
r
s
t
hr
o
u
g
h
t
he
oret
ical
a
n
d
ex
pe
ri
me
nt
a
l
s
tud
i
es.
They
r
ep
orte
d
P
V
T
exe
r
g
y
e
ffic
i
en
c
y
w
as
8
.66
%
;
ba
se
d
on
e
n
ergy
a
n
a
l
ys
is,
t
h
e
t
h
e
r
m
a
l
an
d
PVT
effi
c
i
e
n
c
i
es
w
ere
69.9%
a
n
d
55
%,
r
espec
t
i
v
ely.
S
lima
n
i
et
a
l.
[
37]
t
he
ore
t
ica
l
ly
a
n
d
e
xper
i
m
e
nta
l
ly
a
na
lyse
d
P
V
T
a
i
r
col
l
ec
tor
f
o
r
a
n
in
dire
ct
s
o
l
ar
d
rye
r
.
The
y
r
ep
or
t
e
d
PV,
t
h
e
r
m
a
l
an
d
PV
T
eff
i
c
i
e
nc
ies
of
10.
5
%
,
70
%
a
n
d
90%
,
re
spe
c
ti
ve
ly
.
H
a
z
a
m
i
e
t
al.
[38]
c
o
n
duc
te
d
a
the
o
ret
i
ca
l
a
nd
e
xper
i
m
e
nt
al
s
t
u
dy
of
P
V
T
a
ir
c
ol
lec
t
or
s
thro
u
gh
e
n
e
r
gy
a
n
d
exe
r
g
y
a
na
lyse
s.
T
hey
repor
te
d
a
P
V
T
e
x
ergy
ef
ficie
n
c
y
o
f
1
4
.8%
.
Bas
e
d
o
n
e
ner
g
y
a
n
al
ysis,
the
P
V
a
n
d
t
h
e
r
ma
l
e
f
fi
ci
en
c
i
es
w
ere
1
5
%
a
n
d
50
%
,
r
esp
e
c
t
i
v
ely
.
R
ec
en
tly
,
F
udh
o
l
i
e
t
a
l
.
[
44]
t
he
ore
t
i
c
a
l
ly
a
n
d
expe
r
i
me
n
t
a
lly
i
n
v
e
s
t
i
ga
te
d
PV
T
air
col
l
ec
t
o
r
w
ith
▽
-gro
o
v
e.
T
he
e
xer
g
y
and
e
n
er
g
y
e
f
f
icie
nc
i
e
s
of the
P
V
T
w
e
r
e
12.6
6
%
–
12
.
9
1%
a
n
d
3
1.
21
%–
9
4
.24
%
,
respe
c
t
i
ve
ly.
The
t
h
er
ma
l
a
nd
P
V
eff
i
c
i
enc
i
es
w
e
r
e
21.
3-%–
82.9
%
a
n
d
9
.8
7%
–1
1.
3
4
%,
r
e
s
pe
c
t
i
v
e
l
y.
I
n
add
i
t
i
o
n
,
F
udh
ol
i
e
t
a
l
.
[
4
6
]
als
o
e
xpe
rime
n
t
a
lly
a
n
d
t
he
ore
t
ica
l
l
y
stud
ie
d
P
V
T
air
collec
t
or
w
i
t
h
v-gro
o
v
e
u
s
i
ng
e
n
e
r
g
y
-exe
rgy
a
n
a
l
y
ses.
T
he
y
c
onc
l
ude
d
tha
t
t
h
e
P
V
T
e
xerg
y
e
ffi
c
i
en
cy
o
f
t
h
e
PVT
ai
r
co
l
l
ect
o
r
w
i
t
h
a
v
-
g
ro
ov
e
ra
n
g
e
d
fro
m
12.81% to
14.4
1
% an
d 1
2
.09 to 1
3.40%
w
i
t
h
an
a
ver
a
ge
o
f 1
3
.
3
6
%
12.
8
9
for
t
he t
heor
e
tic
al
a
nd e
x
perim
e
nta
l
st
u
dy, r
espec
t
i
v
e
l
y.
A
s
s
u
m
m
a
riz
e
,
severa
l
s
t
ud
ie
s
on
t
h
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
a
n
d
e
xe
rg
y
a
n
a
l
yse
s
o
n
PVT
air
coll
e
c
tors
i
n
2010
–
20
1
9
ar
e
liste
d in
T
a
b
le 1.
Ta
bl
e 1
.
St
u
d
i
es co
n
d
u
c
t
ed
o
n P
V
T a
i
r
c
o
l
l
ect
o
r
s in
2
010
–20
19
R
e
f
.
Y
e
a
r
S
t
u
d
y
En
er
g
y
e
f
f
i
ci
en
c
y
(
%)
P
V
T
Ex
er
g
y
ef
f
i
ci
e
n
c
y
PV
T
he
r
m
al
P
V
T
[2
4]
2010
E
xpe
ri
m
e
nt
a
l
N
A
NA
53.
7
N
A
[2
5]
2010
T
he
or
e
tica
l
a
nd e
x
pe
ri
m
e
nta
l
7.
13
33.
54
N
A
N
A
[2
6]
2010
T
he
or
e
tica
l
a
nd e
x
pe
ri
m
e
nta
l
1
0
17.
18
4
5
N
A
[2
7]
2010
E
xpe
ri
m
e
nt
a
l
1
0
17.
18
4
5
10.
75
[2
8]
2012
T
he
or
e
tica
l
9
-1
2.
3
19.
4-22.
8
47.
8-
53.
6
N
A
[2
9]
2012
T
he
or
e
tica
l
a
nd e
x
pe
ri
m
e
nta
l
12.
4
35.
7
N
A
N
A
[3
0]
2013
T
he
or
e
tica
l
a
nd e
x
pe
ri
m
e
nta
l
N
A
NA
N
A
16.
3
[3
1]
2014
E
xpe
ri
m
e
nt
a
l
8
.
3
-10.
4
46-62
N
A
N
A
[3
2]
2015
T
he
or
e
tica
l
a
nd e
x
pe
ri
m
e
nta
l
11.
9-
1
2
.
4
5
0
77.
7
N
A
[3
3]
2015
E
xpe
ri
m
e
nt
a
l
17.
4
71.
5
N
A
N
A
[3
4]
2015
E
xpe
ri
m
e
nt
a
l
1
5
23
3
8
N
A
[3
5]
2015
E
xpe
ri
m
e
nt
a
l
3
.
1
-9.
1
12.
1-28.
1
N
A
N
A
[3
6]
2016
T
he
or
e
tica
l
a
nd e
x
pe
ri
m
e
nta
l
10.
5
70
9
0
N
A
[3
7]
2016
T
he
or
e
tica
l
a
nd e
x
pe
ri
m
e
nta
l
N
A
69.
91
5
5
8.
66
[3
8]
2016
T
he
or
e
tica
l
a
nd e
x
pe
ri
m
e
nta
l
1
5
50
N
A
14.
8
[3
9]
T
h
e
o
r
e
tica
l
a
nd e
x
pe
ri
m
e
nta
l
13.
8
56.
2
N
A
N
A
[4
0]
2016
T
he
or
e
tica
l
a
nd e
x
pe
ri
m
e
nta
l
1
0
22-78
N
A
N
A
[4
1]
2016
E
xpe
ri
m
e
nt
a
l
13.
2
62
N
A
N
A
[4
2]
2016
T
he
or
e
tica
l
a
nd e
x
pe
ri
m
e
nta
l
N
A
NA
68.
5
N
A
[4
3]
2018
E
xpe
ri
m
e
nt
a
l
13.
5-
1
4
.
6
72-
83
16.
4-
16.6
[4
4]
2018
T
he
or
e
tica
l
a
nd e
x
pe
ri
m
e
nta
l
9
.
87-
1
1
.
3
4
21.
3-82.
9
31.
21
-94.
2
4
12.
66
-1
2.
9
1
[4
5]
2019
T
he
or
e
tica
l
7
-1
5
5-
2
0
35-
56
N
A
[4
6]
2019
T
he
or
e
tica
l
a
nd e
x
pe
ri
m
e
nta
l
N
A
NA
N
A
12.
09
-1
4.
4
1
Fro
m
T
a
b
l
e
1
,
t
h
e
en
e
r
gy
a
n
d
e
x
e
rgy
eff
i
ci
en
ci
es
o
f
PVT
ai
r
c
o
l
l
e
c
t
o
r
r
a
n
g
e
f
r
o
m
3
1
%
t
o
9
4
%
a
n
d
from
7
%
to
1
8
%
,
r
e
spec
tive
l
y.
T
he
e
ff
i
c
ie
n
c
ies
va
ry
b
ec
a
u
se
o
f
dif
f
e
rences
i
n
the
h
eat
t
ransf
e
r
ar
ea
through
the
abs
o
rber
(
f
i
nne
d
a
b
sor
b
er
a
n
d
c
orr
uga
te
d
sur
f
ac
es),
d
e
s
i
gn
a
n
d
a
i
r
fl
ow
c
o
n
fi
gura
t
i
o
n
(si
n
g
l
e-pa
ss
an
d
d
oub
l
e
-p
a
s
s;
wi
t
h
an
d
wi
t
h
out g
l
a
s
s
c
ov
e
r
).
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
IS
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
Ph
ot
ov
ol
taic
t
h
erm
a
l (PVT
)
a
i
r
col
l
e
c
t
o
r w
i
t
h
m
onof
ac
ia
l a
nd
b
ifac
i
al s
o
l
a
r ce
lls:
a rev
i
ew (Ahm
a
d
Fu
dho
li)
2
025
(a)
(b)
F
i
gure
3. A
PV
T
air
collec
t
or w
it
h m
onofac
i
a
l
P
V
p
anel,
(a
) w
i
t
h fle
x
i
b
l
e
P
V pane
l, (
b) w
i
t
h no
n-
flex
i
b
l
e
PV
p
a
n
el
.
5.
PVT AIR CO
LLECTOR WIT
H
B
IFACIAL S
O
L
AR
C
E
LL
F
i
gures
4
s
h
o
w
s
ph
ot
o
g
rap
h
of
P
V
T
a
ir
c
ol
lec
t
or
s
w
i
t
h
d
i
ffe
re
nt
c
ell
bi
f
aci
al
.
Oo
sh
ak
sa
ra
e
i
e
t
a
l
.
[
4
7
]
d
ev
el
op
ed
f
o
u
r
n
ew
d
e
s
i
g
n
s
o
f
PVT
ai
r
co
l
l
ect
o
r
s
wi
th
b
i
f
a
ci
al
s
o
l
ar
c
el
l
s
.
M
o
d
e
l
I
i
s
a
s
i
n
gl
e-p
a
th
P
VT
col
l
ec
t
o
r
w
i
t
h
a
ir
s
tre
a
m
fl
o
w
s
be
t
w
e
e
n
t
he
P
V
lam
i
na
tio
n
and
r
ef
l
e
c
t
or.
Mo
de
l
II
has
t
w
o
pa
ral
l
e
l
a
ir
s
t
r
ea
m
fl
ow
s
a
b
ove
a
nd
be
ne
at
h
the
P
V
l
am
i
n
a
tio
n.
M
o
d
e
l
I
II
i
s
a
doub
l
e
-
pa
t
h
P
V
T
c
ol
le
c
t
or
w
it
h
t
h
e
sec
ond
a
i
r
st
r
eam
f
low
i
n
g
i
n
the
o
p
p
o
s
i
t
e
dire
ct
i
on
com
p
are
d
w
i
t
h
t
he
f
i
r
s
t
air
stream.
In
M
od
el
I
V,
t
he
a
ir
f
lows
betw
ee
n
t
h
e
gl
a
z
in
g
a
n
d
t
h
e
P
V
l
am
i
n
a
t
ion
an
d
re
t
u
rns
b
a
ck
t
o
t
he
s
e
c
o
n
d
c
ha
nne
l
.
T
he
y
co
nc
lude
d
tha
t
mode
l
II
h
ad
t
he
h
i
g
hes
t
t
o
t
a
l
e
nerg
y
effic
i
e
n
cy
(
51
%-6
7
%
),
f
ol
low
e
d
by
m
ode
l
I
II
(47
%
-62
%
)
,
m
ode
l
IV
(42%-
56%
),
a
nd
m
o
de
l
I
(28%-4
9%
).
H
ow
ever
,
c
o
ll
e
c
t
or
m
odel
I
s
h
ow
ed
t
he
h
i
g
h
e
st
e
xer
gy
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
(8.2%
-
8.4%
).
The
mo
st
s
i
g
ni
fica
n
t
a
d
v
a
n
tage
o
f
t
h
e
P
V
T
co
llec
t
or
i
nte
g
ra
te
d
w
ith
b
ifa
c
i
a
l
P
V
pa
ne
l
i
s
t
he
enha
nc
em
en
t o
f
ele
c
t
rica
l
e
n
e
r
gy pro
d
u
ct
i
o
n
be
cause
o
f t
h
e
incr
ease
i
n
so
l
ar absorpt
i
on
fr
om th
e
r
ear
su
rface
.
Th
is
i
m
p
ro
ve
m
e
nt
can
b
e
r
eali
s
ed
by
pro
v
idi
n
g
a
to
p
g
l
a
ss
cove
r
o
ver
bi
fa
cia
l
P
V
pane
ls,
pl
a
c
i
ng
a
reflec
t
o
r
bene
a
t
h
t
h
e
pa
ne
ls
a
n
d
e
nsur
in
g
tha
t
a
ir
s
t
r
eam
f
low
s
t
hr
ou
g
h
o
ne
o
r
b
o
t
h
c
han
n
e
l
s,
a
s
sh
ow
n
i
n
t
h
e
n
ew
des
i
g
n
s
o
f
b
if
acia
l
P
V
T
a
ir
c
o
lle
ct
or.
I
n
a
dd
i
t
i
on,
t
he
m
athem
a
ti
c
a
l
m
o
d
e
l
of
a
i
r-bas
ed
b
i
f
aci
al
P
VT
i
s
deve
l
ope
d
w
i
t
h
t
he
f
ol
low
i
n
g
c
ons
ider
at
io
ns
:
t
h
e
c
o
nvec
t
i
o
n
hea
t
tra
n
s
f
er
i
nsi
d
e
the
col
l
ec
t
o
r
i
s
f
or
ce
d
hea
t
trans
f
e
r
,
and
th
e
tem
p
era
t
ur
es
a
t
the
fr
o
n
t
a
n
d
re
ar
s
ide
s
o
f
t
he
b
ifa
c
i
a
l
P
V
pane
l
ar
e
ass
u
me
d
to
b
e
the
sa
me
.
The
ene
r
gy
ba
lance
m
o
de
l
al
low
s
t
he
c
a
l
c
u
lat
i
on
of
t
he
e
lec
t
r
i
c
a
l
o
u
t
put
a
nd
t
h
e
o
utl
e
t
ai
r
t
e
mp
erat
ure
t
o
ob
ta
in
t
he
e
ffi
c
ie
nc
y
of
t
he
c
ol
lec
t
or.
A
det
a
ile
d
a
n
a
l
ys
is
o
f
t
h
e
energ
y
b
a
l
a
n
ce
of
d
iff
e
re
nt
c
o
l
lec
t
o
r
d
es
i
g
ns
is
r
eq
uire
d
t
o
c
o
m
par
e
t
he
t
herm
al
a
nd
e
l
e
c
trica
l
p
erfor
m
a
n
ces
of
t
he
s
y
s
tem
s
.
O
o
s
h
ak
sara
ei
e
t
a
l
.
[48]
in
dic
a
t
e
d tha
t
t
he b
ifa
c
i
a
l
P
VT air c
ol
l
e
c
t
or w
i
t
h a se
mi-m
irro
r
ref
l
ector present
e
d
a
hi
ghe
r t
o
t
a
l
po
we
r o
u
tp
u
t
com
p
are
d
w
i
t
h
a
c
olle
c
t
or
u
si
ng
a
d
i
ffu
se
r
efle
ct
or.
S
opia
n
et
al.
[4
9]
s
tud
i
ed
p
er
form
anc
e
c
h
ara
c
teriz
a
t
ion o
f
si
n
g
l
e
-p
at
h
a
n
d
d
oub
l
e
-p
at
h
ai
r-b
a
se
d
bi
f
a
ci
a
l
pho
to
v
o
lt
aic
th
e
r
m
a
l
s
o
l
ar
c
o
llec
t
or
a
s
show
n
in
F
i
g
ur
e
5
a
n
d
6.
T
he
y
reported
t
emperature
p
ro
f
i
l
e
a
n
d
P
V
T
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
o
f
b
i
f
a
c
i
a
l
P
VT
c
o
l
l
e
ct
o
r
b
a
s
e
on
s
i
m
ul
a
tion
st
udy
as show
n
in
F
igure
7
an
d 8,
re
s
pec
t
i
v
e
l
y.
(a)
(b)
F
i
gure
4. A
P
VT a
i
r
collec
t
or
w
it
h bi
fac
i
al P
V
pane
l, (
a)
s
i
x
-
c
e
l
l
b
i
f
aci
a
l
PV
p
a
n
e
l
,
(b
)
t
wel
v
e
-
ce
ll
bi
f
aci
al
PV
p
a
n
el
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
I
nt
J
P
ow
Elec
& Dr
i
S
y
st V
ol.
10,
N
o.
4
, Dec
201
9 :
2
0
2
1
– 2
028
2
026
(a)
(b)
F
i
gur
e 5.
Mo
d
e
l 1:
S
in
g
l
e
pa
th
b
ifac
ia
l
P
V
T col
l
ec
t
o
r.
(a
)
C
ros
s
se
cti
o
n vi
ew
, (b) hea
t
transfer
c
oef
f
icie
nt
of
e
ner
g
y
ba
la
nc
e m
odel
(a)
(b)
F
i
gure
6.
M
o
d
e
l
2: D
o
ub
le
p
a
t
h pa
r
a
lle
l flow
p
anel.
(a
) Cross s
e
c
tio
n
vi
e
w
, (b)
h
eat
t
r
a
nsfer
c
o
effi
c
i
e
n
t
o
f
e
n
ergy
b
al
a
n
c
e
mo
d
e
l
.
(a)
(b)
F
i
gure
7. A
ir
flow
alo
ng pa
ne
l
l
e
ng
th
f
or
(
a) si
n
g
l
e
pa
t
h
(
b)
d
o
uble
pa
t
h
pa
r
alle
l stre
am
.
(a)
(b)
F
i
gure
8.
P
V
T
efficie
n
c
y
o
f t
w
o
mode
l
s
a
t d
i
ffere
nt
p
ack
i
n
g fac
t
o
r,
(a)
s
in
gle
pa
t
h
,
(b) do
ub
le
p
a
t
h.
25
26
27
28
29
30
0
5
0
100
Te
mp
er
at
u
r
e
(
o
C)
Pan
e
l len
g
th
25
26
27
28
29
30
0
2
04
06
0
8
0
1
0
0
Te
mp
er
at
u
r
e
(
o
C)
Pa
nel le
ngth
cha
nnel
1
cha
nnel
2
L
a
m
in
a
t
io
n
Ai
r
f
l
ow
In
s
u
l
a
tio
n
Ref
l
ect
o
r
Bi
f
a
ci
al
P
V
c
e
l
l
T
1
o
T
1
i
h
c L
A
S
T
s
h
c
L F
h
c
R
F
h
r
L
S
h
r L
R
T
a
Glass
Ai
r
flo
w
1
Ai
r
fl
ow
2
B
i
fa
ci
a
l
P
V c
e
ll
L
a
m
in
a
t
io
n
In
s
u
l
a
tio
n
R
e
fl
e
c
to
r
h
c
L
F
2
h
c R
F
2
h
r
L
R
T
F2
i
T
F2
o
S
T
s
T
a
h
c
LF1
h
r L
G
h
cG
a
T
F1
i
T
F1
o
h
c G
F
1
h
r G
S
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
IS
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
Ph
ot
ov
ol
taic
t
h
erm
a
l (PVT
)
a
i
r
col
l
e
c
t
o
r w
i
t
h
m
onof
ac
ia
l a
nd
b
ifac
i
al s
o
l
a
r ce
lls:
a rev
i
ew (Ahm
a
d
Fu
dho
li)
2
027
6.
CONCL
U
S
IONS
The
rev
i
e
w
f
o
r
P
V
T
a
ir
c
oll
e
ctors
w
ith
m
on
o
f
a
c
ia
l
a
n
d
bi
fac
i
al
solar
cel
l
s
were
p
r
e
sented.
T
h
is
revie
w
pre
sen
t
s
the fo
llow
i
n
g
c
oncl
u
si
ons
:
(i
)
Th
e
PVT
a
i
r
co
l
l
e
c
t
o
r
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
ed
w
i
t
h
a
bi
fa
ci
a
l
b
i
f
aci
al
s
o
l
a
r
cell
ge
ne
r
a
tes
a
lar
g
er
a
moun
t
of
e
lec
t
r
i
c
i
ty
(a
ppro
x
ima
t
e
l
y
4
0
%)
t
ha
n
a
mono
fa
c
i
al
P
V
T
w
it
hou
t
c
o
ns
idera
b
le
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
e
i
n
c
o
s
t
[
5
0
]
.
M
o
v
i
n
g
f
o
r
w
a
r
d
,
di
ffe
re
nt
t
ypes
of
P
V
c
e
lls,
suc
h
a
s
per
o
vski
te,
or
ga
n
i
c
and
d
y
e-
sens
i
t
is
ed
s
o
l
a
r
c
e
l
l
s
,
m
a
y
be
u
se
d
to
incr
ease
PV
e
ffi
c
i
e
n
cy
r
at
her
t
h
a
n
u
s
i
n
g
m
o
n
oc
rys
t
a
lli
ne
s
ilic
o
n-ty
pe
P
V
cel
ls,
as
p
re
sen
t
ed
i
n
pre
v
iou
s
st
ud
i
e
s.
F
urthe
r
mor
e
,
other
t
y
pes
o
f
r
e
f
lec
t
ors
ca
n
be
u
se
d
a
s
al
t
e
rn
a
tiv
e
s
,
su
ch
a
s
p
a
ra
bol
i
c
a
nd
s
ph
eri
c
a
l
re
flec
tor
s
,
ins
t
ea
d
of
u
s
i
ng
m
irr
o
r
or
s
em
i
-
mirr
or.
These
su
g
g
e
s
tions
p
r
ovide
u
seful
inform
ation
for
fur
t
he
r de
ve
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
of
b
ifa
c
ia
l
PV
T
air
coll
e
c
tors t
o
i
n
c
r
ea
se
ther
ma
l
and
elec
t
r
i
c
al e
ffic
ie
nc
ie
s.
(ii)
T
he
e
ne
rg
y
and
exe
r
g
y
e
ffic
i
e
ncie
s
of
P
V
T
a
i
r
c
oll
e
c
t
o
r
w
i
t
h
b
i
f
aci
al
s
ol
ar
c
el
l
s
r
a
nge
fro
m
2
8
%
t
o
6
7
%
an
d
f
r
o
m
8
.2
%
t
o
8
.
4
%
,
resp
e
c
t
iv
el
y
.
(ii)
T
he
e
ner
g
y
a
n
d
e
x
ergy
e
fficie
n
c
ies
o
f
P
V
T
a
i
r
c
o
llec
t
ors
w
i
t
h
mo
no
f
a
c
i
al
s
ol
ar
c
e
l
l
s
w
e
r
e
39
%
to
9
4
%
a
n
d
1
2
.6
6%
t
o
12.9
1
%,
re
s
pecti
v
e
l
y.
ACKNOW
LEDG
E
MEN
T
S
We
g
rate
full
y
ac
know
l
e
d
g
e
t
h
e
f
u
ndi
n
g
from
US
AI
D
thr
oug
h
t
h
e
S
H
ERA
pro
g
ra
m-Centre
f
or
D
e
ve
lopm
en
t
of
S
us
ta
i
n
ab
le
R
e
g
i
o
n
(CD
S
R
)
.
In
y
e
a
r
2
0
1
7
-
20
21
CD
S
R
i
s
l
e
d
b
y
Ce
n
t
er
f
or
E
nerg
y
S
t
ud
ies-
UGM.
REFE
RENCES
[1]
N
.
S.
N
azri,
e
t
al.,
“En
e
rgy
econ
o
m
ic
a
nal
y
sis
of
p
h
o
t
o
-volt
a
ic–
th
e
r
m
a
l
-
th
e
r
m
o
elect
ric
(P
V
T
-TE)
a
i
r
c
o
l
l
ecto
r
s,”
R
e
newa
ble
and
S
u
st
a
i
na
bl
e En
e
r
gy
Review
,
v
o
l
.
92,
p
p
.
1
87-9
7
,
20
18.
[2]
M
.
M
ust
a
pha,
et al
.,
“
Rev
i
ew
on
energy
a
nd
ex
e
r
g
y
a
n
a
lys
i
s
o
f
a
ir
a
nd
w
ater
b
ased
p
ho
to
voltai
c
t
herm
al
(
P
V
T)
co
ll
ecto
r
, “
In
t
e
r
n
ati
o
n
a
l Jou
r
n
a
l of Po
wer Electron
i
cs
an
d
D
r
i
ve
Sys
t
em
s
(
I
JPE
D
S
)
,
9
(3),
p
p
.
1
3
8
3
-
138
9,
2
0
18.
[3]
N
.
S.
N
azri
et a
l
.,
“
M
a
t
he
m
a
tical
m
o
d
el
in
g
of
p
ho
to
vo
l
t
a
i
c
th
ermal
-
th
ermo
elect
ri
c
(P
VT
-TE)
a
i
r
c
ol
lect
or.
In
ter
n
a
t
io
nal Jour
na
l o
f
P
o
wer
El
ectro
n
i
cs
and
Dr
ive S
y
st
ems
(
I
JPED
S
)
,
9
(2
),
pp.
7
95
-80
2
,
2
018.
[4]
N
.
S.
N
azri,
“
E
x
peri
m
e
nt
a
l
s
tu
d
y
o
f
ph
o
t
ov
o
l
ta
ic
t
h
e
rm
al-t
hermoe
l
ectric
(P
V
T
-TE)
a
ir
c
ollector,”
International
Jo
ur
na
l of
P
o
we
r
El
ectro
n
i
cs a
n
d
Drive S
y
st
ems
(
I
JPED
S
)
,
9
(3
),
p
p.
1
40
6-14
12
, 2
01
8.
[5]
M.
Z
ohri
et
a
l
.,
“
P
h
o
t
ovo
lt
aic
therm
a
l
(P
VT)
system
w
ith
a
nd
without
fins
c
ol
l
e
c
t
or:
th
eoretical
a
p
p
ro
ach,”
In
ter
n
a
t
io
nal Jour
na
l o
f
P
o
wer
El
ectro
n
i
cs
a
n
d
Dr
ive S
y
s
t
em
(
I
JP
EDS)
8
(4
),
p
p.
175
6-6
3
,
201
7.
[6]
M.
Z
oh
ri,
et
al
.,
“
Ex
ergy
a
ss
essm
ent
o
f
p
h
o
to
v
o
lt
a
i
c
t
h
erm
a
l
w
i
th
v
-groo
v
e
col
lecto
r
u
s
i
ng
th
e
o
ret
i
cal
s
t
u
d
y
,”
TE
LKO
M
NIKA
16
(2),
pp.
5
5
0
-57,
2
01
8.
[7]
A.
F
udho
li
et
a
l.
,
“R&D
o
f
Phot
ovol
ta
i
c
T
herma
l
(
PVT)
S
y
s
tems
:
an
overv
iew
,
”
Inte
rn
at
ion
a
l
J
o
urna
l
o
f
Powe
r
E
l
ect
ro
n
i
cs a
nd Dri
ve System
s
(
I
JP
EDS)
9
(
2),
pp.
8
0
3
-10
,
2
01
8.
[8]
A
.
F
ud
ho
li,
et al
.
,
"Collecto
r
e
fficien
cy
o
f
t
h
e
doub
le-pas
s
s
o
lar
a
i
r
c
o
ll
ecto
r
s
w
i
th
f
i
n
s,"
Pro
ceedi
ngs
o
f
th
e
9
t
h
W
S
EA
S
In
t
e
rnati
o
nal
Con
f
erence
on
SYSTEM
S
CIE
N
C
E
a
nd
S
IMULA
T
ION
i
n
EN
GI
N
E
ERIN
G
(ICO
S
SSE
’10
)
,
J
a
pan,
2
0
1
0
,
pp.
4
28
-34.
[9]
A
.
F
udh
oli,
et al
.
,
"
E
xp
erim
en
t
a
l
S
t
u
dy
of
t
h
e
d
o
u
ble-p
a
ss
s
ol
a
r
a
ir
c
ol
lecto
r
w
it
h
st
aggered
f
i
ns,"
P
roceed
ing
s
o
f
t
h
e
9t
h
WSE
A
S
Int
e
rnation
a
l
Con
f
erence
on
S
Y
S
TEM
S
C
IEN
C
E
and
S
I
M
U
LA
TI
O
N
in
E
NG
I
N
E
E
R
I
NG
(ICO
S
SSE
’10
)
,
J
a
pan,
2
0
1
0
,
pp.
4
10
-14.
[10]
N
.
F.M.
R
azali
et
al
.
,
“
Exp
e
ri
me
nt
s
tu
dy
o
f
wa
te
r
ba
se
d
ph
otov
o
l
ta
ic
-the
rma
l
(
PV/
T
)
c
o
l
l
ector,”
International
Jo
ur
na
l of
Elect
rica
l
and
Co
m
puter
En
gi
neer
i
n
g
(
I
JECE)
9
(1)
, p
p
. 11
8
-1
2
5
,
20
19
.
[11]
A.
I
b
r
a
h
i
m
et
al
.
,
"
Effici
enci
es
a
n
d
i
m
p
rov
e
men
t
p
ot
ential
of
buil
d
i
n
g
in
t
e
grat
ed
p
hot
ov
oltaic
t
herm
al
(
BIP
V
T)
sy
ste
m
,"
En
e
r
gy
Co
nv
e
r
sio
n
an
d
Ma
na
ge
me
n
t
,
vol
.
7
7
,
pp.
5
2
7
-34,
2
01
4.
[12]
A.
F
ud
ho
li
,
et a
l
.
,
“
Revi
ew
o
f
s
o
la
r
ph
ot
ovo
lt
aic
/
therm
a
l
(P
V/T)
a
i
r
c
o
llect
or,“
In
te
rn
atio
na
l J
o
urna
l
o
f
E
l
e
c
t
ric
a
l
an
d Co
mp
u
t
e
r
E
n
g
i
ne
e
r
in
g
(IJ
E
CE
)
9
(1),
p
p
. 12
6
-1
3
3
, 20
1
9
.
[13]
A
.
F
ud
ho
li,
et
a
l
.,
(
20
19
),
„
E
n
erg
y
a
nd
e
xergy
a
n
aly
s
is
o
f
air
b
a
sed
p
h
o
t
ov
o
ltai
c
t
h
erm
a
l
(PV
T
)
collecto
r
:
a
review
“.
Int
e
rn
a
t
ion
a
l Jou
r
n
a
l of El
ectrical
a
n
d
Comp
ut
er
E
ngineerin
g (IJE
C
E)
9
(
1),
10
9-11
7
.
[14]
R.
T
ripat
h
i
,
e
t
al.
,
“
O
v
e
ra
l
l
e
nerg
y,
e
xerg
y
and
c
a
r
bo
n
cred
it
an
aly
s
is
o
f
N
p
a
rti
a
lly
c
o
v
ered
p
hot
o
v
o
l
t
a
i
c
th
erm
a
l
(P
V
T
) co
ncen
trati
ng collect
or c
onnect
ed i
n s
e
ries,” S
o
l
ar En
e
rg
y,
v
o
l
. 1
36
,
p
p
. 2
60
-26
7
, 2
01
6.
[15]
S
h
yam
an
d
G.N.
Tiwari
,
"
An
alysis
o
f
seri
es
c
o
n
n
ected
pho
to
vo
lta
ic
t
hermal
a
ir
c
oll
e
c
t
ors
part
ia
lly
c
overed
by
s
e
m
i
t
r
ansp
arent
ph
ot
ovo
lt
aic m
odu
le",
So
la
r En
e
r
g
y
,
vol.
1
3
7
,
p
p
.
1
37:4
5
2
-
462
,
201
6.
[16]
C.
S.
R
ajoria
,
et a
l
.,
“
A
N
ovel
i
nves
t
i
g
ation
of
b
u
i
l
d
in
g
in
t
e
grat
ed
p
ho
tov
o
ltaic
t
h
e
r
m
a
l
(
B
i
P
V
T
)
s
y
s
t
e
m
:
A
co
m
p
arati
v
e
s
t
udy
.
So
la
r Ene
r
g
y
,
vol.
131
,
p
p
.
107-11
8,
201
6.
[17]
C.
S.
R
ajoria,
et
a
l
.,
”
A
new
e
r
app
r
oach
o
n
c
a
s
h
f
l
o
w
diagram
to
i
n
v
es
ti
ga
te
t
h
e
e
ff
ect
o
f
energy
p
a
yback
t
im
e
an
d
earn
e
d
c
a
rbo
n
c
r
e
dit
s
o
n
lif
e
cy
cle
cos
t
o
f
d
i
ff
erent
p
hotov
olt
ai
c
therm
a
l
array
s
y
stem
s”,
S
o
lar
Energ
y
,
v
o
l.
124
,
p
p
.
12
4
:
254
-26
7
,
201
6.
[18]
J.
Z
h
a
ng
,
et al.,
“
Enlarg
ing
p
hoto
vol
ta
i
c
e
ff
ect:
c
o
mbination
o
f
c
lassic
p
hotoe
l
ectri
c
and
f
e
rroel
ectric ph
oto
volt
a
ic
ef
f
ects,”.
Scientif
i
c
Repor
t
s
,
vol.
3
,
p
p.
1
–
6
.
d
o
i
:
10.
1
0
3
8
/srep0
21
09
,
2
0
1
3
.
[19]
T.
J
o
g
e
,
e
t
al
.,”
App
l
i
cati
o
n
s
a
n
d
f
ie
ld
t
est
s
o
f
bif
acial
s
o
l
ar
m
odul
es”.
P
ro
cee
di
ng
s
o
f
t
he
2
9t
h
IEEE
P
h
o
t
ovolt
a
ic
S
p
ecial
ists
C
on
feren
c
e
20
02
;15
4
9
-
15
52.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
I
nt
J
P
ow
Elec
& Dr
i
S
y
st V
ol.
10,
N
o.
4
, Dec
201
9 :
2
0
2
1
– 2
028
2
028
[20]
A
.
M
oeh
l
eck
e,
et a
l
.,”
P
h
o
t
ovo
lt
aic
m
o
dul
e
w
ith
c
o
l
o
r
ed
d
iffus
e
r
ef
lecto
r
s”.
P
r
o
ceedi
n
gs
o
f
t
h
e
Eu
rop
ean
P
h
ot
ov
o
l
t
a
ic
S
olar
E
nerg
y
Co
n
f
erence
200
1;
78
5–7
87
.
[21]
A
.
Hu
bn
er,
et al
.,”
Temperature
behavi
or
o
f
monof
aci
al
a
nd
bi
f
acial
s
ilicon
s
ol
ar
c
ells
”.
P
h
o
t
ovo
lt
aic
Spe
c
i
a
l
i
s
ts
C
o
n
fe
re
nce
1
9
9
7
; 22
3-
22
6.
[22]
L.
Y
a
n
g,
et a
l
.,”
Hi
gh
e
ff
ic
i
e
ncy
s
c
ree
n
p
rin
t
ed
b
i
f
acial
s
olar
cell
s
o
n
m
o
n
o
crys
ta
l
l
i
n
e
C
Z
s
i
l
ic
o
n
.
P
r
o
gr
e
s
s
in
P
h
ot
ov
o
l
t
a
ics
:
R
es
earch
a
n
d
A
pp
licatio
ns
2
0
1
1
;
1
9
(3):
27
5-27
9.
[23]
Y.
S
.
Lim
,
et al.
,
”
F
a
id
z
.
D
es
ig
n
an
d
ev
alu
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
pas
s
i
v
e
co
ncen
trato
r
a
nd
r
ef
lec
t
o
r
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
for
bif
acial
s
olar
pa
n
e
l o
n
a
h
ig
hl
y c
l
ou
dy
re
g
ion
– A
c
a
se
stu
dy
i
n
Ma
la
y
s
ia
”
,
Re
newa
bl
e En
e
r
gy
, v
ol
.
6
3
,
p
p
. 41
5
-42
5
, 20
1
4
.
[24]
B.
A
grawal
&
G
.
N
.
Tiwari
,
"
L
i
f
e
c
ycle
c
ost
a
s
sessment
of
b
ui
ld
i
ng
i
n
t
egrat
e
d
ph
oto
volt
a
ic
t
hermal
(
BIP
V
T)
s
y
s
t
e
m
s,
"
E
nerg
y
an
d
Bu
il
d
i
n
g
s
, v
ol
.
42
,
p
p
.
147
2
-
8
1
,
20
10.
[25]
F
.
S
arhad
d
i,
e
t
a
l
.
,
"
A
n
im
prov
ed
t
herm
al
a
nd
e
lect
rical
m
odel
for
a
sola
r
ph
otov
o
lta
ic
t
he
r
m
a
l
(
PV/
T
)
a
i
r
c
o
lle
c
t
or
,
"
A
p
p
l
ie
d
En
e
r
gy
, vo
l
.
8
7
,
p
p
. 2
32
8-3
9
, 2
01
0.
[26]
B.
A
g
r
awal
&
G
.N
.
T
i
wari
,"O
p
timi
zin
g
t
he
e
nerg
y
a
n
d
exer
gy
o
f
b
uild
i
n
g
i
n
t
e
grated
p
hoto
v
ol
ta
i
c
t
h
e
rm
a
l
(BIPV
T
)
s
y
stems under col
d
cli
m
a
tic condi
ti
ons
,"Appl
ied
Energ
y
,
v
o
l
. 8
7,
pp
.
41
7
-2
6, 2
01
0.
[27]
F
.
S
arhadd
i,
e
t
al.,
"Exerg
eti
c
p
erf
o
rm
an
ce
a
sses
s
m
e
n
t
o
f
a
sol
ar
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
aic
t
h
ermal
(P
V
/
T
)
a
ir
co
ll
ecto
r
,
"
E
n
ergy
an
d
Bu
ildin
g
s
,
v
ol.
42,
p
p
.
2184-9
9
,
201
0.
[28]
K
.
E.
A
m
o
r
i
,
and
H.M.T
.
A
l-
N
a
jjar,"
A
nalysis
o
f
t
herm
al
a
nd
e
lec
tri
cal
p
erf
o
rm
an
ce
o
f
a
hyb
rid
(PV
/
T)
a
ir
b
as
ed
s
o
l
a
r
collect
or f
or
Iraq,
"Ap
p
l
i
ed
E
nerg
y,
vol.
9
8
,
pp
.
3
84-9
5
,
20
1
2
.
[29]
S
.
A
graw
a
l
,
et
a
l
.,
"
I
n
d
o
o
r
e
x
p
e
rim
e
nt
al
a
nal
y
sis
of
g
lazed
h
yb
rid
photov
ol
ta
i
c
t
hermal
til
es
a
ir
c
ollect
o
r
co
nn
ected
i
n
series,
"
En
ergy
and
Buil
d
i
ng
s,
v
o
l
.
53,
p
p
.
1
4
5
-5
1,
2
0
12.
[30]
C.
S.
R
a
j
ori
a
,
et
a
l
.,
"Ex
e
rg
eti
c
a
nd
en
vi
roecon
o
m
i
c
a
n
a
ly
s
i
s
of
n
o
v
e
l
h
y
b
r
i
d
P
V
T
a
r
r
a
y
,
"
S
o
l
a
r
E
n
e
r
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
8
8
,
p
p
.
11
0-19
,
2
013.
[31]
K.E
.
A
mo
ri,
M.A
.
A
b
d
-
AlR
a
he
e
m
,
"
F
ie
ld
s
tu
dy
o
f
va
rio
u
s
a
i
r
ba
se
d
p
h
o
t
ov
oltai
c
/th
erm
a
l
hy
bri
d
s
olar
co
ll
ecto
r
s,
"Rene
w
ab
le
E
nerg
y,
vol
.
6
3
,
pp.
4
0
2
-14,
201
4.
[32]
C.
G
oo
d,
e
t
al.,
"
S
o
lar
en
ergy
f
o
r
n
et
zero
en
erg
y
b
u
i
l
d
i
n
g
s
–
A
com
p
ariso
n
b
et
ween
s
ol
ar
t
herm
al,
P
V
a
n
d
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
l
tai
c
–t
he
rm
al
(
PV/T
)
system
s,
"S
ol
ar En
e
rgy,
vol.
12
2,
p
p
.
98
6-9
6
,
2
01
5.
[33]
J
.
G.
A
hn
,
e
t
a
l.
,
"A
S
t
udy
on
E
xperi
m
e
n
t
al
P
erf
o
rm
ance
of
A
i
r-T
y
p
e
PV/T
C
oll
ecto
r
w
ith
H
RV
,"
E
n
erg
y
P
r
o
cedi
a
,
v
o
l
.
78,
p
p
.
3
00
7-12
,
201
5.
[34]
C.
S.
R
aj
ori
a
,
et
a
l.,
"Ex
e
rgeti
c
a
n
d
e
nv
iro
econo
m
i
c
anal
ys
is
o
f
s
em
itran
s
p
a
rent
P
VT
a
rray
b
ase
d
o
n
op
ti
m
u
m
air
fl
ow
c
onfig
uration
and
it
s
com
p
a
r
at
ive
st
udy
,
"
S
o
lar
En
erg
y
,
vol
.
1
2
2
,
p
p.
113
8-4
5
,
20
15.
[35]
Y
.
L
i
,
e
t
al.
,
"
P
e
rf
orm
a
nce
st
u
d
y
of
a
s
olar
p
h
o
t
ovo
lt
aic
a
i
r
c
o
nd
it
io
ne
r
in
t
he
h
o
t
s
u
m
me
r
a
n
d
c
o
ld
w
inte
r
zo
ne,
"
S
o
l
a
r
En
ergy
,
vol.
1
1
7
,
pp.
16
7
-7
9,
2
01
5.
[36]
M
.
G
ho
la
m
p
o
u
r
&
M.
A
m
e
ri,
"
En
ergy
an
d
ex
e
r
gy
a
n
a
ly
ses
o
f
P
h
o
t
ovo
lt
a
i
c/Therm
a
l
fl
at
t
ran
s
p
i
red
co
llect
ors:
E
x
p
e
rim
e
n
t
al
a
nd
t
h
eo
reti
cal
s
tudy,
"
A
pp
lied
En
e
r
gy
,
v
o
l
.
16
4,
p
p.
8
3
7
-5
6,
201
6.
[37]
M.
E
.
A.S
l
ima
n
i
,
e
t
a
l
.,
"
S
tu
dy
a
n
d
m
od
e
l
in
g
of
e
ne
rg
y
pe
rfo
r
ma
n
c
e
of
a
h
ybrid
p
hotovo
l
t
aic/thermal
solar
co
ll
ecto
r
:
Conf
igu
r
ati
o
n
s
u
itab
l
e
f
o
r
an
i
ndirect
s
ol
ar
d
ryer,"
E
nergy
Co
nv
ersio
n
a
n
d
M
anagem
en
t,
v
o
l
.
125
,
pp
.
20
9-2
1
, 2
01
6.
[38]
M
.
H
azam
i,
e
t
al.,
"
Energ
e
ti
c
and
ex
erget
i
c
perf
orm
a
nces
a
n
a
ly
sis
of
a
P
V
/
T
(ph
o
tovoltai
c
t
hermal)
solar
s
y
s
t
e
m
t
e
st
ed an
d
s
im
ulat
ed u
nder
to
T
unisian
(No
rth
A
fri
ca)
c
limatic
conditions
,
"
E
n
ergy, vo
l
.
107, pp.
78
-
94, 2016.
[39]
J
.
C.
M
oju
m
d
e
r,
e
t
al.,
“
A
n
e
x
p
eri
m
ental
in
ves
tig
ati
o
n
on
p
erf
o
r
m
a
n
ce
analy
s
i
s
o
f
air
t
y
p
e
pho
to
vo
lt
a
i
c
th
erm
a
l
co
ll
ecto
r
sy
s
t
e
m
int
e
grat
ed w
it
h
c
o
ol
ing f
i
ns
d
esi
g
n
,
”
E
n
ergy
a
nd
Bui
ldin
gs,
vol.
1
3
0:
272
-28
5
,
2016.
[40]
I.
T
ab
et,
et a
l
.
,
“An
ex
perim
e
n
t
a
l
i
n
v
esti
gati
on
o
n
perf
orm
a
n
c
e
anal
ys
is
o
f
ai
r
ty
pe
pho
to
volt
a
ic
t
he
rm
al
c
ollect
or
s
y
s
t
e
m
i
n
t
egrated
with
c
oo
li
ng
fin
s
d
e
si
gn,
”
T
h
e
Eur
o
p
e
an
Ph
ysisica
l
Jo
ur
nal Plus
, vo
l
. 13
1
(4
1
)
,
p
p
. 1-1
5
, 2
01
6.
[41]
M.
R
o
s
a
-
C
l
o
t
,
et al
.,
“Ex
p
e
r
ime
n
ta
l
ph
otov
o
l
ta
ic
-the
rm
a
l
P
o
w
e
r
P
la
nts
b
a
se
d
on
T
ES
P
I
p
anel
,”
Sola
r
Ener
gy
,
vol.
1
3
3
,
p
p.
3
05
-314,
201
6.
[42]
S
.
T
i
w
ari
and
G.N.
T
i
w
ari,
“
Exergo
econ
o
m
i
c
an
aly
s
is
o
f
p
h
o
t
o
v
ol
ta
i
c
-therm
al
(
P
V
T
)
m
ix
ed
m
o
d
e
green
hou
s
e
s
o
l
a
r dryer,”
Energy
, v
o
l
. 1
14
,
p
p
. 1
55
-16
4
, 2
01
6.
[43]
B.
D
as,
et
a
l.,,
“Perf
o
r
m
ance
anal
ys
i
s
o
f
si
ng
l
e
g
lazed
s
olar
P
VT
a
i
r
c
ollect
or
i
n
the
cl
i
m
a
t
ic
c
ondition
of
N
E
In
di
a,”
P
r
o
ceedi
n
g
s
:
4
th
In
t
e
rn
atio
nal
El
ec
t
r
o
n
i
c
Co
nf
ren
c
e
o
n
En
tr
op
y
a
n
d
Its Ap
pl
icatio
n
(
E
CEA 2
017)
,
pp.
1
-
1
4
,
20
18.
[44]
A
.
F
ud
ho
l
i
,
et
a
l
.
,
"
E
n
ergy
a
n
d
e
xerg
y
an
al
ys
e
s
o
f
ph
oto
volt
a
ic
t
herm
a
l
c
oll
ecto
r
wi
th
▽
-groove,"
So
la
r En
e
r
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
1
59
,
pp
.
7
42-50,
2
0
1
8
.
[45]
A
.
L.
A
bdull
a
h,
e
t
al.
,
“Nu
m
e
r
ical
a
nal
y
si
s
of
s
ol
ar
h
yb
ri
d
phot
ovo
lt
aic
therm
a
l
ai
r
col
l
ect
o
r
s
im
ulation
b
y
ANSYS,” C
F
D
L
e
t
t
er, v
o
l
. 1
1(2
)
, pp
. 1
-11
,
2
0
1
9
.
[46]
A
.
F
ud
holi,
e
t
a
l
.
,
”
E
x
e
rgy
an
d
su
stai
nabilit
y
i
n
d
ex
o
f
p
hotov
o
l
t
a
i
c
t
h
erm
a
l
(PVT)
ai
r
co
ll
ecto
r
:
a
t
h
eo
ret
i
cal
a
n
d
ex
peri
m
e
n
t
al
st
u
d
y
,”
Renewa
bl
e an
d
S
u
sta
i
na
b
l
e En
erg
y
Reviews
,
vo
l. 1
00
,
p
p
. 44
-
5
1
, 20
1
9
.
[47]
P
.
Oosh
a
ksaraei
,
et
al.,”
P
e
rf
orm
a
n
ce of
f
o
u
r ai
r-b
as
ed p
ho
tov
o
ltaic th
e
rm
a
l
co
l
lectors
c
on
fig
u
rati
o
n
s w
i
t
h
bif
aci
al
s
o
l
a
r cell
s
”,
Ren
e
wabl
e Energy
,
vo
l.
102
,
p
p
.
279-29
3,
2
0
17.
[48]
P
.
O
o
s
hak
s
araei,
et
a
l
.,”
Characteri
zatio
n
of
a
b
if
acial
p
hoto
v
o
l
taic
p
an
el
i
n
t
egrat
e
d
wi
th
e
x
t
ernal
diff
us
e
an
d
s
e
m
i
mi
rro
r
t
ype
r
efl
ecto
r
s”.
In
tern
ati
onal
Jo
urn
a
l o
f
P
hoto
e
ner
gy
2
013
;7
.
[49]
K.
S
o
p
i
an
,
et
a
l.,.
“Per
f
o
rman
ce
ch
aracteri
zation
o
f
s
i
n
gle-p
a
t
h
and
d
o
u
b
l
e
-path
ai
rbas
ed
b
if
acial
p
h
o
t
ovo
lt
aic
t
h
erm
a
l
s
o
l
a
r
co
llect
or,”
P
roc.
o
f
t
h
e
WS
EAS
-
R
e
cen
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