In
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o
f Po
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Elec
tron
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stem
(IJ
PED
S
)
V
o
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10, N
o.
2, June
2
01
9, pp.
935~
9
4
2
IS
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: 2088-
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D
O
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:
10.11
59
1
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ped
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.
i
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9
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935
Jou
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tp:
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score
.
com
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.
p
hp/IJ
PED
S
Ca
pacitive power transfer in
bio
med
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Mu
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aki
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Facul
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E
lect
r
o
nic and Comp
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ng,
U
nivers
iti Tekn
ik
al M
al
ays
i
a, Mal
aysi
a
Cen
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re f
o
r
Te
l
ecom
m
unication
Research
& Inn
ov
ati
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n
Art
i
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fo
ABSTRACT
A
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tic
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:
R
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Sep 6,
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Re
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apacitive
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transf
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w
h
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ch
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s
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e
d
on
hy
bri
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c
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p
t
f
or
B
io
m
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dical
Imp
l
a
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ts.
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s
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s
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v
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sfer
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s
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pyri
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t © 2
019 In
stit
u
t
e
of Advanced
En
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neeri
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g
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d
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c
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All
rights
res
e
rv
ed.
Corres
pon
d
i
n
g
Au
th
or:
Mu
ham
m
a
d
Zaki
bi
n
Musta
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zaki5
37
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gm
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co
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1.
I
N
TR
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U
C
TI
O
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Wire
l
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ss
p
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t
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nsfers
h
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en
b
r
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xp
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for
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p
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s
uc
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lectric
c
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g
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s
m
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rtph
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,
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d
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g
i
m
plan
ta
b
l
e
de
vice
s
a
nd
m
u
c
h
m
or
e
[1].
W
irele
s
s
pow
er
t
ra
nsfer
s
a
p
p
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o
ac
h
ge
n
e
rall
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f
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o
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ear
fie
l
d
a
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d
far
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pow
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t
rans
fe
r
ap
p
lic
ati
o
ns.
Th
e
n
e
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e
l
d
a
pp
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c
a
n
b
e
div
i
d
e
d
in
to
s
ev
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r
a
l
t
yp
e
s
w
h
i
ch
a
re
a
n
i
n
duc
t
i
ve
r
esona
nc
e
fre
q
uenc
y
cou
p
l
i
ng
(IRF
C
),
u
ltra
s
on
ic
e
ner
gy
t
r
ansfer
,
a
nd
near
-fiel
d
c
a
p
ac
i
t
i
v
e
c
o
upl
in
g
(N
C
C
)
.
P
revious
ly,
th
e
com
p
aris
on
o
f
c
har
acte
r
ist
i
cs
e
a
c
h
ty
pe
o
f
w
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r
e
less
pow
e
r
t
rans
f
e
rs
h
ave
b
e
en
m
ad
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b
y
ot
h
e
r
re
se
arc
h
e
r
s
.
Ba
se
d
on
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on
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ade,
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ve
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y
p
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of
w
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er
t
rans
fe
r
s
ha
s
the
a
d
v
a
n
t
a
g
e
ove
r
ot
her
ty
p
e
s
[2]
.
Th
is
r
eason
r
e
i
n
force
s
t
ha
t
ea
c
h
t
ype
o
f
WP
T
can
b
e
ap
p
lie
d
ac
c
ord
i
ng
to
s
u
i
tab
i
lit
y
an
d
re
qu
irem
ent
of
t
h
e
b
i
o
m
ed
i
cal
i
mp
l
a
nt
abl
e
d
evi
ce.
Adva
nc
em
ent
of
b
i
o
m
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d
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ca
l
im
pla
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ts
h
as
b
e
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n
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
i
n
t
h
e
c
rea
t
i
o
n
o
f
s
ever
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yp
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o
f
impla
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ta
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de
vi
c
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s
s
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as
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d
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o
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r
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n
e
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r
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l
,
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e
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i
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e
o
t
h
e
r
s
t
o
me
et
m
e
d
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al
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e
e
d
s
.
Eac
h
t
y
p
e
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f
i
m
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a
b
le
d
ev
ice
has
i
t
s
ow
n
s
pec
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s.
S
ome
im
pl
a
n
t
a
b
l
e
d
e
vi
c
e
t
y
p
e
s
r
e
q
u
i
r
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a
b
i
o
s
a
f
e
t
y
s
o
u
r
c
e
of
e
l
ectrical
power
to
opera
t
e
p
r
o
p
e
r
l
y
.
T
h
e
s
e
a
l
e
d
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
a
s
t
h
e
p
o
w
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so
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r
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f
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m
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a
bl
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vi
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c
a
n
o
nly
su
pp
ly
t
h
e
e
n
e
rg
y
f
o
r
a
lim
ited
time
.
T
he
p
a
t
i
e
nt
w
i
l
l
e
x
p
eri
e
nc
e
traum
a
w
ith
r
epe
a
te
d
sur
g
ery
to
r
ep
lac
i
ng
the
ba
tter
y
.
Be
c
a
use
of
c
on
sta
n
t
de
pen
d
e
n
c
e
on
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l
e
c
t
rica
l
p
o
w
e
r
s
o
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s
,
a
w
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l
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s
p
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w
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t
r
a
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s
f
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h
o
d
i
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q
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c
o
me
t
he
l
im
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lac
k
o
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bat
t
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pow
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s
ource
.
N
o
w
a
da
ys,
b
i
om
edica
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nol
og
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alrea
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y
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a
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he
d
w
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b
o
t
h
t
yp
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w
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re
l
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p
o
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,
w
hic
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s
in
duc
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a
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ul
t
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a
so
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s
fer,
a
nd
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lre
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d
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use
d
for
w
ire
l
es
s pow
er
d
e
liv
er
y
for
se
ve
ral i
m
pla
n
tab
l
e
dev
i
ce
s
suc
h
a
s neur
al im
p
l
a
nts.
H
ow
e
v
er, bo
t
h
m
etho
ds
h
ave
w
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a
kn
e
s
se
s i
n
t
e
r
ms o
f
si
gn
a
l
i
nt
erf
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re
nce
[3
].
Si
n
c
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th
e
i
nduc
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i
v
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p
o
w
e
r
t
ra
n
s
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p
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d,
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r
isk
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to
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erfere
w
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s
urro
un
d
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v
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s
t
hat
se
ns
iti
v
e
t
o
t
he
e
l
e
c
t
rom
a
gne
t
i
c
fie
l
d.
T
hus,
reduc
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i
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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0
8
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-
86
94
I
n
t
J Po
w
Elec
&
Dr
i
Sy
st,
Vo
l. 1
0
,
No
. 2
,
Ju
n
e
2
019
:
9
3
5
–
9
42
93
6
ki
n
d
o
f
i
n
t
e
r
f
e
r
enc
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i
s
o
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of
t
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m
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cha
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i
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duc
t
i
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pow
e
r
t
r
a
ns
fe
r
s
[
4]
.
The
ca
pa
c
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t
i
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wire
less
p
o
we
r
transfe
r
h
as
b
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u
se
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s
eve
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al
a
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l
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f
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dica
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pl
a
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de
vice
s
ince
2
0
0
9
b
y
A
m
ir
M
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S
oda
ga
r
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t
.
al
[
5]
.
T
h
is
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
w
as
a
l
s
o
r
e
c
e
n
t
l
y
us
ed
f
or
se
n
s
in
g
bi
om
edica
l
s
i
gna
l
in
[
6]
.
The
ac
h
i
e
v
em
ent
in
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
i
v
e
l
ink
a
ge
s
t
u
d
i
es
i
s
not
a
s
su
c
c
e
s
sful
a
s
t
h
e
in
d
u
ct
i
v
e
lin
k.
T
h
i
s
i
s
b
ec
aus
e
o
f
t
h
e
l
i
m
ite
d
r
a
n
g
e
fa
c
t
or
o
f
the
c
a
p
ac
i
t
i
v
e
li
nk.
N
C
C
a
ppr
oac
h
es
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
nt
t
o
the
i
n
du
ct
ive
pow
e
r
t
r
a
nsfer
,
i
n
w
h
i
c
h
the
e
l
ec
tr
om
ag
ne
tic
a
s
a
m
e
c
ha
nism
f
or
t
r
a
ns
f
e
r
r
ing
e
n
e
r
g
y
.
B
u
t
I
n
CP
T,
t
he
e
lect
r
i
c
f
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l
d
be
t
w
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o
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pa
r
a
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r
a
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sm
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ter
s
a
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ce
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v
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p
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a
tes
is
u
se
d
as
t
he
m
e
c
han
i
sm
t
o
tr
a
n
sf
er
r
i
n
g
e
n
e
r
gy
in
t
e
r
m
of
p
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er
a
nd
data
.
I
t
w
a
s
t
he
s
o
l
ut
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de
vi
c
e
[
7]
.
Th
us,
t
h
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m
a
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c
t
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his
pa
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pr
e
p
a
r
e
a
c
o
m
p
r
e
he
n
s
iv
e
rev
i
ew
o
f
C
P
T
b
a
sed
on
bi
om
ed
ica
l
i
m
p
la
n
t
ab
le
d
e
v
ic
e
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
ion.
T
he
r
eview
o
f
c
apac
i
ti
v
e
c
ou
pl
i
n
g
po
wer
tran
s
f
e
r
o
f
b
i
omed
i
cal
de
v
i
c
e
w
i
l
l
as
sis
t
t
o
unde
r
s
t
a
nd
t
h
e
pr
inc
i
ple
,
r
equ
i
r
e
me
nt
,
an
d
lim
ita
ti
on
of
t
he
d
e
s
ign.
T
he
p
ar
a
m
e
t
e
r
o
f
c
a
pac
i
ti
ve
c
ou
pli
n
g
p
o
w
e
r
t
r
a
n
sf
er
s
s
h
o
u
l
d
be
d
e
s
ig
ne
d
fo
l
l
ow
i
n
g
t
h
e
r
e
qu
ir
em
ent
of
d
e
v
ice
s
a
nd
t
he
bi
osa
f
e
t
y
s
p
ec
i
f
ica
t
io
n
stan
da
r
d
.
T
o
bu
ild
t
he
C
a
p
ac
i
t
i
v
e
P
o
w
e
r
T
r
a
n
sf
er
i
n
Bio
m
edi
cal
I
mp
l
a
nt
a
b
l
e
D
e
v
i
c
e,
the
P
o
w
e
r
Ma
n
a
gem
e
nt
o
f
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
i
v
e
co
up
l
i
n
g
s
ystem
must
b
e
kn
ow
n
pe
r
f
e
ctl
y
[
8]
.
Co
nt
en
t
s
o
f
th
i
s
p
ap
er
a
re
a
s
fo
l
l
o
w
s:
I
n
secti
o
n
2
,
t
h
e
b
a
s
i
c
t
h
eor
y
o
f
the
c
a
pa
ci
ti
ve
c
o
u
pl
i
n
g
p
o
w
e
r
t
r
an
sfe
r
i
n
bi
ome
d
i
c
al
d
e
v
i
c
e
i
s
e
xpl
a
i
n
e
d
,
a
n
d
i
t
c
ont
i
nues
to
B
i
o
sa
fe
t
y
C
P
T
m
ec
ha
ni
sm
i
n
s
u
bsec
ti
o
n
A
.
The
P
o
w
e
r
m
a
nage
me
n
t
i
s
e
xpla
i
ne
d i
n
s
e
c
t
i
on
3
a
n
d
i
t
c
o
n
ti
n
u
es
t
o
po
wer
t
r
a
n
sfe
r
s
e
f
fi
c
i
en
cy
o
f
cl
ass
E
a
n
d
m
e
dium
o
f
da
t
a
t
elem
etr
y
i
n
sub
s
e
c
t
i
on
A
a
nd
B
r
e
spec
tiv
e
l
y.
T
h
e
dr
aw
ba
cks
an
d
so
l
u
ti
on
of
t
he
s
yste
m
ar
e
d
i
sc
u
s
se
d
i
n
s
ec
t
i
on
4
.
T
h
e
p
a
p
e
r
su
mma
ri
ze
s
t
h
e
re
sea
r
ch
n
eed
s
o
f
ca
paci
t
i
ve
w
irele
ss
power
t
ra
ns
fer
i
n
bi
om
ed
ica
l
i
m
p
la
n
t
ab
le
d
ev
i
ce's
t
e
ch
n
o
l
o
gy.
I
n
or
de
r
to
i
m
p
r
ove
t
he
s
ys
tem
,
t
he
s
t
u
d
y
r
e
m
a
i
n
s
o
pen
to
di
sco
v
er
t
he
b
est
s
o
lu
ti
o
n
.
Thus,
t
h
e
a
u
thor
p
r
e
pa
r
e
s
seve
r
a
l
p
lan
n
in
g
fo
r
fu
tu
re
w
o
r
k
fo
r
th
ese
res
e
arch
a
nd
de
ve
l
opme
n
t
o
f
C
P
T
i
n
b
i
om
e
d
ica
l
i
m
p
la
nta
b
le
d
e
v
ice.
2.
CAPACIT
I
VE COUPLIN
G
POWE
R
TRANS
FER IN
B
IOMEDIC
A
L DEVICE
CPT
ap
proac
h
es
i
s
a
w
i
re
le
ss
p
o
wer
t
r
an
sfe
r
s
che
m
e
u
s
i
ng
pa
i
r
o
f
co
upl
ing
p
l
at
e
t
o
t
ra
nsf
e
r
el
ec
t
r
i
c
al
f
i
e
ld
t
h
r
o
ugh
a
d
i
e
l
ect
ri
c
b
a
rri
e
r.
T
h
i
s
sc
h
e
me
i
s
p
er
for
m
ed
b
y
t
h
e
d
i
spla
cem
e
n
t
of
c
ur
r
e
nt
w
ith
ou
t
a
c
o
n
d
u
ct
or
a
s
a
m
e
dium
f
or
t
he
t
r
a
ns
fer
of
c
har
g
e
s
.
R
e
fer
to
F
ig
u
r
e
1
fo
r
t
h
e
CPT
sch
e
ma
t
i
c
a
s
a
n
il
l
u
s
t
ra
tio
n
a
p
plica
t
i
on
o
f
b
io
m
e
dica
l
i
m
pla
n
ta
b
l
e
de
v
i
ces.
The
p
ow
e
r
in
g
syste
m
c
o
n
sis
t
s
pa
ir
s
o
f
c
on
duc
t
o
r
pla
t
e
loca
t
e
d
o
n
e
i
t
h
er
s
id
e
o
f
t
he
s
k
i
n
of
c
er
tai
n
t
i
s
sue
t
h
i
c
kne
ss,
and
its
f
or
m
a
capa
c
it
ive
c
o
u
p
li
ng
w
h
i
c
h
to
en
a
b
l
e
t
h
e
wi
r
el
ess
po
we
r t
r
a
n
sfe
r
[
9
]
.
F
i
gur
e
1.
P
air
cou
p
lin
g
pla
t
e
f
o
r
im
pla
n
ta
ble
de
vice
s
The
pri
n
ci
p
l
e
of
t
he
C
PT
w
ir
eless
p
o
we
r
tr
a
n
sfer
i
s
a
bou
t
the
d
is
p
l
a
cem
e
n
t
curr
en
t
t
o
t
ra
nsfer
t
h
e
pow
e
r
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
t
w
o
c
o
n
t
act
less
c
o
nduc
to
r
p
l
ate
s
.
To
ge
t
h
er
w
i
t
h
t
ha
t
,
c
ond
uc
tio
n
c
u
r
r
e
nt
a
ls
o
i
nduc
e
d
be
t
w
ee
n
bo
th
p
l
a
te
s.
B
ot
h
d
i
s
p
lace
me
nt
a
n
d
c
on
d
u
ct
i
on
e
q
u
a
t
i
o
n
is
g
ive
n
i
n
(
1
,
)
a
nd
(
2
)
,
r
espec
tive
l
y.
[
10]
.
⃗
(
1
)
(2)
F
o
r
a
c
o
m
p
l
e
t
e
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
o
f
p
o
w
e
r
d
e
l
i
v
e
r
y
t
o
l
o
a
d
,
t
w
o
s
u
c
h
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
a
nce
s
a
r
e
r
equir
e
d.
I
n
or
der
t
o
im
pr
o
v
e
t
h
e
e
f
fec
t
ive
n
es
s
po
w
e
r
deli
ver
y
,
di
sp
lac
e
m
e
n
t
c
ur
r
e
nt
s
hou
ld
b
e
i
n
cr
ease
d
w
h
i
le
t
he
c
onduc
ti
o
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
P
o
w
Elec
&
D
r
i
S
y
st
I
S
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
Cap
a
c
i
t
i
ve
p
o
w
e
r
tr
a
n
sfe
r
in
biom
e
d
ic
a
l
im
pl
a
n
t
able
d
e
v
i
c
e
:
A re
view (
M
uh
am
m
a
d Z
a
ki
bin M
u
st
a
pa)
93
7
c
u
r
r
e
nt
n
ee
ds
t
o
m
i
n
i
m
i
z
e
a
s
low
as
p
oss
i
b
l
e
to r
e
duce
t
h
e
pow
e
r lo
s
s
w
ith
con
s
i
d
e
ring
th
e
p
ar
ameter of
A, E,
D
and
ϵ_r
in
o
pt
i
m
um
v
al
ue
s
[11]
.
F
r
om
t
h
e
d
is
p
l
a
cem
ent
cur
r
ent
i
n
(1
),
t
h
e
re
a
re
s
e
v
era
l
p
aramet
ers
ca
n
incr
ease
the
d
i
s
p
lace
m
e
n
t
c
urre
nt
a
n
d
a
t
the
sa
me
tim
e
t
o
i
m
p
ro
ve
t
he
pow
e
r
t
r
a
n
s
fe
r
ef
f
i
c
i
e
n
cy
.
The
p
a
ra
me
t
e
r
i
s
e
lec
t
ri
c
fi
el
d
st
re
n
g
th
,
E
i
s
m
o
s
t
af
f
e
c
ting
th
e
d
i
s
p
l
ace
me
n
t
c
urre
nt
v
a
l
ue
.
These
pa
ram
e
ter
s
c
a
n
im
pro
v
e
t
h
e
e
ffi
c
i
e
n
cy
b
y
inc
r
ea
si
n
g
t
he
t
ransm
itter
e
x
c
ita
ti
o
n
v
o
lta
ge
a
n
d
r
ed
uc
in
g
the
separ
a
t
i
o
n
d
i
s
tanc
e
be
t
w
ee
n
t
h
e
co
up
l
i
ng
p
l
a
t
es.
T
h
e
d
i
s
p
lac
e
m
e
nt
c
ur
r
e
nt
v
a
l
ue
i
s
a
l
s
o
a
ff
ec
ted
by
t
h
e
r
a
te
o
f
c
h
an
ge
o
f
e
l
e
c
tr
i
c
fi
e
l
d
.
T
hu
s
t
h
e
ef
fi
ci
e
n
cy
c
an
b
e
i
m
p
r
ov
ed
b
y
i
n
cre
a
si
ng
t
h
e
op
e
r
at
in
g
f
r
e
que
nc
y.
B
e
s
ide
s
t
ha
t,
i
ncr
e
asi
ng
t
h
e
m
a
gni
t
ude
o
f
e
l
ectr
i
c
f
i
e
l
d
a
l
s
o
c
an
i
m
p
r
o
ve
t
he
t
r
a
nsfe
r
r
in
g
p
ow
er
e
ff
icie
nc
y,
w
he
r
e
by
i
t
c
a
n
b
e
d
one
b
y
e
xpa
n
d
i
ng
the
co
nd
uc
tor
of
c
o
u
p
l
in
g
p
l
at
e
a
r
ea
[
1
2
]
.
H
ow
e
v
er
,
a
ll
t
he
p
ar
am
eters
wer
e
l
i
m
i
t
e
d
b
y
th
e
bi
om
ed
ica
l
i
m
p
la
n
t
ab
le
d
e
v
ic
e
specific
a
t
i
o
n.
S
i
n
c
e
t
h
e
pa
ir
s
of
c
o
n
duc
t
o
r
pla
t
e
(
limi
t
e
d
B
io
haz
a
r
d
d
im
ens
i
o
n
)
se
para
te
d
D
b
y
a
f
ew
m
i
l
lime
t
e
r
ti
ssue
s
(<
5m
m)
a
s
the
d
i
elec
t
r
i
c
m
ed
i
u
m
ϵ
_
r,
σ
,
the
p
o
w
er
t
rans
fe
r
s
t
r
e
ngth
i
s
l
im
i
t
e
d
due
t
o
t
h
e
w
e
ak
c
a
pac
i
t
a
nce
v
a
lue
s
[
13].
Th
u
s
,
few
m
illim
eter
s
dee
p
o
f
t
i
s
s
ues
w
h
ic
h
po
ssi
b
le
t
o
a
ttac
h
t
he
r
e
c
e
i
v
e
r
p
l
ate
is
un
de
r
the
la
yer
of
s
ki
n
as
i
l
l
us
tr
a
t
e
i
n
F
igur
e
2
[1]
.
Bes
ide
s
t
ha
t,
t
he
s
ur
fac
e
a
r
e
a
of
t
he
c
o
u
p
l
i
n
g
pl
a
t
e
tha
t
n
e
e
d
s
t
o
b
e
m
i
n
i
m
i
z
e
d
w
i
l
l
b
e
a
c
h
a
l
l
e
n
g
e
t
o
ob
ta
in
h
ig
h
p
o
w
e
r
tr
a
n
sf
er
v
a
l
ue
s.
T
hu
s,
t
he
s
pe
c
i
f
i
c
o
n
d
e
s
i
g
n
i
n
g
ca
pa
c
itive
w
i
r
e
less
p
o
w
er
t
r
a
nsfer
shou
l
d
be
p
r
o
pose
d
t
o
over
c
ome
the
cons
tr
ai
n
t
s
an
d
to
f
u
l
f
i
ll
t
he
b
i
o
m
edica
l
i
m
p
la
nta
b
le
d
ev
ice
re
qu
i
r
em
ent.
I
n
t
he des
ig
n
i
n
g
c
a
p
ac
i
t
i
v
e
wir
e
less
p
o
we
r
t
r
ansfe
r
f
or
b
i
o
m
e
di
c
a
l
pu
rpose
,
t
h
e
re
a
re
s
ev
e
r
al
p
a
r
t
i
cul
a
r
asp
e
ct
ne
ed
s
t
o
b
e
c
o
nce
r
ne
d,
s
uc
h
as
t
he
e
lem
e
nt
o
f
Bi
osaf
e
t
y,
t
he
p
e
r
f
or
m
a
n
c
e
of
t
he
pow
e
r
d
e
l
i
v
e
r
y
e
f
f
i
c
i
enc
y
,
r
a
nge
f
or
m
isal
ig
n,
e
ff
ect
i
v
e
r
a
nge
o
f
sy
s
t
em
a
nd
ot
her
s
[
1
4
]
.
3.
RESU
L
T
S
A
ND ANALY
S
IS
I
n
th
i
s sec
t
io
n, i
t
i
s
e
xp
la
i
n
ed
t
he
r
es
ults of r
e
sear
ch an
d
a
t
t
he
s
a
m
e
t
i
me
i
s gi
ve
n
t
h
e c
o
mpr
e
hens
iv
e
di
scuss
i
on.
R
e
s
u
lts
c
a
n
b
e
pr
e
s
e
n
ted
i
n
f
i
g
ur
e
s
,
gr
aphs,
t
a
ble
s
a
nd
o
t
h
ers
t
h
a
t
m
a
k
e
t
h
e
re
a
d
er
u
nde
rst
a
nd
e
a
si
l
y
[
2,
5
]
.
T
he
d
i
s
c
u
s
s
i
o
n
can
b
e
m
a
d
e
i
n
se
ver
a
l
su
b-
ch
a
p
t
e
rs.
F
i
gur
e
2.
P
air
cou
p
lin
g
pla
t
e
f
o
r
im
pla
n
ta
ble
de
vice
s
3.
1.
B
i
osaf
et
y
C
P
T
me
ch
an
ism
The
in
ter
n
a
t
i
o
nal
c
o
m
m
i
ssi
on
o
n
n
o
n
-
i
o
n
iz
i
ng
r
a
dia
t
i
on
pr
o
t
ec
ti
on
(ICNIRP)
i
d
en
tif
y
c
l
e
arly
ma
x
i
mu
m
li
mi
t
s
o
f
me
as
u
r
eme
n
t
sp
e
c
i
fi
c
ab
so
rp
ti
o
n
rat
e
(
SAR
)
o
r
dina
r
y
o
ve
r
10
g
o
f
t
i
s
s
u
e
lim
ite
d
t
o
2
W/k
g
f
or
e
xp
o
s
ur
e
[1
5,
16]
.
|
|
(
3
)
Wh
ere ,
σ=
C
on
du
ct
ivit
y
ρ= Den
sity
o
f the
t
i
ssue
E= Electric
fi
eld
st
re
ng
th
The
Bi
osafe
t
y
com
p
ara
t
i
v
e
wi
r
e
less
p
o
we
r
t
r
ansfe
r
h
as
b
e
e
n
pro
p
ose
d
i
n
de
e
p
b
y
A
h
m
e
d
I
.
A
l-
Ka
lba
n
i
et.
a
l
[4]
.
The
resu
lt
i
s
s
umm
a
r
i
zed
i
n
Ta
ble
1
.
T
a
b
l
e
1
sh
ow
s
a
n
e
xpe
r
i
me
nt
o
f
ma
xim
u
m
10-
g
av
e
r
ag
ed
S
AR
a
s
a
fu
n
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
l
at
e
r
a
l
d
i
s
t
a
n
c
e
in
m
m
a
n
d
th
e
t
r
ansm
it
t
e
d
pow
er
i
s
1
W
a
t
5
MH
z
f
o
r
b
o
t
h
ca
p
a
cit
i
v
e
a
nd
i
ndu
c
tiv
e
po
w
e
r
t
r
an
s
f
e
r
[
1
7
].
T
h
e
i
nv
es
tiga
t
ion
p
r
ove
d
tha
t
t
he
e
l
e
c
t
r
o
m
a
gnet
i
c
sim
u
l
a
t
i
on
s
i
llu
st
rat
e
d
t
h
a
t
a
p
o
w
ering
sche
me
u
t
ili
zi
ng
c
a
p
ac
it
iv
e
cou
p
l
i
n
g
yi
e
l
ds
s
ma
l
l
e
r
1
0-
g
S
A
R
val
u
es
c
om
par
e
d
t
o
in
d
u
ct
i
v
e
co
u
p
lin
g.
T
hi
s
is be
c
a
u
se,
in
c
ase of
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
i
v
e
c
ou
p
l
i
n
g
,
the t
r
ansm
itte
d R
F
e
nerg
y
re
ma
i
n
s even
l
y
c
o
n
f
ine
d
in
the
fie
l
d be
tw
ee
n the
ca
pac
i
tor
pla
t
e
s
,
w
h
ile
the
i
ndu
c
t
iv
e
p
o
w
e
r
t
ran
s
mi
ssi
on,
t
h
e
R
F
sp
rea
d
s
ou
t
inc
l
ud
i
ng
foc
u
se
d
p
o
i
n
ts
w
h
e
r
e
t
he
E
-
F
i
e
l
d
i
s
at
i
t
s
h
ig
hes
t
[
1
2]
.
H
o
w
e
ve
r
,
t
he
e
ff
icie
nc
y
o
f
c
a
p
acit
i
v
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N: 2
0
8
8
-
86
94
I
n
t
J Po
w
Elec
&
Dr
i
Sy
st,
Vo
l. 1
0
,
No
. 2
,
Ju
n
e
2
019
:
9
3
5
–
9
42
93
8
c
o
u
p
li
n
g
l
ink
pe
r
f
or
ma
nce
w
a
s
no
t
fa
v
o
r
a
b
l
e
as
a
f
un
ct
i
o
n
of
t
h
e
gap
be
tw
een
p
la
t
e
s
c
o
mpa
r
ed
t
o
i
n
d
u
ct
i
v
e
co
up
l
i
ng
. T
h
e
r
ef
o
r
e, v
a
r
i
o
u
s
st
udi
es h
av
e b
een
co
n
d
u
c
t
e
d
to
i
mp
r
o
ve
pow
er
t
r
a
nsm
i
ssi
o
n
e
ffic
i
e
n
c
y
[
1
8
,
19]
.
Ta
b
l
e 1.
Resu
lt
of
S
AR due
to
dis
t
a
n
ce
o
f
capa
c
i
t
i
v
e
a
n
d
i
n
d
u
c
t
i
v
e a
n
aly
s
is [4
]
D
i
sta
n
ce
(
m
m
)
Ra
te
o
f
a
b
sorption
(pe
a
k
10g
SAR) Ca
p
ac
itiv
e
pla
t
e
,
R
a
t
e
o
f
a
b
sorp
t
i
on
(
p
e
a
k
10g
S
A
R
)
I
nduc
t
i
v
e
c
o
il,
1
1
.
52
2
.
4
4
3
1
.
50
2
.
4
2
5
1
.
65
2
.
4
0
7
1
.
57
2
.
3
8
9
1
.
44
2
.
3
4
11
1
.
2
6
2.
29
13
1
.
1
0
2.
24
T
he
r
e
s
u
lt
of
S
A
R
a
n
a
l
y
sis
w
ill
be
d
i
f
f
e
re
nt
i
f
t
h
e
par
a
m
e
ter
of
i
n
t
er
na
l
ca
pa
ci
ta
nce
of
t
h
e
c
o
u
p
lin
g
pla
t
e
w
a
s
c
h
a
n
g
i
ng
a
nd
it
r
e
sul
t
ed
i
n
di
f
f
e
r
ent
val
u
e
o
f
e
le
c
t
r
ic
f
i
e
ld
s
tre
n
g
t
h.
A
nal
y
s
i
s
to
d
e
t
erm
i
ne
r
e
lat
i
o
n
s
h
i
p
s
i
ze
of
t
he
capa
c
it
or
p
late
w
it
h
S
A
R
val
u
e
ha
s
bee
n
d
e
scr
i
be
d
by
Ran
gar
a
jan
Je
ga
dee
s
a
n
e
t,
a
l
[
2
0
]
.
A
si
m
u
lati
o
n
u
s
i
ng
CS
T
sof
t
w
a
r
e
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
do
ne
t
o
i
nves
t
ig
a
t
e
in
I
C
N
I
R
P
requ
irem
e
n
t
for
thre
e
di
ffere
n
t
s
i
zes
o
f
ca
pa
ci
t
o
r
coup
l
i
n
g
.
The
a
r
t
i
cle
s
s
um
m
a
rize
l
a
r
ger
size
p
l
a
te
w
it
h
2
5
0
m
W
p
ow
er
t
r
a
nsmitt
e
r
is
s
a
f
e
r
e
gar
d
i
ng
t
o
a
n
i
n
te
r
n
at
i
ona
l
s
t
an
d
a
r
d
c
ompa
r
e
d
to
s
m
a
l
ler
pl
ate
si
z
e
.
I
n
t
h
i
s
ar
tic
l
e
t
he
y
r
un
a
sim
u
la
ti
on
of
2
0m
mX
20m
m,
15mm
X
20m
m,
a
nd 1
0
m
m
X
20m
m
size
d
o
f
p
l
a
t
es.
T
h
u
s,
it
f
o
un
d
t
h
a
t
t
he
20mm
size
p
la
te
w
it
h
25
0m
W
t
r
ans
m
issi
on
p
o
w
e
r
w
a
s
safe
a
c
c
o
r
di
ng
t
o
i
n
t
e
rn
a
tio
na
l
sta
n
d
a
rds.
F
urthe
r
mor
e
,
the
lar
g
e siz
e
o
f th
e pla
t
e
wi
l
l
be
able
t
o
o
b
ta
i
n
bet
ter
transm
iss
io
n
po
wer ef
f
i
ci
en
cy
ra
t
e
s
[21, 2
2
]
.
3
.
2
.
Pow
e
r
ma
na
gemen
t
The
pr
ev
i
o
u
s
s
ecti
o
n,
t
he
l
i
m
ita
t
i
o
n
on
the
CP
T
de
sig
n
b
a
s
ed
o
n
t
h
e
B
iosa
f
e
ty
c
on
st
ra
in
t
h
a
s
b
een
di
scuss
e
d.
T
he
l
imita
t
i
o
n
w
il
l
be
a
p
a
r
t
of
m
ode
li
n
g
a
n
d
e
xp
e
r
i
men
t
al
v
al
id
at
io
n
CPT
as
a
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
i
n
g
w
i
r
e
less
p
o
w
e
r
tr
ansfe
r
t
o
po
w
e
r
i
ng
bi
ome
d
ical
i
mp
lan
t
a
b
l
e
d
ev
i
c
e
s.
D
e
t
ermi
n
i
n
g
th
e
si
ze
o
f
t
h
e
cap
a
c
i
t
a
n
c
e
pla
t
e
a
t
r
e
cei
ve
r
p
a
r
t
i
s
ver
y
i
m
por
ta
nt
b
e
f
or
e
the
p
o
w
e
r
ma
n
a
g
em
en
t
des
i
gn
is
p
r
o
p
o
se
d.
S
ince
t
he
r
ece
ivi
n
g
p
l
at
e
will
b
e
pl
a
c
e
d
i
n
s
id
e
a
f
t
e
r
t
h
e
ski
n
l
ay
e
r
,
t
h
e
si
ze
o
f
t
h
e
p
l
a
t
e
s
h
o
u
l
d
m
i
n
i
m
i
z
e
a
s
s
m
a
l
l
a
s
p
o
s
s
i
b
l
e
wh
il
e
smal
l
cap
a
c
i
t
a
n
c
e
pl
at
e
wi
l
l
c
a
u
s
e
t
h
e
r
e
d
u
c
t
i
on
o
f
t
h
e
p
ow
e
r
t
r
a
ns
missi
on
e
f
f
i
cie
n
c
y
[
2
3
]
.
H
owe
v
er
,
i
t
c
a
n
be
s
o
l
ved
by
c
h
oos
i
n
g
th
e
op
tim
um
ope
r
a
ti
ng
fr
e
q
uenc
y
a
n
d
a
pp
l
y
t
h
e
a
ppr
opr
ia
te
i
m
p
eda
n
ce
m
a
t
c
h
i
n
g
ne
t
w
or
k
of
t
he
pow
er
a
m
p
li
fi
e
r
s
yst
e
m
w
i
l
l
b
e
i
n
cr
e
a
s
i
n
g
t
he
p
o
w
e
r
tr
ans
m
issi
on
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
w
hi
l
e
e
ns
ur
i
n
g
hi
g
h
f
r
e
que
nc
y
ge
ner
a
t
e
d
in
p
e
r
fec
t
z
e
r
o
v
o
lt
age
sw
itc
h
i
n
g
.
[
2
4
].
The
st
udy
o
f
o
p
t
i
m
i
za
tio
n
for
ca
pac
i
ti
ve
w
ireless
p
o
wer
tra
n
sfe
r
s
s
ys
t
e
m
ha
s
be
e
n
c
o
v
er
e
d
by
m
a
n
y
r
e
sea
r
che
r
s
[
2
5]
.
The
o
p
t
i
m
iza
t
i
o
n
pow
er
t
r
a
ns
fe
r
s
s
t
u
d
y
f
oc
use
s
on
i
n
c
re
asi
n
g
t
h
e
ef
fi
ci
en
cy
o
f
p
o
w
er
tr
a
n
sf
er
s
an
d
to
m
ana
g
e
s
y
s
t
em
due
t
o
m
i
s
a
li
gnm
en
t
of
c
ou
p
l
i
n
g
pl
at
e.
T
h
e
p
o
w
e
r
t
ra
n
s
mi
ssio
n
e
ffi
ci
en
cy
r
a
te
f
or
C
P
T
d
e
p
en
ds
o
n
po
w
e
r
si
g
n
a
l
f
r
e
que
nc
y
gene
r
a
te
d
b
y
t
he
i
n
v
e
r
ter
.
A
n
I
nver
t
er
o
r
k
now
n
a
s
P
ow
e
r
a
m
pli
f
ier
t
o
p
o
l
og
i
e
s
ha
s
be
e
n
c
lass
if
ie
d
by
i
t
s
d
es
ig
n
nam
e
d
A
,
B
,
A
B
a
n
d
C
f
or
a
na
lo
g
de
sig
n
s
an
d
c
l
ass
D
a
nd
E
for
sw
i
t
c
hi
n
g
d
e
s
i
gn.
I
n
[
26]
h
a
s
r
e
c
o
m
me
nded
cla
s
s
E
am
p
l
i
f
i
e
r
a
s
i
t
s
p
r
o
o
f
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
t
o
g
i
v
e
t
h
e
h
i
g
h
e
s
t
ef
fi
c
i
e
n
c
y
w
i
t
h
s
i
m
pl
e
swit
c
h
in
g
ci
rc
u
it
re
q
u
i
r
ed
.
Th
e
cl
as
s
E
pow
e
r
a
m
p
lif
ie
r
has
t
w
o
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
t
y
p
es
w
hic
h
are
a
C
l
as
s
E
z
e
ro
c
u
rrent
s
wit
c
hin
g
a
nd
C
l
a
ss
E
z
e
ro
vol
t
a
g
e
s
w
i
t
c
h
i
ng
w
h
er
e
bo
th
b
e
l
on
g
t
o
t
he
f
a
m
il
y
o
f
sof
t
-
s
w
i
tch
i
ng
i
n
v
e
r
ter
s
.
C
l
as
s
E
ZV
S
in
ver
t
er
s
kn
ow
n
a
s
t
he
m
o
st
e
ffi
c
i
en
t
inv
e
rt
e
r
w
h
i
ch
t
h
e
s
wi
tc
h
cl
osed
a
t
zer
o
vol
ta
g
e
c
on
d
i
t
i
o
n
s
o
c
c
u
r
r
e
d
if
a
l
l
c
om
pone
nts
v
a
lu
e
s
o
f
p
r
ope
r
l
y
desig
n
e
d
.
G
e
ner
a
l
C
l
as
s
E
ze
r
o
vo
l
t
age
swi
t
c
h
ing
an
a
m
p
li
fier
with CPT
l
i
n
k
s
sc
h
em
atic d
ia
gr
am
a
s
show
n
in
F
i
gur
e
3
[2
7]
.
F
i
gur
e
3.
E
nv
ir
onm
en
ts
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
on
f
o
r
tr
af
fic
m
oni
tor
i
ng
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
IS
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
C
a
p
a
c
i
t
i
v
e
p
o
w
er
t
r
a
n
sfe
r
in
biom
e
d
ic
al
i
m
pla
n
t
a
ble d
e
vic
e
:
A
review (
M
uh
am
m
a
d Z
a
ki
bin M
u
st
a
pa)
93
9
The
C
l
ass
E
ze
ro
v
o
l
tage
s
w
itc
hi
n
g
c
irc
u
i
t
b
a
s
i
c
al
ly
c
o
n
s
i
sts
o
f
an
M
OSF
ET
as
a
s
wi
t
c
hi
n
g
com
p
o
n
e
n
t,
a
L
-C
-
R
s
er
ies
reso
nan
t
c
irc
u
it
,
a
shu
n
t
c
a
p
ac
itor
,
and
a
cho
k
e
i
n
d
u
c
t
or.
The
sw
i
t
c
h
i
ng
a
nd
a
l
so
deter
m
i
n
ed
a
s
the
dr
ive
r
w
h
i
ch
a
bo
u
t
t
ur
n
i
ng
o
n
a
nd
o
f
f
at
t
he
o
p
era
t
i
ng
fr
eq
ue
ncy
f
=
ω
/
(
2
π).
The
cho
k
e
in
duc
t
o
r
is
u
se
d
to
t
erm
i
n
a
t
e
t
he
A
C
r
i
p
p
l
e
o
n
t
he
D
C
su
p
p
l
y
c
u
rre
nt,
t
h
u
s
t
h
e
v
alue
o
f
c
hok
e
i
n
d
u
c
to
r
requ
ire
d
t
o
be
h
i
g
h
en
o
u
g
h
f
or
t
ha
t.
T
he
C
1
w
ill
be
i
n
a
short
ci
rc
uit
c
ond
i
t
i
o
n
and
th
e
st
at
e
c
a
u
s
e
th
e
resona
nt
c
irc
u
i
t
c
o
n
s
i
s
t
o
f
L,
C
,
a
n
d
RI
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
sw
it
c
h
i
n
O
N
s
t
ate.
W
hi
le
t
he
s
w
i
tc
h
i
n
O
FF
s
t
a
te
,
the
resona
nt
c
i
r
cu
i
t
w
ill
c
o
nsi
s
t
s
o
f
C
1
,
L,
C
a
nd
Ri
i
n
seri
es
c
on
n
e
cti
o
n
.
S
i
n
ce
C
1
an
d
C
are
i
n
s
e
r
i
e
s,
t
he
equ
i
vale
n
t
c
ap
ac
it
a
n
ce wi
l
l
b
e l
o
we
r t
h
a
n
b
ot
h va
l
u
e C
1
a
nd
C
,
Ceq
=C
C1/(
C
+
C
1
) [1
9
]
. The ou
t
put
w
ill h
a
ve
trai
ts
w
ith
t
w
o
d
i
f
fere
nce
re
so
nan
t
freque
nc
i
e
s
an
d
tw
o
d
i
ff
ere
nces
l
oa
ded
qua
l
i
t
y
f
act
ors
.
T
he
e
q
u
at
i
on
i
s
a
s
fo
l
l
ow
s[2
8
,2
9].
Whe
n
the
s
w
itc
h
i
s
O
N
:
1
2
√
1
(
4
)
Whe
n
t
he sw
i
t
c
h
i
s
O
FF
:
1
2
√
(
5
)
The L-C-
R
i
ser
ies reso
nan
t
c
ircui
t
w
i
l
l be re
p
r
e
sent
in
g a
n
i
n
d
u
c
t
i
v
e
l
o
ad,
i
f
the
fr
e
que
nc
y f is
g
rea
t
er
tha
n
t
he
r
e
s
ona
nt
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
f
0
1
.
Th
us i
n
d
u
c
t
a
n
ce
L
ca
n be div
id
e
d
i
nto tw
o
La
a
nd
L
b
,
as
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
i
g
u
re
4
,
La
r
esonate
s
w
i
t
h
C
at
the
o
p
e
r
a
ting
fre
q
ue
nc
y
and e
x
presse
d
by
(6)
Th
en
t
h
e
qu
a
l
ity
f
ac
to
r l
o
ad
e
d
c
an
b
e e
x
p
r
e
s
se
d
as
(
7
)
There
a
r
e
seve
ral
spe
c
i
fica
t
i
o
n
s
o
n
t
he
c
las
s
e
a
mpli
fier
d
esi
g
n
in
o
rder
t
o
ac
h
i
eve
o
p
t
i
m
a
l
val
u
es
o
f
hig
h
fre
que
nc
y
pow
er
s
upplie
s.
S
uch sp
ec
ifica
t
i
o
n is a
s
fo
ll
ow
s
[3
0]
.
a.
The
va
l
u
e
of
a
n
ind
u
c
t
or
a
f
t
e
r
D
C
pow
er
s
up
p
l
y
s
h
o
u
l
d
be
h
ig
h
t
o
av
o
i
d
the
a
lter
n
a
t
i
ng
c
u
rr
ent
t
u
rn
bac
k
t
o t
h
e
D
C
pow
er
s
uppl
y.
b.
The
qua
l
ity
f
ac
t
o
r
of
t
he
loa
d
i
s
i
n
t
h
e h
i
g
h
es
t to ma
k
e
s
u
re
t
h
e
l
o
a
d
c
u
rre
n
t
a
s hi
gh
fre
que
n
c
y
sinu
so
id
al
i
n
c
on
si
st
ent
co
ndi
ti
o
n
.
c.
The
sw
i
t
c
h
ing
oper
a
tio
n
gene
rates
ze
ro
O
N
and
O
F
F
sta
t
e
la
w
s
.
E
very
p
a
r
am
eter
o
f
par
a
si
t
i
c
r
e
sista
n
c
e
val
u
es
i
s
ne
g
l
e
c
ted.
3.3.
Po
wer
tr
an
sfers e
fficie
n
cy
o
f c
l
ass
E
The
power
e
fficie
n
c
y
o
f
c
l
as
s
e
est
i
m
a
t
i
o
n
can
b
e
dete
r
m
ine
d
f
r
om
t
h
e
v
a
l
ue
o
f
t
o
ta
l
pow
e
r
l
oss
(P
_LS)
i
n
ea
ch c
ircui
t
c
o
m
po
nen
t
.
Henc
e,
p
ower
loss co
ns
idere
d
to consist of
a.
P
o
w
e
r loss o
f
cho
ke
i
nd
uc
tor (
L
f)
b.
P
o
w
e
r loss o
f
sw
itc
h c
ond
uc
t
i
on
loss (
D
s)
c.
P
o
w
e
r loss o
f
shu
n
t
i
n
g c
a
pa
c
itor
(C1)
d.
P
o
w
e
r loss o
f
re
s
ona
n
t
i
nd
u
c
t
o
r
(L)
e.
P
o
w
e
r loss o
f
re
s
ona
n
t
c
a
p
ac
it
or (
C)
f.
Power
loss at the fall time (tf
)
Thu
s
, t
h
e
e
ffi
cie
n
cy
of
t
h
e c
l
a
s
s E p
o
w
er a
m
p
lif
i
e
r
c
an
b
e
wri
t
te
n a
s
ɳ
(8)
H
o
w
e
v
e
r
,
t
h
e
r
e
i
s
a
l
s
o
a
n
e
l
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
i
n
p
u
t
Z
i
n
a
n
d
l
o
a
d
Z
L
i
m
p
e
da
nce
e
q
u
ili
bri
u
m
tha
t
n
ee
ds
t
o
b
e
asce
rtai
ne
d
to
p
ro
duc
e
the
m
a
xim
u
m
p
o
w
e
r
a
t
t
he
o
ut
p
u
t
o
f
t
he
c
l
a
ss
e
p
o
w
e
r
a
m
p
lifi
e
r.
F
i
gure
(4)
il
lus
t
r
a
tes
the im
pe
da
nc
e
ma
t
c
hin
g
[
2
5
].
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N: 2
0
8
8
-
86
94
I
n
t
J Po
w
Elec
&
Dr
i
Sy
st,
Vo
l. 1
0
,
No
. 2
,
Ju
n
e
2
019
:
9
3
5
–
9
42
94
0
F
i
gur
e 4.
Impe
d
ance
m
atc
h
i
n
g (
Z
i
n
=
ZL)
The
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
on
im
peda
nc
e
m
a
tchi
n
g
o
n
ZV
S
Cl
a
s
s
E
p
o
w
e
r
am
pl
i
f
i
e
r
h
as
b
ee
n
di
scuss
e
d
b
y
Yu
sma
r
n
i
t
a
Y
u
s
op
e
t
.
a
l
(
2016
)
[
3
0
]
.
Th
e
au
tho
r
d
e
s
c
r
i
b
e
s
t
h
e
w
a
y
to
d
e
s
i
gn
the
Cl
a
s
s-
E
a
m
pli
f
ier
with
a
n
im
peda
nc
e ma
tc
hin
g
c
ir
c
u
i
t
π
lb.
C
o
mpe
n
sat
i
on
t
o
pol
og
ies
of h
ig
h
-
p
ow
e
r
w
ir
e
l
ess pow
e
r
t
r
a
ns
fer
sys
t
e
m
s has
be
en
p
r
o
po
sed
by
We
i
Zha
ng
(
2
016)
[
3
1
]
.
The
aut
hor
r
evie
w
e
d
se
v
er
al
t
ype
s
of
i
m
p
eda
n
ce
m
a
tc
hi
n
g
t
opo
log
i
e
s
a
n
d
sp
e
c
i
a
li
zed
f
un
ct
ion
.
H
o
w
e
v
er,
b
o
th
c
ou
pl
i
ng
pl
a
t
e
i
mp
e
d
an
c
e
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
i
nv
ol
ved
in
d
e
si
gni
ng
t
h
e
i
mp
e
d
a
n
c
e
mat
c
h
i
n
g
c
i
r
cu
it
.
Thu
s
,
th
e
co
up
lin
g
pl
at
e
whi
c
h
a
ppl
i
e
d
n
e
e
d
t
o
e
x
p
r
ess
i
n
to
a
m
odel
i
n
g
a
n
d
con
s
ide
r
ed
t
o
get
the
o
p
t
i
mu
m
ou
tpu
t
pow
e
r
i
n
t
h
e
del
i
v
er
y.
T
h
e
c
o
u
p
l
i
n
g
pla
t
e
m
o
de
lli
ng
h
a
s
be
en
d
o
n
e
[3
2]
.
Bes
ide
s
t
ha
t
c
l
a
s
s
e
p
o
wer
a
m
pli
f
ier
a
l
s
o
h
av
e
t
h
e
l
i
m
i
tat
i
on
o
n
the
oper
a
ti
ng
fr
eq
uenc
y.
I
t
is
be
cau
se
,
w
h
en
t
he
p
ow
er
a
mpli
fie
r
d
es
igne
d
f
o
r
hi
gh
op
e
r
ati
n
g
f
req
u
e
n
c
y
,
it
wil
l
i
ncre
ase
the
ca
paci
t
a
nc
e
o
f
m
o
sfet
o
utp
u
t
a
nd
bec
o
me
h
i
gher
t
h
a
n
t
he
r
equ
i
r
e
d
t
o
o
pe
r
a
te
z
e
r
o
v
ol
ta
ge
s
w
itch
i
n
g
.
Th
us,
t
h
e
m
a
x
i
mum
ope
r
a
ti
n
g
f
r
e
qu
enc
y
v
a
l
ue
f
or
5
0
%
d
u
t
y
c
y
cl
e
i
s
g
ive
n
b
y
[
32]
.
(9)
The
r
ef
or
e
t
h
e
cho
i
ce
o
f
the
MO
S
F
ET
com
pone
nt
m
us
t
t
a
k
e
i
nt
o
ac
c
oun
t
t
h
e
v
a
lu
e
of
t
h
e
out
put
c
a
pac
i
t
a
nce,
i
n
w
h
ic
h
the
l
o
w
ou
t
p
u
t
c
a
p
aci
ta
nce
is
m
or
e
capa
b
l
e
of
o
per
a
tin
g
a
t
h
i
g
h
e
r
f
r
e
que
nc
ies
switc
h
i
n
g
o
pe
r
a
ti
on
.
Bu
t
i
t
st
ill
r
estric
ts
o
per
a
t
i
ng
fre
que
nc
i
e
s
,
e
x
ce
pt
w
he
n
ma
k
i
ng
m
od
i
f
ica
t
i
ons
t
o
switc
h
i
n
g
c
l
a
ss
E ampli
f
ier
circ
uits.
3
.
4
.
M
e
diu
m
o
f
d
a
ta
telemetry
D
a
t
a
t
r
a
n
s
f
e
r
i
s
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
m
a
i
n
p
a
r
t
s
o
f
t
h
e
i
m
p
l
a
n
t
a
b
l
e
d
e
v
i
c
e,
i
n
par
t
ic
ular
t
he
t
y
p
e
o
f
m
on
i
t
or
in
g
a
nd
c
o
n
t
r
o
lli
n
g
dev
i
ce
s.
T
he
m
ain
t
h
in
g
e
m
pha
siz
e
d
i
n
te
le
me
t
r
y
d
ata
i
s
t
he
a
bi
l
i
t
y
o
f
d
a
t
a
t
o
be
t
r
a
ns
mitte
d
w
i
t
h
o
u
t
i
nter
r
u
pti
on
a
nd
the
ac
cur
a
cy
o
f
t
h
e
data
r
e
c
e
i
ve
d
t
o
t
h
e
r
ec
e
i
ve
r
c
i
rc
u
i
t
.
T
hus,
t
h
e
st
udy
o
f
d
a
t
a
tra
n
sfer
a
pp
l
i
c
a
ti
o
n
o
f
c
a
pac
iti
ve
w
ireless
tra
n
sfer
a
lso
s
h
o
u
l
d
be
c
ove
r
e
d.
A
m
i
r
M.
S
oda
g
a
r
a
n
d
P
a
r
v
iz
A
m
ir
i
[2]
has
be
e
n
p
r
opose
d
a
m
e
t
h
o
d
f
o
r
pow
e
r
a
n
d
d
ata
w
i
r
e
les
s
tra
n
sfer
u
sin
g
c
apa
c
i
t
i
v
e
p
l
a
t
e
.
T
he
a
u
th
or
s pro
p
o
s
e
d two
d
i
f
f
er
en
t se
ts of
c
o
u
p
l
i
n
g
c
a
pac
itor
p
l
a
t
e
whi
c
h
to
tr
an
s
m
it p
o
w
er
a
n
d
d
at
a
re
sp
ec
ti
v
e
ly
,
whi
l
e
t
h
is a
p
p
roac
h wi
ll l
ead
t
o m
o
re
t
issue
losse
s.
3
.
5
.
Dra
w
ba
c
k
s
a
n
d
so
l
u
tio
n
m
e
d
ium
P
o
w
e
r
tr
a
n
sf
er
e
f
f
ic
ie
nc
y
P
TE
is
a
n
i
m
por
t
a
nt
v
a
l
ue
w
h
i
c
h
t
o
en
s
u
r
i
n
g
t
he
f
i
n
a
l
l
oa
d
r
e
c
e
ive
e
n
ou
g
h
pow
e
r
f
or
t
he
ir
c
ir
cu
it
o
per
a
t
i
o
n
.
S
i
nce
t
h
e
C
P
T
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
v
er
y
se
n
s
it
i
v
e
t
o
c
ha
nge
s
in
t
he
a
lig
nm
ent
of
c
o
u
p
li
n
g
capa
c
iti
ve
p
la
tes,
t
he
pow
e
r
d
e
l
ive
r
y
on
t
h
e
r
e
cei
v
e
r
will
be
i
nco
n
s
i
st
e
n
ce
v
a
l
ue
.
Thi
s
i
s
a
c
h
al
len
g
e
for r
e
sea
r
che
r
s to fin
d
sol
u
ti
ons
t
o
the i
n
c
o
n
s
is
ten
t
pro
b
l
em
s
of
pow
er
o
u
t
pu
t
.
The
a
u
t
o
-
t
u
n
i
n
g
s
y
stem
h
as
b
ee
n
pr
op
ose
d
f
or
t
h
e
c
ap
ac
i
t
i
v
e
p
o
w
er
t
ra
n
s
f
e
r
b
y
K
ai
L
u
an
d
Sing
K
i
o
ng
N
g
ua
ng
[
33]
to s
o
l
v
e
a
n
i
nc
o
n
sis
t
e
n
t
ou
t
p
u
t
p
ow
er
.
The a
u
t
h
or
sta
t
e
d
tha
t
t
he
c
ha
nge
s
i
n
t
he
a
l
i
gnm
en
t
of
c
ou
p
l
i
ng
ca
pa
ci
t
i
v
e
p
late
w
hi
c
h
r
e
p
l
a
ce
t
he
l
oad
of
c
la
ss
e
p
o
w
e
r
a
m
p
l
i
f
i
e
r
w
i
l
l
c
a
u
s
e
t
h
e
i
n
c
r
e
m
e
n
t
t
h
e
swi
t
c
hi
ng
l
o
ss o
f
t
h
a
t
sy
st
e
m
,
an
d
t
h
e
ef
fi
ci
en
c
y
o
f
t
h
e
sy
st
em
w
ill
d
r
o
p s
i
gn
i
f
ica
n
tl
y.
T
h
u
s,
a
li
n
ea
r
qua
dr
at
ic
G
a
u
s
s
i
a
n
(
L
Q
R
)
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
t
o
a
d
j
u
s
t
t
h
e
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
ng
fr
e
que
nc
y
to
m
ai
nta
i
ni
n
g
t
h
e
r
ece
i
v
e
r
ou
t
p
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
.
H
o
w
e
ver
,
t
he
s
ys
tem
a
ppr
oac
h
e
d
r
e
q
uir
e
t
he
o
ut
p
ut
v
o
l
t
a
ge
v
al
ue
a
t
r
e
ceive
r
par
t
a
s
th
e
co
nt
r
o
l
l
e
r
r
e
spo
n
d
w
h
i
l
e
m
ost
a
u
t
o
t
u
n
i
ng
c
o
n
t
r
o
ll
e
r
unit
p
l
a
c
e
d
o
n
t
ra
nsmi
tter
par
t
.
Th
us,
th
is
s
y
s
tem
de
ma
nd
s
ano
t
h
e
r
w
i
r
e
le
ss
c
om
munica
tio
n
to
oper
a
t
e
t
he
c
on
tr
o
l
l
e
r.
Rez
a
Er
fa
n
i
e
t.
al
(
201
7)
[
3
4
]
h
as
b
e
e
n
us
i
n
g
sma
ll
ma
gne
t
s
t
o
c
a
t
er
t
h
e
m
i
s
ali
g
n
m
en
t
a
n
d
a
l
so
pr
opose
t
h
e
l
a
r
g
er
t
r
a
nsmi
t
t
e
r
p
la
t
e
t
o co
ver
l
o
sse
s
d
ue t
he m
i
sal
i
g
n
me
nt
w
ith sma
ll r
e
c
e
i
ver
pla
t
e.
I
n
o
r
de
r
to
im
pr
o
v
e
t
h
e
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
cy
o
f
c
h
a
n
g
i
ng
p
ow
er
t
r
a
nsfe
r
r
e
d,
t
he
s
t
u
d
y
r
e
m
a
i
ns
ope
n
t
o
d
isc
o
v
e
r
the
bes
t
s
o
l
ut
i
on.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
IS
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
C
a
p
a
c
i
t
i
v
e
p
o
w
er
t
r
a
n
sfe
r
in
biom
e
d
ic
al
i
m
pla
n
t
a
ble d
e
vic
e
:
A
review (
M
uh
am
m
a
d Z
a
ki
bin M
u
st
a
pa)
94
1
The
impr
ove
me
nt
c
a
n
b
e
st
ud
ied
th
r
o
u
gh
se
ve
ral
parts
o
f
t
he
s
ys
tem
,
s
uc
h
as
t
he
f
ee
dba
ck
a
nd
r
eg
ul
at
i
ng
t
h
e
opera
tin
g
fre
q
u
e
n
c
y
,
de
sig
n
o
f
im
p
e
da
nce
m
a
tchi
n
g
,
an
d
des
i
g
n
o
f
co
u
p
lin
g
c
a
p
a
c
iti
ve
p
l
a
te
[
3
5
]
.
T
h
u
s,
a
n
efficient
and
reli
a
b
l
e
w
ay
o
f
ca
pac
i
t
i
v
e
w
i
rele
ss
p
ow
e
r
t
ra
nsfe
r
fo
r
i
m
p
l
a
n
t
a
b
l
e
bi
o
m
e
d
i
cal
d
e
v
ic
es
i
s
e
x
p
ect
ed
as a
s
u
c
c
e
ssful
ou
t
co
me.
4.
CONCL
U
S
ION
Th
is pa
p
e
r
i
s
to pr
e
pa
r
e
a co
m
pr
ehe
n
s
i
ve
r
e
v
ie
w
a
b
o
u
t
C
P
T
ba
s
ed
o
n
bio
m
ed
i
cal
i
mp
l
a
n
t
abl
e
d
evi
ce
app
l
ica
t
i
o
n
bas
e
d
on
t
he
p
re
v
i
ous
r
esea
rche
r
s
r
epor
t.
B
a
s
e
d
o
n
t
h
i
s
s
tud
y
,
c
ap
a
c
itiv
e
p
o
w
e
r
t
ra
n
s
f
e
r
sy
stems
are
a
ne
w
m
e
th
od
t
ha
t
has p
o
te
ntia
l t
o
a
pp
l
y
t
o
b
i
om
edi
c
al
i
m
p
l
ant
a
bl
e
d
e
v
i
ces.
It
w
a
s
t
he
s
olu
t
io
n
to
t
he
I
PT
pro
b
lem
w
h
ic
h
t
h
e
CP
T
ap
proac
h
es
e
lim
ina
t
e
d
t
he
r
e
l
a
t
i
v
e
l
y
l
a
rg
e
e
l
e
c
trom
ag
net
i
c
inter
f
er
e
n
ce
f
ro
m
the
sens
iti
ve
e
l
e
c
t
ron
i
c
im
pla
n
ta
bl
e
de
vice.
T
he
p
ri
nc
i
p
le
o
f
t
h
e
C
PT
w
i
r
e
l
es
s
po
wer
tra
n
sf
er
i
s
a
b
ou
t
th
e
di
sp
lac
e
m
e
n
t
c
urr
e
nt
t
o
tran
sfe
r
t
he
pow
e
r
b
etw
e
e
n
t
w
o
c
on
tac
t
l
e
ss
con
d
u
ct
or
p
late
s.
T
he
p
a
r
am
e
t
e
r
i
s
elec
tr
ic
f
iel
d
s
t
r
eng
t
h,
E
i
s
m
o
s
t
a
ffe
c
t
in
g
th
e
di
s
p
lac
e
m
e
nt
c
urr
e
nt
v
a
l
ue.
H
o
w
e
ve
r,
a
ll
t
he
p
ara
m
e
t
e
r
s
w
e
r
e
li
m
i
te
d
b
y
t
he
b
iome
di
c
a
l
i
mplan
t
a
b
le
d
e
v
i
c
e
s
p
ec
if
icat
io
n.
T
he
B
ios
a
fe
ty
c
ompa
ra
ti
ve
w
ire
l
e
ss
p
o
w
e
r
trans
f
e
r
h
a
s
b
een
p
ro
pose
d
i
n
dee
p
b
y
A
h
m
e
d
I.
A
l
-
K
a
lba
n
i
e
t
.
a
l
[
4
]
.
The
i
nve
st
iga
t
i
o
n
pr
o
v
e
d
t
hat
t
h
e
elec
tr
oma
gne
t
i
c
sim
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
i
l
l
u
stra
te
d
tha
t
a
p
ow
erin
g
sc
hem
e
u
til
iz
in
g
c
a
pac
iti
ve
c
o
u
p
l
ing
y
i
el
ds
s
m
a
ller
10-
g S
A
R va
lu
e
s
com
par
e
d to
ind
uc
t
i
ve
co
u
p
l
i
ng.
C
lass E ZV
S
inv
e
r
ters kn
o
w
n
a
s t
h
e m
o
st
e
ffic
ien
t
inve
r
t
er
w
h
ic
h
t
h
e
sw
i
t
ch
c
l
o
se
d
a
t
z
e
r
o
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
c
o
ndi
t
i
o
n
s
occ
u
r
r
ed
i
f
a
ll
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
ts
v
a
l
ues
o
f
p
ro
per
l
y
des
i
gne
d.
H
o
w
e
ve
r,
t
her
e
i
s
als
o
a
n
e
l
em
ent
o
f
i
nput
Z
i
n
a
n
d
l
oa
d
ZL
i
m
pe
da
nce
e
q
u
i
l
i
b
ri
u
m
t
hat
nee
d
s
to
b
e
asce
rtai
ne
d
t
o
p
ro
duce
t
h
e
m
a
ximum
p
o
w
e
r
at
t
he
o
u
t
p
u
t
o
f
the
c
la
ss
e
pow
er
a
mpl
i
f
ier.
S
ince
t
he
C
PT
efficie
n
c
y
v
er
y
se
nsi
t
i
v
e
to
c
h
a
nge
s
i
n
t
he
a
l
i
gnme
n
t
o
f
c
ou
pl
i
ng
c
apac
it
iv
e
p
l
ate
s
,
t
h
e
po
wer
de
live
r
y
on
th
e
rec
e
iver
w
il
l
b
e
i
nc
on
si
s
t
e
n
c
e
v
a
l
ue
.
In
o
r
d
er
t
o
impr
o
v
e
the
e
ffi
c
i
en
cy
o
f
c
h
angi
ng
p
o
w
er
t
ran
s
f
e
rre
d
,
t
h
e
stud
y
rem
a
ins
ope
n
to
d
isc
o
v
e
r
the
bes
t
s
olut
i
on.
T
he
i
mp
r
ovem
e
nt
c
an
b
e
st
udi
e
d
t
h
r
ou
gh
s
ev
era
l
p
a
r
t
s
o
f
the
s
y
stem
,
such
a
s
t
h
e
fe
ed
b
a
c
k
a
n
d
r
egu
l
a
t
i
n
g
t
h
e
o
p
er
at
ing
f
re
que
nc
y,
d
es
ig
n
o
f
i
m
p
e
d
anc
e
m
atc
h
in
g,
a
nd
des
i
g
n
o
f
co
u
p
lin
g
ca
pac
i
tive
pla
t
e.
H
o
w
ev
er,
the
r
e
are
so
m
a
n
y
t
h
i
ng
s
ha
s
t
o
m
aster
in,
espec
i
a
lly
on
t
h
e
st
a
ndard
o
f
pr
oce
d
u
r
e
of
t
he
d
esi
gni
n
g
c
ap
ac
i
t
i
v
e
w
i
re
les
s
pow
e
r
tra
n
sfer
f
or
b
iom
e
di
cal
p
ra
ct
ice.
T
hus,
t
h
e
aut
h
or pr
e
par
e
s se
vera
l
pl
a
n
n
i
n
g
f
or
f
ut
ure
w
o
rk for these
r
e
s
e
ar
ch a
nd d
e
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p
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ransfe
r is be
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er.
ACKNOW
LEDG
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MEN
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S
The
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ti
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ekn
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kal
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l
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ka
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UTeM)
and
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nis
t
ry
o
f
Sci
e
n
c
e,
T
e
c
h
nol
ogy
a
nd
In
nov
at
io
n
fo
r
spo
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s
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s
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o
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k
un
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er
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he
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ence
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un
d
gra
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t
(06-0
1
-1
4-
S
F
0
1
3
8L
0
0
0
3
0
).
REFE
RENCES
[1]
K
.
A
g
a
r
w
a
l
,
R
.
J
e
g
a
d
e
e
s
a
n
,
Y
.
X
.
G
u
o
,
a
n
d
N
.
V
.
T
h
a
k
o
r
,
“
W
i
r
e
l
e
s
s
P
o
w
er
T
rans
f
e
r
Strat
e
gies
f
or
I
m
p
lan
t
able
Bio
e
lectro
ni
cs
,”
IE
EE
Revi
ews i
n
Bio
medi
ca
l
En
g
i
neer
ing
,
v
o
l
.
1
0
.
p
p.
1
3
6–1
61
,
201
7.
[2]
A.
M
.
S
o
dag
a
r
and
P
.
A
m
i
ri
,
“Cap
acit
i
ve
c
ou
pl
ing
f
o
r
p
o
w
e
r
and
dat
a
t
ele
m
etry
t
o
i
m
p
l
antab
l
e
bi
om
ed
i
cal
m
i
cros
y
s
te
m
s
,
”
i
n
20
09
4
t
h
In
ter
n
a
t
i
onal
IEEE/EMBS
Con
f
er
ence o
n
Neur
al
En
g
i
n
eer
ing
,
NER
’0
9
,
pp
.
4
11–
41
4,
2009.
[3]
D.
R
o
zario
,
N
.
A
.
Azeez,
a
n
d
S
.
S.
W
il
li
amson,
“
A
n
a
l
ysis
a
nd
de
si
gn
o
f
co
up
lin
g
c
a
p
acit
o
rs
f
or
c
o
n
tactles
s
capa
c
i
tiv
e
p
o
wer transf
er
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
,” in 20
16
IEEE
T
r
an
sp
o
r
t
a
tio
n Elect
rifi
cati
on
Con
f
er
ence a
n
d
Exp
o
,
IT
EC
2
016
,
20
16
.
[4]
A
.
I
.
A
l
-
K
a
l
b
a
n
i
,
M
.
R
.
Y
u
c
e
,
a
n
d
J
.
M
.
R
e
d
o
u
t
e
,
“
A
b
i
o
s
a
f
e
t
y
c
o
m
p
a
ris
on
b
e
tw
ee
n
c
a
pacit
i
v
e
a
nd
i
nd
ucti
ve
cou
p
l
i
ng
i
n
b
i
omed
ical
im
p
lants,
”
IEEE
A
n
t
e
nna
s W
i
r
e
l.
Pro
pag.
L
e
tt
.
vol.
13
, pp
.
1
16
8–1
17
1,
2
0
14.
[5]
A.
M
.
S
odag
a
r
and
K.
N
a
j
afi,
“
Wire
l
e
ss
i
nterf
aces
f
o
r
i
m
p
lant
ab
le
b
io
me
d
i
c
a
l
m
i
c
r
o
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
,
”
in
Mid
w
e
s
t
S
y
mp
osium
on
C
i
rc
ui
ts
an
d S
y
ste
m
s,
vo
l
. 2
, pp
. 2
6
5
–
2
6
9
, 2
00
6.
[6]
M
.
T
ak
hti,
F
.
Asg
arian
,
a
nd
A
.
M
.
S
o
d
agar,
“
M
o
d
el
in
g
of
a
cap
a
c
it
ive
link
f
o
r
data
t
elem
etry
t
o
bi
o
m
e
d
i
cal
implants,
”
i
n
2011
IEE
E
Bio
m
ed
i
c
al
Cir
c
ui
ts
an
d
S
y
st
e
m
s
Co
n
f
er
en
ce
,
Bio
C
AS
20
11
, pp
. 1
81
–
1
8
4
,
20
11
.
[7]
Fariborz
M
usavi
;
M
urray
Edington
;
Wilson
E
be
rl
e,
“
W
i
re
l
e
ss
p
o
we
r
trans
f
er:
A
surv
ey
o
f
EV
b
at
tery
c
harg
in
g
tech
no
log
i
es
”, in
IEEE
En
e
r
g
y
C
o
n
v
e
r
sion
C
o
n
g
r
e
ss
an
d
Ex
po
sit
i
o
n
(ECC
E)
,
20
1
2
,
p
p.
180
4-1
810.
[8]
R.
J
eg
adees
an,
K
.
A
g
a
rwal,
Y
.
-X
.
Gu
o,
S
.-C.
Y
en
,
and
N.
V
.
T
h
ak
or,
“W
ireles
s
P
o
wer
Del
i
v
e
ry
t
o
F
l
ex
ible
S
u
b
c
utan
eou
s
Im
p
lants Using
Capaci
ti
ve Co
u
p
l
in
g,”
IE
EE T
r
an
s.
Mic
r
ow.
The
o
r
y
Te
c
h
., vo
l
.
65
,
n
o
. 1
, 2
01
7.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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8694
Int J
P
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&
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yst
,
V
ol.
10,
N
o.
2
, June
20
1
9
:
935
–
9
42
94
2
[9]
Qu
an
X
io
ng
1
,
“
Wirel
e
ss
Charg
i
ng
D
ev
i
c
e
f
o
r
A
r
tifici
a
l
C
ard
i
ac
P
acem
aker
”,
Int
e
rnati
o
n
a
l Con
f
er
e
n
ce on
Inf
o
r
m
a
tio
n
T
ech
no
log
y
an
d M
a
n
a
g
e
men
t
In
nova
t
i
on
(
I
CITM
I)
,
A
t
l
an
tis Pre
ss
,
p
p
. 76
5
-
76
8,
20
1
5.
[10]
Chao
Liu;
A
i
g
u
o
P
a
t
r
ick
Hu
;
Ni
rm
al-Kum
ar
C
.
Na
i
r
,
“
C
oupli
n
g
st
u
dy
o
f
a
r
o
t
ary
Cap
acit
i
v
e
P
o
w
er
T
ran
s
fer
syst
e
m
”,
in
IEEE Inter
n
a
t
i
onal Co
nf
eren
ce
on
Ind
u
st
ri
a
l
T
echn
o
lo
gy
,
2
0
0
9
, p
p
. 1
-6
.
[11]
Hu
a
Z
h
ang
;
F
ei
L
u;
H
eath
Hofmann;
W
e
i
g
uo
Liu;
C
h
r
is
M
i,
“
A
Larg
e
Ai
r-Gap
C
apaci
ti
ve
P
o
w
er
T
rans
f
e
r
S
y
stem
w
i
t
h
a
4
-
P
l
a
t
e
C
a
p
a
c
i
t
i
v
e
C
o
u
p
l
e
r
S
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
f
o
r
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
V
e
h
i
c
l
e
Ch
argin
g
A
pp
licatio
ns
”
in
IE
EE A
pplied Powe
r
El
ectro
n
i
cs
Co
nferen
ce
an
d E
x
pos
it
io
n
(
A
PE
C
)
, p
p. 17
2
6
–
1
73
0,
2
01
6.
[12]
M
.
K
lin
e
,
“
C
ap
a
c
i
t
i
v
e
P
o
wer T
r
a
n
s
f
er,
”
R
eport
,
pp.
1
–
35,
2
0
1
0
.
[13]
R.
J
eg
adees
an,
K
.
A
g
a
rwal,
Y
.
-X
.
Gu
o,
S
.-C.
Y
en
,
and
N.
V
.
T
h
ak
or,
“W
ireles
s
P
o
wer
Del
i
v
e
ry
t
o
F
l
ex
ible
S
u
b
c
utan
eou
s
Im
p
lants Using
Capaci
ti
ve Co
u
p
l
in
g,”
IE
EE T
r
an
s.
Mic
r
ow.
The
o
r
y
Te
c
h
., pp
.
1
–1
3, 2
01
6.
[14]
L.
H
uan
g
;
A.
P
.
Hu
,
“Defi
n
i
n
g
th
e
m
u
tu
al
c
o
u
p
l
i
ng
o
f
cap
a
c
i
t
i
v
e
p
ow
er
t
rans
f
e
r
f
o
r
wireles
s
p
o
w
er
t
ransf
e
r”,
i
n
IET
Jo
ur
na
l
s
&
M
a
gazin
es, Elect
ro
n
i
cs
L
e
t
t
er
s
,
22n
d
O
c
to
ber,
V
o
l
.
5
1
N
o
.
2
2
pp.
18
0
6
–
1
807
,
2
015.
[15]
K.
R
amrak
h
y
a
n
i
,
S
.
M
i
r
abbas
i
,
M
u
C
hiao,
an
d
C.
M
,
“
D
es
i
g
n
and
o
p
t
i
m
ization
of
r
eson
ance-b
a
sed
effi
cien
t
wi
reles
s
p
o
w
er
d
eli
v
ery
s
y
stems
f
o
r
bio
m
ed
ical
i
m
p
l
a
nts,”
IE
EE
T
r
a
n
s.
B
i
om
ed
.
C
i
r
c
ui
ts
S
y
s
t
.,
v
o
l.
5
,
no
.
1,
p
p
.
48
–6
3,
2
01
1.
[16]
“Su
mmary
o
f
bl
ood
brain
barri
er
(
BBB)
p
ermeabi
l
ity”,
i
n
IE
EE
S
t
andard
f
o
r
S
af
ety
Lev
e
ls
w
ith
R
es
pect
t
o
Hu
m
a
n
Ex
po
sure
t
o
R
adi
o
F
requ
ency
E
l
ectromagn
etic F
i
e
ld
s, 3
k
Hz
t
o
3
00
GHz,
IE
EE
S
t
d
C95
.1-2
00
5.p
p
. 5
7
, 20
0
5
.
[17]
J
.
D
a
i
a
n
d
D
.
C
.
L
u
d
o
i
s
,
“
A
S
u
r
v
e
y
o
f
W
i
r
e
l
e
s
s
P
o
w
e
r
T
r
a
n
s
f
e
r
a
n
d
a
C
ritical
C
o
m
paris
on
of
I
nd
uctive
an
d
Capaci
tiv
e
Coup
li
ng
f
o
r
S
m
a
ll
Gap
A
ppl
icatio
ns,”
IEEE
Tran
s.
Power
Electron
.,
vol
.
30,
n
o
.
11,
p
p.
6
0
1
7
–
6
0
2
9
,
20
15
.
[18]
Vl
adim
i
r
V
ulfin,
S
h
a
i
S
a
yf
an-Alt
m
a
n
&
Reuv
en
I
an
c
o
n
e
s
c
u,
“
W
i
re
l
es
s
power
t
rans
fer
for
a
pacem
a
ker
app
l
i
c
at
io
n”.
Jo
ur
na
l o
f
M
e
di
cal En
g
i
neeri
n
g
&
T
echn
o
l
o
g
y
, 2
01
7.
[19]
M
.
K
li
ne,
I.
I
zyu
m
in
,
B.
B
o
s
er, and S
.
S
and
e
rs, “
C
apacit
i
v
e
p
o
w
er
t
rans
fer f
o
r
co
nt
ac
t
l
es
s
ch
argi
ng,”
in
C
o
n
f
e
rence
P
r
oceedi
n
g
s
-
IEEE Ap
p
lied
Po
wer Electr
onics
Con
f
er
ence a
nd
Expo
si
ti
on
-
A
P
E
C,
2
0
11,
p
p
.
1
398–
14
04.
[20]
R.
J
eg
adeesan
,
Y.
X
.
Gu
o
,
a
n
d
M
.
J
e
,
“Elect
ric
n
ear-f
i
e
ld
c
o
u
p
l
i
n
g
f
o
r
wi
re
less
p
ower
t
ransfer
in
b
iom
e
di
ca
l
app
l
i
c
at
io
n
s
,
”
i
n
20
13
IEEE
MTT
-
S
Inter
nati
onal
M
i
cr
owave
W
o
r
k
sh
op S
e
ri
es on RF an
d
W
i
r
e
less
T
echn
o
lo
gi
e
s
for
Biomedi
ca
l
a
n
d
Healthcare
A
p
pli
c
a
t
ion
s
,
IMW
S
-B
IO 2
013 -
P
r
o
cee
d
i
n
g
s
,
2
0
13
.
[21]
R
.
E
r
f
a
n
i
,
F
.
M
a
r
e
f
a
t
,
A
.
M
.
S
o
d
a
g
a
r
,
P
.
M
o
h
s
e
n
i
,
“
M
o
d
e
l
i
n
g
a
n
d
e
x
p
erim
en
tal
v
a
li
dati
on
o
f
a
cap
acit
i
ve
lin
k
f
o
r
wi
reles
s
p
ower
t
rans
f
e
r
to
b
iomedical
i
mplant
s”,
IEEE Tr
ansacti
ons
on Ci
rcui
t
s
and
Sys
t
ems
II:
E
x
pres
s
Br
i
e
f
s
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J
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an,
K
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A
g
a
rwal,
Y
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Gu
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S
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Y
en
,
and
N.
V
.
T
h
ak
or,
“W
ireles
s
P
o
wer
Del
i
v
e
ry
t
o
F
l
ex
ible
S
u
b
c
utan
eou
s
I
m
p
l
a
n
t
s
Us
in
g
Capaci
ti
ve
C
ou
pl
ing,
”
IEE
E
T
r
ans
.
Mi
cro
w
.
T
h
e
o
r
y
T
ech
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M
.
P
.
T
h
eod
o
ri
d
i
s
,
“
Eff
ect
ive
capaci
ti
ve
p
o
w
er
t
rans
f
e
r,”
IEEE
T
r
ans. Pow
e
r Ele
ct
ron
.,
v
ol.
2
7
,
n
o
.
12,
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0
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[24]
T.
M
.
M
o
staf
a,
A
.
M
u
haram,
a
n
d
R
.
Hatt
ori
,
“
Wi
reless
b
a
tt
ery
ch
arg
i
n
g
s
ys
te
m
f
o
r
dro
n
es
v
ia
cap
acit
i
v
e
power
tran
sf
er,
”
i
n
2
017
IEEE P
E
LS
Wo
rk
sh
op
on
Eme
r
g
i
n
g
Te
c
h
no
log
i
e
s
:
Wire
le
s
s
Po
we
r
T
r
a
n
s
fe
r
,
WoW
20
17
,
2
017.
[25]
J
.
K
i
m
,
D
.
H
.
K
i
m
,
a
n
d
Y
.
J
.
P
a
r
k
,
“
A
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
o
f
C
a
p
a
c
i
t
i
v
e
I
m
p
e
dan
ce
Mat
c
hi
ng
N
e
two
r
k
s
f
or
S
im
ultan
e
ou
s
Wi
reles
s
P
ower
T
ransf
e
r
t
o
Multiple
D
e
v
ices,”
I
EEE Tr
ans. Ind.
El
ectr
o
n
.,
vo
l
.
6
2
, no
.
5
,
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80
7–
2
8
1
3
, 20
1
5
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[26]
J.
J
.
Casanova,
Z
.
N
.
Low,
a
nd
J.
L
in
,
“Design
and
optimizat
ion
o
f
a
c
l
as
s-E
ampl
ifi
e
r
f
o
r
a
l
oos
ely
co
up
led
pl
an
ar
wi
reles
s
po
w
er s
y
s
tem,”
I
E
E
E
Tr
an
s.
C
i
rc
u
i
t
s
S
y
s
t
.
I
I
E
x
pr
e
s
s Br
i
e
fs
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6
,
n
o
.
1
1
, pp
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30
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3
4
,
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09
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H.
Z
h
a
ng,
F
.
L
u
,
H.
H
ofm
a
nn,
W
.
Li
u
,
and
C
.
C.
M
i,
“
A
F
o
ur-Pl
a
t
e
Co
mp
act Ca
p
acit
i
v
e
C
ou
p
l
er
D
es
ign
an
d
L
C
L-
Com
p
en
sat
e
d
To
pol
og
y
f
o
r
Ca
pacit
i
v
e
P
o
w
er
T
rans
f
e
r
i
n
E
l
e
c
t
ric
Ve
hic
l
e
Ch
a
r
ging
A
pp
lic
a
tio
n,”
IE
EE
T
r
ans.
Po
wer E
l
ectr
o
n
.,
v
o
l.
3
1
,
n
o
.
12,
p
p.
8
54
1–
85
51,
20
1
6
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Vru
s
hali
B.
G
ore,
D
han
a
sh
ri
H
.
G
a
wal
i
,
“Wire
l
ess
P
o
w
e
r
Tran
sfer
T
echn
o
lo
gy
f
o
r
M
edi
c
a
l
A
pp
licat
io
n
s
”.
I
n
IEEE
Con
f
eren
ce on
Ad
van
ces i
n
S
i
g
nal
P
r
o
c
es
s
i
ng
(
C
AS
P)
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2
01
6
,
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5
-4
60
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D.
C
.
Lu
do
is
,
J
.
K
.
Ree
d
,
an
d
K
.
H
anso
n,
“
Capacit
i
v
e
p
o
w
er
t
ran
sf
er
f
o
r
r
otor
f
i
e
ld
c
urren
t
i
n
s
y
n
c
hron
ou
s
m
achin
es,
”
I
E
EE Trans. P
o
wer
El
e
c
t
r
on
.
,
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o
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Y.
Y
us
op
,
S.
S
aat
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Z.
G
han
i
,
H.
H
usin
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and
S.
K
.
Ng
uang
,
“
C
apac
i
t
i
v
e
p
o
wer
trans
f
er
w
i
t
h
im
p
e
d
a
nc
e
m
a
tch
i
ng
n
e
two
r
k,”
in
2
01
6
IEEE 12th In
t
e
rn
ation
a
l
Co
llo
q
u
i
u
m
on
Si
gn
a
l
Pr
oces
si
ng &
Its
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c
ations
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C
SP
A)
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201
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p
.
12
4–
129
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Y.
Y
usop
,
S.
S
a
a
t,
S
.
K.
N
guang,
H
.
Hus
i
n,
a
nd
Z
.
Ghani,
“
D
e
sig
n
o
f
C
ap
a
c
i
t
i
v
e
P
o
w
e
r
T
r
ansf
er
U
s
i
n
g
a
C
l
a
ss
-E
Reso
nant
I
nv
erter,
”
J.
P
o
w
e
r
E
l
ec
t
r
o
n
.,
v
o
l
.
1
6
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
1
678
–168
8,
2
01
6.
[32]
W.
Z
hang
a
nd
C.
C
.
Mi
,
“Com
p
e
n
s
ati
o
n
top
o
l
ogies
o
f
h
i
g
h
-p
ower
w
irel
e
s
s
p
o
we
r
t
r
ansf
er
s
ys
t
e
m
s
,”
IE
E
E
Tr
an
s
.
Ve
h. Te
c
h
no
l
.
,
vol
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6
5
,
n
o
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6
,
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47
6
8
–
4
778
,
2
016.
[33]
K.
L
u
and
S.
K
.
Ngua
ng,
“L
QG
co
ntrol
of
capacitive
power
t
ransf
e
r
s
ys
te
m
,
”
i
n
2
01
7
IEEE P
E
LS
W
o
rk
sh
op
on
Em
erging
T
echnol
og
ies: W
i
r
e
less P
o
wer
Tra
n
sf
er
,
WoW
2
017
,
201
7,
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1
2
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R
.
E
r
f
a
n
i
,
F
.
M
a
r
e
f
a
t
,
A
.
M
.
S
o
d
a
g
a
r
,
P
.
M
o
h
s
e
n
i
,
“
M
o
d
e
l
i
n
g
a
n
d
e
x
p
erim
en
tal
v
a
li
dati
on
o
f
a
cap
acit
i
ve
lin
k
f
o
r
wi
reless
p
o
w
e
r
tran
sf
er
t
o
b
i
omed
ical
i
m
p
lan
t
s
”
,
IEEE Tr
ansacti
ons
on Ci
rcui
t
s
and
Sys
t
ems
II:
E
x
pres
s
Br
i
e
f
s
,
20
17
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R.
E
rf
ani,
F
.
Maref
a
t,
A
.
M
.
S
od
agar,
and
P
.
M
oh
seni
,
“Trans
cut
aneous
capacitive
wirele
ss
p
o
wer
transf
er
(
C-
WPT
)
f
or biom
e
d
i
cal
im
p
lan
t
s,
” in
P
roceed
ing
s
-
IEEE Interna
t
ional Sympos
i
u
m
on
Cir
c
uits
an
d
S
y
st
ems
, 2
01
7.
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