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r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
b
ased
o
n
i
m
p
r
o
v
in
g
th
e
i
n
teg
r
atio
n
alg
o
r
it
h
m
f
o
r
s
tab
ilit
y
an
d
ac
cu
r
ac
y
o
f
th
e
v
o
lta
g
e
-
m
o
d
e
l
-
b
ased
esti
m
at
io
n
m
et
h
o
d
[
7
]
-
[
1
7
]
.
B
asicall
y
th
e
s
tato
r
f
l
u
x
is
o
b
tai
n
ed
b
y
an
o
p
en
lo
o
p
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
i
n
d
u
ce
d
s
tato
r
b
ac
k
elec
tr
o
m
o
tiv
e
f
o
r
ce
(
e
m
f
)
.
I
n
p
r
ac
tice
t
h
e
p
u
r
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
ea
s
il
y
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
ted
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
th
e
i
n
itial
co
n
d
iti
o
n
p
r
o
b
lem
a
n
d
t
h
e
i
n
ev
itab
l
e
DC
o
f
f
s
et
i
n
t
h
e
b
ac
k
e
m
f
s
i
g
n
al.
T
h
u
s
,
n
o
r
m
all
y
lo
w
p
as
s
(
L
P
)
f
ilter
r
ep
l
ac
es
th
e
p
u
r
e
in
te
g
r
atio
n
to
e
li
m
i
n
ate
s
th
e
i
n
it
ial
co
n
d
itio
n
p
r
o
b
le
m
an
d
p
r
ev
e
n
t
t
h
e
s
at
u
r
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
es
ti
m
ated
s
tato
r
f
l
u
x
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
L
P
f
il
ter
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
m
ag
n
it
u
d
e
a
n
d
p
h
a
s
e
er
r
o
r
s
i
n
th
e
esti
m
ated
s
tato
r
f
lu
x
w
h
i
ch
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
a
t
f
r
eq
u
en
c
ies
n
ea
r
o
r
lo
w
er
t
h
a
n
t
h
e
cu
to
f
f
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
.
T
h
ese
er
r
o
r
s
w
il
l
d
eg
r
ad
e
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
d
r
iv
e
s
y
s
te
m
;
t
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
co
m
p
e
n
s
at
io
n
al
g
o
r
ith
m
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
to
co
m
p
en
s
ate
f
o
r
th
ese
er
r
o
r
s
[
8
]
-
[
1
3
]
.
I
n
[
8
]
th
r
ee
in
te
g
r
atio
n
a
lg
o
r
i
th
m
s
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
co
m
p
o
s
ed
o
f
a
L
P
f
ilter
f
o
ll
o
w
ed
b
y
a
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
lo
o
p
to
co
m
p
en
s
ate
f
o
r
th
e
L
P
f
ilter
er
r
o
r
s
.
Am
p
l
itu
d
e
li
m
ite
r
s
ar
e
ad
d
ed
in
th
e
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
lo
o
p
to
p
r
ev
en
t
th
e
i
n
te
g
r
atio
n
f
r
o
m
s
atu
r
atio
n
.
T
h
e
th
ir
d
in
te
g
r
atio
n
alg
o
r
it
h
m
u
s
ed
an
ad
ap
tiv
e
m
et
h
o
d
to
m
ai
n
tai
n
th
e
o
r
th
o
g
o
n
alit
y
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
b
ac
k
e
m
f
an
d
t
h
e
s
tato
r
f
l
u
x
v
ec
to
r
s
.
I
n
[
9
]
a
f
ir
s
t
o
r
d
er
L
P
f
ilter
w
it
h
a
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
ab
le
c
u
to
f
f
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
is
u
s
ed
to
s
o
l
v
e
t
h
e
D
C
d
r
if
t,
w
i
th
a
m
p
lit
u
d
e
an
d
p
h
ase
a
n
g
le
er
r
o
r
s
co
m
p
e
n
s
at
io
n
alg
o
r
it
h
m
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
m
u
ltip
licatio
n
an
d
d
iv
is
io
n
b
y
t
h
e
s
tato
r
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
(
)
ar
e
in
v
o
lv
ed
in
th
e
a
m
p
l
itu
d
e
a
n
d
p
h
ase
er
r
o
r
s
ca
lcu
la
tio
n
s
.
Als
o
i
n
[
1
0
]
a
L
P
f
il
ter
w
ith
a
f
i
x
ed
cu
to
f
f
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
to
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
t
h
e
DT
C
d
r
iv
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
an
d
t
h
e
co
m
p
e
n
s
at
i
o
n
alg
o
r
it
h
m
is
ac
t
iv
ated
o
n
l
y
at
th
e
s
tead
y
s
tate
co
n
d
itio
n
.
Fu
r
t
h
er
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
ts
o
n
t
h
i
s
t
y
p
e
o
f
e
s
ti
m
ato
r
h
av
e
b
ee
n
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
in
s
e
v
er
al
s
tu
d
ies
[
1
1
]
-
[
1
3
]
.
T
h
e
co
m
p
en
s
at
io
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
i
s
s
i
m
p
li
f
ied
w
h
er
e
th
e
m
u
ltip
l
icatio
n
an
d
d
iv
is
io
n
b
y
ar
e
a
v
o
id
ed
.
A
n
d
th
e
s
tato
r
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
is
e
s
ti
m
ated
b
ased
o
n
a
p
h
ase
lo
ck
ed
lo
o
p
(
P
L
L
)
m
et
h
o
d
in
s
tead
o
f
th
e
in
d
u
ctio
n
m
o
to
r
eq
u
atio
n
b
ased
m
eth
o
d
[
1
2
]
.
I
n
[
1
1
]
-
[
1
3
]
th
e
s
p
ee
d
r
ev
er
s
al
p
r
o
b
lem
s
ar
e
av
o
id
ed
b
y
ca
r
r
y
i
n
g
o
u
t
t
h
e
co
m
p
e
n
s
at
io
n
b
ef
o
r
e
th
e
L
P
f
ilter
.
A
ls
o
i
n
[
1
3
]
,
th
e
esti
m
ato
r
r
esp
o
n
s
e
ti
m
e
is
r
ed
u
ce
d
b
y
i
n
cr
ea
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
cu
to
f
f
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
v
a
lu
e.
T
o
esti
m
ate
th
e
f
lu
x
in
a
w
id
e
s
p
ee
d
r
an
g
e
th
e
L
P
f
i
lter
cu
t
o
f
f
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
h
a
s
to
b
e
v
er
y
s
m
all.
T
h
at
ca
u
s
e
s
a
s
lo
w
d
ec
a
y
o
f
th
e
DC
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
an
d
th
e
D
C
o
f
f
s
et
ap
p
ea
r
s
at
th
e
esti
m
a
t
ed
s
ig
n
al.
I
n
[
1
4
]
a
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
ab
le
ca
s
ca
d
e
L
P
f
ilt
er
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
t
o
s
o
lv
e
th
e
D
C
o
f
f
s
et
at
lo
w
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cies,
w
h
er
e,
a
ca
s
ca
d
e
L
P
f
ilter
s
w
i
th
lar
g
e
c
u
to
f
f
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cies
r
ep
lace
th
e
s
i
n
g
le
s
tag
e
L
P
f
ilter
w
it
h
a
s
m
all
c
u
to
f
f
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
.
T
h
e
ti
m
e
co
n
s
ta
n
t i
s
s
elec
ted
in
s
u
ch
a
w
a
y
t
h
at
th
e
p
h
ase
an
g
le
o
f
t
h
e
ca
s
ca
d
e
L
P
f
ilter
is
eq
u
iv
a
le
n
t to
t
h
at
o
f
t
h
e
p
u
r
e
in
te
g
r
atio
n
an
d
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
s
i
g
n
al
is
m
u
l
tip
lied
b
y
a
g
ai
n
c
o
m
p
e
n
s
ato
r
.
A
ls
o
in
[
1
5
]
t
w
o
ca
s
ca
d
e
L
P
f
ilter
s
w
it
h
a
cu
to
f
f
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
eq
u
al
s
to
th
e
s
tato
r
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
i
s
in
t
r
o
d
u
ce
d
,
w
h
ich
h
av
e
a
p
h
ase
an
g
le
eq
u
i
v
ale
n
t
to
th
e
p
u
r
e
i
n
teg
r
atio
n
p
h
ase
a
n
g
le.
Ho
w
ev
er
,
in
t
h
e
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
ab
le
ca
s
c
ad
e
L
P
f
ilter
-
b
ased
esti
m
ato
r
,
t
h
e
m
u
ltip
licatio
n
b
y
is
r
eq
u
ir
ed
f
o
r
th
e
a
m
p
li
tu
d
e
er
r
o
r
co
m
p
en
s
ato
r
,
w
h
ic
h
ca
u
s
es
th
e
esti
m
a
to
r
to
b
eh
av
e
a
s
a
ze
r
o
g
ain
at
ze
r
o
s
tato
r
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
[
1
3
]
.
A
l
s
o
th
e
m
u
ltip
li
ca
tio
n
o
r
d
iv
is
io
n
b
y
is
r
eq
u
i
r
ed
in
th
e
c
u
t
o
f
f
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
ca
lcu
latio
n
w
h
ic
h
is
a
p
r
o
b
lem
a
tic
at
th
e
m
o
to
r
s
tar
t
u
p
an
d
ze
r
o
s
p
ee
d
.
I
n
[
1
6
]
,
an
d
[
1
7
]
an
in
te
g
r
atio
n
al
g
o
r
ith
m
s
co
m
p
o
s
ed
o
f
a
h
ig
h
o
r
d
er
L
P
f
ilter
f
o
llo
w
ed
b
y
a
f
ir
s
t
o
r
d
er
h
ig
h
p
ass
(
HP
)
f
ilter
w
it
h
a
cu
to
f
f
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
eq
u
als
to
t
h
e
s
tat
o
r
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
ar
e
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
w
h
ich
r
ed
u
ce
t
h
e
e
s
ti
m
at
o
r
s
en
s
i
tiv
it
y
to
t
h
e
DC
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
s
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
esti
m
ato
r
s
.
T
h
is
is
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
tial
p
ar
t
in
cl
u
d
ed
in
th
e
HP
f
ilter
t
h
at
m
a
k
es
th
e
DC
g
ain
o
f
t
h
e
est
i
m
a
to
r
eq
u
als
to
ze
r
o
.
Ho
w
ev
er
,
i
n
t
h
i
s
s
o
l
u
tio
n
,
t
h
e
m
u
ltip
licatio
n
b
y
is
r
e
q
u
ir
ed
f
o
r
th
e
am
p
li
tu
d
e
er
r
o
r
co
m
p
en
s
a
tio
n
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
th
e
ca
s
ca
d
e
L
P
f
ilter
s
p
r
esen
t
in
th
e
in
te
g
r
atio
n
al
g
o
r
ith
m
.
I
n
t
h
is
p
ap
er
,
a
n
e
w
alg
o
r
it
h
m
f
o
r
s
tato
r
f
l
u
x
e
s
ti
m
atio
n
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
DT
C
d
r
iv
e.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
alg
o
r
ith
m
i
s
co
m
p
o
s
ed
o
f
a
s
e
co
n
d
o
r
d
er
H
P
f
ilter
an
d
an
i
n
teg
r
ato
r
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
alg
o
r
ith
m
h
as
th
e
ze
r
o
DC
g
ai
n
ad
v
a
n
tag
e
s
a
n
d
th
e
p
r
o
b
le
m
s
a
s
s
o
ciate
d
with
t
h
e
ca
s
ca
d
e
L
P
f
ilter
ar
e
a
v
o
id
ed
.
T
h
e
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
o
f
th
is
p
ap
er
is
o
r
g
an
ize
d
as
f
o
llo
w
s
.
I
n
t
h
e
n
ex
t
s
e
ctio
n
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
te
g
r
atio
n
a
lg
o
r
it
h
m
w
it
h
its
a
m
p
lit
u
d
e
a
n
d
p
h
a
s
e
er
r
o
r
s
co
m
p
e
n
s
at
io
n
al
g
o
r
it
h
m
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
.
T
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en
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n
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ec
tio
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3
t
h
e
s
i
m
u
lat
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f
th
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DT
C
d
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ated
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in
[
1
1
]
,
[
1
3
]
.
Fin
all
y
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t
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co
n
cl
u
s
io
n
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s
g
iv
e
n
in
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tio
n
4
.
2.
P
RO
P
O
SE
D
I
N
T
E
G
R
AT
I
O
N
AL
G
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RI
T
H
M
T
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e
f
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llo
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n
g
eq
u
atio
n
s
d
escr
ib
e
th
e
I
M
d
y
n
a
m
ic
m
o
d
el:
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
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694
IJ
PEDS
Vo
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7
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No
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4
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er
2
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1
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2
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3
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4
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W
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Stato
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en
t,
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s
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Stato
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T
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[
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]
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]
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]
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T
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MF
as
f
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:
∫
(
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T
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f
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en
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eq
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n
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i.e
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th
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s
y
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h
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s
f
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en
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y
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ai
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ased
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as g
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is
u
s
ed
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7
)
I
n
(
7
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,
,
is
th
e
cu
f
o
f
f
f
r
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n
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th
e
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P
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ilter
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esti
m
ated
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k
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r
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C
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ated
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2
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ased
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ilter
,
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o
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atin
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en
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to
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et
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ize
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ased
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Fi
g
u
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e
1
[
1
1
]
,
[
1
3
]
.
Sin
ce
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c
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t
-
o
f
f
f
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en
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et
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t
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t
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f
f
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e
n
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s
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et,
t
h
e
DC
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f
f
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et
w
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s
till
b
e
p
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t
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m
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O
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n
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h
e
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M,
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tato
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a
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u
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e
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co
n
tr
o
lled
.
Ho
w
e
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,
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p
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w
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m
s
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n
d
p
h
ase
an
g
le
ar
e
d
is
to
r
ted
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
PEDS
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
I
mp
r
o
ve
d
S
ta
to
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lu
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tima
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Fig
u
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1
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T
h
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C
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ated
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ter
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A
l
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ith
m
[
1
1
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1
3
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ab
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Fig
u
r
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2
.
Fre
q
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en
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R
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ter
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y
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ed
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e
w
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v
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s
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T
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e,
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h
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er
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t
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e
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m
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ed
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eg
ar
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less
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o
p
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atin
g
f
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eq
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en
c
y
.
T
h
e
L
P
f
ilter
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ase
d
esti
m
ato
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g
i
v
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n
b
y
(
7
)
ca
n
b
e
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a
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f
a
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er
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P
f
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d
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p
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r
e
in
te
g
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n
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w
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ca
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e
w
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itte
n
as (
8
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.
(
8
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I
n
o
r
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to
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s
e
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f
f
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et
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t
h
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lace
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e
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ir
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o
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d
er
H
P
f
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w
it
h
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s
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n
d
o
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d
er
HP
f
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,
as g
i
v
en
b
y
(
9
)
.
(
)
(
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(
9
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Fig
u
r
e
2
s
h
o
w
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th
e
f
r
eq
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e
n
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r
esp
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n
s
e
o
f
a
n
in
t
e
g
r
ato
r
,
a
L
P
f
ilter
b
ased
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m
a
to
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an
d
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
esti
m
ato
r
(
eq
u
atio
n
(
9
)
)
.
I
n
th
is
f
i
g
u
r
e,
th
e
cu
to
f
f
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
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o
th
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r
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e
L
P
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d
p
r
o
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o
s
e
d
f
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s
is
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et
to
5
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ad
/s
.
I
t
ca
n
b
e
s
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f
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o
m
t
h
e
f
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g
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r
e
th
a
t
p
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o
p
o
s
ed
f
ilte
r
is
m
o
r
e
ca
p
ab
le
o
f
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m
i
n
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tin
g
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o
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e
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et
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d
s
,
h
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w
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ce
t
h
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lar
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est
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ase
er
r
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r
if
t
h
e
o
p
er
atin
g
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
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s
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s
e
to
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e
c
u
to
f
f
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
.
I
f
t
h
e
o
p
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atin
g
f
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eq
u
e
n
c
y
is
m
u
ch
h
i
g
h
er
th
a
n
t
h
e
c
u
to
f
f
,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
f
ilter
g
iv
e
s
t
h
e
b
est p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
in
ter
m
s
o
f
D
C
o
f
f
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e
t r
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n
.
Usi
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f
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m
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is
test
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w
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ar
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Flu
x
Am
p
l
it
u
d
e
(c
)
Stato
r
Flu
x
Fre
q
u
e
n
c
y
0
0
.
5
1
1
.
5
2
2
.
5
3
-
1
.
5
-1
-
0
.
5
0
0
.
5
1
1
.
5
Ti
m
e
[
s
]
S
t
a
t
or
f
l
ux
[
V
s
]
d-
a
x
i
s
q-
a
x
i
s
0
0
.
5
1
1
.
5
2
2
.
5
3
0
0
.
2
0
.
4
0
.
6
0
.
8
1
1
.
2
1
.
4
Ti
m
e
[
s
]
S
t
a
t
or
f
l
ux
a
m
pl
i
t
ud
e
[
V
s
]
0
0
.
5
1
1
.
5
2
2
.
5
3
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
Ti
m
e
[
s
]
S
t
a
t
or
f
l
ux
ph
a
s
e
a
ng
l
e
[
r
a
d]
0
0
.
5
1
1
.
5
2
2
.
5
3
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Ti
m
e
[
s
]
S
y
nc
hr
on
ou
s
s
pe
e
d
[
r
a
d/
s
e
c
]
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
-
1
.
5
-1
-
0
.
5
0
0
.
5
1
1
.
5
Ti
m
e
[
s
]
S
t
a
t
or
f
l
ux
[
V
s
]
d-
a
x
i
s
q-
a
x
i
s
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0
0
.
2
0
.
4
0
.
6
0
.
8
1
1
.
2
1
.
4
Ti
m
e
[
s
]
S
t
a
t
or
f
l
ux
a
m
pl
i
t
ud
e
[
V
s
]
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
-
6
0
-
4
0
-
2
0
0
20
40
60
Ti
m
e
[
s
]
S
y
nc
hr
on
ou
s
s
pe
e
d
[
r
a
d/
s
e
c
]
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