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MS
w
e
ca
m
e
to
k
n
o
w
th
a
t
it
is
a
DC
-
D
C
p
o
w
er
co
n
v
er
ter
,
h
er
e
w
e
u
s
ed
a
f
l
y
b
ac
k
co
n
v
er
ter
as
s
u
p
p
l
y
s
id
e
m
ai
n
p
o
w
er
co
n
v
er
ter
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
t
h
e
UP
S
p
r
o
ce
s
s
t
h
is
f
l
y
b
ac
k
co
n
v
er
ter
w
i
ll
w
o
r
k
s
o
n
Dis
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
C
o
n
d
u
cti
o
n
Mo
d
e
(
DC
M)
.
Fo
r
m
a
k
i
n
g
t
h
e
UP
S
a
v
er
y
s
i
m
p
le
o
p
er
atio
n
is
n
ee
d
ed
f
o
r
th
at
n
ec
e
s
s
it
y
t
h
e
co
n
d
u
ctio
n
m
o
d
e
w
il
l
b
e
s
tick
to
DC
M
i
n
-
o
r
d
er
to
av
o
id
ex
tr
a
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
cir
c
u
itr
y
.
T
h
e
U
P
S
is
co
n
s
i
s
ti
n
g
o
f
3
-
d
if
f
er
en
t
m
o
d
es
i
n
t
h
e
m
2
-
m
o
d
e
s
ar
e
s
i
m
ilar
in
ter
m
s
o
f
p
o
w
er
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
w
h
ile
an
o
t
h
er
-
o
n
e
is
in
d
ep
en
d
e
n
tl
y
co
n
tr
o
lled
o
r
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t
in
ter
m
s
o
f
co
n
tr
o
l.
Her
e
th
e
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
r
ef
er
s
to
g
en
er
ati
o
n
o
f
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
s
ig
n
al
w
h
ic
h
w
e
ar
e
g
o
in
g
to
ap
p
ly
i
n
g
th
e
m
i
n
th
o
s
e
m
o
d
es.
Fo
r
th
e
au
to
n
o
m
o
u
s
co
n
tr
o
l
s
ig
n
a
l
g
e
n
er
atio
n
i
n
t
h
e
r
esp
ec
ted
m
o
d
e
o
f
o
p
er
atio
n
b
y
a
u
t
o
m
a
ticall
y
w
it
h
o
u
t
h
u
m
a
n
i
n
ter
f
er
en
ce
w
e
n
ee
d
ed
a
litt
le
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
s
y
s
te
m
a
n
d
t
h
er
e
b
y
P
u
ls
e
W
id
th
Mo
d
u
la
ted
co
n
tr
o
ller
is
r
eq
u
ir
ed
r
esp
ec
ti
v
el
y
,
th
o
s
e
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
s
y
s
te
m
w
il
l
co
n
s
is
ti
n
g
o
f
s
o
m
e
v
o
ltag
e
s
e
n
s
o
r
s
;
a
n
d
tak
en
a
s
th
e
r
e
f
er
en
ce
i
n
p
u
t to
th
e
P
W
M
co
n
tr
o
l sig
n
a
l g
e
n
er
ato
r
/ d
r
iv
er
cir
cu
it.
T
h
e
s
tates
o
f
s
u
p
p
l
y
a
n
d
b
atter
y
w
i
ll
b
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
in
ter
m
s
o
f
th
eir
v
o
ltag
e
m
a
g
n
i
tu
d
e,
i
f
th
e
s
u
p
p
l
y
v
o
ltag
e
m
ag
n
it
u
d
e
is
n
o
t
a
s
r
eq
u
ir
e
o
u
r
UP
S
w
ill
s
w
itc
h
es
th
e
lo
ad
p
o
w
er
f
r
o
m
n
o
r
m
al
m
o
d
e
t
o
b
ac
k
-
u
p
m
o
d
e
to
ac
q
u
ir
e
s
af
e
t
y
o
v
er
h
i
g
h
i
n
p
u
t
cu
r
r
en
ts
.
T
h
e
e
x
ac
t v
o
lta
g
e
r
e
f
er
en
ce
s
h
o
w
h
er
e
ta
k
en
to
p
er
f
o
r
m
t
h
e
a
u
to
m
a
tic
o
p
er
atio
n
is
as f
o
llo
w
s
;
ok
li
n
e
fo
r
fa
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l
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fo
r
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r
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l
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r
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r
L
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B
a
t
t
e
r
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1
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1
0
T
h
er
e
b
y
w
e
w
ill g
e
n
er
ate
co
n
tr
o
l sig
n
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b
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t
h
e
f
o
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w
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g
K
-
Ma
p
s
:
L
in
e
B
at
t
e
r
y
Q1
Q2
Q3
P
WM
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
L
o
g
ic
g
ates
w
i
th
r
es
p
ec
t to
PW
M
&
Statu
s
o
f
i
n
p
u
t p
ar
am
eter
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
P
o
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i
S
y
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
694
A
N
o
ve
l Lo
w
P
o
w
er
-
A
p
p
lica
tio
n
UP
S
c
o
n
s
is
tin
g
o
f a
n
A
P
F
-
C
o
r
r
ec
tio
n
circu
it..
.
(
G.
V
en
ka
t)
1297
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
t
h
e
i
n
s
ta
n
t
in
p
u
t
-
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
t
h
e
m
o
d
e
w
ill
d
ec
i
d
ed
b
y
t
h
e
Gate
-
Dr
i
v
er
cir
cu
i
t
an
d
it
is
m
i
x
ed
w
it
h
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
i
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g
P
W
M
s
i
g
n
al.
T
h
e
P
W
M
s
i
g
n
al
w
il
l
p
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e
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p
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en
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d
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t
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q
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ates
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f
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o
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r
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ec
tio
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o
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s
w
it
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th
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s
w
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h
i
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g
f
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eq
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en
c
y
o
n
t
h
e
p
r
i
m
ar
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co
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v
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T
h
is
co
n
v
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ter
w
il
l
b
e
lo
o
k
s
a
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
t
h
e
Fi
g
u
r
e
3
.
T
h
eir
d
u
t
y
r
atio
o
f
P
W
M
s
ig
n
al
w
il
l
h
elp
s
to
co
n
tr
o
l
th
e
p
o
w
er
tr
an
s
f
er
f
r
o
m
th
i
s
f
l
y
b
ac
k
-
co
n
v
er
ter
in
p
u
t
to
o
u
tp
u
t.
I
n
th
e
No
r
m
al
m
o
d
e
&
C
h
ar
g
in
g
m
o
d
e
th
is
d
u
t
y
r
atio
w
il
l
b
e
u
s
ef
u
l
to
co
n
tr
o
l
th
e
p
o
w
er
f
o
llo
w
.
Sp
ec
iall
y
in
th
e
No
r
m
a
l
&
C
h
ar
g
in
g
m
o
d
es
o
f
o
p
er
atio
n
b
y
s
e
lecti
n
g
t
h
e
p
r
e
-
ca
lcu
la
ted
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
o
f
t
h
e
f
l
y
-
b
ac
k
co
n
v
er
t
er
w
ill
a
f
f
ec
ts
th
e
“
P
o
w
er
Fac
to
r
”
o
n
th
e
s
u
p
p
l
y
s
id
e,
alo
n
g
w
it
h
i
n
p
u
t c
u
r
r
en
t
T
HD
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alu
es.
As t
h
e
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HD
an
d
P
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F.
ar
e
r
elate
d
,
b
y
th
is
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et
h
o
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th
e
T
HD
&
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.
F.
ca
n
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e
to
g
eth
er
w
e
ca
n
ac
h
ie
v
e
co
m
b
i
n
ed
co
n
tr
o
l o
v
er
th
e
m
.
[
3
]
I
n
th
e
b
ac
k
u
p
/d
is
c
h
ar
g
in
g
m
o
d
e
th
e
UP
S
p
r
i
m
ar
y
co
n
v
er
ter
is
a
r
eg
u
lar
f
l
y
-
b
ac
k
co
n
v
er
ter
,
s
o
th
at
s
i
m
p
le
p
r
e
-
d
ef
in
ed
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
ar
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
lik
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
m
a
g
n
etizi
n
g
i
n
d
u
cta
n
ce
,
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
an
d
d
u
t
y
r
atio
a
l
l
w
e
n
ee
d
to
d
o
is
to
g
e
t
a
4
8
V
o
u
tp
u
t
o
n
t
h
e
e
n
d
s
id
e
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
i
m
ar
y
co
n
v
er
ter
.
A
l
s
o
,
i
n
t
h
e
No
r
m
a
l &
C
h
ar
g
i
n
g
m
o
d
e
o
f
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
al
s
o
,
f
o
r
a
4
8
V
o
u
tp
u
t.
2
.
2
.
I
nv
er
t
er
St
a
g
e
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
th
e
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
is
4
8
V
in
DC
,
th
is
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
co
n
v
er
t
in
to
AC
f
o
r
th
e
m
u
ltip
u
r
p
o
s
e
u
tili
t
y
ap
p
licati
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
UP
S
w
it
h
i
n
th
e
li
m
itatio
n
s
o
f
UP
S
p
o
w
er
ca
p
a
b
ilit
ies,
t
h
e
in
v
er
ter
s
tag
e
o
f
t
h
i
s
UP
S is
a
F
u
ll
-
B
r
id
g
e
B
o
o
s
t I
n
v
er
ter
.
Q3
L1
L3
L2
AC
230V
Lf
Cf
Q1
Q2
.
.
.
.
.
Li
n
e
F
i
l
te
r
D
C
BU
S
4
8
V
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
P
r
im
ar
y
C
o
n
v
er
ter
; A
P
FC
i
n
te
g
r
ated
B
MS
–
UP
S
C
o
n
v
er
ter
B
o
o
s
t
–
in
v
er
ter
to
p
o
lo
g
y
is
t
ak
en
in
to
co
n
s
id
er
ed
f
o
r
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
f
l
u
ctu
at
io
n
co
n
d
itio
n
o
f
in
p
u
t,
f
o
r
th
e
r
eg
u
lar
v
ar
iatio
n
r
an
g
e
o
f
th
e
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
UP
S
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
a
b
le
g
iv
e
th
e
co
n
s
tan
t
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e,
t
h
u
s
v
o
ltag
e
s
tab
ilizatio
n
also
ac
h
i
ev
ed
f
r
o
m
th
is
UP
S.
Fo
r
to
d
o
th
is
o
n
th
e
i
n
v
er
ter
s
id
e,
th
e
SMC
(
Sli
d
i
n
g
m
o
d
e
C
o
n
tr
o
l)
tech
n
iq
u
e
is
u
s
ed
.
T
o
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
t
th
i
s
t
h
e
co
n
v
er
te
r
,
it
is
m
o
d
eled
a
s
t
w
o
d
c/ac
b
o
o
s
t
in
v
er
ter
s
;
B
u
t
o
n
e
is
to
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
e
d
as a
n
o
r
m
al
s
i
n
u
s
o
id
al
n
at
u
r
e
v
o
lta
g
e
s
o
u
r
ce
.
Ho
w
t
h
is
b
o
o
s
t
in
v
er
ter
attain
s
DC
-
AC
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
/in
v
er
s
i
o
n
is
m
e
n
tio
n
ed
b
ello
w
b
y
s
te
p
b
y
s
tep
;
th
is
SMC
-
FB
I
is
co
m
p
o
s
ed
b
y
t
w
o
b
i
-
d
ir
ec
tio
n
al
D
C
to
A
C
b
o
o
s
t
-
co
n
v
er
ter
s
.
T
h
is
co
n
v
er
t
er
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
a
DC
–
B
iased
s
i
n
u
s
o
id
al
o
u
tp
u
t,
s
o
t
h
at
ea
c
h
co
n
v
er
ter
o
n
l
y
g
i
v
es
a
u
n
ip
o
lar
v
o
lta
g
e.
T
h
e
m
o
d
u
l
atio
n
i
n
d
ex
o
f
ea
ch
co
n
v
er
ter
is
1
8
0
o
o
u
t
o
f
p
h
as
e
w
ith
th
e
an
o
t
h
er
o
n
e,
w
h
ic
h
ca
n
ca
u
s
e
t
h
e
m
a
x
i
m
izatio
n
o
f
th
e
v
o
lta
g
e
o
v
er
th
e
lo
ad
[
4
]
.
T
h
e
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tp
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t V
o
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tag
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t 4
.
2
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% o
f
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&
als
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t sh
o
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o
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50H
z
Fig
u
r
e.
1
3
.
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ter
o
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t
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r
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lated
b
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ar
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ical
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e
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d
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asic p
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o
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h
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ie
ld
UP
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RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
W
.
A
.
T
a
b
isz
,
M
.
M
.
Jo
v
a
n
o
v
ic,
a
n
d
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.
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L
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e
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ª
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re
se
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t
a
n
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f
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t
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re
o
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istri
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ted
p
o
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in
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ro
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ia
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o
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e
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ics
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ter Co
n
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,
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9
9
1
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p
p
.
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6
1
±
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6
8
.
[2
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A
No
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Un
in
terru
p
t
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le P
o
w
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r
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u
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a
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ti
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IEE
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ra
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sa
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t
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s
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n
P
o
w
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r
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e
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tro
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ics
,
V
o
l
.
1
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3
,
M
A
Y 2
0
0
2
.
[3
]
A
n
In
teg
ra
ted
Ba
tt
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r
y
Ch
a
rg
e
r/
Disc
h
a
rg
e
r
w
it
h
P
o
w
e
r
-
F
a
c
to
r
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rre
c
ti
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n
.
I
EE
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ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
On
In
d
u
strial
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
,
V
o
l
.
4
4
,
NO
.
5
,
OCT
OBER
1
9
9
7
[4
]
S
li
d
i
n
g
M
o
d
e
C
o
n
tr
o
ll
e
r
F
o
r
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h
e
Bo
o
st
I
n
v
e
rter,
CIE
P
C
u
e
rn
a
v
a
c
a
,
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a
x
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Oc
to
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e
r
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4
-
1
7
0
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7
8
0
3
-
3
6
3
3
-
4
/9
6
/$
6
.
0
0
"
1
9
9
6
IEE
E
[5
]
R.
Ca
c
e
re
s
a
n
d
Iv
o
Ba
rb
i,
"
A
b
o
o
st
DC
–
A
C
Co
n
v
e
rter:
Op
e
r
a
ti
o
n
,
A
n
a
ly
si
s,
Co
n
tro
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a
n
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Ex
p
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rim
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tatio
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o
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e
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tern
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ti
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l
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o
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i
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o
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n
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s
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CON
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5
),
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v
6
-
1
0
,
1
9
9
5
.
p
p
5
4
6
-
5
5
1
.
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]
In
terle
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v
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d
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o
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n
v
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rter
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e
d
w
it
h
P
V
f
o
r
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d
u
c
ti
o
n
M
o
to
r
/
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ricu
lt
u
ra
l
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
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n
s.
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m
e
sh
,
A
.
,
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m
a
r,
M
.
S
.
,
S
e
k
h
a
r,
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2
0
1
6
I
n
tern
a
ti
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n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
P
o
w
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r
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Driv
e
S
y
ste
m
s.
V
o
l
7
,
No
.
3
.
[7
]
De
sig
n
a
n
d
fa
b
rica
ti
o
n
o
f
c
o
u
lo
m
b
c
o
u
n
ter
f
o
r
e
sti
m
a
ti
o
n
o
f
S
OC
o
f
b
a
tt
e
r
y
,
R
a
v
i
Ku
m
a
r,
K.S
.
,
M
o
h
a
n
ta,
D.K.,
S
a
str
y
,
V
.
V
.
,
S
e
k
h
a
r,
O.C.
,
V
a
rm
a
,
M
.
P
.
C
.
2
0
1
7
IEE
E
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
P
o
w
e
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
,
Driv
e
s
a
n
d
E
n
e
rg
y
S
y
ste
m
s,
P
EDES
2
0
1
6
.
Da
te
o
f
Co
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
:
1
4
-
1
7
De
c
.
2
0
1
6
Da
te
A
d
d
e
d
t
o
IE
EE
X
p
l
o
re
:
0
1
M
a
y
2
0
1
7
B
I
O
G
RAP
H
I
E
S O
F
AUTH
O
RS
G
.
V
e
n
k
a
t,
P
o
st
G
ra
d
u
a
te
S
tu
d
e
n
t
in
De
p
a
rtm
e
n
t
o
f
EE
E,
w
it
h
a
sp
e
c
ializa
ti
o
n
o
f
P
o
w
e
r
El
e
c
tro
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ics
a
n
d
I
n
d
u
strial
Driv
e
s a
t
K
L
De
e
m
e
d
to
b
e
U
n
iv
e
rsity
.
Re
se
a
rc
h
T
o
p
ics
:
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
&
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
Re
n
e
w
a
b
le
En
e
rg
y
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
,
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e
c
tri
c
a
l
P
o
w
e
r
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
P
o
w
e
r
Co
n
v
e
rters
,
In
v
e
rters
,
P
o
w
e
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
&
Driv
e
s,Driv
e
s,DC
to
A
C
In
v
e
rter,P
o
w
e
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ic
S
y
st
e
m
s,E
lec
tri
c
P
o
w
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r
S
u
p
p
li
e
s,E
lec
tri
c
a
l
En
e
rg
y
Co
n
se
rv
a
ti
o
n
,
M
A
TL
A
B
S
im
u
latio
n
,
Distri
b
u
te
d
G
e
n
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ra
ti
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n
,
P
o
w
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r
Qu
a
li
t
y
,
Ha
r
m
o
n
ics
a
n
a
ly
z
in
g
&
M
it
ig
a
ti
o
n
.
F
A
CT
S
De
v
ice
s.
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.