In
te
r
n
ation
a
l Jou
rn
al
o
f Po
we
r
Elec
tron
ic
s an
d
D
r
ive S
y
stem
(IJ
PED
S
)
V
o
l.
10, N
o.
4, D
e
c
e
m
ber
201
9,
pp.
1961~
19
68
ISSN: 2088-
8694,
DOI
:
10.11591
/ijpeds.
v10.
i
4.pp1961-1968
1961
Jou
rn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
:
ht
tp:
//i
a
e
score
.
com
/
j
o
u
r
na
l
s
/
i
n
d
e
x
.
p
hp/IJ
PED
S
Ultra fast freque
ncy i
ndepend
en
t instantaneou
s power
factor detector
Safaa
S.
O
m
r
an,
A
l
i
.
S
h
.
A
l
-
Kha
l
id
,
A
m
e
r
A
t
t
a
Y
a
s
een
M
i
ddle
T
echni
cal
U
n
i
versity,
El
ect
rical Eng
in
eering
Tech
ni
cal C
oll
e
g
e
,
Iraq
Art
i
cl
e In
fo
ABSTRACT
A
r
tic
le hist
o
r
y
:
Re
ce
i
v
e
d
A
pr 5,
201
9
Re
vise
d Ju
n 2
8
,
2019
A
c
c
e
pte
d
J
u
l
22,
201
9
M
a
ny
s
chem
es
w
ere
att
e
m
p
t
e
d
to
l
essen
t
he
t
ime
t
a
ken
f
o
r
m
e
a
s
u
r
i
ng
t
h
e
po
wer
f
acto
r
o
f
a
l
i
n
ear
l
o
a
d.
T
his
p
a
per
su
gg
est
s
t
a
k
in
g
ad
van
tage
o
f
a
prev
io
us
p
ap
e
r
w
here
o
n
l
y
two
s
a
mp
les
o
f
t
h
e
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
a
n
d
c
u
r
ren
t
were
adeq
uat
e
t
o
h
a
v
e
a
v
ery
f
a
st
c
a
l
cu
latio
n
met
hod
of
t
h
e
p
ower
f
a
cto
r
.
T
h
a
t
sc
he
me
u
se
d
a
pha
se
l
oc
k
e
d
lo
op
(P
LL)
a
s
a
f
re
q
u
e
nc
y
mu
lt
ip
l
i
e
r
s
chem
e
to
a
c
q
u
i
r
e
t
w
o
p
r
o
g
r
e
s
s
i
v
e
s
a
m
p
l
e
s
o
f
t
h
e
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
a
n
d
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
w
h
i
c
h
a
r
e
con
c
urrent
.
The
tim
e
el
apsed
f
o
r
m
easu
r
em
ent
was
t
h
e
recipro
cal
o
f
t
h
e
P
L
L
sam
p
li
ng
f
r
eq
uency
;
n
o
f
u
rt
her
sch
e
me
w
as
r
epo
r
ted
af
t
e
r
t
h
at
t
o
cl
aim
a
f
a
s
t
e
r
m
e
t
h
o
d
.
T
h
i
s
p
a
p
e
r
g
e
t
s
u
s
e
o
f
t
h
a
t
w
o
r
k
t
o
g
e
t
t
w
o
p
r
o
g
res
s
ive
sam
p
les
of
voltage
a
nd
c
urr
e
nt
s
ep
arat
ed
b
y
a
sh
ort
time.
T
h
e
s
chem
e
is
f
r
equ
e
ncy
in
dep
e
nd
ent
wi
th
a
n
ind
i
cat
io
n
f
o
r
lead
l
ag.
A
l
l
th
e
o
p
erat
ion
s
a
re
execu
ted
by
a
P
I
C
mi
cro
c
on
tro
l
ler
rat
h
er
t
han
a
co
m
p
u
t
er
w
i
t
h
f
ew
s
upp
ort
circu
i
t
s
.
T
h
e
o
u
tpu
t
w
ill
b
e
s
how
n
ei
th
er
i
n
di
g
i
ta
l
or
a
nalo
gu
e
(DC)
f
orm.
Th
e
p
e
rcen
tag
e
o
f
erro
r
d
e
pend
s
mai
n
l
y
on
th
e
reso
lu
ti
on
(nu
m
be
r
of
b
i
t
s
)
f
o
r bo
t
h
t
h
e
AD
C
and
DAC
used
.
K
eyw
ord
s
:
Le
ad
l
ag
In
d
i
c
a
t
o
r
Mi
cro
c
ont
rol
l
e
r
Powe
r fac
t
or
d
etec
t
o
r
Co
pyri
gh
t © 2
019 In
stit
u
t
e
of Advanced
En
gi
neeri
n
g
an
d
S
c
ien
ce.
All
rights
res
e
rv
ed.
Corres
pon
d
i
n
g
Au
th
or:
Saf
a
a S O
m
ran
,
Mi
ddl
e
Te
ch
n
i
ca
l
Un
iv
e
r
s
ity
,
Elec
tric
a
l
Eng
i
n
eer
ing
Tec
h
n
i
ca
l C
o
lle
ge
,
Iraq.
E-m
a
il: O
m
ran_safaa
@
y
m
a
i
l
.
c
om
1.
I
N
TR
OD
U
C
TI
O
N
T
h
e
po
we
r
f
a
c
t
o
r
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
i
s
i
m
po
r
t
ant
i
s
s
u
e
and
t
h
e
r
e
i
s
a
l
w
a
y
s
a
n
e
e
d
o
f
a
d
e
v
i
c
e
w
h
i
c
h
ca
n d
i
rec
t
l
y
g
i
v
e
a l
i
near ou
t
pu
t
dc si
g
na
l p
r
op
ortiona
l to the
pow
er f
act
o
r m
a
g
n
i
t
ude.
Ma
ny
a
t
t
em
p
t
s
w
e
r
e
s
tr
ive
d
t
o
m
e
a
s
ure the
pow
e
r
fac
tor
o
f
a
p
ow
er
l
i
n
e
freque
nc
y
l
o
a
d
[
1-
9].
A
ll
o
f
t
h
ese
met
h
od
s
t
ook
a
t
l
e
a
s
t
on
e
cy
cl
e
o
f
t
he
p
o
w
er
i
n
put
s
t
o
d
e
t
e
ct
t
h
e
p
o
w
er
f
a
c
to
r.
A
h
a
l
f
a
cy
cl
e
of
t
h
e
in
put p
ow
er lin
e
fr
eque
nc
y
m
e
a
s
ur
em
ent t
i
me
w
a
s
r
e
ported in [1
0
-1
4].
The
e
x
ec
u
t
io
n ti
me
w
a
s
d
imin
i
s
he
d to
a
qua
r
t
er
a
c
yc
le
i
n
[1
5].
The
tim
e
w
a
s
furt
her
re
d
u
c
e
d
t
o
t
h
re
e
con
s
ec
ut
ive
sam
p
le
s
by
[16].
Th
is
w
a
s
deve
l
ope
d
la
te
r
by
A
l
-K
ha
li
d
a
nd
O
m
ran
to
r
educ
e
the
n
u
m
be
r
of
s
a
m
p
l
e
s
n
e
e
d
e
d
t
o
o
n
l
y
t
w
o
[
1
7
]
.
Us
i
n
g
mic
r
oco
n
tro
l
le
r
i
n
m
e
a
suring
the
p
o
w
e
r
fa
ct
or w
a
s
ill
u
s
tra
t
e
d
i
n [
18-
20].
Th
is
p
a
p
er
i
n
t
e
nds
t
o
get
use
of
t
h
e
w
ork
i
n
[
1
7
]
b
y
l
e
t
t
i
n
g
a
m
i
croc
ontr
o
l
l
er
r
ather
t
h
a
n
a
c
om
pu
ter
to ac
c
o
m
p
lis
h freque
nc
y i
nde
pe
n
d
e
n
t dete
c
t
ion.
In th
i
s
case
the
schem
e wi
l
l
b
e a
p
propr
ia
t
e
for porta
b
l
e usa
g
e
pu
tti
n
g
i
n m
i
n
d
t
ha
t t
h
e
re
sul
t
w
ill be
g
i
v
en in
d
i
g
i
tal a
n
d an
a
l
o
gue
(dc
) fo
rm. S
o
, the de
t
ector w
i
l
l
be s
ui
ta
ble
for
o
n
l
i
n
e
m
e
a
s
ur
em
ent
or
u
si
ng
a
d.c
vo
ltm
eter.
The
sc
h
e
m
e
i
s
i
nte
n
de
d
for
u
n
d
i
st
orte
d
si
g
n
al
(
n
o
harm
on
ics
ar
e
pre
s
en
t).
T
h
e
transie
n
t
re
spo
n
se
tim
e
of
t
he
p
rop
ose
d
m
etho
d
i
s
u
l
t
ra-
f
as
t
an
d
w
i
l
l
b
e
l
i
mite
d
o
n
l
y
b
y
t
h
e
l
o
we
st
s
ampli
n
g
t
i
me
o
f
t
h
e
ADC
m
od
ul
e
an
d
th
e
me
as
ur
ed
v
a
l
ue
w
i
l
l
p
r
e
sen
t
t
he
i
ns
ta
nt
an
e
o
u
s
ma
gni
tude
o
f
p
o
w
e
r
fac
t
o
r
w
it
h a
n
in
d
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
to w
het
h
er
the
pow
er
f
ac
tor i
s
lag
gi
n
g
or
lea
d
i
n
g.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N: 2
0
8
8
-
86
94
I
n
t
J Po
w El
ec &
D
ri S
y
s
t
Vo
l. 1
0
,
No
. 4
,
D
e
c
2
0
19
:
1
961
–
1
968
1
962
2.
THE
O
RY
O
F
CAL
C
U
L
A
TION
Relatin
g
to
F
ig
u
r
e
1
, th
e
two
v
oltag
e
s
ampl
e
s
ar
e
,
1
(
1
)
2
(
2
)
2
(
3
)
F
i
gur
e
1.
V
olt
a
ge
a
nd
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
s
am
pl
e
s
(
4
)
T
h
e t
w
o
cu
rrent
sa
m
p
l
es
i1
and
i2
c
an
b
e writ
t
e
n
as f
ol
lo
ws:
1
(
5
)
2
2
(
6
)
Where
θ
i
s
the
pha
se
a
ng
le
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
t
he
vol
ta
ge
a
nd
t
h
e
c
u
r
r
e
nt
s
i
g
na
l
s
.
,
,
(
7
)
,
,
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
1
22
11
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
1
(
8
)
,
1
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
IS
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
U
l
tr
a f
a
st f
r
eq
uenc
y
in
de
pe
n
d
en
t i
n
s
t
a
n
t
a
n
e
ous p
o
w
er
fac
t
or
de
tect
or (
Safa
a
S O
m
r
an)
1
963
S
quari
ng b
o
t
h
si
des
of (
8) a
nd so
l
v
i
ng f
o
r th
e
pow
er
fa
c
tor
(c
o
s
θ
)
,
(
9
)
wher
e
1
(
10)
Ψ
c
a
n be
c
alcu
late
d
from
(1)
a
nd (2)
as follo
w
s
,
(
11)
W
i
t
h
a
c
o
n
s
t
a
n
t
v
a
l
u
e
V
m
,
th
e
pow
e
r
f
act
or
c
a
n
b
e
c
a
l
cu
la
t
e
d
de
pen
d
i
n
g
o
n
l
y
o
n
s
am
pl
es
v1, v2
a
n
d
their
corr
espondin
g
c
u
rrent
s
a
m
ples
i1
, i
2
a
nd
t
h
e
p
ropo
s
e
d
s
y
st
e
m
w
i
l
l
be
u
pd
at
e
d
i
f
a
n
y
c
h
an
g
e
o
cc
ures
in
Vm
v
al
ue
t
o
pre
v
e
n
t
a
ny
p
o
ss
i
b
le
e
r
r
or
i
n
ca
lcu
l
a
t
e
d
p
o
w
er
f
a
c
t
o
r
a
s
w
ill
be
d
e
s
c
r
i
b
e
d
l
a
t
er.
If
the
val
u
e
of
v1
or
i1
w
as ta
k
en
a
t
ze
ro crossin
g
(
the
i
r va
lu
e i
s
z
ero)
in this c
a
s
e
the
va
lue
o
f
K1
i
s un
de
fi
ne
d.
When
v
1
= 0
1
,
ℎ
,
0
1
(
12)
2
(
13)
F
r
om
(
12)
&
(13)
,
2
(
14)
U
s
ing
t
h
e sa
me
proc
e
d
u
re
used
prev
io
us
l
y
i
n
ob
t
a
in
ing
(9), w
e
g
et tha
t
,
(
15)
It is c
l
ear
fr
o
m
(15) tha
t
t
h
e p
o
we
r factor
i
s
ca
l
c
u
l
a
t
e
d
in
th
is c
ase
from
only c
u
rre
nt
s
am
p
l
e
s
.
When
i1 = 0
1
0
,
,
,
,
3
(
16)
N
o
w
,
doing
t
h
e sa
me seque
n
ce
used i
n (
9
) for fi
n
d
i
n
g
t
he
pow
er
fa
ct
or
(c
o
s
θ
),
(
17)
It is c
l
ear
fr
o
m
(17) tha
t
t
h
e p
o
we
r factor
i
s
ca
l
c
u
l
a
t
e
d
in
th
is c
ase
from
only v
o
lta
ge
s
am
pl
e
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N: 2
0
8
8
-
86
94
I
n
t
J Po
w El
ec &
D
ri S
y
s
t
Vo
l. 1
0
,
No
. 4
,
D
e
c
2
0
19
:
1
961
–
1
968
1
964
3.
HARDWARE IMPL
E
MENTAT
ION
The
sys
t
em
b
loc
k
a
nd
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
dia
g
r
a
m
a
r
e
show
n
in
F
i
gur
e
2
an
d
F
i
gur
e
3
r
e
spec
tive
l
y.
T
he
m
i
cr
oc
o
n
t
r
o
lle
r
used
i
s P
I
C
1
8F
45.
F
u
ll de
s
c
r
i
pti
o
n of
t
he
r
equ
i
r
e
d
c
o
n
v
e
r
sion
time
w
a
s
r
e
por
te
d in
[
2
0
]
.
Tw
o
no
n
in
ver
t
i
ng
ope
r
a
ti
o
n
al
a
m
p
li
fier
s,
l
e
v
el
s
h
i
f
t
e
r
s
ar
e
us
e
d
t
o
c
o
n
v
er
t
a
pos
i
t
i
ve
t
o
n
e
ga
ti
ve
s
ig
na
l
i
n
t
o
a
r
a
nge
s
uita
b
l
e
for
the A
D
C
.
P
e
a
k
d
e
t
e
c
t
o
r
i
s
u
s
e
d
w
h
e
n
w
e
h
a
v
e
a
r
a
p
i
d
l
y
c
h
a
n
g
i
n
g
A
C
i
n
p
u
t
sign
a
l
,
a
n
d
we
w
a
n
t
to
o
bt
ai
n
th
e
pe
ak
v
o
l
tage
t
hat
the
s
i
gna
l
r
e
ache
s
.
The
pe
ak
d
e
t
ec
tor
is
u
se
d
w
i
t
h
pre
c
i
sio
n
f
ull
wa
ve
c
irc
u
it
in
o
rde
r
t
o
de
t
e
c
t
b
o
t
h
t
h
e
pos
i
t
i
ve
a
n
d
n
egat
i
v
e
pe
a
k
v
alue
o
f
t
h
e
A
C
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
s
o
urce
.
Al
so
,
i
t
i
s
p
o
s
si
bl
e
t
o
g
i
v
e
a
l
ead
lag
i
n
d
i
ca
t
i
n
g
s
igna
l
by
us
in
g
the
D
f
l
i
p
-
f
l
op
f
unc
t
i
on
th
at
i
m
ple
m
e
n
t
e
d
w
ith
i
n
t
he
m
ic
r
o
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
er
p
r
o
gr
am
.
Wher
e
i
n
c
ases
o
f
lea
d
ing
an
g
l
es
g
ives
p
osi
t
i
v
e
pf
a
nd
la
gg
i
ng
an
g
l
es
n
e
g
a
t
i
v
e
pf.
Fig
u
r
e 2
.
Sy
stem
b
lo
ck
diag
r
am
Fi
g
u
re
3
.
S
y
s
t
e
m
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
d
i
ag
ra
m
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
IS
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
U
l
tr
a f
a
st f
r
eq
uenc
y
in
de
pe
n
d
en
t i
n
s
t
a
n
t
a
n
e
ous p
o
w
er
fac
t
or
de
tect
or (
Safa
a
S O
m
r
an)
1
965
4.
SOFTWARE
I
MPLEMEN
TAT
I
ON
F
i
gure
4
s
how
s
the
fl
ow
char
t
for
t
h
e
ca
lc
u
l
at
ion
of
pow
e
r
f
a
c
to
r.
T
his
pr
o
g
ram
w
a
s
w
r
itt
e
n
i
n
C
Lan
gua
ge
,
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
mikr
o
C
c
o
m
p
i
l
e
r
(
m
i
kr
oE
l
e
k
t
ro
n
i
c
a
).
T
he
p
o
w
e
r
fac
t
or
C
p
r
ogram
,
c
ont
a
i
ns
t
he
fu
nc
ti
o
n
s
t
h
a
t
i
ni
t
i
a
liz
es
t
he
m
i
c
roco
ntro
l
l
e
r
,
acquire
s
the
tw
o
sa
m
p
le
s
fr
om
t
he
i
np
u
t
v
ol
t
a
ge
s
i
gna
l
a
n
d
t
h
e
corr
espo
n
d
in
g
t
w
o
curr
en
t
sam
p
l
e
s,
t
he
i
n
p
u
t
fr
om
p
eak
d
e
t
ect
or
,
ca
lcu
l
a
tin
g
the
va
lue
of
ψ
u
si
n
g
(
11
)
and
ca
l
c
u
l
a
tin
g the
va
lue
o
f
K
1, K
2 or
K
3 usi
n
g
one
o
f t
h
e thr
ee ca
se
s
a
c
c
o
r
d
i
n
g
to
(10, 14, a
nd
16)
. The
range
o
f
P
I
C18F
452
A
D
C
c
h
a
nne
ls
i
s
alw
a
y
s
p
os
iti
v
e
s
o
t
h
at
w
e
ne
e
d
t
o
re
c
o
g
n
iz
e
t
h
e
ne
ga
t
i
ve
v
a
l
ue
s
of
v
o
l
ta
ge
a
n
d
curr
ent
sam
p
le
s.
T
his
ac
com
p
lis
he
d
by
c
h
a
n
g
i
ng
t
o
t
he
n
egat
i
v
e
si
g
n
o
f
a
ny
va
l
u
es
l
es
s
tha
n
5
12.
T
h
e
f
in
a
l
val
u
e
o
f
pow
e
r
fac
t
o
r
ac
h
i
e
v
e
d
us
i
n
g
o
ne
of
th
r
ee
(9,
15,
a
nd
1
7)
.
5.
EXPE
RIMENTAL
R
ESULT
S
A
n
U
ltra
F
a
st
F
re
quency
Inde
pendent
I
nstantane
ous
P
ow
er
F
actor
De
t
e
ctor
i
s
im
plem
ented
as
proposed
i
n
previos
sec
t
ions.
It
i
s
cle
a
r
from
t
he
r
esults
s
ho
w
n
in
T
able
1
,
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
t
heor
eti
c
al
a
nd
the
prac
ti
c
a
l r
e
sult
s are
ve
ry
c
lose
. The di
ffer
ence
b
e
t
ween the t
h
e
o
retica
l
and th
e
pr
actica
l
re
s
u
lts
a
re bec
ause of
the
limitation
of
t
he
A
D
C
a
nd
the
resoluti
on
of
t
he
10-bit
s
D
A
C
u
sed
in
t
he
m
ic
rocontroller.
F
igure
5
il
lustrate
s
the
fre
quency
indepe
ndent
f
a
c
ili
ty
o
f
t
h
e
designed
dete
ctor.
A
s
s
how
n
the
performa
n
ce
o
f
the
detec
t
o
r
i
s
una
ffe
cted
b
y
the
fre
q
u
e
ncy
of
t
he
i
nput
volt
a
ge
a
n
d
c
u
rre
nt
.
I
n
c
om
par
i
sion
w
ith
o
the
r
p
a
p
ers
speed
w
as
not
put
i
nto
a
ccount
i
n
[18],
w
h
i
l
e
spec
i
a
l
ca
re
i
s
r
e
a
lized
t
o
a
d
j
u
st
t
he
output
o
f
the
P
LL
conc
erning
m
a
xim
u
m
expe
cted
p
eak
o
f
t
h
e
input
voltage
(
c
u
rre
n
t
)
a
nd
to
b
e
in
pha
se
w
ith
t
he
i
nput
[
2
0
]
.
N
o
thi
ng
w
a
s
me
nt
ionsd a
bout
s
peed
i
n
[21–23].
The
fir
s
t sa
mple
it w
a
s neglec
ted if it
occ
u
rre
d to be
of ze
r
o
va
l
u
e
a
s
explaine
d before.
O
t
her
sam
p
le
values
can
b
e
t
a
ckled
rem
e
m
b
ering
t
h
a
t
a
10-bit A
D
C
is a
v
ailabl
e w
i
th
f
ull
range
input of
ze
ro to +5v.
T
a
b
l
e 1.
Te
s
t
resu
lts
Ph
as
e
shift (θ)
T
h
e
o
r
e
t
i
c
al
p
o
w
er
f
act
o
r
De
t
e
c
t
or
output
(Vdc
)
D
e
t
e
c
t
or
output
(P
.
F
)
Sta
t
us
o
f
RC2
Sta
t
us
o
f
RC
3
Er
r
o
r
%
-90
0
La
gging
0
0
0
v
+
5
v
0
-80
0.
173
5
L
a
gging
0
.
8675
0
.
173
6
0v
+
5v
-
0.
08
5
-60
0.
5
La
gging
2
.
5015
0
.
500
3
0v
+
5v
0
.
0
6
-40
0.
765
9
L
a
gging
3
.
831
0
.
766
2
0v
+
5v
0
.
0
2
-20
0.
939
6
L
a
gging
4
.
697
0
.
939
4
0v
+
5v
-
0.
03
1
0
1
5
1
0v
0
v
0
20
0.
9396
Le
a
d
i
n
g
4
.
6975
0
.
939
5
+
5
v
0v
-
0.
02
40
0.
7659
Le
a
d
i
n
g
3
.
8285
0
.
765
7
+
5
v
0v
-
0.
04
5
60
0.
5
Lea
d
i
ng
2
.
502
0
.
500
4
+
5
v
0v
0
.
0
8
80
0.
1735
Le
a
d
i
n
g
0
.
8685
0
.
173
6
+
5
v
0v
0
.
0
3
90
0
Lea
d
i
ng
0
0
+
5
v
0v
0
F
i
gure
5. The
pe
r
form
anc
e
o
f the
dete
c
t
or
under
var
i
a
b
le
fr
e
que
nc
y
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
I
nt
J
P
ow
Elec
& Dr
i
S
y
st V
ol.
10,
N
o.
4
, Dec
201
9 :
1
9
6
1
– 1
968
1
966
F
i
gure
4.
S
ystem
fl
ow
c
h
art
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
IS
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
U
l
tr
a f
a
st f
r
eq
uenc
y
in
de
pe
n
d
en
t i
n
s
t
a
n
t
a
n
e
ous p
o
w
er
fac
t
or
de
tect
or (
Safa
a
S O
m
r
an)
1
967
6.
CONCL
U
S
ION
A
ne
w
ultra
fast
freq
u
e
n
c
y
i
nde
pe
nde
nt
i
n
s
ta
n
t
ane
o
us
p
ow
er
f
act
or
d
e
t
e
c
t
or
i
s
descr
i
be
d.
The
pro
p
o
se
d
de
tec
t
or
r
e
q
u
i
red
tw
o
pro
g
re
ssi
v
e
sa
mple
s
of
t
he
v
ol
ta
ge
a
nd
c
u
r
r
ent
s
e
par
a
te
d
b
y
r
a
n
d
o
m
shor
t
ti
m
e
.
T
h
e
pr
o
pose
d
m
e
t
hod
i
s
i
m
p
l
e
me
n
t
e
d
b
as
ed
on
micr
oc
o
nt
roll
er
w
it
h
f
e
w
su
pp
o
r
t
c
i
rc
ui
t
s
.
Th
e
hi
gh
-f
re
qu
e
n
c
y
l
i
m
it
i
s
d
e
t
e
rmi
n
e
d
m
ai
n
l
y
by
t
he
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
s
a
mpli
n
g
f
re
qu
ency
o
f
the
ADC.
Th
e
d
e
v
e
lo
p
e
d
d
e
t
ect
o
r
i
s
h
i
gh
ly
r
el
i
a
b
l
e
a
n
d
po
sse
sses
en
ough
flex
ib
i
l
i
t
y
t
o
s
u
it
t
h
e
re
qu
i
r
em
ent
o
f
fre
que
nc
y-
vari
ant s
y
stem
s.
REFE
RENCES
[1]
D.H.
B
o
g
h
a
sian
a
n
d
M
.H.A.
A
b
dul
K
areem,
"A
d
i
g
ital
po
wer
f
actor
m
eter
d
es
ign
b
a
sed
o
n
B
RM
t
ech
niq
u
es
,
"
IEE
E
Trans.I
M
,
vo
l.
29,
n
o
.
4
,
pp.
4
35
-438
,
J
a
n
198
1.
[2]
M.
S.M.
A
l
An
y
an
d
M
.
A
.
H
.
A
bd
ul
-Kareem
,
"A
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
p
o
w
er
f
ac
t
o
r
m
e
ter
desi
gn
,
"
In
te
rna
tio
na
l J
o
u
r
na
l of
Elect
ro
n
i
cs
,
v
o
l
.
5
7,
n
o
.
3
,
pp.
439-4
4
4
,
1
9
8
4
.
[3]
B.
H
afid
h
an
d
M
.
A.H
.
A
bd
u
l
-Kareem
,
"Dig
ital
p
ower
f
act
or
m
eter
ba
se
d
on
n
o
n
line
a
r
A
DC
c
on
ve
rsion
,
"
Inter
n
a
t
i
onal Jo
ur
na
l
o
f
Elect
roni
cs,
vo
l. 57
,
n
o
. 3
,
p
p
. 5
13
-51
9
,
1
9
8
5
.
[4]
S
.
M.R.
T
aha an
d
M
.
A.H.
A
b
d
u
l
K
areem,
"
A
n
ov
el
di
g
ital
power f
ac
to
r
me
te
r
d
e
si
g
n
,
"
IEE
E
T
r
an
sa
ctio
n on IM
,
v
o
l
.
3
5
,
n
o.
4,
p
p
.
63
8-6
4
0
, Dec. 19
8
6.
[5]
M.
A
.
S
h
re
e
and
D
.
P
.
Vad
a
na,
"
S
m
a
rt
m
e
t
er
f
o
r
p
ow
er
f
acto
r
i
n
real
-time,
"
Int
e
rn
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
Confer
e
n
ce o
n
Em
bedd
ed
Syst
ems
(
I
CES)
,
pp
.
1
77
-181
,
2
0
1
4
.
[6]
S
.
F
arhat
and
E
.
C
oh
en, "
A
d
igi
t
a
l
p
o
w
er fact
or
m
et
er
b
as
ed on
rati
o
met
r
ic
A
DC,"
Jou
r
n
a
l
of
P
h
ysi
c
s
and
S
c
ient
ific
Inst
ruments
,
v
o
l
. 2
1, n
o
. 9
, pp
. 84
8
-8
50
, 19
8
8
.
[7]
N.
B
ak
os,
K.
A
bdu
lk
areem
a
nd
M
.
A
lTi
k
riti
,
"ph
a
se
s
hif
t
p
ower
f
actor
m
easurem
en
t
f
o
r
a
wid
e
f
requen
c
y
ran
g
e
usi
ng
ROM,
"
In
t.
Jour
nal of Elect
ro
n
i
cs,
v
ol.
6
4
,
no.
2
,
pp
.
29
9-304
,
1
9
8
8
.
[8]
C.
P
rasau
n
a,
S
.
S
a
bberw
al
a
nd
A.
M
uk
herji,
"
pow
er
f
acto
r
m
eas
ur
em
ent
an
d
correcti
o
n
t
e
ch
ni
qu
es,"
E
l
ectric power
syst
ems res
e
ar
ch
,
vo
l
.
32
,
n
o
. 2
, p
p. 1
41
-14
3
,
1
9
9
5
.
[9]
L.Y.
Z
ho
u,
Z
.
D
.
Yin
,
X
.N.
X
i
a
o
,
Z
.
Q.
W
a
n
g
a
n
d
L.
Z
h
e
ng
,
"
s
tu
dy
o
n
p
o
w
er
f
act
or
t
hrou
gh
t
h
e
s
imilari
ty
o
f
wavef
o
rm
s
,
"
3
rd
IEEE
co
n
f
eren
c
e
on Indu
s
t
r
i
a
l
Electr
oni
cs a
nd Appl
icatio
n
s
,
p
p.
1
5
34-1
5
3
7
,
2
00
8.
[10]
H.
D
as
a
n
d
L
.
C.
S
a
i
ki
a,
"
E
t
he
rn
et
b
as
ed
s
m
a
rt
e
n
e
rgy
m
e
t
e
r
f
o
r
p
o
w
er
q
uality
m
onitor
i
ng
a
nd
e
nhancement,
"
Recent
Devel
op
ment
s
i
n
Co
ntro
l, Aut
o
m
a
tio
n
&
P
o
wer En
gin
eer
ing
(
R
D
C
APE)
,
pp.
1
87
-19
1
,
2017.
[11]
E
S
o
,
P
.
N
.
M
i
l
j
a
n
i
c
,
a
n
d
D
.
A
n
g
e
l
o
,
"
A
c
o
m
p
u
t
e
r
-
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
d
l
o
a
d
l
o
s
s
s
t
a
nd
ard
f
o
r
cali
b
rati
ng
h
ig
h-v
o
lt
age
po
wer
meas
urem
ent
s
y
st
em
s,"
IEEE Tran
s.
In
stru
m.
Me
as.,
v
o
l.
4
4,
p
p.
4
2
5
-4
2
8
,
19
95
.
[12]
J.
C
.
W
u
a
nd
H
.
L
Jou,
"
F
a
st
R
es
po
nse
P
o
wer
F
acto
r
D
etect
or,"
IEE
E
Trans
a
ction on I
n
st
rumenta
t
ion
&
M
e
as
ur
ement,
Vol
.
4
4
,
N
o
.
4,
pp.
9
1
9
-9
22,
1
9
95.
[13]
S.S
.
O
mra
n
a
nd
A.S.
A
lk
h
a
li
d,
"
A
no
ve
l
d
i
g
i
ta
l
po
we
r
fa
c
t
or
m
e
t
er,
"
Al Bu
ho
oth
al T
a
qa
niy
a
,
n
o.
6
7
,
pp.
5
4
-
62
,
20
00
.
[14]
D.
R
.
Tu
t
a
k
n
e,
H
.M
.
Su
ryawan
sh
i
,
T
.G.
Aro
r
a,
M
.
Mi
shra
a
nd
S
.G
.
T
arnckar,
"
S
i
ngle-P
h
as
e
F
a
s
t
R
espo
n
s
e
P
o
wer
F
a
ct
or
T
rans
duce
r
,
"
pro
ceedi
ngs
o
f
IE
EE
ISIE,
Mo
nt
real,
Q
u
eb
ec
,
Can
a
d
a
,
p
p
.
1765-1
7
6
8
,
200
6.
[15]
S
.
S.
O
m
r
an
a
n
d
A
li.
S
h
.
A
l-K
h
ali
d
,
"
A
M
i
crop
roces
sor
–
Ba
s
e
d
F
ast
P
o
w
e
r
F
acto
r
M
eter,"
Al-Buh
oo
th
Al_
Ta
qu
ny
a
,
no
. 1
02
, pp
.
6
0-6
5
,
2
00
2.
[16]
S
.
S.
O
mr
an
,
Ali
. S
h.
Al
-
Khal
i
d
and
J
.
A
.
K
adu
m
,
" A
No
vel
and
F
a
s
t
Po
w
er F
act
or Cal
cul
a
t
i
o
n
M
etho
d,"
Al-Buh
oo
th
Al_
Ta
qu
ny
a
,
vo
l
. 17
,
no
. 6
,
p
p
.
2
5
-3
0, 20
0
4
.
[17]
A.
S
.
A
l
-Kh
a
li
d
an
d
S
a
f
aa.
S
.
Om
ran
,
"
A
Very
F
as
t
P
o
wer
Facto
r
Cal
c
ul
ation
M
e
t
hod
,
"
pr
oceedi
n
g
s
o
f
IEEE
Symp
os
iu
m o
n
In
du
strial Elect
roni
c an
d
A
pplica
t
i
o
n
s
,
L
a
ng
kawi
,
M
a
la
ysi
a
,
p
p
.
494-4
97,
2
0
1
1
.
[18]
K.
A
.
H
a
m
eed,
"A
m
icro
cont
ro
ller
bas
e
d
di
g
i
tal
p
o
w
e
r
f
act
or
a
nd
p
h
a
s
e
a
n
g
l
e
m
e
t
e
r
,
"
Jo
ur
nal
of
E
l
ectri
ca
l &
Elect
ro
n
i
cs
E
ngineer
in
g IO
S
R
-JE
E
E
,
vo
l
. 1
1,
issu
e 1, p
p
. 82
-
86
,
2
0
1
6
.
[19]
P
.
P
.
M
achad
o,
T
.P
.
A
b
u
d
,
M
.
Z.
F
o
r
tes
and
B.S
.
B
arb
a
,
"po
w
er
f
a
cto
r
m
etering
s
y
s
t
e
m
u
si
ng
A
r
dui
no
,
"
IE
EE
works
h
o
p
i
n
p
o
wer
elect
ronics
an
d
power
qu
a
l
it
y Ap
p
licatio
ns
(PEPQA)
,
P
P
.
1
-
6
,
2
0
1
7
.
[20]
A.
A
.
Yas
een,
"
F
as
t-Resp
on
se
P
ower
F
acto
r
C
o
m
p
u
t
a
tio
n
Tech
niq
u
e
,"
pr
oceedi
n
g
s
of IEEE
of
t
h
e
2
nd
Interna
t
ional
Conf
eren
ce on
A
d
van
ces
in
Com
p
u
t
atio
nal T
ool
s fo
r Engin
eeri
n
g
Ap
plicatio
n
s
(
A
CT
EA)
,
Bei
r
ut,
L
e
ba
non
,
pp.
2
3
5
-2
40,
2012
.
[21]
S
.
W
ang
an
d
C.
W
u,
"
Des
i
g
n
o
f
an
a
ccur
a
t
e
p
ow
e
r
f
acto
r
m
eas
ur
em
ent
ap
pro
ach
u
s
i
ng
FPG
A
based
chi
p
,
"
Ws
e
a
s
T
r
an
sa
cti
ons o
n
Ci
rcuits an
d
Syst
ems
,
vo
l. 9
, n
o.
7
, p
p.
45
3
-4
6
2
,
2
0
1
0
.
[22]
A
.
B
i
s
w
a
s
,
S
.
D
h
a
r
,
A
.
K
u
m
a
r
a
n
d
A
.
S
a
n
y
a
l
,
"
p
o
w
e
r
f
a
c
t
o
r
m
e
a
s
u
rem
e
nt
a
nd
c
orrect
ion
u
s
in
g
di
git
a
l
c
o
nt
ro
ller
im
p
l
em
en
t
a
t
i
o
n
in
F
P
GA,"
Int. Jou
r
na
l
o
f
m
i
cr
oelectr
oni
cs
en
g
i
neer
ing
(
I
J
M
E),
vo
l
. 1
, n
o.
1,
p
p
.
25
-34
, 20
1
5
.
[23]
A.
Bi
s
w
a
s,
S
.
Dh
ar
,
A
.
K
.
B
a
su
,
an
d A
.
S
an
yal,
"Po
wer
F
act
or
Me
as
urem
ent
and
Correct
ion
u
s
i
n
g
Di
g
ital Co
n
t
roller
Imp
l
e
m
en
ted
on
F
P
G
A
"
Int
e
rn
ation
a
l
Jo
urn
a
l
o
f
Micr
oel
ectro
n
i
cs
Engin
eeri
n
g
(
I
JME)
,
vo
l
.
1
,
no
.1
,
pp.
2
5
-
34
,
20
15
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N: 2
0
8
8
-
86
94
I
n
t
J Po
w El
ec &
D
ri S
y
s
t
Vo
l. 1
0
,
No
. 4
,
D
e
c
2
0
19
:
1
961
–
1
968
1
968
BIOGRAPHI
E
S
OF
AUT
HORS
Sa
fa
a
S
Om
ra
n
wa
s
bo
rn
i
n
Ira
q.
I
g
radu
ated
f
rom
U
n
i
v
ersity
o
f
Bagh
dad
in
1
97
8,
a
nd
th
en
I
g
o
t
th
e
M
S
c
f
r
om
t
he
s
am
e
Univ
ersity
i
n
1
9
8
4
.
N
o
w
I
am
w
orking
i
n
t
h
e
E
l
ectri
cal
E
ngin
eering
Col
l
ege /
Mi
ddle
T
echn
i
cal Un
i
vers
it
y a
s
a
n
ass
i
stan
t
p
r
o
f
. M
y
i
n
terest wo
r
kin
g
researches
i
n
t
h
e
fiel
d
o
f
m
icro
proces
so
r
d
e
si
gn
f
o
r
em
b
e
d
d
ed
s
ystem
s
,
Imag
e
p
r
oc
es
si
ng
and
crypt
og
raph
y
syst
e
m
d
esign.
Ali
S
Alkh
ali
d
w
as
b
orn
in
B
ag
hd
ad,
Iraq
in
1
9
5
8
.
H
e
recei
ved
h
is
B
S
c
a
nd
M
Sc
i
n
el
ectri
cal
e
n
gine
e
r
in
g
in
1
9
8
0
a
nd
1
9
83
re
sp
e
c
t
iv
e
l
y
fr
om
t
he
U
nive
rs
ity
o
f
B
a
g
h
d
a
d
.
H
e
i
s
n
o
w
a
n
ass
i
stant
p
r
o
f
essor
wo
rk
in
g
at
t
he
C
oll
e
ge
o
f
E
l
ect
rical
E
n
g
ine
erin
g
Techn
i
ca
l
Colleg
e
,
t
h
e
m
i
d
d
le
t
echni
cal
u
niv
e
rsi
t
y,
B
aghd
ad,
Iraq
.
H
is
m
ain
i
n
t
e
rest
i
s
in
i
n
s
trume
n
ta
t
i
on
a
nd
m
easurem
en
t i
n
p
ow
er li
n
e. He is
al
s
o
interested
in
the
fiel
d o
f cryptanalysis.
Am
er
A
tta
Y
aseen
r
e
ceiv
e
d
h
i
s
BSc
in
E
l
e
c
t
rical
E
n
g
i
n
eerin
g
(1
9
98)
f
r
om
A
l
-
Mus
t
ansiriya
Un
iversit
y
a
nd
M
S
c
i
n
C
on
trol
a
n
d
A
u
t
omat
io
n
En
g
i
n
eerin
g
(200
5)
f
r
o
m
U
n
iv
e
r
si
ty
o
f
Tech
nol
og
y,
B
ag
hd
ad,
Iraq
.
He
i
s
now
a
L
ectu
r
er
i
n
Med
i
cal
i
nstru
m
en
t
s
e
n
g
in
eerin
g
dep
a
rtm
e
nt
,
Elect
rical
E
n
g
i
n
eerin
g
Tech
nical
C
o
lleg
e
,
Mi
ddle
Te
c
h
nic
a
l
U
nive
rsity.
Ba
g
h
d
a
d
,
Iraq.
H
is
i
n
t
erest
i
n
M
icro
cont
rol
l
er
P
rog
r
amm
i
ng
u
sing
m
ik
roC
and
as
sem
b
ly
l
ang
u
age
an
d
con
t
rol
appli
cation
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.