Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of
P
ower E
le
ctr
on
i
cs a
n
d
Drive
S
ystem
(I
J
PE
D
S
)
Vo
l.
11
,
No.
4
,
Decem
be
r 202
0
, p
p.
1890
~
189
8
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8694
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ij
peds
.
v11.i
4
.
pp
1890
-
189
8
1890
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
pe
ds
.i
aescore.c
om
A
ne
w spac
e vec
tor mod
ula
ti
on tech
nique
for q
ua
s
i Z
-
sou
rce B4
inverter
Izni M
ustaf
ar
1
, Nazih
a A. A
zl
i
2
,
No
r
ju
li
a
M.
N
ordin
3
1,2,3
School
of El
ec
tr
ic
a
l
(Pow
er)
Engi
ne
eri
ng,
Un
ive
rsiti T
eknol
o
gi
Mal
aysia
,
813
10
Skudai, Johor
,
Mal
aysia
1
Depa
rtment of
El
e
ct
roni
c Engi
n
ee
ring
,
Univ
ersiti
Sains I
sl
am Ma
la
ysia
,
71800
Ni
la
i
,
Neg
eri
Se
mb
il
an
,
Mal
aysia
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
A
ug
21
, 201
9
Re
vised
Oct
9
,
20
19
Accepte
d
J
ul
1
3
, 2
0
20
A
Quasi
Z
-
Source
(qZS
)
n
et
wor
k
has
bee
n
u
ti
l
ized
in
a
B4
inve
r
t
er
topol
ogy
to
prov
ide
vol
tage
boost
ing
eff
e
ct
by
turni
ng
on
the
upper
and
lo
wer
sw
itches
simul
ta
n
eously
which
is
know
n
as
z
ero
shoo
t
-
through
states.
How
eve
r
,
the
d
esign
of
a
q
ZS
B4
inv
ert
e
r
i
s
not
as
strai
gh
tf
orw
ard
as
addi
n
g
a
q
ZS
LC
im
ped
anc
e
ne
twork
to
the
front
-
end
of
a
B4
inv
ert
er
.
Thi
s
is
be
ca
use
the
r
e
are
no
z
ero
vect
ors
avail
abl
e
in
a
B4
inve
rt
er
to
pology
to
insert
th
e
shoot
through
z
ero
sta
t
es,
as
in
th
e
c
ase
of
a
B6
inv
ert
er
.
Thi
s pa
p
er
prop
oses a
new
Sp
ac
e
Ve
ct
or
M
odula
ti
on
(SV
M) t
e
chni
que
for
a
qZS
B4
inv
ert
er
.
Additi
on
al
ze
ro
ve
ct
ors
hav
e
bee
n
appr
opri
at
e
ly
adde
d
and
distri
bute
d
in
t
he
proposed
SV
M
to
avoi
d
al
t
eri
ng
th
e
exis
ti
ng
vo
lt
-
sec
p
er
sw
itching
cy
cl
e
for
th
e
exi
sting
active
v
ec
tors.
Th
e
vol
tage
ve
ct
ors
sw
itc
hing
pl
ac
e
me
nt
i
s
ca
ref
u
ll
y
designe
d
in
ord
er
to
en
abl
e
the
vol
ta
g
e
b
oosti
ng
ef
fect
for
th
is
topo
logy
without
alter
ing
the
in
it
i
al
out
put
volt
ag
e.
In
addi
ti
on
,
an
a
pproa
ch
to
com
pensa
te
the
DC
-
li
nk
voltage
rippl
e
h
as
al
so
b
ee
n
t
ake
n
int
o
c
onsi
der
ation
in
it
s
ini
t
ia
l
c
al
c
ula
ti
on
to
ac
h
ie
v
e
ba
la
nc
ed
ou
tp
ut
voltage
.
The
per
forma
n
ce
of
th
e
proposed
modul
ation
tech
nique
is
ver
if
ie
d
using
MA
TL
A
B/Sim
uli
nk
.
It
is
show
n
tha
t
by
using
the
p
roposed
modul
a
ti
on
t
ec
hniqu
e,
the
re
is
an
over
all
im
prov
e
me
nt
on
the
li
ne
to
li
n
e
output
v
olt
ag
e
where
by
it
is
ab
le
to
produc
e
b
al
an
ced
output
vol
ta
g
e
s
for
the
thr
ee
-
p
hase
loa
ds
wi
th
or
without
boosting
eff
ect.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
B4 in
ver
te
r
DC
-
li
nk
vo
lt
ag
e ripple
Qu
asi
Z
-
Sour
c
e
Sp
ace
vecto
r mo
du
la
ti
on
This
is an
open
acc
ess arti
cl
e
un
der
the
CC
BY
-
SA
l
ic
ense
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Naziha
A. Azli
,
School
of Elec
tric
al
(
Powe
r)
En
gin
eeri
ng,
Un
i
ver
sit
i Te
knol
og
i
M
al
a
ys
ia
,
81310
S
kudai,
Jo
ho
r,
M
al
a
ys
ia
.
Emai
l:
naziha
@u
tm
.m
y
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Ov
e
r
t
he
year
s
,
va
rio
us
volt
age
s
ource
in
ve
rters
(VSI
)
to
polo
gies
hav
e
be
en
pro
po
se
d
de
pendin
g
o
n
industrial
needs
an
d
a
ppli
cat
ion
s
.
E
ve
n
t
hough
the
co
nvent
ion
al
si
x
-
s
witc
h
th
ree
-
phase
(
B6)
VSI
is
bro
adl
y
us
e
d,
the
use
of
re
duce
d
c
ou
nt
s
witc
h
to
polog
ie
s
is
c
onsidere
d
in
s
pecif
ic
lo
w
powe
r
r
ang
e
a
ppli
cat
i
on
s
t
o
reduce
c
os
t
and
powe
r
loss
es.
To
acc
ompli
sh
that,
the
four
-
s
witc
h
three
-
phase
(B
4)
in
ve
rter
ha
s
bee
n
pro
po
se
d
i
n
[1]
.
Des
pite
it
s
adv
a
ntage
s,
t
he
B4
in
ver
te
r
ha
s
seve
ral
sig
nif
ic
ant
draw
bac
ks.
Lit
eratu
re
st
ud
ie
s
sta
te
that
the
B4
in
ver
te
r
pr
oduces
per
i
od
i
cal
fluctua
ti
on
s
across
the
D
C
-
li
nk
s
plit
capaci
tors
[2
-
7]
.
A
la
r
ge
DC
-
li
nk
capaci
tor
is
typ
ic
al
ly
us
ed
t
o
co
mpe
ns
at
e
the
DC
-
li
nk
rip
ple,
a
nd
this
can
be
quit
e
bu
l
ky.
Th
us
,
it
is
vital
to
co
mp
e
ns
at
e
for
the
in
flue
nce
of
t
he
DC
-
li
nk
rip
ple
on
the
outp
ut
volt
age
with
out
the
e
xpens
e
of
us
in
g
la
rg
e
DC
-
li
nk
capaci
tor
s.
V
ario
us
m
odula
ti
on
te
ch
nique
s
us
in
g
s
witc
hi
ng
ti
me
c
ompen
sat
ion
s
ha
ve
bee
n
pro
po
se
d
t
o
co
mp
e
ns
at
e
f
or
the
vo
lt
age
im
ba
la
nce
sp
li
t
ca
pacit
or
[2
-
4
,
8
-
10]
.
Furthe
rm
ore,
c
ompare
d
t
o
a
B6
inv
e
rter,
it
is
no
te
d
that
ze
r
o
vect
or
s
are
abse
nt
for
a
B
4
in
ver
te
r
wit
h
only
f
our
a
va
il
able
act
ive
vecto
rs.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
A n
ew
space ve
ct
or
mod
ula
ti
on tech
nique f
or q
ua
si
Z
-
s
ourc
e B4 i
nverter
…
(
Nazi
ha A.
Azli
)
1891
Hen
ce
,
nume
r
ou
s
a
ppr
oach
e
s
re
ga
rd
i
ng
ze
ro
ve
ct
ors
i
ntegr
at
io
n
in
a
s
pa
ce
vect
or
pu
l
se
-
wi
dth
m
odul
at
ion
(S
V
M) tec
hn
i
que
hav
e
b
ee
n p
rop
os
ed
to sol
ve
for
t
he
a
bs
e
nc
e of zer
o vect
or
s
in
B
4
i
nv
e
r
te
rs
[6
,
11
-
13]
.
Ap
a
rt
from
t
ha
t,
in
an
y
co
nce
pt
of
sta
ndar
d
VS
I
operati
on,
the
B4
or
B6
i
nv
e
rters
ca
n
only
perform
bu
c
k
op
e
rati
on
.
T
hus,
t
he
m
os
t
strai
ghtf
orward
s
olu
ti
on
is
to
us
e
a
D
C
-
DC
c
onver
t
er
to
boos
t
the
ou
t
pu
t
vo
lt
age
from
the
DC
s
ource
.
Nev
e
rtheless
,
by
us
in
g
t
his
a
ppr
oach,
it
defea
ts
the
pur
pos
e
of
reduci
ng
powe
r
losses
since
ac
ti
ve
s
witc
hes
a
re
nee
ded
in
a
DC
-
DC
boos
t
conve
rter.
He
nc
e,
a
n
im
pe
da
nc
e
net
wor
k
i
nverter
has
bee
n
pro
pose
d
[14]
as
a
n
al
te
r
native
to
t
he
tra
diti
on
al
DC
-
DC
c
on
ver
te
r
.
It
rem
oves
t
he
act
i
ve
con
t
ro
l
switc
hes
an
d
pro
vid
es
the
vo
lt
age
bu
c
k
-
boos
t
capa
bili
ty
by
tu
r
ning
on
the
lo
wer
an
d
up
per
s
witc
hes
simult
ane
ou
sl
y
(sho
ot
-
th
rou
gh
ti
me).
A
Z
-
Sou
rce
(Z
S)
and
quasi
Z
-
Sour
ce
(qZS)
inv
e
rter
is
one
o
f
the
impe
da
nce
netw
ork
t
opol
og
ie
s
.
Se
ver
al
B4
in
ver
te
rs
th
at
util
iz
e
a
ZS
/qZS
to
polo
gy
to
boos
t
the
outp
ut
vo
lt
age
has
be
en
repo
rted
i
n
[3
,
9
,
11
,
15]
.
A
detai
le
d
a
na
lysis
on
the
Z
S
B4
in
ver
te
r
modu
la
ti
on
te
c
hn
i
qu
e
has
been
prese
nted
i
n
[
11]
,
w
her
e
it
discuss
es
the
process
of
ze
r
o
vecto
rs
synthesis
sinc
e
theo
reti
cal
ly
for
a
B4
in
ve
rter;
t
he
ze
ro
vecto
rs
a
re
a
bs
e
nt.
Co
ns
e
qu
e
ntly
,
the
placeme
nt
of
sho
ot
-
th
rou
gh
ti
me
ha
s
bee
n
est
ablished
,
ba
sed
on
t
he
a
va
il
abili
ty
of
z
ero
vect
or
s
de
pendin
g
on
t
he
va
rio
us
poss
ible
B4
-
ZS
in
ver
te
r
topolo
gies
[
11]
.
Simi
la
r
to
a
conve
ntion
al
ZS/qZS
B
6
i
nverter;
a
ze
r
o
vecto
r
is
nee
de
d
t
o
i
ns
ert
a
sh
oot
-
thr
ough
ze
r
o
c
onditi
on
a
nd
s
ub
s
eq
ue
ntly
pr
ov
i
de
a
boos
ti
ng
e
ff
ect
on
th
e
outp
ut
volt
age
[
14]
.
Hen
ce
,
it
i
s
vital
to
co
ns
id
er
the
c
on
ce
pt
of
ne
utrali
zat
ion
of
act
ive
ve
ct
or
s
in
orde
r
to
pro
duce
ze
ro
vecto
rs.
H
oweve
r,
in
[
11]
,
the
D
C
-
li
nk
volt
age
rip
ple
has
bee
n
ass
ume
d
co
nst
ant,
a
nd
the
current
ci
rc
ulati
on
t
hroug
h
t
he
t
wo
sp
li
t
DC
-
li
nk
i
s
no
t
co
ns
ide
r
ed.
T
her
e
fore,
to
c
ompen
sat
e
f
or
the
s
plit
DC
-
li
nk
volt
ag
e
imbala
nce,
a
dap
ti
ve
SVM
te
c
hniq
ue
s
ha
ve
been
pro
posed
in
[3
,
9]
.
Howe
ver,
t
he
f
ocu
s
of
the
se
te
ch
niques
is
just
to
co
mpe
ns
at
e
the
switc
hi
ng
t
ime
in
orde
r
to
so
l
ve
the
D
C
-
li
nk
vo
lt
age
ripp
le
iss
ue
w
it
ho
ut
a
ppr
opriat
el
y
cons
ideri
ng
t
he
zero
vecto
rs
s
witc
hing
ti
me
distrib
utions
in
it
s
propose
d
al
gorith
m.
This
pa
pe
r
pr
opos
es
a
ne
w
SVM
te
chn
iq
ue
f
or
the
qZS
B4
in
ver
te
r
,
w
hich
can
pro
vid
e
D
C
-
li
nk
rip
ple
com
pensat
ion
thr
ough
ze
ro
vecto
r
sy
nt
hesis
a
ppr
oach.
It
prese
nts
an
in
vestiga
ti
on
on
t
he
pr
i
nciple
of
t
he
qZS
B4
in
ve
rter
al
on
g
with
the
pro
po
se
d
SVM
te
ch
nique
wh
i
ch
i
ntrod
uces
z
ero
vect
or
s
tha
t
can
acc
ommo
date
the
s
hoot
-
thr
ough
ze
ro
st
at
es
and
at
the
sa
me
ti
me
prov
i
de
the
DC
-
li
nk
vo
lt
age
ri
pple
com
pe
ns
at
ion.
T
he
acc
ur
acy
of
the
pr
opos
e
d
al
gorithm
f
or
the
S
V
M
is
c
onfirme
d
by
analyzin
g
the
res
ults
of
a
simulat
ion
stu
dy
c
onduct
ed
us
i
ng
M
A
TLAB/Si
m
ulink.
2.
NEW
MO
D
U
LATION
TE
CHNIQ
UE F
OR QZ
S B
4
I
NV
E
RTER
Figure 1
s
hows
the
qZ
S
-
B
4
in
ver
te
r
,
as p
r
op
os
e
d
in
[3]
. I
t uses o
nl
y
four act
ive
switc
hes
to
co
ntr
ol
a
three
-
phase
loa
d
i
ns
te
ad
of
six.
T
he
one
pha
se
le
g
(
phase
A)
of
the
loa
d
is
co
nnect
ed
to
the
mid
point
of
tw
o
sp
li
t
capaci
tors,
w
hile
the
fou
r
switc
hes
a
re
con
t
ro
ll
in
g
an
ot
her
tw
o
-
phase
le
g
(phase
B
a
nd
C
).
T
he
pr
opose
d
structu
re
in
[3]
util
ise
s
shoo
t
-
thr
ough
ze
ro
interval
ti
mes
to
buck
t
he
D
C
-
bus
volt
age
,
li
ke
a
sta
nd
a
r
d
qZ
S
three
-
phase
si
x
-
switc
h
(B
6)
i
nverter
ope
rati
on.
He
nce,
it
prov
i
des
th
e
de
sirable
ou
t
put
vo
lt
age
acr
os
s
th
e
load
by tu
rn
i
ng on t
he
lo
we
r
a
nd upp
e
r
s
witc
hes
s
imult
ane
ou
sl
y
[3]
.
Figure
1
.
Q
uas
i Z
-
s
ource
B
4
i
nv
e
rter t
opol
ogy [2]
Con
ce
ptu
al
ly
f
or
a
qZS
in
vert
er
str
uctu
re,
t
o
measu
re
t
he
ou
t
pu
t
volt
age
of
the
i
nverter
br
i
dg
e
,
it
i
s
essenti
al
to
co
ns
ide
r
the
pea
k
DC
-
li
nk
volt
age,
.
The
refo
r
e,
the
mai
n
re
qu
i
red
e
quat
io
ns
f
or
a
qZ
S
B4
inv
e
rter a
re
[3]
:
=
∙
1
1
−
2
∙
(1)
1
+
2
=
1
−
1
−
2
∙
3
=
1
−
2
∙
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
11
, N
o.
4
,
D
ecembe
r
2020
:
1890
–
18
98
1892
=
1
+
2
=
1
+
2
=
(
1
−
)
⋅
=
(
1
+
2
1
−
)
Wh
e
re
re
pr
es
ents
the
i
nv
e
rt
er
bri
dge
e
quivale
nt
ci
rc
uit
sta
te
conditi
on.
W
he
n
the
in
ver
te
r
is
in
short
ci
rcu
it
c
onditi
on
(s
hoot
-
t
hro
ugh
ze
ro
mode)
,
is
e
qual
to
ze
ro,
w
her
eas
it
will
bec
om
e
1
wh
e
n
the
in
ve
r
te
r
br
i
dg
e
is
in
th
e
act
ive
sta
te
(sho
ot
-
th
rou
gh
mo
de)
.
C
onseq
uen
tl
y,
the
sh
oot
-
t
hroug
h
durati
on,
can
be
expresse
d
as
in
[
14]
.
=
0
(2)
Wh
e
re
0
is t
he
ze
ro s
hoot
-
th
rou
gh s
witc
hing ti
me
is t
he
s
witc
hing ti
me
Con
si
der
i
ng
th
e
DC
-
li
nk
volt
age
rip
ple
that
ge
ner
al
ly
occ
ur
s
in
a
B
4
i
nverter
,
it
is
cr
ucial
to
ta
ke
into
acc
ount
the
vo
lt
age
ac
r
os
s
the
sp
li
t
c
apacit
or
(
1
+
2
)
sinc
e
the
outp
ut
volt
age
of
phas
e
“A”
is
def
i
ned
by
2
.
Th
e
feasible
vo
lt
age
pote
ntial
s
0
,
0
and
0
sh
ow
tha
t
the
influ
e
nce
of
volt
age
va
ri
at
ion
s
in
the
s
plit
cap
aci
tor
has
bee
n
ta
ke
n
int
o
c
on
siderati
on.
T
hus,
this
can
b
e use
d
t
o
cal
c
ulate
phase
volt
ag
es
,
an
d
ba
sed
on
equati
ons
[2
,
3
,
16]
.
1
=
1
2
=
2
0
=
2
0
=
1
∙
(
1
+
2
1
−
)
(3)
0
=
3
∙
(
1
+
2
1
−
)
Wh
e
re
0
,
0
,
0
a
re th
e
volt
age
po
te
ntial
s acro
ss
eac
h ph
a
se r
es
pecti
vely
.
The
formati
on
of
the
a
ve
rage
volt
age
vect
or
ca
n
be
obt
ai
ned
by
a
dd
i
ng
the
fi
ve
vo
lt
age
vecto
rs
from
t
he
br
i
dge
inv
e
rter
.
T
his
can
be
achie
ved
by
us
i
ng
Cl
ark
’
s
tra
ns
f
or
mati
on
,
w
he
re
the
co
mp
one
nts
val
ue
of
and the
five
volt
age
vecto
r
s ar
e
show
n i
n t
he
f
ollo
wing e
qu
at
io
n
[
17]
.
[
]
=
2
3
[
1
−
1
2
−
1
2
0
√
3
2
√
3
2
]
[
]
(4)
=
(
+
)
,
=
00,10,0
1,11, Z
s
ht
The
detai
ls
of
the
outp
ut
volt
age
base
d
on
eac
h
vo
lt
a
ge
vecto
r
a
re
ta
bu
la
te
d
in
T
abl
e
1.
The
existe
nce
of
th
e
pa
rameter
2
il
lustrate
s
the
in
flue
nce
of
volt
age
var
ia
ti
ons
in
the
s
plit
cap
aci
tors
on
al
l
th
e
sp
ace
vect
or
s
.
Eve
n
t
hough
volt
age
va
riat
io
ns
ha
ve
been
consi
der
e
d
in
the
SVM
te
ch
nique
f
or
a
qZ
S
B
4
inv
e
rter
pro
po
sed
i
n
[
3]
,
the
var
ia
ti
on
i
n
t
he
duty
c
ycle,
is
not
i
nclu
de
d
in
the
vo
lt
age
vecto
r
cal
c
ulati
on
.
Th
us
, T
able
2 pr
ese
nts t
he
s
pa
ce vect
or
posi
ti
on
s t
hat consi
der
s
the
va
riat
ion i
n
an
d
2
.
Table
1.
Propo
sed
s
witc
hing
vecto
rs
a
nd the
outp
ut volt
age
s for
t
he qZS
B
4
in
ve
rter
Vector
Ou
tp
u
t Voltag
e
S1
S2
S3
S4
0
0
0
0
2
2
3
−
2
3
−
2
3
1
0
0
1
2
−
1
−
2
2
3
(
1
−
)
2
+
2
1
+
2
3
(
1
−
)
−
2
2
−
1
+
2
3
(
1
−
)
1
1
0
0
−
2
1
−
2
2
3
(
1
−
)
1
+
2
3
(
1
−
)
1
+
2
3
(
1
−
)
0
1
1
0
2
−
1
−
2
2
3
(
1
−
)
−
2
2
−
1
+
2
3
(
1
−
)
2
+
2
1
+
2
3
(
1
−
)
1
1
1
1
2
2
3
−
2
3
−
2
3
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
A n
ew
space ve
ct
or
mod
ula
ti
on tech
nique f
or q
ua
si
Z
-
s
ourc
e B4 i
nverter
…
(
Nazi
ha A.
Azli
)
1893
Table
2.
Propo
sed
S
witc
hi
ng
Size
of
Vectors f
or
t
he
qZS B
4 I
nv
e
rter
Vector
00
2
2
3
0
10
2
−
1
−
2
2
3
(
1
−
)
2
+
1
√
3
(
1
−
)
11
2
(
1
+
2
)
3
(
1
−
)
0
01
2
−
1
−
2
2
3
(
1
−
)
−
(
2
+
1
)
√
3
(
1
−
)
Zsh
t
2
2
3
0
Figure
2
.
S
witc
hing
vecto
rs dist
ribu
ti
on a
nd
chosen
vecto
r
se
qu
e
nc
es
Table
3.
Propo
sed
volt
age
ve
ct
or
s
witc
hing
ti
me f
or sect
or
1
a
nd 2
Secto
r
1
(
−
4
≤
<
4
)
2
(
4
≤
<
3
4
)
00
1
−
(
1
−
)
2
1
+
2
+
3
cos
(
)
−
ℎ
1
+
2
1
+
2
−
√
3
cos
(
−
3
)
−
ℎ
10
(
1
−
)
2
1
+
2
−
√
3
cos
(
+
6
)
√
3
cos
(
)
11
0
(
1
−
)
2
1
+
2
−
√
3
cos
(
+
3
)
01
(
1
−
)
2
1
+
2
−
√
3
cos
(
−
6
)
0
Table
4.
Propo
sed
volt
age
ve
ct
or
s
witc
hing
ti
me f
or sect
or
3
a
nd 4
Secto
r
3
(
3
4
≤
<
5
4
)
4
(
5
4
≤
<
−
4
)
00
0
1
+
2
1
+
2
−
√
3
cos
(
+
3
)
−
ℎ
10
1
+
2
1
+
2
−
√
3
cos
(
−
6
)
−
ℎ
0
11
2
−
1
−
2
2
1
+
2
−
3
cos
(
)
+
ℎ
2
−
2
1
+
2
−
√
3
cos
(
−
3
)
01
1
+
2
1
+
2
−
√
3
cos
(
+
6
)
−
ℎ
√
3
cos
(
)
Fu
rt
hermo
re,
to
est
imat
e
t
he
desire
d
re
fere
nce
wa
veform,
it
is
neces
sary
to
desi
gn
the
pro
per
switc
hing
sta
te
s
to
m
odulate
the
outp
ut
puls
es.
Th
ere
fore,
to
obta
in
the
de
sired
ref
e
ren
c
e
vo
lt
a
ge
vect
or,
the
in
ve
rter
ne
eds
t
o
be
s
witc
hed
betwee
n
act
ive
a
djace
nt
sta
te
s
ov
e
r
a
const
ant
s
witc
hing
pe
rio
d.
D
ur
i
ng
each
s
witc
hi
ng,
on
l
y
t
hr
ee
ve
ct
or
s
are
use
d
in
on
e
sect
or
and
the
placement
of
eac
h
vo
lt
age
vecto
r,
a
r
e
su
pp
os
e
dly
as
cl
os
est
as
poss
ible
to
[2]
.
Co
ns
e
qu
e
ntly,
the
switc
hi
ng
se
quence
for
t
he
c
ho
s
en
te
ch
niqu
e
i
s
base
d
on
Fig
ure
2,
w
her
e
th
e
vo
lt
age
vect
or
a
rr
a
ng
e
me
nt
is
in
betwee
n
the
cent
re
of
seq
ue
ntial
vo
lt
age
vecto
rs.
Ge
neral
ly,
in
a
previ
ou
sl
y
pro
po
se
d
m
odulati
on
t
echn
i
qu
e
[
2],
on
l
y
tw
o
sect
ors
ha
ve
bee
n
use
d
to
track
t
he
desir
ed
volt
age
vec
tor,
.
Th
us,
the
point
of
ref
e
r
ence
trac
ki
ng
is
quit
e
la
r
ge
a
nd
c
ou
l
d
je
opa
rd
iz
e
the
accu
rac
y
of
obta
inin
g
t
he
desire
d
ref
e
re
nce
wav
e
form
wh
e
re
it
is
pos
sible
that
the
create
d
is
far
f
rom
.
T
he
cal
c
ulate
d
ti
me
f
or
eac
h
ti
me
portio
ns
is
gen
e
rall
y
t
abu
la
te
d
in
Ta
ble
3
a
nd
Ta
ble
4
w
her
e
by
t
he
ℎ
value
ca
n be
obtai
ned by
us
i
ng e
qu
at
io
n (
2)
.
Wh
e
re
,
ti
ming i
nter
va
l for
vo
lt
age
ve
ct
or
;
ave
ra
ge vo
lt
a
ge vect
or;
switc
hing
peri
od
;
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
11
, N
o.
4
,
D
ecembe
r
2020
:
1890
–
18
98
1894
vo
lt
age
v
e
ct
or
po
sit
io
n.
=
(
1
−
)
1
+
2
It
is
al
way
s
ess
entia
l
to
ac
knowle
dge
t
he
a
bse
nce
of
ze
ro
ve
ct
or
i
n
desi
gn
i
ng
the
s
witc
hing
se
quenc
e
of
a
qZS
B
4
in
ver
te
r
[6
,
9
,
11
-
13
,
18]
.
Sim
il
ar
with
the
c
onve
ntion
al
qZ
S
B6
in
ver
te
r
,
a
zero
vecto
r
ti
me
is
need
e
d
i
n
a
qZ
S
B4
i
nv
e
rte
r
to
i
ns
ert
a
shoo
t
-
thr
ough
ze
ro
c
on
diti
on
a
nd
co
rr
es
pondi
ng
l
y
giv
e
a
bo
os
ti
ng
eff
ect
on
t
he
outp
ut
volt
age
[
19
-
21]
.
Ta
ppin
g
pri
or
knowle
dg
e
,
the
fou
r
a
ct
ive
vecto
rs
a
re
place
d
oppo
sing
each
ot
her
as
sh
ow
n
in
Fi
gure
3
wh
e
re
(
0,1)
a
nd
(1,0)
ar
e
po
i
nting
i
n
opposit
e
direct
ion
s
ver
ti
cal
ly
wh
il
e
(0,0)
a
nd
(1,1)
are
poi
nting
i
n
opposit
e
dire
ct
ion
s
horiz
on
t
al
ly
[3
,
6
,
11
-
13
,
15]
.
T
he
re
fore,
a
ze
r
o
ve
ct
or
is
create
d
i
n
eac
h sam
pling t
ime b
y usin
g
t
his c
onditi
on in
t
he pr
opos
e
d SV
M t
echn
i
qu
e
.
A
cl
ea
rer
inter
pr
et
at
io
n
of
th
e
proc
ess
of
c
r
eat
ing
ze
r
o
vec
tor
c
an
be
dep
i
ct
ed
from
F
ig
ure
4.
Fig
ure
4(
a
)
show
s
t
he
init
ia
l
switc
hi
ng
sta
te
s
with
ou
t
an
y
zer
o
vecto
r
ti
me
int
erv
al
in
sect
or
1.
Re
ferrin
g
t
o
t
he
switc
hing
sta
te
s
of
the
uppe
r
switc
hes
(
S1,
S3
)
,
a
zer
o
sta
te
interval
ti
me
is
create
d
by
us
in
g
the
re
m
ai
nin
g
ti
me
po
rti
on
of
the
lo
ng
e
r
(
0,0
)
of
sta
te
time
com
pa
red
to
the
(
1,1)
st
at
e
ti
me
as
dep
ic
te
d
in
Fi
gure
4(b
).
Con
se
quently
,
the
(
0,0)
s
witc
hing
sta
te
ti
me
that
is
e
qu
al
to
the
(
1,1)
s
witc
hin
g
sta
te
ti
me
is
us
ed
to
gen
e
rate
the
accu
rate
re
fer
e
nce
phas
or
vo
lt
-
sec
.
T
he
sh
oot
-
t
hro
ugh
zero
is
the
n
in
serted
int
o
the
zero
sta
te
int
erv
al
ti
me
to
giv
e
a
bo
os
ti
ng
e
ff
e
ct
on
t
he
outp
ut
vo
lt
age
,
a
s
seen
in
Fig
ur
e
4(c)
.
The
placement
of
t
he
sh
oot
-
thr
ough
ze
ro
i
nter
val
is
i
n
be
tween
the
dura
ti
on
of
the
(0,0)
a
nd
(1,1)
s
wi
tc
hin
g
sta
te
s
f
or
Sect
or
1
a
nd
Sect
or
3.
Wh
il
e
in
Se
ct
or
2
an
d
Sec
tor
4,
the
plac
ement
of
s
hoot
-
thr
ough
ze
ro
i
nter
val
is
in
be
tween
the
swit
chin
g
sta
te
s
of
(
1,0)
and
(0,1).
T
his
will
e
nsure
th
at
the
volt
-
sec
aver
a
ge
pe
r
sw
it
ching
c
ycle
f
or
al
l
e
xisti
ng
act
ive
vecto
rs wil
l re
main
un
al
te
re
d.
Figure
3
.
Vect
or
s
posit
io
n on sp
ace
d
ia
gr
a
m
for
B
4
i
nv
e
rter
(a)
(b)
(c)
Figure
4
.
The
process
of c
rea
ti
ng
ze
ro v
ect
or ti
me inte
rv
al
,
(a) S
witc
hing
seq
uen
ce
w
it
hout t
he
ze
ro v
e
ct
or
ti
me interv
al
i
n sec
tor
1
,
(b)
S
witc
hing
se
que
nce
with a
repr
oductio
n
of zer
o vecto
r
ti
me i
nter
val in s
e
ct
or
1
,
(c)
Sho
ot
-
th
rou
gh zer
o
sta
te
posit
ion i
n
sect
or
1
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
A n
ew
space ve
ct
or
mod
ula
ti
on tech
nique f
or q
ua
si
Z
-
s
ourc
e B4 i
nverter
…
(
Nazi
ha A.
Azli
)
1895
3.
RESU
LT
S
A
ND AN
ALYSIS
The
ci
rcu
it
c
onfi
gurati
on
as
sh
ow
n
i
n
Fi
gure
1
is
desi
gn
e
d
base
d
on
th
e
pa
rameters
as
in
T
able
5.
All
pa
rameters
are
sel
ect
ed
ba
sed
on
[21]
to
achie
ve
the
m
os
t
sta
ble
dy
na
mic
pe
rforman
ce.
Sim
ulati
on
work
us
in
g M
ATL
A
B/
Simuli
nk h
a
s b
ee
n d
on
e
to verif
y
t
he pr
op
os
e
d
c
on
tr
ol te
c
hn
i
qu
e
.
To
anal
yze
t
he
pe
rfo
rma
nce
of
the
propose
d
SVM
te
ch
ni
qu
e
for
t
he
qZ
S
B
4
i
nv
e
rter,
a
co
mpa
ris
on
is
made
wit
h
[
11]
w
her
e
the
vo
lt
age
acr
os
s
the
DC
-
li
nk
ca
pacit
or
is
ass
ume
d
t
o
be
e
qu
al
.
It
has
bee
n
pro
ven
in
[2
,
9
,
11
,
16
-
18]
t
hat
both
s
plit
capaci
tor
volt
ages
ar
e
n
ot
e
qual
ly
div
ide
d.
Hen
c
e,
it
is
i
mport
ant
t
o
consi
der
t
he
va
lue
of
t
he
volt
ages
ac
r
os
s
th
e
s
plit
capaci
t
or.
In
it
ia
ll
y,
th
e
value
of
the
modu
la
ti
on
rat
io
a
nd
sh
oot
-
t
hro
ugh
zero
is
set
to
=0.8
an
d
=
0
res
pecti
vely
.
By
usi
ng
t
he
pro
pos
ed
S
VM
te
c
hniqu
e
a
s
obse
rv
e
d
in
Table 3
a
nd Tab
le
4,
it
is
note
d
t
hat
the
a
mp
li
tud
e
of
the
outp
ut
volt
age
s
is
77 V
pea
k
to
pea
k
for
al
l
li
ne
t
o
li
ne
volt
ages
V
ab
,
V
bc
an
d
V
ca
as
show
n
i
n
Fi
gure
5.
T
his
is
because
the
act
ive
ti
me
f
or
ea
ch
s
witc
h
ha
s
been
cal
culat
ed
a
nd
ad
juste
d
acc
or
ding
to
the
v
ari
at
ion
s
in
1
an
d
2
.
At
this
sta
ge,
is
set
t
o
0;
the
r
efore,
the
re
is
no
boos
ti
ng
e
f
fect
on
the
ou
tpu
t
volt
age.
F
rom
t
he
sim
ul
at
ion
res
ults,
t
he
li
ne
to
li
ne
outp
ut
volt
ag
es
are
balance
d
an
d
conseq
ue
ntly,
le
ss
harmo
nic
is
repor
te
d.
Al
though
the
outpu
t
vo
lt
age
s
in
[
3]
a
re
re
por
te
d
as
sy
m
metri
cal
,
t
he
ne
w
pro
pos
ed
SVM
te
ch
ni
qu
e
h
as
a
s
mall
er
loa
d
volt
ag
e
total
h
ar
moni
c
dist
or
ti
on (
T
HD) of
1.66% as s
how
n
in
Fig
ure
6
c
ompare
d
t
o 1.8
7%
as
r
e
ported
in
[3]
.
To
validat
e
th
e
zer
o
vo
lt
age
vecto
r
distrib
ut
ion
in
the
pro
po
s
ed
SVM
te
chn
i
qu
e
,
the
s
hoot
-
t
hroug
h
zero
durati
on
is
set
to
0.
2
and
M
is
re
du
ced
co
rr
es
pondin
gly
to
0.65
wh
e
re
the
bu
ck
-
boos
t
fact
or
is
determi
ned
by
the
co
rr
el
at
io
n
val
ue
be
twe
en
and
[14
,
22]
.
Fig
ur
e
7(a)
sho
ws
the
l
ine
to
li
ne
ou
t
pu
t
vo
lt
age
s
with
out
co
ns
ide
rin
g
the
zer
o
vo
lt
ag
e
vecto
r
distrib
ution.
By
us
i
ng
the
SVM
te
c
hn
i
qu
e
in
[3]
,
wh
e
n
the
duty
rati
o,
D
is
set
higher
than
0.1,
t
her
e
is
a
sign
i
ficant
vo
lt
age
offs
et
in
the
outp
ut
vo
lt
age
wa
veforms
of
al
l
li
ne
to
li
ne
vo
lt
age
s.
T
he
reason
is
due
t
o
the
e
xistence
of
the
volt
-
se
c
error
to
t
he
e
xter
nally
co
nn
ect
e
d
load
wh
e
re
Z
sht
tim
e
du
rati
on
is
inappr
opriat
el
y
inserte
d
in
every
s
witc
hing
ti
me
interval
.
Thus,
the
al
lo
cat
ion
ti
me
fo
r
Z
sht
ti
me
durati
on
is
li
mit
ed.
In
t
his
case,
zer
o
volt
age
vecto
r
di
stribu
ti
on
has
no
t
been
c
onsi
der
e
d
on
l
y
in
on
e
se
ct
or
,
w
hich
is
sect
or
2.
Howe
ver,
as
obse
rv
e
d
in
Fi
gure
7(
a
),
al
l
the
sin
usoidal
wa
ve
for
ms
are
aff
ect
ed
by
the
vo
lt
ag
e
offset.
This
is
beca
use
the
switc
hi
ng
patte
r
n
for
phases
B
a
nd
C
are
de
pe
nd
e
nt
on
a
fixe
d
po
te
ntial
of
ph
as
e
A
a
s
de
picte
d
i
n
Figure
1.
By
c
on
si
der
i
ng
the
zer
o
-
vo
lt
a
ge
vecto
r
distrib
ut
ion
as
sh
ow
n
in
Fig
ure
7(
b)
,
a
s
ymmet
rical
switc
hing
patte
rn
is
ob
ta
i
ned
w
he
n
the
value
of
D
is
va
ried
f
rom
0
t
o
0.2.
T
he
li
ne
t
o
li
ne
ou
t
pu
t
volt
age
am
plit
ude
bo
os
te
d
t
o
150
V
peak
t
o
peak
f
rom
77
V
pea
k
t
o
pea
k,
w
hich
is
gr
eat
er
t
han
the
init
ia
l
ou
tp
ut
volt
age
puls
e
amplit
ud
e
w
hen
=0
as
s
hown
i
n
Fig
ur
e
7(b
).
Fi
gure
8
s
how
s
that
the
Z
sht
ti
me
durati
on
is
inserted
at
t
he
po
i
nt
wh
e
re
is
eq
ual
t
o
0
a
nd
pro
ves
that
t
he
bo
os
ti
ng
act
ion
is
impleme
nte
d
[14
,
22]
.
T
he
simulat
io
n
res
ults
ha
ve
pr
oven
t
hat
the
pro
po
s
ed
S
V
M
te
chn
i
qu
e
is
c
ap
able
of
boos
ti
ng
the
outp
ut
volt
age
and
at
the
sa
me
ti
me
mana
ge
to
bala
nce
the
volt
age
ou
tpu
t
co
mp
a
re
d
to
the
resu
lt
s
pr
e
sent
ed
in
[
11]
w
he
re
the
de
viati
on
of
the
volt
ag
e
capaci
to
r
tha
t
occurs
at
the
DC
-
li
nk
in
put
br
i
dg
e
is
neg
le
ct
ed
.
B
esi
des
that,
i
n
con
t
rast
with
t
he
S
V
M
te
ch
niq
ue
i
n
[
3]
,
the
qZS
B
4
in
ver
t
er
is
able
to
ha
ve
the
vo
lt
age
boos
ti
ng
e
ff
ect
with
ou
t
al
te
rin
g
th
e
vo
lt
-
sec
per
s
witc
hing
cy
cl
e
an
d
co
ns
e
qu
e
ntly
inc
rea
sed
th
e
li
mit
at
ion
o
f
duty rat
io
from
0.1 to 0
.2.
Table
5.
Desig
n para
mete
r of
the circ
uit
Para
m
eters
Valu
es
Line Frequ
en
cy
,
5
0
Hz
Switch
in
g
Fr
eq
u
en
cy
,
1
0
kHz
q
ZS
sp
lit capacito
r
s,
1
,
2
3
0
0
µF
q
ZS
capacito
r,
3
1
5
0
µF
q
ZS
in
d
u
cto
r,
1
,
2
1
0
0
µH
DC in
p
u
t capacito
r,
4
7
0
µF
Ou
tp
u
t Resis
to
r,
20
Figure
5
.
Line
to li
ne ou
t
put v
oltage
wav
e
f
orms
of
t
he qZS
B4
inv
e
rter
with
=
0
.
8
a
nd
=
0
us
in
g
t
he p
rop
os
ed
S
VM
te
chn
iq
ue
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
11
, N
o.
4
,
D
ecembe
r
2020
:
1890
–
18
98
1896
Figure
6
.
Total
h
a
rm
on
ic
dist
or
ti
on
for
t
he
li
ne
to
li
ne o
utput v
oltage
V
bc
us
in
g
t
he pr
opos
e
d
S
V
M
tec
hn
i
qu
e
(a)
(b)
Figure
7
.
Line
to li
ne ou
t
put v
oltage
wav
e
f
orms
of
t
he qZS
B4 in
ver
te
r wit
h
=
0
.
65
an
d
=
0
.
2
(a)
with
ou
t ze
r
o
-
volt
age
vector distri
bu
ti
on
(b) wit
h
ze
ro
-
volt
age
vecto
r d
ist
ribu
ti
on
Figure
8
.
V
oltage
ac
ro
s
s the
c
apacit
or
s
in
t
he
q
Z
S B4 i
nvert
er
with
=
0
.
65
an
d
=
0
.
2
usi
ng
t
he
pro
po
se
d SV
M t
echn
i
qu
e
4.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
This
pap
e
r
has
pro
posed
a
ne
w
S
V
M
te
ch
ni
qu
e
f
or
a
qZS
B4
in
ver
te
r.
It
offer
s
seve
ral
adv
a
ntage
s
wh
e
n
co
mp
a
re
d
t
o
t
he
co
nve
ntion
al
qZ
S
B4
in
ver
te
r
p
r
opose
d
in
[
2]
a
nd [8]
.
T
hese
a
dv
a
ntages
incl
ud
e
a
DC
-
li
nk
rip
ple
co
mp
e
n
sat
io
n
a
nd
a
pro
per
ze
ro
-
volt
age
vec
tor
distri
bu
ti
on
f
or
the
s
ho
ot
-
th
rou
gh
ze
r
o
-
ti
me
interval
.
T
he
oret
ic
al
analysis
for
the
pro
po
se
d
S
VM
te
c
hn
i
qu
e
has
bee
n
di
scusse
d,
a
nd
t
he
sim
ulati
on
r
esult
s
hav
e
pro
ven
t
he
t
heor
y.
It
s
hows
that
t
he
pro
po
se
d
S
V
M
te
c
hniq
ue
ha
s
im
prov
e
d
the
overall
pha
se
out
pu
t
vo
lt
age
pro
duc
ed
by
balanci
ng
the
ou
t
put
volt
ages
f
or
the
three
-
phase
lo
ads
f
r
om
a
du
t
y
cycle
of
=
0
to
=
0
.
2
. An
e
xperime
ntal anal
ys
is w
il
l be carri
ed o
ut n
e
xt to
fur
t
he
r
c
onfirm
the
pro
po
se
d SV
M t
echn
i
qu
e
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
A n
ew
space ve
ct
or
mod
ula
ti
on tech
nique f
or q
ua
si
Z
-
s
ourc
e B4 i
nverter
…
(
Nazi
ha A.
Azli
)
1897
ACK
N
OWLE
DGE
MENTS
This
project
w
as
pa
rtia
ll
y
s
uppo
rted
by
t
he
M
i
nistry
of
E
du
cat
io
n
(
M
al
a
ys
ia
),
U
ni
ver
si
ti
Teknolo
gi
M
al
aysia
unde
r gr
a
nts
Q.
J
130000.
3551.
05G
61.
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
H.
W.
Van
d
er
Broec
k
and
J.
D.
Van
Wyk
.
“A
c
ompa
ra
ti
ve
inves
ti
gat
ion
of
a
thr
ee
-
phase
induc
t
i
on
m
ac
hin
e
driv
e
with
a
co
mponent
mi
ni
mi
z
ed
vo
lt
ag
e
-
fed
inv
erte
r
under
diferent
cont
rol
op
ti
ons
.
”
IEE
E
Tr
ans.
In
d.
Appl.
,
vo
l.
20
,
no.
2
,
pp
.
309
–
3
20,
1984
.
[2]
F.
Blaabje
rg
,
D
.
O.
Ne
ac
su,
and
J.
K.
Peder
sen
.
“Ada
pt
ive
SV
M
to
co
mpe
nsat
e
dc
-
li
nk
vo
ltag
e
ripp
le
fo
r
four
-
sw
it
ch
thr
ee
-
ph
a
se
voltage
-
sourc
e
inv
ert
e
rs
.
”
IEEE
Tr
ans.
Powe
r
El
e
ct
ron.
,
vol
.
1
4,
no
.
4
,
pp
.
743
–
752,
1999
.
[3]
N.
Ahmad
Azl
i,
A.
Kaykhosravi
,
and
F.
Khos
ra
vi
.
“De
sign
of
a
red
u
ce
d
co
mpo
nent
count
singl
e
-
phase
to
thr
ee
-
phase
quasi
-
Z
-
source
conve
r
te
r
.
”
IET
Powe
r
Elec
t
ron.
,
vol
.
7
,
no
.
3,
pp
.
489
–
495
,
2014.
[4]
H.
H.
L
ee,
P.
Q.
Dzung,
L.
D.
Khoa,
and
L
.
M.
Phuong
.
“
The
opt
im
i
ze
d
ada
pt
ive
spa
ce
vec
tor
pulse
wi
dth
modul
ation
for
f
our
sw
i
tc
h
three
phase
inv
ert
e
r
u
nder
DC
-
Li
nk
volt
ag
e
ripp
le
co
ndit
ion
.
”
I
EEE
Re
g.
10
Annu.
In
t.
Conf.
Proceedi
n
gs/T
ENCON
,
no.
2,
pp.
1
–
6,
2009
.
[5]
D.
Zhou,
J.
Zhao,
and
Y.
Li
u
.
“
Predic
ti
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e
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e
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r
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Sw
it
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al
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ce
d
Voltage
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IEEE
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a
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form
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e
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ero
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age
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ec
tor
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io
n
in
Three
-
Phase
Four
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Sw
it
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a
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tor
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EE
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m
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spa
ce
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vec
tor
modulation
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for
a
com
ponen
t
-
mi
n
i
mi
z
ed
vol
ta
g
e
so
urc
e inve
r
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”
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T
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w
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it
ch
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pha
se
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li
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r
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”
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e
-
ve
ct
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odula
ti
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Z
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rt
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Phase
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
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11
, N
o.
4
,
D
ecembe
r
2020
:
1890
–
18
98
1898
BIOGR
AP
HI
ES OF
A
UTH
ORS
Izn
i
Mus
ta
f
ar
r
e
ce
iv
ed
h
er
B
.
E
ng.
(Hons
)
from
the
Univer
si
ti
T
eknol
ogi
Petron
as
in
2011
and
M.
Eng
.
d
egr
e
e
from
Unive
rsiti
Te
knologi
Mal
a
ysia
in
2015,
al
l
in
e
lectr
i
ca
l
enginee
ring
.
She
is
cur
ren
t
ly
a
Ph.D
student
a
t
Univ
ersit
i
T
eknol
og
i
Mala
ysia
who
is
doing
work
rel
at
ed
to
power
conve
rt
ers
modu
la
ti
on
t
ec
hniqu
es.
Naz
iha
Ahmad
Azli
is
an
A
ss
oci
at
e
Prof
essor
at
the
Fa
culty
of
Eng
ine
e
ri
ng,
Univer
si
ti
Te
knologi
Mal
a
ysia
(UTM).
Sh
e
has
b
ee
n
a
member
of
UTM’s
Pow
er
Elec
tron
ic
s
and
Drive
s
Resea
rch
Group
since
2001.
Thro
ughout
h
er
ca
r
eer,
she
h
as
superv
ised
stud
ent
s
wi
t
h
proj
ec
ts
up
to
PhD
le
vel
as
well
as
publ
ished
ma
ny
p
ape
r
s
in
loc
a
l
as
w
el
l
as
int
ern
atio
nal
conf
ere
n
ce
proc
ee
d
ings
and
journa
ls
.
Her
r
ese
arc
h
intere
sts
inc
lud
e
appl
i
cations
of
power
el
e
ct
roni
cs
in
power
quality
an
d
ren
ew
abl
e
en
e
rgy
as
we
ll
as
po
wer
conv
ert
ers modula
t
ion te
ch
nique
s.
Norjuli
a
Moha
m
ad
Nordin
re
ce
i
ved
her
Degr
ee
in
Bac
h
el
or
of
El
e
ct
ri
ca
l
Engi
n
ee
ring
fro
m
th
e
Univer
siti
Te
kn
ologi
Ma
la
ysia
(
UTM)
in
2006
a
nd
the
Master
in
Engi
n
ee
ring
Sci
enc
e
from
the
Univer
sity
o
f
N
ew
South
Wale
s
in
2008.
She
th
en
r
ec
e
ive
d
her
Ph.D
in
El
e
ct
ri
ca
l
Eng
ine
er
ing
from
UTM
in
20
16.
Curr
ently,
she
is
a
Sen
i
or
Lec
ture
r
at
the
Facu
lt
y
of
Engi
n
ee
ri
ng,
Univ
ersit
i
Te
knologi
Mal
a
ysia
(UTM).
He
r
cur
r
ent
r
ese
ar
ch
in
te
r
ests
ar
e
in
AC
mot
or
drive
s/e
le
c
tri
c
al
drive
s,
pow
er elec
tron
ic
s
appl
i
cations,
el
e
ct
r
ic
a
l ma
ch
ine
s a
nd
re
newa
ble e
n
erg
y
conve
rsion.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.